The word of the LORD
This phrase signifies divine communication, emphasizing the authority and sacredness of the message. In Hebrew, "word" is "dabar," which implies not just spoken words but also actions and events. The phrase underscores the prophetic nature of Ezekiel's message, as he serves as a conduit for God's revelation. Historically, prophets were seen as God's mouthpieces, delivering messages that were often challenging and called for repentance and transformation.

came to me
This indicates a personal and direct encounter with the divine. The Hebrew verb "bo" (to come) suggests an active movement towards the prophet, highlighting the intentionality of God's communication. Ezekiel's role as a prophet is affirmed through this personal reception of God's word, which is a hallmark of his prophetic ministry. The phrase also suggests a sense of immediacy and urgency, as the message is not just for Ezekiel but for the people of Israel.

saying
This word introduces the content of the divine message. In Hebrew, "amar" (to say) is used, which is a common verb for speech but here denotes the solemnity and importance of what follows. The use of "saying" prepares the audience for a message that is not merely informative but transformative, calling for a response from the hearers. It sets the stage for the prophetic oracle that follows, emphasizing that these are not Ezekiel's words but God's.

Son of man
This phrase is a frequent address to Ezekiel, emphasizing his humanity and role as a representative of the people. In Hebrew, "ben adam" underscores the prophet's connection to mankind, serving as a bridge between God and Israel. It reminds us of the humility and responsibility inherent in being chosen to convey divine messages. The term also foreshadows the New Testament use of "Son of Man" for Jesus, highlighting the continuity of God's plan through human history.

there were two women
The imagery of two women is symbolic, representing the divided kingdoms of Israel and Judah. Historically, these two entities were once united under a single monarchy but split after Solomon's reign. This division led to distinct political and spiritual paths, often marked by idolatry and unfaithfulness to God. The use of women as symbols here is poignant, as it evokes the intimate and covenantal relationship God intended with His people, akin to a marriage.

daughters of the same mother
This phrase emphasizes the shared origin and heritage of Israel and Judah. Despite their division, both kingdoms stem from the same covenantal promises given to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The "mother" here can be seen as the nation of Israel as a whole, or metaphorically, the covenant relationship with God. This shared lineage serves as a reminder of their collective identity and the unity they are called to in faithfulness to God. Historically, it also reflects the shared cultural and religious practices that should have bound them together, despite their political separation.

They prostituted themselves
The Hebrew word used here is "zanah," which means to commit fornication or to be unfaithful. In the context of Ezekiel, this term is often used metaphorically to describe Israel's spiritual unfaithfulness to God. The imagery of prostitution is a powerful metaphor for idolatry, suggesting a betrayal of the covenant relationship between God and His people. Historically, Israel's alliances and idol worship were seen as acts of infidelity to God, akin to a spouse being unfaithful.

in Egypt
Egypt is not only a geographical location but also a symbol of bondage and idolatry in the Bible. The Israelites' time in Egypt is often associated with slavery and oppression, but also with the adoption of foreign gods and practices. This reference serves as a reminder of the origins of Israel's spiritual infidelity, suggesting that their unfaithfulness began long before they entered the Promised Land.

engaging in prostitution from their youth
The phrase "from their youth" indicates that this behavior was not a recent development but had been ingrained in the people from an early stage. It suggests a long-standing pattern of unfaithfulness and highlights the depth of Israel's spiritual corruption. This historical context underscores the persistent nature of Israel's idolatry, which began in their formative years as a nation.

In that land
This phrase emphasizes the specific location where these actions took place, reinforcing the connection between the Israelites' physical and spiritual bondage in Egypt. It serves as a reminder of the environment that fostered their unfaithfulness, a land filled with foreign gods and practices that lured them away from their devotion to Yahweh.

their breasts were fondled
This vivid imagery is intended to convey the intimate and personal nature of Israel's idolatry. The Hebrew word "mashash" means to touch or handle, suggesting a deep level of involvement and enticement. This metaphor illustrates how Israel allowed themselves to be seduced by foreign influences, abandoning their purity and devotion to God.

and their virgin bosoms caressed
The term "virgin" here symbolizes purity and the initial covenant relationship between God and Israel. The act of caressing implies a violation of that purity, a defilement of what was meant to be holy and set apart for God. This imagery serves as a poignant reminder of the consequences of Israel's spiritual adultery, highlighting the loss of innocence and the breach of their sacred covenant with God.

The older was named Oholah
The name "Oholah" is derived from the Hebrew root "ohel," meaning "tent." In the context of Ezekiel 23, Oholah represents Samaria, the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel. The imagery of a tent may symbolize a temporary dwelling or a place of worship, reflecting the transient and unstable nature of Samaria's spiritual fidelity. Historically, Samaria was known for its idolatry and alliances with foreign nations, which led to its downfall. The use of "older" signifies the precedence of Samaria in falling away from God's covenant.

and her sister was Oholibah
"Oholibah" comes from the Hebrew roots "ohel" (tent) and "bah" (in her), meaning "My tent is in her." This name represents Jerusalem, the capital of the Southern Kingdom of Judah. The phrase suggests a more intimate relationship with God, as His "tent" or presence was in Jerusalem, particularly in the Temple. Despite this closeness, Jerusalem also fell into idolatry and unfaithfulness. The term "sister" indicates a familial relationship between the two cities, both part of God's chosen people yet both guilty of spiritual adultery.

They were Mine
This phrase emphasizes God's ownership and covenant relationship with both Samaria and Jerusalem. Despite their unfaithfulness, they were chosen by God, set apart for His purposes. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God's enduring commitment to His people, even when they stray. Historically, this relationship was marked by God's repeated calls to repentance through prophets like Ezekiel.

and gave birth to sons and daughters
The "sons and daughters" symbolize the inhabitants and subsequent generations of Samaria and Jerusalem. In a spiritual sense, these offspring represent the fruits of the cities' actions, both good and bad. The phrase underscores the idea that the spiritual state of a community affects future generations, a recurring theme in biblical teachings about legacy and responsibility.

Their names were Oholah the elder and Oholibah her sister
Reiterating the names and their familial relationship serves to reinforce the allegory of the two cities. The repetition highlights the seriousness of their spiritual infidelity and the consequences that follow. It also serves as a reminder of the prophetic nature of Ezekiel's message, calling the people to recognize their sins and return to God.

they were Samaria and Jerusalem
This direct identification leaves no doubt about the allegorical meaning of the passage. Samaria and Jerusalem, as historical and spiritual centers, represent the divided kingdom of Israel and Judah. Their mention serves as a warning to the people of God about the dangers of idolatry and unfaithfulness. The historical context of their eventual destruction underscores the reality of divine judgment, yet also points to the hope of restoration for those who repent and return to God.

Oholah prostituted herself
The name "Oholah" is symbolic, representing Samaria, the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel. In Hebrew, "Oholah" means "her tent," suggesting a place of dwelling or worship. The phrase "prostituted herself" is a metaphor for idolatry and unfaithfulness to God. In the ancient Near Eastern context, idolatry was often depicted as spiritual adultery. The Israelites were in a covenant relationship with God, akin to a marriage, and turning to other gods was seen as infidelity. This phrase underscores the gravity of Israel's sin, as they abandoned their exclusive devotion to Yahweh.

while she was still Mine
This phrase emphasizes the covenant relationship between God and Israel. Despite being chosen and set apart by God, Israel chose to pursue other nations and their gods. The possessive "Mine" highlights God's enduring love and rightful claim over Israel, even in their unfaithfulness. Historically, this reflects the period when Israel was still under God's protection and guidance, yet they chose to rebel. It serves as a reminder of God's patience and the pain of betrayal He experiences when His people turn away.

And she lusted after her lovers
"Lusted" conveys a strong, uncontrolled desire, often used in the context of idolatry and foreign alliances. The "lovers" symbolize the foreign nations and their deities that Israel pursued. This pursuit was not just political but spiritual, as Israel sought security and identity outside of God. The imagery of lust indicates a deep-seated infatuation that led Israel away from their true love, God. It reflects the historical alliances Israel made with surrounding nations, seeking power and protection rather than relying on God.

the Assyrians
The Assyrians were a dominant empire during the time of Ezekiel, known for their military prowess and cultural influence. Historically, Israel sought alliances with Assyria, hoping to gain protection against other threats. However, these alliances often led to the adoption of Assyrian religious practices, furthering Israel's spiritual decline. The mention of Assyria serves as a specific indictment of Israel's political and spiritual missteps. It highlights the futility of trusting in human power rather than divine providence, a recurring theme in the prophetic literature.

clothed in blue
The phrase "clothed in blue" refers to the luxurious and royal attire often associated with nobility and wealth in ancient cultures. In the Hebrew context, blue was a color used in the garments of the high priest and in the tabernacle, symbolizing divinity and heavenly origin (Exodus 28:31). The use of blue here suggests a sense of allure and prestige, indicating the seductive power of worldly allurements that can lead one away from God. Historically, blue dye was rare and expensive, often extracted from shellfish, making it a symbol of opulence and status.

governors and commanders
This phrase highlights positions of authority and leadership. In the ancient Near East, governors and commanders were individuals of significant power and influence, often responsible for the administration and military oversight of regions. The Hebrew words used here, "pechah" (governor) and "shalish" (commander), denote high-ranking officials who were respected and often feared. This reflects the temptation of political power and the human tendency to idolize those in authority, which can lead to spiritual compromise.

all desirable young men
The description "all desirable young men" emphasizes physical attractiveness and the vigor of youth. In the context of Ezekiel, this phrase underscores the temptation of physical beauty and the allure of youthful strength, which can be idolized in place of spiritual virtues. The Hebrew word "chemdah" (desirable) conveys a sense of longing or coveting, suggesting that these young men were objects of desire, representing the seductive nature of sin that entices individuals away from their devotion to God.

horsemen mounted on steeds
The imagery of "horsemen mounted on steeds" conveys a sense of military might and mobility. Horses were symbols of power and speed in ancient warfare, and those who rode them were often seen as elite warriors. The Hebrew term "parash" (horseman) indicates a skilled rider, while "sus" (steed) refers to a strong and swift horse. This phrase highlights the allure of military strength and the false sense of security it can provide, reminding believers that true security and strength come from reliance on God, not on human power or military prowess.

She bestowed her harlotry upon them
The phrase "bestowed her harlotry" uses the imagery of prostitution to describe Israel's unfaithfulness to God. In Hebrew, the word for "harlotry" (זְנוּת, zenut) often symbolizes idolatry and spiritual infidelity. This metaphor is powerful, illustrating how Israel, represented by the allegorical figure of a woman, willingly engaged in alliances and practices that were contrary to her covenant with God. Historically, this reflects Israel's political and religious entanglements with surrounding nations, particularly Assyria, which led to moral and spiritual corruption.

all of them choice men of Assyria
The "choice men of Assyria" refers to the elite and influential figures of the Assyrian empire. Assyria was a dominant power during the time of Ezekiel, known for its military prowess and cultural influence. By aligning with these "choice men," Israel sought security and prestige, yet this alliance led to further spiritual decline. The Hebrew term for "choice" (מִבְחַר, mibchar) suggests a selection of the best or most desirable, indicating that Israel was drawn to what seemed impressive and powerful in worldly terms, rather than relying on God.

and with all whom she lusted after
The word "lusted" (עָגַב, 'agab) conveys a strong, uncontrolled desire. This phrase highlights Israel's intense craving for foreign alliances and idolatrous practices. It underscores the depth of Israel's spiritual adultery, as they pursued these relationships with fervor and passion, forsaking their devotion to God. This reflects a broader biblical theme where misplaced desires lead to spiritual downfall.

with all their idols she defiled herself
The term "idols" (גִּלּוּלִים, gillulim) is often used in the Old Testament to describe the detestable objects of worship that the Israelites adopted from other nations. The act of defiling oneself with idols indicates a profound spiritual contamination. In the historical context, this refers to the adoption of Assyrian religious practices and the worship of their gods, which was strictly forbidden by the Mosaic Law. This defilement is not just a physical act but a deep spiritual corruption, symbolizing the breaking of the covenant relationship with God.

She did not give up her harlotry
This phrase refers to the persistent unfaithfulness of the northern kingdom of Israel, represented by the allegorical figure of Oholah. The Hebrew root word for "harlotry" is "זָנָה" (zanah), which conveys the idea of unfaithfulness and idolatry. In the historical context, Israel's harlotry symbolizes its spiritual adultery through alliances with pagan nations and the worship of their gods. Despite warnings from prophets, Israel continued in these practices, demonstrating a stubborn refusal to return to the covenant relationship with Yahweh.

she practiced since the days of Egypt
This part of the verse highlights the long-standing nature of Israel's infidelity, tracing it back to their time in Egypt. The phrase suggests that the seeds of idolatry were sown during their captivity, where they were exposed to Egyptian gods and customs. Historically, this period was formative, and the Israelites' exposure to Egyptian culture left a lasting impact. Theologically, it serves as a reminder of the dangers of cultural assimilation and the importance of remaining distinct as God's chosen people.

For in her youth
The term "youth" here refers to the early period of Israel's national history. It is a poignant reminder of the initial stages of their relationship with God, which were meant to be marked by purity and devotion. The use of "youth" underscores the tragedy of Israel's early departure from faithfulness, as they quickly turned to other gods after being delivered from Egypt. This serves as a cautionary tale about the importance of nurturing a strong foundation in faith from the beginning.

her breasts were caressed
This metaphorical language describes the intimate and enticing nature of Israel's idolatrous relationships. The imagery of "breasts" being "caressed" suggests a deep, personal involvement with foreign nations and their deities. In the Hebrew context, such language is often used to depict the allure and seduction of idolatry, which draws God's people away from their exclusive devotion to Him. It is a vivid illustration of how sin can be both attractive and destructive.

and her virgin bosom fondled
Continuing the metaphor, this phrase emphasizes the violation of Israel's purity and the loss of their spiritual virginity. The "virgin bosom" symbolizes the intended holiness and set-apart status of Israel as God's covenant people. The act of being "fondled" indicates a willing participation in idolatrous practices, leading to spiritual defilement. This serves as a powerful warning about the consequences of forsaking one's sacred identity and calling in pursuit of worldly enticements.

Therefore I delivered her
The phrase "Therefore I delivered her" signifies a divine judgment and action taken by God. The Hebrew root for "delivered" is "נָתַן" (nathan), which means to give, to hand over, or to allow. This indicates a purposeful and sovereign act by God, emphasizing His control over the events. In the context of Ezekiel, this delivery is a consequence of Israel's unfaithfulness, symbolized by the allegory of the two sisters, Oholah and Oholibah, representing Samaria and Jerusalem. The use of "delivered" underscores the seriousness of Israel's spiritual adultery and God's righteous response.

into the hand of her lovers
The "hand" in Hebrew, "יָד" (yad), often symbolizes power or control. "Lovers" here is a metaphor for the foreign nations with whom Israel formed alliances, contrary to God's commands. Historically, these alliances were political and military, but spiritually, they represented Israel's infidelity to God. The term "lovers" is used ironically, as these nations ultimately became oppressors rather than protectors. This phrase highlights the futility and danger of relying on worldly powers instead of trusting in God.

the Assyrians
The Assyrians were a dominant empire during the time of Ezekiel, known for their military prowess and expansionist policies. Archaeological findings, such as the annals of Assyrian kings, provide insight into their interactions with Israel and Judah. The Assyrians are often depicted in the Bible as instruments of God's judgment against His people for their disobedience. This historical context underscores the reality of the threat they posed and the consequences of Israel's alliances with them.

for whom she lusted
The word "lusted" in Hebrew is "עָגַב" (agab), which conveys a sense of strong desire or infatuation. This term is used to describe Israel's idolatrous attraction to foreign nations and their gods. It reflects a deep-seated spiritual corruption and a turning away from the covenant relationship with God. The use of "lusted" emphasizes the intensity and inappropriateness of Israel's desires, drawing a parallel to the unfaithfulness in a marriage covenant. This serves as a warning against the dangers of spiritual adultery and the importance of remaining faithful to God.

They exposed her nakedness
The phrase "exposed her nakedness" is a vivid metaphor often used in the Hebrew Bible to describe shame and humiliation. In the Hebrew context, nakedness symbolizes vulnerability and disgrace. This exposure is not just physical but also spiritual, indicating the uncovering of sin and the resultant shame. Historically, this reflects the public humiliation that conquered peoples often faced, stripped of dignity and honor. Spiritually, it serves as a warning against idolatry and unfaithfulness to God, illustrating the consequences of turning away from His covenant.

seized her sons and daughters
The seizing of "sons and daughters" signifies the loss of future generations and the destruction of familial lineage. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, children were considered a blessing and a continuation of one's legacy. The capture of offspring represents the totality of defeat and the severing of hope for renewal or restoration. This phrase underscores the severe consequences of Israel's spiritual adultery, as the nation’s future is jeopardized by its unfaithfulness.

and killed her with the sword
The use of "the sword" is a common biblical symbol for judgment and warfare. In this context, it represents the ultimate penalty for rebellion against God. Historically, the sword was a primary instrument of execution and warfare, signifying the finality of divine judgment. This phrase highlights the severity of God's response to persistent sin, serving as a sobering reminder of the seriousness of divine justice.

Thus she became a byword among women
Becoming "a byword among women" indicates a transformation into a cautionary tale or a symbol of disgrace. In biblical times, a byword was often a proverb or saying that encapsulated a moral lesson. This phrase suggests that the judgment against her was so severe that it became a lesson for others, warning against similar transgressions. It reflects the communal aspect of sin and judgment, where the consequences of one's actions serve as a deterrent to others.

and judgment was executed against her
The execution of "judgment" signifies the fulfillment of divine justice. In the Hebrew Bible, judgment is often portrayed as a necessary response to sin, ensuring that God's holiness and righteousness are upheld. This phrase emphasizes the inevitability of divine retribution for unrepentant sin, reinforcing the biblical principle that God is just and His judgments are righteous. It serves as a call to repentance and faithfulness, reminding believers of the importance of aligning with God's will.

Her sister Oholibah
The name "Oholibah" is symbolic, representing the southern kingdom of Judah. In Hebrew, "Oholibah" means "My tent is in her," signifying God's presence in Jerusalem, where the temple was located. This name underscores the intimate relationship God intended to have with Judah, contrasting with her unfaithfulness. Historically, Judah was expected to learn from the mistakes of her "sister" kingdom, Israel (represented by Oholah), but instead, she followed a similar path of idolatry and immorality.

saw this
The phrase indicates that Oholibah (Judah) was aware of the consequences of Israel's (Oholah's) actions. The historical context here is crucial; Judah witnessed the downfall of Israel due to her alliances and idolatries, which should have served as a warning. This seeing implies a responsibility to act differently, yet Judah chose to ignore the lessons from her sister's demise.

yet she was more depraved in her lust
The Hebrew root for "depraved" suggests a deep moral corruption and a willful turning away from righteousness. This phrase highlights Judah's greater culpability, as she not only repeated Israel's sins but exceeded them. The historical context shows that Judah's kings, such as Manasseh, led the nation into even deeper idolatry and immorality than Israel had experienced.

than her sister
This comparison emphasizes the gravity of Judah's sin. While both kingdoms were guilty of spiritual adultery, Judah's actions were more egregious because she had the benefit of witnessing Israel's punishment. The scriptural context here is a reminder of the increased accountability that comes with greater knowledge and opportunity to repent.

and she also prostituted herself
The imagery of prostitution is used throughout the Bible to describe idolatry and unfaithfulness to God. In the Hebrew context, this metaphor conveys a profound betrayal of the covenant relationship between God and His people. Judah's spiritual adultery involved not only idol worship but also political alliances that compromised her reliance on God.

with the Assyrians
Historically, the Assyrians were a dominant power and a frequent temptation for Israel and Judah to seek political alliances. This phrase indicates Judah's reliance on foreign powers rather than trusting in God. The Assyrians, known for their military might and pagan practices, symbolize the worldly influences that led Judah away from her covenant with God.

She lusted after the Assyrians
The phrase "She lusted after the Assyrians" uses the Hebrew root word "עָגַב" (agab), which conveys a sense of passionate desire or infatuation. In the historical context, this reflects Israel's political and spiritual infidelity, as they sought alliances with powerful nations like Assyria, rather than relying on God. The Assyrians were known for their might and influence, and Israel's desire for them symbolizes a turning away from divine dependence to worldly power.

governors and commanders
The terms "governors and commanders" refer to the Assyrian officials and military leaders. In the ancient Near Eastern context, these figures were symbols of authority and strength. The Hebrew words "פַּחַת" (pachat) for governors and "שָׁלִישׁ" (shalish) for commanders highlight the structured and hierarchical nature of Assyrian society. Israel's admiration for these leaders indicates a misplaced trust in human authority over divine guidance.

warriors dressed in blue
"Warriors dressed in blue" signifies the Assyrian soldiers' attire, which was likely both practical and symbolic. The color blue, derived from the Hebrew "תְּכֵלֶת" (techelet), was often associated with wealth and status, as blue dye was rare and expensive. This imagery underscores the allure of Assyria's military prowess and the temptation of aligning with such a formidable force, despite the spiritual compromise it entailed.

all handsome young men
The description "all handsome young men" emphasizes the physical appeal and vigor of the Assyrian soldiers. The Hebrew word "יָפֶה" (yafeh) for handsome suggests an attraction to outward appearances. This reflects Israel's superficial judgment, valuing external beauty and strength over inner righteousness and faithfulness to God.

mounted horsemen
"Mounted horsemen" highlights the advanced military capabilities of the Assyrians. Horses were a symbol of power and speed in ancient warfare, and the Hebrew "פָּרָשׁ" (parash) for horsemen indicates a formidable cavalry. Israel's fascination with such military might reveals a reliance on human strength and technology, rather than on the protection and provision of the Lord.

And I saw
This phrase indicates a direct revelation from God to the prophet Ezekiel. The Hebrew root for "saw" is "רָאָה" (ra'ah), which implies not just physical sight but also spiritual insight or understanding. In the context of prophetic literature, this seeing is a divine vision, emphasizing the authority and authenticity of the message. Ezekiel, as a prophet, is a conduit for God's truth, and his visions are meant to convey God's perspective on Israel's spiritual state.

that she too had defiled herself
The word "defiled" comes from the Hebrew "טָמֵא" (tame'), meaning to become unclean or impure. This term is often used in the context of ritual impurity, but here it symbolizes moral and spiritual corruption. The phrase "she too" suggests a comparison, indicating that the behavior of the two sisters (representing Samaria and Jerusalem) is equally corrupt. This defilement is a result of idolatry and unfaithfulness to God, which is a recurring theme in Ezekiel's prophecies. The imagery of defilement underscores the gravity of their sin and the breach of their covenant relationship with God.

both of them
This phrase refers to the two allegorical sisters, Oholah and Oholibah, representing Samaria and Jerusalem, respectively. The use of "both" highlights the shared guilt and collective apostasy of the northern and southern kingdoms of Israel. Historically, both kingdoms engaged in idolatry and political alliances with pagan nations, which led to their downfall. This collective indictment serves as a warning to the people of God about the consequences of turning away from Him.

had taken the same path
The "path" here symbolizes a way of life or conduct. The Hebrew word "דֶּרֶךְ" (derekh) often denotes a journey or manner of living. In this context, it refers to the sinful practices and idolatrous behaviors that both kingdoms adopted. The phrase "same path" indicates that despite their separate identities, both Samaria and Jerusalem chose similar courses of action that led them away from God. This serves as a powerful reminder of the dangers of conforming to worldly practices and the importance of remaining faithful to God's commandments.

But she increased her prostitution
This phrase highlights the escalating unfaithfulness of the nation, symbolized by the allegorical figure of a woman. The Hebrew root for "prostitution" is "זָנָה" (zanah), which often denotes not only physical adultery but also spiritual infidelity, particularly idolatry. In the context of Ezekiel, this represents Israel's increasing engagement with pagan practices and alliances, contrary to their covenant with God. Historically, this reflects the period when Israel and Judah sought political alliances with surrounding nations, compromising their distinct identity as God's chosen people.

When she saw men portrayed on the wall
The imagery of "men portrayed on the wall" suggests the allure of foreign cultures and their practices. The Hebrew word for "portrayed" is "חָקוּק" (chaquq), meaning engraved or inscribed, indicating a deliberate and lasting impression. This can be seen as a metaphor for how deeply the Israelites were influenced by the surrounding nations. Archaeologically, wall reliefs and carvings were common in ancient Near Eastern cultures, often depicting warriors and deities, which could captivate and seduce the Israelites into idolatry.

the images of the Chaldeans portrayed in vermilion
The "images of the Chaldeans" refers to the Babylonians, known for their military prowess and cultural achievements. The Chaldeans were a dominant force in the region, and their influence was both feared and admired. "Vermilion" is a bright red pigment, derived from the Hebrew "שָׁשַׁר" (shashar), symbolizing both beauty and bloodshed. This color choice emphasizes the seductive yet dangerous nature of these foreign influences. Scripturally, this serves as a warning against the temptation to conform to worldly powers and the resulting spiritual adultery, urging believers to remain faithful to God’s covenant.

putting turbans on their heads
The phrase "putting turbans on their heads" refers to a distinctive headgear that was often associated with nobility, authority, or priesthood in ancient cultures. The Hebrew word for "turbans" is "פְּאֵרִים" (pe'erim), which can also mean adornments or ornaments. In the context of Ezekiel, this imagery is used to describe the allure and prestige of the Babylonian officers. Turbans were not only practical for protection against the sun but also served as a symbol of status and identity. The Israelites, who were familiar with such attire, would have recognized this as a representation of power and influence, which made the Babylonians appear attractive and authoritative.

and flowing robes around their waists
The "flowing robes around their waists" signifies the luxurious and opulent clothing that was characteristic of the Babylonian elite. The Hebrew word for "robes" is "מִכְנָסַיִם" (mikhnasayim), which refers to garments that were both functional and decorative. These robes were often made of fine materials and were a sign of wealth and sophistication. The description of these garments highlights the seductive nature of Babylonian culture, which was rich and enticing. The Israelites, who were often tempted by foreign customs and practices, would have seen these robes as a symbol of the allure of assimilation into Babylonian society.

They all looked like Babylonian officers
The phrase "They all looked like Babylonian officers" emphasizes the appearance and demeanor of these individuals, who were likely part of the military or administrative elite. The term "officers" in Hebrew is "שָׁלִישִׁים" (shalishim), which can refer to captains or leaders. This depiction underscores the authority and command that these figures held, making them objects of admiration and desire. The Israelites, who were under Babylonian rule, would have been acutely aware of the power dynamics at play and the temptation to align themselves with such figures for personal gain or security.

born in Chaldea
The phrase "born in Chaldea" identifies the origin of these officers, linking them to the region known for its advanced culture and influence. Chaldea, or "כַּשְׂדִּים" (Kasdim) in Hebrew, was a region in southern Mesopotamia, synonymous with Babylon. This reference serves to remind the Israelites of the historical and cultural significance of Babylon, a place of both great learning and idolatry. The Chaldeans were known for their wisdom, particularly in astrology and divination, which often stood in contrast to the monotheistic beliefs of the Israelites. This phrase serves as a caution against the seduction of foreign wisdom and practices that could lead the Israelites away from their covenant with God.

At the sight of them
This phrase indicates the power of visual temptation and the susceptibility of the human heart to external allurements. In the Hebrew context, the word for "sight" often implies more than just seeing; it suggests a deep, consuming gaze that leads to desire. Historically, Israel was warned against coveting the practices and idols of surrounding nations. This phrase serves as a reminder of the importance of guarding one's eyes and heart against the seductive influences of the world, which can lead to spiritual adultery.

she lusted for them
The Hebrew word for "lusted" is "עָגַב" (agab), which conveys an intense, consuming desire. This is not merely a physical attraction but a deep-seated longing that overtakes reason and spiritual fidelity. In the biblical narrative, this lust represents Israel's unfaithfulness to God, as they pursued alliances and idolatrous practices with pagan nations. It serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of allowing worldly desires to overshadow one's commitment to God.

and sent messengers to them
Sending messengers signifies a deliberate and proactive step towards forming alliances or relationships. In the ancient Near Eastern context, this act was often a political maneuver, seeking favor or support from powerful nations. Spiritually, it symbolizes a turning away from reliance on God to seeking security and satisfaction in worldly powers. This action reflects a breach of trust in God's provision and protection, highlighting the importance of maintaining faithfulness and dependence on Him alone.

in Chaldea
Chaldea, or Babylonia, was a dominant empire known for its wealth, power, and idolatry. Historically, it was a land of great cultural and military influence, often seen as a symbol of human pride and rebellion against God. The mention of Chaldea in this verse underscores the gravity of Israel's infidelity, as they sought alliances with a nation that epitomized opposition to God's ways. This serves as a warning against aligning oneself with worldly systems that stand contrary to God's kingdom, urging believers to remain steadfast in their devotion to God.

Then the Babylonians came to her
The phrase "Then the Babylonians came to her" signifies a pivotal moment of interaction between the Israelites and the Babylonians. Historically, the Babylonians were a dominant empire known for their military prowess and cultural influence. In the Hebrew context, the Babylonians represent a foreign power that Israel turned to for alliances, forsaking their covenant with God. This phrase highlights the spiritual adultery of Israel, as they sought security and identity in worldly powers rather than in God.

to the bed of love
The "bed of love" is a metaphorical expression that illustrates the intimate and covenantal relationship that Israel was supposed to have with God. In this context, it is used ironically to depict Israel's unfaithfulness. The Hebrew word for "bed" (מִשְׁכָּב, mishkav) often connotes a place of rest and intimacy, but here it is defiled by idolatrous practices. This phrase serves as a stark reminder of how sacred spaces can be corrupted when God's people turn away from Him.

and in their lust they defiled her
The word "lust" (זִמָּה, zimmah) in Hebrew conveys a sense of lewdness and moral corruption. The Babylonians' lustful actions symbolize the spiritual and moral degradation that occurs when God's people engage in idolatry and immorality. The defilement is not just physical but spiritual, indicating a deep-seated corruption that affects the entire community. This phrase underscores the consequences of abandoning God's commandments and the resulting impurity that taints the relationship between God and His people.

After she had been defiled by them
This phrase marks the aftermath of Israel's unfaithfulness. The defilement is complete, and the consequences are evident. The Hebrew concept of defilement (טָמֵא, tame) implies a state of impurity that separates one from the holy. In the biblical narrative, defilement often requires purification and repentance. This phrase serves as a call to recognize the gravity of sin and the need for restoration through returning to God.

she turned away from them in disgust
The turning away "in disgust" (נָקַע, naqa) indicates a moment of realization and rejection of the sinful alliance. This phrase suggests a turning point where Israel recognizes the futility and shame of their actions. The Hebrew root conveys a sense of loathing and rejection, highlighting the emotional and spiritual revulsion that comes with recognizing one's sin. This turning away is a crucial step towards repentance and restoration, emphasizing the hope that remains when God's people choose to return to Him.

When she openly prostituted herself
The phrase "openly prostituted herself" is a vivid depiction of Israel's spiritual infidelity. The Hebrew root word for "prostituted" is "zanah," which means to commit fornication or to be unfaithful. In the context of Ezekiel, this is not merely a physical act but a metaphor for idolatry and the pursuit of foreign alliances, which were seen as acts of betrayal against God. Historically, Israel's alliances with pagan nations often led to the adoption of their gods and practices, which was akin to spiritual adultery. This phrase serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of turning away from God and seeking fulfillment in worldly things.

and exposed her nakedness
The exposure of "nakedness" in biblical terms often symbolizes shame and vulnerability. In the Hebrew context, nakedness is associated with disgrace and the loss of dignity. This phrase indicates that Israel's actions have left her spiritually bare and humiliated. The imagery here is powerful, suggesting that in her pursuit of other gods and nations, Israel has stripped herself of the protection and honor that comes from being in a covenant relationship with God. This exposure is not just a personal shame but a public one, highlighting the severity of her unfaithfulness.

I turned away from her in disgust
God's response, "I turned away from her in disgust," reflects His holiness and righteousness. The Hebrew word for "disgust" is "quts," which conveys a sense of loathing or abhorrence. This turning away is not an act of abandonment but a necessary response to sin. It underscores the seriousness of Israel's actions and the impact of sin on the divine-human relationship. From a theological perspective, this turning away is a call to repentance, emphasizing that God's holiness cannot coexist with sin. It serves as a warning of the consequences of persistent unfaithfulness and the need for genuine repentance.

just as I had turned away from her sister
The reference to "her sister" is a reminder of the parallel judgment on Samaria, the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel. Historically, Samaria had already faced God's judgment due to similar acts of idolatry and unfaithfulness. This comparison serves as a sobering reminder to Jerusalem (the Southern Kingdom) of the consequences of following the same path. It highlights the consistency of God's justice and the inevitability of judgment when His people persist in sin. The mention of "her sister" also serves as a call to learn from past mistakes and to return to a faithful relationship with God.

Yet she multiplied her promiscuity
This phrase indicates a continuation and escalation of sinful behavior. The Hebrew root for "multiplied" is "רָבָה" (ravah), which conveys the idea of increasing or becoming numerous. In the context of Ezekiel, this multiplication of promiscuity symbolizes Israel's persistent idolatry and unfaithfulness to God. Historically, Israel's alliances and idol worship were seen as spiritual adultery. The use of "promiscuity" here is metaphorical, representing the nation's infidelity to God through alliances with pagan nations and their gods.

remembering the days of her youth
The phrase "remembering the days of her youth" suggests a longing or nostalgia for past behaviors. In Hebrew, "זָכַר" (zakar) means to remember or recall. This remembrance is not innocent; it is a deliberate choice to return to former sinful ways. Theologically, this reflects the human tendency to revert to old habits and sins, even after experiencing God's deliverance. It serves as a warning against the dangers of romanticizing past sins and the importance of spiritual vigilance.

when she had prostituted herself in the land of Egypt
This part of the verse refers to Israel's early history and spiritual infidelity. The Hebrew word for "prostituted" is "זָנָה" (zanah), which means to commit fornication or to be unfaithful. Egypt, in this context, represents a place of bondage and idolatry. Historically, Egypt was a land where Israel was enslaved, and it also symbolizes the allure of worldly power and false gods. Theologically, this serves as a reminder of the consequences of turning away from God and the spiritual bondage that results from idolatry. It underscores the need for repentance and faithfulness to God, who desires a covenant relationship with His people.

She lusted after their lovers
This phrase highlights the intense and unrestrained desire that the Israelites had for the idolatrous practices and alliances with foreign nations. The Hebrew root for "lusted" is "עָגַב" (agab), which conveys a sense of passionate longing or infatuation. Historically, Israel's repeated turning to other nations for political and military alliances, instead of relying on God, is a recurring theme in the Old Testament. This phrase serves as a metaphor for spiritual adultery, where Israel's covenant relationship with God is compromised by their pursuit of pagan practices.

Whose genitals were like those of donkeys
This vivid imagery is used to describe the perceived power and allure of the foreign nations that Israel pursued. In the ancient Near Eastern context, donkeys were often symbols of strength and virility. The use of such graphic language underscores the extent of Israel's infidelity and the depth of their spiritual corruption. It serves as a stark reminder of how far they had strayed from their covenant with God, choosing instead to be captivated by the apparent might and allure of other nations.

And whose emission was like that of stallions
The comparison to stallions further emphasizes the excessive and unrestrained nature of Israel's idolatry. Stallions, known for their vigor and potency, symbolize the overwhelming and consuming nature of the sinful practices that Israel engaged in. This phrase highlights the futility and destructiveness of seeking fulfillment outside of God's provision and design. In a broader scriptural context, it serves as a warning against the dangers of allowing worldly desires to overshadow one's commitment to God.

So you revisited
The phrase "revisited" implies a return to past behaviors or experiences. In the Hebrew context, this suggests a deliberate choice to return to former sinful practices. The Israelites, represented by the allegory of the two sisters in Ezekiel 23, are depicted as returning to their idolatrous ways, akin to spiritual adultery. This highlights the persistent struggle of humanity with sin and the tendency to revert to familiar, yet destructive, patterns.

the indecency of your youth
"Indecency" here refers to the moral and spiritual corruption that characterized Israel's early interactions with pagan nations. The Hebrew word for indecency often connotes shameful exposure or nakedness, symbolizing Israel's unfaithfulness to God. The "youth" of Israel can be seen as the early period of their nationhood, particularly during their time in Egypt, where they were influenced by pagan practices. This serves as a warning against the dangers of spiritual immaturity and the allure of past sins.

when the Egyptians
The Egyptians are symbolic of the worldly influences and idolatrous practices that Israel was exposed to during their captivity. Historically, Egypt was a place of both physical bondage and spiritual temptation for the Israelites. This reference serves as a reminder of the consequences of forming alliances with ungodly nations and adopting their practices, which led Israel away from their covenant with God.

caressed your bosom
This phrase uses intimate imagery to describe the seductive nature of idolatry and foreign alliances. The Hebrew word for "caressed" suggests a gentle, enticing touch, indicating how sin can appear alluring and harmless at first. The "bosom" symbolizes the heart and affections of Israel, which were led astray by foreign gods and practices. This serves as a caution against allowing one's heart to be swayed by ungodly influences.

and pressed your young breasts
The imagery of "pressed your young breasts" continues the metaphor of intimate betrayal, emphasizing the violation of Israel's purity and devotion to God. The "young breasts" symbolize the early, formative years of Israel's relationship with God, which were marred by infidelity. This highlights the grievous nature of Israel's spiritual adultery and the pain it causes to God, who desires a pure and faithful relationship with His people.

Therefore, Oholibah
The name "Oholibah" is symbolic, representing the southern kingdom of Judah. In Hebrew, "Oholibah" means "My tent is in her," signifying God's presence in Jerusalem through the temple. This name is used to personify Judah's unfaithfulness to God, as the nation engaged in idolatry and alliances with foreign powers. The use of "therefore" indicates a conclusion or judgment based on previous actions, emphasizing the consequences of Judah's spiritual adultery.

this is what the Lord GOD says
The phrase underscores the authority and sovereignty of God. "Lord GOD" in Hebrew is "Adonai Yahweh," a combination that emphasizes both God's lordship and His covenantal relationship with Israel. This declaration is not merely a human opinion but a divine pronouncement, carrying the weight of God's ultimate authority and justice.

I will incite your lovers against you
The term "lovers" refers to the foreign nations with whom Judah formed alliances, often at the expense of their covenant with God. In a historical context, these nations include Egypt, Assyria, and Babylon. The Hebrew root for "incite" suggests stirring up or provoking, indicating that God will use these nations as instruments of His judgment against Judah. This reflects the biblical principle that God can use even those who are opposed to Him to fulfill His purposes.

those from whom you turned in disgust
This phrase highlights Judah's fickle nature in their political and spiritual alliances. Historically, Judah often sought help from these nations but later rejected them when they proved unreliable or when circumstances changed. The word "disgust" implies a strong aversion, showing Judah's disdain for their former allies once they no longer served their purposes. This mirrors the spiritual adultery of turning away from God after seeking Him only for personal gain.

and I will bring them against you from every side
The imagery of being surrounded "from every side" conveys a sense of inescapable judgment. Historically, this was fulfilled when Babylon besieged Jerusalem, leading to its eventual fall. The phrase underscores the completeness of God's judgment, as there would be no refuge or escape for Judah. It serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of forsaking God and relying on worldly powers.

the Babylonians and all the Chaldeans
The Babylonians, also known as the Chaldeans, were a dominant empire in the ancient Near East. The Hebrew term for Babylonians is "Kasdim," which refers to the Chaldean people who rose to power in Babylon. Historically, the Babylonians are known for their conquest of Jerusalem and the subsequent Babylonian Exile of the Jewish people. This phrase highlights the formidable nature of the Babylonian empire, which was used by God as an instrument of judgment against Israel for their idolatry and unfaithfulness.

the men of Pekod, Shoa, and Koa
These names refer to regions or tribes associated with the Babylonian empire. "Pekod" is believed to be a district in Babylonia, while "Shoa" and "Koa" are less clearly identified but are thought to be regions or peoples allied with Babylon. The mention of these groups underscores the comprehensive nature of the coalition against Israel, emphasizing that God's judgment would come from a vast and diverse array of forces.

and all the Assyrians with them
The Assyrians were a powerful empire preceding the Babylonians, known for their military prowess and harsh conquests. Although by the time of Ezekiel, Assyria had been overtaken by Babylon, the inclusion of Assyrians in this coalition signifies the enduring influence and fearsome reputation of Assyrian warriors. This phrase serves as a reminder of the historical context in which Israel had previously faced Assyrian aggression, now compounded by Babylonian might.

all desirable young men
This phrase highlights the strength and appeal of the invading forces. The Hebrew word "bachur" refers to young men in their prime, often associated with vigor and attractiveness. In a military context, it suggests that these were elite soldiers, chosen for their physical prowess and capability. The description of them as "desirable" underscores the formidable and intimidating nature of the army that would execute God's judgment.

governors and commanders
These terms refer to the leadership structure within the invading forces. "Governors" (Hebrew: "pechah") were provincial leaders or officials, while "commanders" (Hebrew: "sagan") were military leaders. This phrase indicates the organized and hierarchical nature of the invading army, emphasizing that the judgment against Israel would be executed with precision and authority.

officers and men of renown
The phrase "officers" (Hebrew: "shalish") refers to high-ranking military officials, while "men of renown" (Hebrew: "shem") indicates individuals of great reputation and fame. This highlights the elite status of the invading forces, suggesting that they were not only powerful but also respected and feared throughout the region. The inclusion of such distinguished figures in the coalition against Israel underscores the seriousness of the impending judgment.

mounted on horses
In ancient warfare, cavalry units were a symbol of military strength and speed. The image of soldiers "mounted on horses" conveys the swift and unstoppable nature of the approaching judgment. Horses were often associated with power and conquest, and their presence in this context serves to emphasize the overwhelming force that would be brought against Israel. This phrase serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of Israel's unfaithfulness and the certainty of God's righteous judgment.

They will come against you with an army
The phrase "They will come against you" indicates a direct and intentional assault. In the Hebrew context, this reflects a divine allowance for foreign nations to act as instruments of God's judgment. The "army" signifies a formidable force, often used in the Old Testament to denote not just physical might but also the overwhelming nature of divine retribution. Historically, this aligns with the Babylonian forces that besieged Jerusalem, fulfilling God's warning through Ezekiel.

with weapons, chariots, and wagons
"Weapons, chariots, and wagons" symbolize the advanced military technology and strategic prowess of ancient Near Eastern armies. Chariots were a significant military asset, representing speed and power. The mention of "wagons" suggests logistical support, indicating a well-prepared and sustained campaign. This imagery underscores the seriousness of the impending judgment and the futility of resistance against God's ordained instruments.

and with a throng of people
The "throng of people" emphasizes the vast number of invaders, creating an image of an unstoppable force. In the biblical narrative, large numbers often signify overwhelming odds, reinforcing the message that the judgment is comprehensive and inescapable. This multitude also reflects the collective nature of the nations used by God to execute His judgment, highlighting the unity of purpose against the rebellious.

They will array against you on every side
The phrase "array against you on every side" conveys a sense of being completely surrounded and besieged. In military terms, this indicates a strategic encirclement, leaving no room for escape. Spiritually, it reflects the totality of God's judgment, where every avenue of defiance is cut off, compelling the people to face the consequences of their actions.

with buckler, shield, and helmet
"With buckler, shield, and helmet" describes the defensive equipment of the invading forces, symbolizing their preparedness and protection. In the ancient world, such armor was essential for survival in battle, representing strength and resilience. This imagery serves to remind the audience of the futility of resisting God's will, as the invaders are divinely equipped for their task.

I will delegate judgment to them
"I will delegate judgment to them" signifies God's sovereign authority in using foreign nations as His agents of justice. The Hebrew root here implies a transfer of responsibility, where God entrusts these nations with the execution of His righteous judgment. This delegation underscores the theme of divine sovereignty and justice, where even pagan nations serve God's purposes.

and they will judge you according to their own standards
The phrase "according to their own standards" highlights the severity of the judgment. Unlike God's merciful and just standards, the standards of foreign nations were often harsh and unforgiving. This serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of forsaking God's covenant, where the people are subjected to the merciless judgment of those who do not know God. It underscores the importance of remaining faithful to God's laws to avoid such dire outcomes.

I will direct My jealous anger against you
This phrase highlights God's intense and personal response to the idolatry and unfaithfulness of His people. The Hebrew word for "jealous" (קַנָּא, qanna) conveys a deep, protective zeal, akin to the righteous indignation of a husband betrayed. In the context of the covenant relationship between God and Israel, this jealousy is not petty but rather a reflection of God's holiness and His desire for His people to remain pure and devoted to Him alone.

and they will deal with you in fury
The "they" refers to the foreign nations God uses as instruments of His judgment. The word "fury" (חֵמָה, chemah) in Hebrew suggests a burning wrath, emphasizing the severity of the consequences of Israel's actions. Historically, this reflects the brutal invasions and captivities that Israel faced, particularly by the Assyrians and Babylonians, who were known for their harsh treatment of conquered peoples.

They will cut off your noses and ears
This graphic imagery underscores the humiliation and disgrace that would befall those who have turned away from God. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, mutilation was a common punishment for adulterers and traitors, symbolizing the loss of honor and identity. Spiritually, it represents the consequences of severing oneself from God's protection and blessing.

and your survivors will fall by the sword
The sword is a frequent biblical symbol of divine judgment and warfare. This phrase indicates that even those who escape initial punishment will not find safety, as God's judgment is thorough and inescapable. It serves as a sobering reminder of the seriousness of sin and the reality of divine justice.

They will seize your sons and daughters
The taking of children into captivity was a devastating consequence for any society, representing the loss of future generations and the continuation of cultural and spiritual heritage. This reflects the historical practice of exiling the young to assimilate them into foreign cultures, as seen in the Babylonian exile.

and your survivors will be consumed by fire
Fire is a powerful biblical symbol of purification and destruction. In this context, it signifies the complete and consuming nature of God's judgment. Historically, cities were often burned as a final act of conquest, leaving nothing behind. Spiritually, it serves as a call to repentance, urging the people to turn back to God before facing such irreversible consequences.

They will strip off your clothes
This phrase is a vivid depiction of humiliation and exposure. In the Hebrew context, the act of stripping someone of their clothes symbolizes shame and vulnerability. Clothes in ancient Israel were not just practical garments but also represented one's status and dignity. The stripping away of clothes signifies the removal of honor and protection, leaving the individual exposed to disgrace. This imagery is used by Ezekiel to convey the severity of judgment that God is pronouncing on the people for their unfaithfulness. It serves as a metaphor for the stripping away of false securities and the exposure of sin.

and take your fine jewelry
The mention of "fine jewelry" highlights the wealth and adornments that were often associated with idolatry and alliances with foreign nations. In the ancient Near East, jewelry was not only a sign of wealth but also of cultural and religious identity. The taking of jewelry signifies the loss of these alliances and the stripping away of the false gods and idols that the people had adorned themselves with. Historically, this reflects the invasions and plundering by foreign powers, which were seen as instruments of divine judgment. Spiritually, it represents the removal of all that the people had placed their trust in, apart from God. This serves as a call to return to the true source of beauty and worth, which is found in a faithful relationship with God.

So I will put an end
This phrase signifies God's decisive action to terminate the sinful behaviors of the Israelites. The Hebrew root for "put an end" is "שָׁבַת" (shavat), which means to cease or rest. This is the same root used in the context of the Sabbath, indicating a complete cessation. Here, it reflects God's sovereign power to bring an end to the idolatrous practices that have plagued His people. It is a reminder of God's authority and His ability to cleanse and restore His people to righteousness.

to your lewdness
The term "lewdness" is translated from the Hebrew word "זִמָּה" (zimmah), which implies wickedness or depravity, often in a sexual context. This word underscores the moral corruption that had infiltrated the Israelites' worship and daily life. Historically, this reflects the influence of surrounding pagan cultures, which often included sexual immorality as part of their religious practices. God's intention is to purify His people from such defilement, calling them back to holiness.

and prostitution
The Hebrew word "תַּזְנוּת" (taznut) is used here, which directly refers to harlotry or unfaithfulness. In a spiritual sense, it symbolizes Israel's unfaithfulness to God through idolatry. The imagery of prostitution is frequently used in the Bible to describe Israel's spiritual adultery. This serves as a powerful metaphor for the covenant relationship between God and His people, highlighting the seriousness of their betrayal.

brought from the land of Egypt
This phrase points to the historical context of Israel's idolatrous practices, which began during their time in Egypt. Egypt, in biblical symbolism, often represents bondage and sin. The Israelites' time in Egypt exposed them to various pagan practices, which they carried with them even after their deliverance. This serves as a reminder of the dangers of cultural assimilation and the importance of remaining distinct as God's chosen people.

so that you will not look on these things with longing
The Hebrew word for "longing" is "נָפַשׁ" (nafash), which means to breathe after or to desire. This phrase indicates a deep-seated yearning or desire for past sinful practices. God's intervention aims to change the hearts of His people, removing their desire for sin and redirecting their affections towards Him. It is a call to repentance and transformation, emphasizing the need for a renewed heart and mind.

or remember Egypt anymore
The act of remembering, "זָכַר" (zakar) in Hebrew, involves recalling or bringing to mind. God desires that His people no longer reminisce about their past in Egypt, which symbolizes their former life of sin and bondage. This is an invitation to embrace a new identity and future in God, free from the chains of past transgressions. It is a call to focus on God's promises and the new life He offers, leaving behind the old ways.

For this is what the Lord GOD says
This phrase underscores the authority and sovereignty of God. The Hebrew term for "Lord GOD" is "Adonai Yahweh," emphasizing God's supreme authority and covenantal relationship with Israel. In the prophetic tradition, this introduction signals a divine pronouncement, demanding attention and reverence. It reminds us that the words to follow are not merely human opinions but divine decrees, carrying the weight of God's unchanging truth and justice.

Behold
The word "behold" is a call to attention, urging the listener to focus on the gravity of the message. In Hebrew, "hinneh" serves as an imperative to awaken the audience to the significance of what is about to be revealed. It is a divine spotlight, illuminating the seriousness of the forthcoming judgment and inviting reflection on its implications.

I will deliver you
This phrase indicates God's active role in the unfolding events. The Hebrew root "nathan" means to give or deliver, suggesting a deliberate act of handing over. It reflects the concept of divine retribution, where God allows the consequences of Israel's actions to manifest. It serves as a sobering reminder of the justice inherent in God's character, where mercy and judgment coexist.

into the hands of those you hate
This part of the verse highlights the irony and tragedy of Israel's situation. The "hands" symbolize power and control, and being delivered into them signifies subjugation. The people they "hate" are likely the foreign nations they once sought alliances with, now turned adversaries. This reflects the biblical principle that reliance on anything other than God leads to downfall, as seen throughout Israel's history.

from whom you turned away in disgust
The phrase "turned away in disgust" captures the fickle nature of Israel's alliances and affections. The Hebrew root "ma'as" conveys rejection or disdain, illustrating Israel's contempt for these nations. Historically, Israel's political and spiritual infidelity led to alliances that were both pragmatic and disdainful. This serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of compromising faithfulness to God for worldly security.

They will deal with you in hatred
The phrase "They will deal with you in hatred" reflects the intense animosity and judgment that the surrounding nations, particularly the Babylonians, would have towards Israel. The Hebrew root for "hatred" is "שִׂנְאָה" (sin'ah), which conveys a deep-seated enmity. Historically, this reflects the geopolitical tensions and hostilities that existed between Israel and its neighbors. Theologically, it underscores the consequences of Israel's unfaithfulness to God, as their alliances with pagan nations ultimately led to their downfall. This serves as a sobering reminder of the spiritual principle that turning away from God can lead to destructive relationships and outcomes.

take away all you have worked for
This phrase highlights the totality of the loss that Israel would experience. The Hebrew word for "take away" is "לָקַח" (laqach), which means to seize or capture. This indicates not just a loss of material possessions but also the stripping away of the fruits of their labor and efforts. In a historical context, this reflects the Babylonian conquest, where the wealth and resources of Israel were plundered. Spiritually, it serves as a warning that when a nation or individual turns away from God, the security and prosperity they have built can be swiftly taken away.

leave you naked and bare
The imagery of being "naked and bare" is powerful and evocative. In Hebrew, "naked" is "עָרוֹם" (arom), and "bare" is "חָשׂוּף" (chasuph). This denotes a state of vulnerability and shame. In ancient Near Eastern culture, nakedness was often associated with disgrace and humiliation. This phrase metaphorically represents Israel's exposure and defenselessness due to their spiritual adultery. It serves as a poignant illustration of the consequences of sin, where what was once hidden is brought to light, and the protective covering of God's favor is removed.

the nakedness of your prostitution will be exposed
Here, "nakedness" again emphasizes exposure and shame, while "prostitution" (Hebrew: "זְנוּת" - zenut) refers to Israel's idolatrous practices and unfaithfulness to God. The exposure of their "prostitution" signifies the public revelation of their spiritual infidelity. Historically, this is seen in the way Israel's alliances with pagan nations and their adoption of foreign gods led to their downfall. Scripturally, it serves as a metaphor for the spiritual adultery of turning away from God to pursue other 'lovers' or idols. This exposure is a call to repentance and a return to faithfulness.

Your indecency and promiscuity
The words "indecency" (Hebrew: "זִמָּה" - zimmah) and "promiscuity" (Hebrew: "תַּזְנוּת" - taznut) further describe the moral and spiritual corruption of Israel. "Indecency" implies lewdness or wickedness, while "promiscuity" suggests a habitual unfaithfulness. This reflects the depth of Israel's departure from God's covenant. In a broader theological context, it serves as a warning against the dangers of moral compromise and the importance of maintaining spiritual purity. The verse calls believers to examine their own lives for areas of unfaithfulness and to seek restoration through repentance and obedience to God.

These things will be done to you
This phrase indicates a certainty of consequence. In the Hebrew text, the verb form suggests an inevitable action, emphasizing the justice of God. The historical context here is the Babylonian exile, a direct result of Israel's unfaithfulness. Theologically, it underscores the principle of divine retribution, where actions contrary to God's covenant result in discipline. This serves as a sobering reminder of the seriousness with which God views covenant fidelity.

because you have prostituted yourself
The imagery of prostitution is used metaphorically to describe Israel's unfaithfulness to God. The Hebrew root "zanah" conveys not just physical infidelity but spiritual apostasy. This metaphor is powerful, illustrating the depth of betrayal when God's people turn to other nations and their gods. Historically, Israel's alliances with pagan nations often led to the adoption of their idolatrous practices, which is seen as spiritual adultery against Yahweh.

with the nations
This phrase refers to the surrounding pagan nations with whom Israel sought alliances. In the ancient Near Eastern context, such alliances often involved political, military, and religious compromises. Theologically, it highlights the danger of God's people seeking security and identity outside of Him. The nations symbolize worldly systems and values that are contrary to God's holiness and purposes.

and have defiled yourself
The term "defiled" in Hebrew is "tame," which means to become unclean or impure. This impurity is not just ritual but moral and spiritual, indicating a departure from God's standards. The historical context involves Israel's participation in pagan rituals and idol worship, which corrupted their distinct identity as God's chosen people. This serves as a warning against compromising one's faith and values.

with their idols
Idols, or "gillulim" in Hebrew, refer to the physical representations of false gods. The use of this term often carries a derogatory connotation, emphasizing their worthlessness compared to the living God. Archaeologically, numerous idol artifacts have been found in ancient Israel, confirming the biblical accounts of widespread idolatry. Scripturally, this highlights the first commandment's importance and the call to exclusive worship of Yahweh. The presence of idols signifies a heart turned away from God, leading to spiritual and communal decay.

Because you have followed
The phrase "because you have followed" indicates a direct consequence of actions. In Hebrew, the word for "followed" can be linked to the idea of walking in someone else's footsteps or imitating their behavior. This suggests a deliberate choice to adopt the same sinful practices as the sister, which in the context of Ezekiel refers to the idolatrous and immoral ways of Samaria. Theologically, this highlights the principle of accountability and the consequences of choosing to follow unrighteous paths.

the path of your sister
The "path of your sister" refers to the sinful ways of Samaria, the northern kingdom of Israel, which had fallen into idolatry and was ultimately judged by God. The Hebrew term for "path" can also mean a way or journey, symbolizing a lifestyle or set of behaviors. This phrase serves as a warning against repeating the mistakes of others, emphasizing the importance of learning from history and the failures of those who have gone before.

I will put her cup into your hand
The "cup" in biblical terms often symbolizes God's judgment or wrath. In ancient Near Eastern culture, a cup could represent one's fate or destiny, particularly in the context of divine retribution. The act of putting the cup into someone's hand signifies the inevitability of experiencing the same judgment that befell Samaria. This imagery is powerful, illustrating the certainty of divine justice and the consequences of persistent disobedience. It serves as a sobering reminder of the seriousness of sin and the need for repentance and faithfulness to God.

This is what the Lord GOD says
This phrase emphasizes the divine authority behind the message. In Hebrew, "Lord GOD" is "Adonai Yahweh," underscoring God's sovereignty and covenant relationship with Israel. The use of "says" (Hebrew: "amar") indicates a direct communication from God, highlighting the seriousness and certainty of the prophecy. This introduction sets the tone for the gravity of the message that follows, reminding the audience that these are not mere human words but a divine decree.

You will drink your sister’s cup
The imagery of drinking from a cup is a metaphor for experiencing judgment or wrath. In the ancient Near Eastern context, a cup often symbolized one's fate or destiny, particularly in terms of divine retribution. The "sister" refers to Samaria, representing the northern kingdom of Israel, which had already faced God's judgment. The implication is that Jerusalem (the southern kingdom) will undergo a similar fate due to its comparable sins. This phrase serves as a warning of inevitable consequences for unfaithfulness to God.

which is deep and wide
The description of the cup as "deep and wide" suggests the magnitude and severity of the judgment. In Hebrew, "deep" (Hebrew: "amok") and "wide" (Hebrew: "rachab") convey the overwhelming and inescapable nature of the punishment. This imagery would resonate with the audience, illustrating that the impending judgment is not only vast in scope but also profound in its impact. It serves as a sobering reminder of the seriousness of turning away from God's commandments.

You will be an object of scorn and derision
This phrase indicates the social and emotional consequences of the judgment. "Scorn" (Hebrew: "la'ag") and "derision" (Hebrew: "kelimmah") reflect the shame and humiliation that will accompany the punishment. In the ancient world, public disgrace was a severe consequence, often seen as a fate worse than death. This serves as a warning that the judgment will not only be physical but also deeply affect the community's honor and standing among the nations.

for it holds so much
The phrase "for it holds so much" underscores the abundance and intensity of the judgment contained within the cup. The Hebrew root here suggests fullness and completeness, indicating that the punishment is both deserved and comprehensive. This serves as a final reminder of the seriousness of the situation, emphasizing that the consequences of sin are not only inevitable but also fully justified by the extent of the transgressions. It calls the audience to reflect on the gravity of their actions and the need for repentance.

You will be filled
The phrase "You will be filled" suggests a complete and overwhelming experience. In the Hebrew context, the word used here can imply being saturated or fully consumed. This indicates that the judgment coming upon the people is not partial but total. It reflects the idea that the consequences of their actions will be inescapable and all-encompassing, much like the way sin can consume one's life if left unchecked.

with drunkenness and grief
Drunkenness in the Bible often symbolizes a loss of control and a state of moral and spiritual stupor. It is a metaphor for the chaos and confusion that results from turning away from God. Grief, on the other hand, speaks to the deep sorrow and regret that follows sin. Together, these terms paint a picture of the emotional and spiritual turmoil that comes from living outside of God's will. Historically, this reflects the state of Israel and Judah as they faced the consequences of their idolatry and unfaithfulness.

with a cup of devastation and desolation
The "cup" is a powerful biblical symbol often associated with God's judgment. In ancient times, a cup could represent one's fate or destiny. Here, "devastation and desolation" describe the severe and destructive nature of the judgment. Devastation implies ruin and destruction, while desolation suggests emptiness and abandonment. This imagery would resonate with the Israelites, who understood the gravity of drinking from such a cup, as it meant experiencing the full measure of God's wrath due to their persistent rebellion.

the cup of your sister Samaria
Samaria, the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, had already experienced God's judgment due to its idolatry and alliances with pagan nations. By referencing "the cup of your sister Samaria," Ezekiel is drawing a parallel between the fate of Samaria and the impending judgment on Judah. This serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of turning away from God. Historically, Samaria's fall to the Assyrians in 722 BC was a well-known event, and its mention here underscores the certainty and severity of the judgment awaiting Judah if they do not repent.

You will drink it and drain it
This phrase signifies the complete and utter consumption of judgment. In the Hebrew context, "drink" often symbolizes experiencing the full measure of something, whether it be joy or, as in this case, wrath and judgment. The imagery of draining a cup to its dregs is a powerful metaphor for enduring the full consequences of one's actions. Historically, this reflects the fate of the Israelites who, due to their idolatry and unfaithfulness, would face the full brunt of divine retribution. The act of drinking until drained underscores the inevitability and totality of God's judgment.

you will dash it to pieces
The act of dashing something to pieces conveys a sense of violence and destruction. In the context of ancient Israel, this could be seen as a reflection of the breaking of covenants and the shattering of what was once whole and sacred. The Hebrew root for "dash" often implies a forceful breaking, which can be seen as a metaphor for the breaking of the relationship between God and His people due to their persistent sin. This phrase serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of turning away from God's commandments.

and tear your breasts
This phrase is a vivid depiction of mourning and deep anguish. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, tearing one's garments or body was a common expression of extreme grief or repentance. The breasts, being a symbol of nurturing and life, when torn, signify a profound loss and sorrow. This imagery is particularly poignant in the context of Israel's spiritual adultery, as it reflects the deep emotional and spiritual pain resulting from their separation from God. It is a call to recognize the depth of their sin and the resulting devastation.

For I have spoken
This declaration emphasizes the authority and finality of God's word. In the Hebrew tradition, when God speaks, it is not merely a suggestion but a definitive statement that will come to pass. The phrase underscores the certainty of the prophecy and the assurance that God's words are not empty but will be fulfilled. It serves as a reminder of the power and sovereignty of God, whose declarations are both just and inevitable.

declares the Lord GOD
The use of "declares" in this context is a formal proclamation, underscoring the seriousness and solemnity of the message. "The Lord GOD" (Yahweh Elohim) combines the personal name of God with a title that denotes His supreme authority and power. This combination reinforces the message's divine origin and the weight it carries. It is a reminder to the audience of the covenant relationship between God and Israel, and the responsibilities that come with it. The phrase serves as a powerful conclusion, affirming that the message is not from a mere prophet but from the Almighty Himself.

Therefore this is what the Lord GOD says
The phrase begins with "Therefore," indicating a conclusion or result based on previous statements. In the Hebrew text, "Lord GOD" is "Adonai Yahweh," emphasizing God's sovereign authority and covenant relationship with Israel. This introduction underscores the seriousness and divine authority behind the forthcoming judgment. Historically, this reflects the prophetic tradition where God communicates directly through His prophets, emphasizing His active role in guiding and correcting His people.

Because you have forgotten Me
The Hebrew root for "forgotten" is "שָׁכַח" (shakach), which implies a deliberate neglect or disregard. In the context of Israel's covenant relationship with God, forgetting Him is not merely a lapse in memory but a willful abandonment of their commitment and identity as His chosen people. This phrase highlights the spiritual amnesia that leads to idolatry and moral decay, a recurring theme in the prophetic literature.

and cast Me behind your back
This vivid imagery of casting God "behind your back" suggests a conscious rejection and disrespect. In ancient Near Eastern culture, turning one's back on someone was a profound insult, symbolizing betrayal and disloyalty. This phrase illustrates Israel's spiritual adultery, choosing to pursue other gods and desires over their covenant with Yahweh. It serves as a powerful reminder of the relational nature of sin, where turning away from God leads to estrangement and judgment.

you must bear the consequences
The concept of bearing consequences is rooted in the principle of divine justice. The Hebrew word for "bear" is "נָשָׂא" (nasa), which can mean to carry or endure. This implies that the people of Israel must face the repercussions of their actions, a theme consistent with the covenantal blessings and curses outlined in Deuteronomy. It underscores the biblical truth that sin has inherent consequences, both spiritually and materially.

of your lewdness and prostitution
The terms "lewdness" and "prostitution" are metaphorical, representing Israel's idolatry and unfaithfulness to God. The Hebrew word for "lewdness" is "זִמָּה" (zimmah), often associated with moral corruption and depravity. "Prostitution" (זָנָה, zanah) is frequently used in the prophets to describe Israel's spiritual infidelity, likening their pursuit of other gods to an adulterous relationship. This imagery serves to convey the gravity of their sin and the depth of their betrayal, calling the people to recognize their need for repentance and restoration.

Then the LORD said to me
The phrase begins with the divine initiation of communication, emphasizing the authority and sovereignty of God. The Hebrew root for "LORD" is "YHWH," the sacred name of God, which underscores His eternal and unchanging nature. This introduction sets the stage for a message of judgment, reminding us that God is actively involved in the affairs of His people and speaks through His prophets to guide, correct, and instruct.

Son of man
This title, "Son of man," is used frequently in Ezekiel, highlighting the prophet's humanity and his role as a representative of the people. The Hebrew term "ben adam" signifies both humility and the responsibility bestowed upon Ezekiel. It serves as a reminder that while Ezekiel is a mere human, he is chosen by God to deliver His divine message, bridging the gap between the divine and the mortal.

will you judge
The call to "judge" is a directive from God to Ezekiel, indicating a divine mandate to pronounce judgment. The Hebrew word "shaphat" means to govern, to vindicate, or to punish. This reflects the role of the prophet as not only a messenger but also as an agent of divine justice. It underscores the seriousness of the situation and the necessity of addressing sin and rebellion.

Oholah and Oholibah?
These names are symbolic representations of Samaria and Jerusalem, respectively. "Oholah" means "her tent," and "Oholibah" means "my tent is in her," reflecting their roles as centers of worship and their relationship with God. Historically, these cities were centers of idolatry and unfaithfulness, and their personification as sisters highlights their shared guilt and the depth of their spiritual adultery.

Then confront them
The command to "confront" is a call to direct engagement with the sin of the people. The Hebrew root "yakah" implies a rebuke or correction, emphasizing the need for repentance and the seriousness of their transgressions. This confrontation is not merely punitive but is intended to bring about awareness and change, reflecting God's desire for His people to return to Him.

with their abominations
The term "abominations" refers to detestable practices, particularly idolatry and moral corruption. The Hebrew word "toebah" is often used in the context of idolatrous practices that are abhorrent to God. This highlights the gravity of their sin and the reason for divine judgment. It serves as a warning to all believers about the dangers of turning away from God and embracing the ways of the world.

For they have committed adultery
The phrase "committed adultery" in Hebrew is "na'aph," which not only refers to physical infidelity but also symbolizes spiritual unfaithfulness to God. In the context of Ezekiel, this is a powerful metaphor for Israel's idolatry. Historically, Israel's covenant with God is likened to a marriage, and turning to other gods is akin to marital betrayal. This imagery underscores the gravity of Israel's sin, emphasizing the deep personal and communal breach in their relationship with God.

and blood is on their hands
The phrase "blood is on their hands" indicates guilt for acts of violence and murder. In the ancient Near Eastern context, bloodshed was a serious offense that defiled the land and required atonement. This phrase suggests that Israel's idolatry was not just a spiritual betrayal but also led to moral and social corruption, including acts of violence and injustice. The imagery of blood on hands is a vivid depiction of culpability and the need for repentance and cleansing.

They have committed adultery with their idols
Here, "adultery with their idols" reinforces the metaphor of spiritual infidelity. The Hebrew word for idols, "gillulim," often carries a derogatory connotation, emphasizing the worthlessness and detestable nature of these false gods. This phrase highlights the futility and degradation of Israel's idolatry, as they exchanged the glory of the living God for lifeless images. It serves as a call to recognize the emptiness of idolatry and return to the true God.

and even sacrificed their children
The act of sacrificing children, likely referring to the worship of deities like Molech, was one of the most abhorrent practices condemned in the Old Testament. This phrase underscores the extreme moral decay and the extent of Israel's apostasy. It serves as a stark reminder of how far the people had strayed from God's commandments, which valued life and prohibited such detestable practices. The historical context of child sacrifice highlights the need for a return to the sanctity of life as ordained by God.

whom they bore to Me
The phrase "whom they bore to Me" emphasizes the personal relationship between God and the children of Israel. It reflects the belief that children are a heritage from the Lord, belonging to Him. This underscores the tragedy of their sacrifice, as it was not just a violation of parental duty but a direct affront to God, who entrusted these children to their care. It serves as a poignant reminder of the sacred responsibility of nurturing and protecting life as a divine gift.

passing them through the fire as food for their idols
"Passing them through the fire" refers to the ritualistic burning of children as offerings to idols. This practice was not only a physical atrocity but also a spiritual abomination. The phrase "as food for their idols" highlights the senselessness of such acts, as idols, being lifeless, cannot consume or benefit from these sacrifices. This imagery serves to illustrate the utter depravity and futility of idolatry, calling the people to repentance and a return to the worship of the one true God.

They have also done this to Me
This phrase underscores the personal nature of the offense against God. The Hebrew root for "done" is עָשָׂה (asah), which means to act or to do. It implies deliberate action, highlighting the intentional rebellion of the people. The phrase "to Me" emphasizes that the sin is not just against a set of rules but is a direct affront to God Himself. This personal affront is significant in the context of a covenant relationship, where God is not just a distant deity but a personal God who has entered into a binding agreement with His people.

On that very same day
This phrase indicates the immediacy and the audacity of the people's actions. The Hebrew word for "day" is יוֹם (yom), which can mean a literal day or a period of time. Here, it underscores the idea that the people's defilement and profanation were not isolated incidents but were part of a pattern of behavior. The phrase suggests a willful disregard for the sanctity of time set apart for God, reflecting a deeper spiritual malaise.

they defiled My sanctuary
The word "defiled" comes from the Hebrew טָמֵא (tame), meaning to make unclean or impure. The sanctuary, or מִקְדָּשׁ (miqdash), was the holy place where God's presence dwelled among His people. To defile the sanctuary was to desecrate the very place that symbolized God's holiness and His covenant with Israel. This act of defilement represents a profound disrespect for God's holiness and a breach of the covenant relationship.

and profaned My Sabbaths
The term "profaned" is derived from the Hebrew חָלַל (chalal), which means to pollute or desecrate. The Sabbath, or שַׁבָּת (shabbat), was a sign of the covenant between God and Israel, a day set apart for rest and worship. By profaning the Sabbaths, the people were not only breaking a commandment but were also rejecting the rhythm of life that God had ordained for them. This act of profanation reflects a deeper spiritual rebellion, as the Sabbath was a reminder of God's creation and His deliverance of Israel from Egypt.

On the very day
This phrase emphasizes the immediacy and audacity of the actions of the people. In the Hebrew context, the word "day" (יוֹם, yom) often signifies not just a 24-hour period but a significant time or event. The use of "very" underscores the brazenness of their sin, highlighting a complete disregard for the sanctity of time and the moral order established by God. It serves as a stark reminder of the people's hardened hearts and their insensitivity to the gravity of their actions.

they slaughtered their children
The act of child sacrifice is one of the most abhorrent practices condemned in the Bible. The Hebrew word for "slaughtered" (שָׁחַט, shachat) conveys a brutal and violent act, often associated with sacrificial rituals. Historically, this refers to the worship of deities like Molech, where children were offered as burnt sacrifices. This practice was strictly forbidden in Israelite law (Leviticus 18:21), and its mention here underscores the depth of Israel's apostasy and moral decay.

for their idols
The term "idols" (גִּלּוּלִים, gillulim) in Hebrew is often used pejoratively, implying not just false gods but objects of disgust and worthlessness. This highlights the futility and deception of idol worship, contrasting the living God with lifeless images. The historical context reveals a syncretism where Israelites adopted pagan practices, betraying their covenant relationship with Yahweh. This phrase serves as a call to recognize the emptiness of idolatry and the need for exclusive devotion to God.

they entered My sanctuary
The sanctuary, or "מִקְדָּשׁ" (miqdash), was the holy place where God's presence dwelt among His people. Entering it was a privilege and required purity and reverence. The juxtaposition of their heinous acts with entering the sanctuary highlights the hypocrisy and sacrilege of the people. It reflects a profound disrespect for God's holiness and a violation of the sacred space meant for worship and communion with God.

to profane it
To "profane" (חָלַל, chalal) means to defile or desecrate something holy. This word choice indicates a deliberate act of disrespect and irreverence. In the biblical context, profaning the sanctuary was one of the gravest sins, as it directly challenged God's holiness and authority. This phrase serves as a warning against taking lightly the things of God and the consequences of treating sacred matters with contempt.

Behold, this is what they did
The word "Behold" (הִנֵּה, hinneh) is an attention-grabbing term, urging the listener or reader to pay close attention to the gravity of the situation. It serves as a divine indictment, emphasizing the seriousness of the people's actions. This phrase calls the audience to reflect on their own lives and the importance of aligning actions with faith.

in My house
"My house" refers to the temple, the dwelling place of God among His people. The possessive "My" underscores God's ownership and the intended sanctity of the temple. Historically, the temple was central to Israelite worship and identity, symbolizing God's covenant and presence. This phrase highlights the betrayal of trust and the violation of the sacred relationship between God and His people, serving as a call to repentance and restoration of true worship.

Furthermore
This word serves as a continuation of the narrative, indicating that the actions described are part of a larger pattern of behavior. In the context of Ezekiel 23, it connects the current verse to the preceding verses, which describe the spiritual adultery of Jerusalem and Samaria. The Hebrew word used here, "וְאַף" (ve'af), suggests an addition to the already grievous sins, emphasizing the persistent unfaithfulness of God's people.

you sent for men
This phrase highlights the proactive nature of the sin being described. The Hebrew root "שָׁלַח" (shalach) means to send or dispatch, indicating intentionality. In the historical context, this refers to the alliances and treaties made with foreign nations, which were often accompanied by idolatrous practices. Spiritually, it symbolizes seeking fulfillment and security outside of God's provision.

who come from far away
The men coming from a distance signifies foreign nations, often associated with pagan practices and idolatry. Historically, Israel and Judah sought alliances with distant nations like Egypt and Assyria, contrary to God's command to rely solely on Him. This phrase underscores the extent to which God's people were willing to go to pursue their unfaithfulness.

When a messenger was sent to them, they came
This indicates the eagerness and readiness of these foreign nations to respond to Israel's overtures. The Hebrew word for messenger, "מַלְאָךְ" (mal'akh), can also mean angel, but here it refers to a human envoy. The quick response of these nations highlights the allure and temptation of worldly alliances, which often led Israel away from their covenant with God.

And you bathed yourself for them
Bathing here symbolizes preparation and purification, but in this context, it is a preparation for sin rather than holiness. The act of bathing, "רָחַץ" (rachatz), is often associated with ritual cleansing in the Hebrew Bible, but here it is a perversion of that practice, indicating a readiness to engage in idolatrous relationships.

painted your eyes
This phrase refers to the application of cosmetics, a practice often associated with seduction and allure. The Hebrew word "כָּחַל" (kachal) means to paint or adorn, particularly around the eyes. In the ancient Near East, eye painting was a common practice among women to enhance beauty, but in this context, it symbolizes the seductive nature of Israel's idolatry.

and adorned yourself with jewelry
Adorning with jewelry signifies the act of making oneself attractive, often for the purpose of seduction. The Hebrew word "עָדָה" (adah) means to adorn or decorate. In the biblical context, jewelry can symbolize wealth and status, but here it represents the spiritual adultery of Israel, as they sought to make themselves appealing to foreign gods and nations.

You sat on a couch of luxury
The phrase "You sat on a couch of luxury" evokes an image of opulence and indulgence. In the Hebrew context, the word for "couch" (מִטָּה, mittah) often refers to a bed or a place of reclining, symbolizing rest and comfort. The term "luxury" suggests an excessiveness that goes beyond mere comfort, indicating a lifestyle of indulgence and self-gratification. Historically, couches were used by the wealthy and powerful, often associated with feasting and revelry. This imagery is a metaphor for the spiritual complacency and moral decay of the people, who have become enamored with worldly pleasures and have forsaken their devotion to God.

with a table spread before it
The "table spread before it" signifies abundance and provision. In ancient Near Eastern culture, a table laden with food and drink was a symbol of hospitality and blessing. However, in this context, it also implies a misuse of God's blessings. The table, meant to be a place of fellowship and gratitude, becomes a setting for idolatry and self-indulgence. This reflects the people's distorted priorities, where material wealth and sensual pleasures have taken precedence over spiritual fidelity and obedience to God.

on which you had set My incense and My oil
The use of "My incense and My oil" is particularly significant. Incense (קְטֹרֶת, qetoreth) and oil (שֶׁמֶן, shemen) were integral to the worship practices in the temple, symbolizing prayers and the anointing of the Holy Spirit, respectively. By setting these sacred items on a table of indulgence, the people are profaning what is holy, using what is meant for God's glory for their own selfish purposes. This act of desecration highlights the depth of their spiritual adultery, as they have taken what belongs to God and used it in the service of idolatry. It serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of keeping what is sacred dedicated to God alone, and not allowing the allure of the world to corrupt our worship and devotion.

The sound of a carefree crowd was around her
This phrase paints a vivid picture of a scene filled with revelry and indulgence. The Hebrew word for "carefree" (שָׁאֲנָן, sha'anan) suggests a sense of false security and complacency. Historically, this reflects the moral and spiritual decay of the people, who were more concerned with pleasure than with righteousness. The "crowd" indicates a gathering, possibly for a feast or celebration, which in the context of Ezekiel, often symbolizes idolatrous practices and alliances with pagan nations.

Sabeans were brought from the desert
The Sabeans, likely referring to a people from the region of Sheba, were known for their wealth and trade, particularly in spices and gold. The mention of them being "brought from the desert" highlights the extent to which Israel went to form alliances with foreign nations, contrary to God's command to remain separate and holy. This reflects a spiritual adultery, as Israel sought security and prosperity through worldly means rather than trusting in God.

along with men from the rabble
The term "rabble" (הָמוֹן, hamon) can denote a mixed multitude or a disorderly crowd. This suggests that the alliances and gatherings were not only with notable nations like the Sabeans but also with less reputable groups. It underscores the indiscriminate nature of Israel's unfaithfulness, engaging with any and all who could offer them temporary pleasure or advantage, further illustrating their spiritual decline.

and they put bracelets on the wrists of the women
Bracelets in ancient times were often symbols of wealth, status, and sometimes betrothal. The act of placing bracelets on the women signifies a form of covenant or agreement, albeit an unholy one. Spiritually, it represents Israel's binding themselves to foreign influences and idolatry, adorning themselves with the trappings of pagan cultures instead of the righteousness of God.

and beautiful crowns on their heads
Crowns symbolize authority, honor, and glory. The "beautiful crowns" here are ironic, as they represent a false glory derived from alliances with pagan nations rather than from God. This imagery serves as a critique of Israel's pursuit of worldly honor and power, which ultimately leads to their downfall. In a spiritual sense, it is a call to seek the true crown of life that comes from faithfulness to God.

Then I said
This phrase indicates a direct speech from God through the prophet Ezekiel. The Hebrew root for "said" is "אָמַר" (amar), which is often used to denote a declaration or proclamation. In the context of prophetic literature, it underscores the authority and divine origin of the message. God is speaking directly to the situation, emphasizing His active involvement and judgment.

of her who was worn out by adultery
The phrase "worn out by adultery" uses the Hebrew word "נִבְלָה" (niblah), which conveys a sense of being defiled or exhausted through immoral acts. Historically, this reflects the spiritual state of Israel and Judah, who are symbolized by the two sisters in Ezekiel 23. Their repeated unfaithfulness to God through idolatry and alliances with pagan nations has left them spiritually depleted and morally bankrupt.

Now let them use her as a prostitute
This phrase is a stark depiction of judgment. The Hebrew word for "prostitute" is "זוֹנָה" (zonah), which not only refers to physical prostitution but also symbolizes spiritual unfaithfulness. In the ancient Near Eastern context, prostitution was often linked to temple rituals of pagan religions, highlighting the depth of Israel's infidelity. God's pronouncement here is not an endorsement of further sin but a declaration of the consequences of their actions—being given over to the very practices they pursued.

for that is all she is!
This concluding phrase is a sobering assessment of the state of the nation. The Hebrew construction emphasizes the inevitability of their condition due to persistent rebellion. It serves as a divine lament over the loss of identity and purpose that comes from abandoning God. In a broader scriptural context, it echoes the theme of Romans 1, where God gives people over to their desires as a form of judgment. It is a call to recognize the gravity of sin and the need for repentance and restoration.

And they had relations with her
This phrase indicates a physical and intimate interaction, often used metaphorically in the Bible to describe idolatry and unfaithfulness to God. The Hebrew root word here is "בּוֹא" (bo), which means "to come" or "to enter." In the context of Ezekiel, it symbolizes the spiritual infidelity of Israel and Judah, represented by Oholah and Oholibah. Historically, this reflects the nations' alliances and idol worship, which were seen as acts of betrayal against God.

as one does with a prostitute
The comparison to a prostitute underscores the transactional and impersonal nature of the relationships. The Hebrew word for prostitute is "זוֹנָה" (zonah), which conveys not only sexual immorality but also spiritual unfaithfulness. In ancient Israel, prostitution was often linked to pagan worship practices, highlighting the depth of Israel and Judah's apostasy. This metaphor serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of turning away from God's covenant.

So they had relations with Oholah and Oholibah
Oholah and Oholibah are symbolic names for Samaria (Israel) and Jerusalem (Judah), respectively. The names themselves are significant: Oholah means "her tent," suggesting a place of worship or dwelling, while Oholibah means "my tent is in her," indicating God's presence in Jerusalem. The repeated phrase emphasizes the persistent unfaithfulness of both kingdoms, despite their unique relationships with God. Historically, this reflects the political and religious alliances that led them away from their covenant with God.

the lewd women
The term "lewd" is translated from the Hebrew word "זִמָּה" (zimmah), which implies wickedness or depravity. This characterization of Oholah and Oholibah as "lewd women" highlights their moral and spiritual corruption. In the biblical context, lewdness is often associated with idolatry and the abandonment of God's laws. This serves as a powerful indictment of the spiritual state of Israel and Judah, calling them to recognize their sin and return to God.

But righteous men
The phrase "righteous men" refers to individuals who live according to God's laws and principles. In the Hebrew context, the word for "righteous" is "tsaddiq," which denotes someone who is just, lawful, and in right standing with God. Historically, the role of righteous men in Israel was to uphold justice and maintain the moral and spiritual integrity of the community. This phrase emphasizes the importance of godly leadership and accountability in society.

will sentence them
The act of sentencing implies a judicial process where a verdict is rendered. In ancient Israel, the judicial system was deeply rooted in the Mosaic Law, which provided guidelines for dealing with transgressions. The Hebrew word "shaphat" means to judge or govern, indicating that these righteous men are acting as judges who are executing divine justice. This reflects the biblical principle that God uses human agents to carry out His justice on earth.

to the punishment
Punishment in the biblical sense is not merely retributive but also corrective and restorative. The Hebrew word "mishpat" often translated as judgment or justice, encompasses the idea of setting things right. In the context of Ezekiel, punishment serves as a means to bring about repentance and restoration to God's covenant people. It underscores the seriousness of sin and the necessity of divine discipline.

of those who commit adultery
Adultery is a grave sin in the biblical narrative, symbolizing unfaithfulness not only in marriage but also in the covenant relationship with God. The Hebrew term "na'aph" is used for adultery, which is often metaphorically applied to Israel's idolatry and spiritual infidelity. This phrase highlights the parallel between physical adultery and spiritual apostasy, both of which breach the covenant with God.

and bloodshed
Bloodshed refers to acts of violence and murder, which are strictly condemned in the Scriptures. The Hebrew word "dam" signifies blood, often associated with life and its sanctity. In the biblical context, shedding innocent blood is a direct violation of God's commandment and disrupts the moral order established by God. This phrase serves as a reminder of the value God places on human life and the severe consequences of taking it unjustly.

because they are adulteresses
This phrase identifies the transgressors as those who have committed adultery, both literally and metaphorically. In Ezekiel, the imagery of adultery is frequently used to describe Israel's unfaithfulness to God through idolatry. The term "na'aph" again underscores the breach of trust and loyalty, emphasizing the spiritual dimension of their sin.

and blood is on their hands
The imagery of blood on one's hands signifies guilt and responsibility for acts of violence. In the ancient Near Eastern context, hands symbolize action and agency, and having blood on one's hands indicates culpability for murder or violence. This phrase serves as a powerful indictment of the people's sins, calling them to acknowledge their guilt and the need for repentance.

This is what the Lord GOD says
This phrase underscores the authority and divine origin of the message. In Hebrew, "Lord GOD" is "Adonai Yahweh," emphasizing both the sovereignty and the covenantal relationship God has with His people. The use of "says" (Hebrew: "amar") indicates a direct communication from God, highlighting the seriousness and certainty of the forthcoming judgment. This introduction serves as a reminder that the words are not merely Ezekiel's but are divinely inspired, carrying the weight of divine authority.

Bring a mob against them
The term "mob" (Hebrew: "qahal") can refer to an assembly or congregation, often used in a negative sense here to imply a hostile gathering. Historically, this reflects the common practice of surrounding a city with an overwhelming force to instill fear and chaos. The imagery of a mob suggests a loss of control and impending doom, symbolizing the consequences of the people's unfaithfulness and idolatry. It serves as a metaphor for the nations that God would use as instruments of His judgment against Israel and Judah.

and consign them to terror
The word "consign" (Hebrew: "nathan") means to give or deliver over. In this context, it implies a deliberate handing over to a state of fear and panic. "Terror" (Hebrew: "behalah") conveys a sense of sudden dread or alarm, often associated with divine judgment. This phrase reflects the psychological and spiritual consequences of turning away from God, where the absence of divine protection leads to overwhelming fear. It serves as a warning of the internal chaos that results from external rebellion against God.

and plunder
"Plunder" (Hebrew: "bazaz") refers to the act of seizing goods by force, often in the context of war. This term is historically rooted in the practices of ancient warfare, where victors would take spoils from the defeated. In the prophetic context, it symbolizes the stripping away of security, wealth, and dignity as a result of divine judgment. The use of "plunder" underscores the totality of the loss that comes from forsaking God's covenant, serving as a stark reminder of the material and spiritual consequences of sin.

And the host
The term "host" refers to a large group or army. In the context of Ezekiel, this often symbolizes the instruments of God's judgment. Historically, the Babylonians were the "host" used by God to execute judgment on Jerusalem. The Hebrew word for "host" can also imply a divinely appointed force, emphasizing that this is not merely a human army but one fulfilling God's sovereign will.

will stone them
Stoning was a common method of execution in ancient Israel, prescribed in the Law of Moses for certain transgressions (e.g., Leviticus 20:2). It symbolizes communal judgment and the seriousness of sin. In Ezekiel, it represents the collective judgment against the spiritual adultery of Samaria and Jerusalem, highlighting the severity of their idolatry and betrayal of God.

and cut them down with their swords
The sword is a frequent biblical symbol of divine judgment and warfare. The Hebrew root for "cut down" implies a decisive and violent action. This phrase underscores the totality of the judgment—both a physical and spiritual severance from life and covenant with God. Historically, it reflects the brutal reality of ancient warfare and the consequences of turning away from God.

They will kill their sons and daughters
This phrase is a stark reminder of the generational impact of sin. In the ancient Near East, the destruction of families was a common consequence of conquest. Spiritually, it signifies the loss of future generations due to the sins of the present, emphasizing the biblical principle that sin affects not just the individual but the community and future lineage.

and burn down their houses
Burning was a method of complete destruction, leaving nothing behind. In biblical terms, fire often symbolizes purification and judgment. The destruction of houses signifies the loss of security, identity, and legacy. Historically, this reflects the Babylonian practice of burning conquered cities, and spiritually, it represents the consuming nature of God's judgment against unfaithfulness.

So I will put an end
This phrase signifies a decisive action by God, indicating His sovereign power to bring about a conclusion to the sinful practices of the people. The Hebrew root for "put an end" is "שָׁבַת" (shabat), which means to cease or rest. This is the same root used for the Sabbath, a day of rest, symbolizing a complete cessation. Here, it implies God's intervention to stop the idolatry and immorality that plagued Israel, reflecting His holiness and justice.

to lewdness
The term "lewdness" in Hebrew is "זִמָּה" (zimmah), which refers to wickedness or depravity, often associated with sexual immorality. In the context of Ezekiel, it highlights the moral corruption and idolatrous practices that Israel engaged in, akin to spiritual adultery. This word underscores the severity of Israel's sin, which was not just a breach of law but a violation of their covenant relationship with God.

in the land
This phrase emphasizes the geographical and communal aspect of the sin. "The land" refers to the Promised Land, a place meant to be holy and set apart for God's people. The defilement of the land through lewdness is a direct affront to God's purpose for Israel to be a light to the nations. Historically, the land was central to Israel's identity and covenant with God, making its defilement a serious transgression.

so that all women
The mention of "all women" serves as a representative group for the entire community. In ancient Israel, women often symbolized the state of the nation, and their conduct was seen as reflective of the nation's spiritual health. This phrase suggests that the judgment and its lessons are meant for everyone, not just a specific gender, indicating the pervasive nature of the sin and the comprehensive scope of God's corrective action.

may take warning
The Hebrew word for "warning" is "יִסַּר" (yissar), which means to instruct or discipline. This is not merely punitive but educational, aiming to bring about repentance and restoration. God's judgment serves as a cautionary tale, intended to lead the people back to righteousness. It reflects God's desire for His people to learn from their mistakes and return to Him.

and not imitate
The call to "not imitate" underscores the importance of distinctiveness for God's people. The Hebrew root "חָקָה" (chakah) means to mimic or follow. Israel was called to be holy and separate from the surrounding nations, whose practices were often idolatrous and immoral. This phrase is a reminder of the call to holiness and the dangers of conforming to worldly standards.

their lewdness
Reiterating the term "lewdness" emphasizes the specific sin that God is addressing. The repetition serves to highlight the gravity of the offense and the necessity of its eradication. It is a call to purity and faithfulness, urging the people to abandon their sinful ways and return to a covenant relationship with God. This reflects the consistent biblical theme of repentance and renewal.

You will bear the consequences
This phrase emphasizes personal responsibility and accountability. In the Hebrew text, the word for "bear" is "נָשָׂא" (nasa), which means to lift, carry, or endure. This implies that the people of Israel must carry the weight of their actions. Theologically, this reflects the principle of sowing and reaping found throughout Scripture (Galatians 6:7). It serves as a reminder that God's justice requires that sin has consequences, and individuals must face the repercussions of their moral choices.

of your lewdness
The term "lewdness" is translated from the Hebrew word "זִמָּה" (zimmah), which denotes wickedness or depravity, often with a sexual connotation. In the context of Ezekiel, it refers to the spiritual adultery and idolatry of Israel, symbolized by their alliances with pagan nations and their adoption of foreign gods. Historically, this reflects the period when Israel and Judah were heavily influenced by surrounding cultures, leading them away from their covenant with God. This serves as a warning against compromising one's faith and values for worldly gain or acceptance.

and your abominations
"Abominations" comes from the Hebrew "תּוֹעֵבָה" (toebah), which refers to things that are detestable or loathsome, particularly in the sight of God. In the biblical context, this often pertains to idolatry and practices that are contrary to God's laws. The use of this word underscores the severity of Israel's sins, as they engaged in practices that were not only culturally offensive but spiritually repugnant to God. This highlights the importance of holiness and the need to avoid practices that lead to spiritual corruption.

declares the LORD
This phrase is a solemn affirmation of divine authority and certainty. The Hebrew "נְאֻם־יְהוָה" (ne'um-YHWH) is a prophetic formula indicating that the message comes directly from God. It underscores the seriousness of the pronouncement and assures that what has been spoken will surely come to pass. In a broader theological sense, it reminds believers of the sovereignty of God and the trustworthiness of His word. It calls for a response of reverence and obedience, recognizing that God's declarations are not mere suggestions but authoritative commands.