After this
This phrase indicates a transition from the events of the previous chapter, suggesting a continuation of Jesus' ministry. The Greek word "Μετὰ ταῦτα" (Meta tauta) implies a sequence of events, emphasizing the ongoing narrative of Jesus' life and work. It invites readers to consider the context of Jesus' actions and teachings, encouraging a reflection on the unfolding account of His mission.

Jesus
The central figure of the Gospel, Jesus is the Messiah, the Son of God, whose life and teachings are the foundation of Christian faith. The name "Jesus" is derived from the Hebrew "Yeshua," meaning "Yahweh is salvation." This highlights His divine purpose and mission to bring salvation to humanity, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies and establishing a new covenant.

crossed
The act of crossing signifies movement and transition. In the Greek, "διεπέρασεν" (dieperasen) suggests a deliberate action, indicating Jesus' purposeful journey. This movement can symbolize the crossing from old to new, from law to grace, and from earthly concerns to spiritual truths, reflecting the transformative nature of Jesus' ministry.

to the other side
This phrase indicates a geographical and metaphorical shift. Geographically, it refers to moving from one side of the Sea of Galilee to the other. Metaphorically, it can represent a shift in perspective or understanding, as Jesus often used physical journeys to teach deeper spiritual lessons. It invites believers to consider the "other side" of their own spiritual journeys.

of the Sea of Galilee
The Sea of Galilee, also known as Lake Gennesaret, is a significant location in Jesus' ministry. It is a freshwater lake in Israel, rich in biblical history and symbolism. The sea represents both the abundance of God's creation and the challenges of life, as it was a source of livelihood and a place of storms. Jesus' presence here underscores His authority over nature and His role as the provider and protector.

(that is, the Sea of Tiberias)
This parenthetical note provides a Roman context, as the Sea of Tiberias was named after the Roman Emperor Tiberius. It reflects the historical setting of the Gospel, where Roman influence was pervasive. This dual naming highlights the intersection of Jewish and Roman cultures, reminding readers of the political and social backdrop of Jesus' ministry. It also emphasizes the universality of Jesus' message, transcending cultural and political boundaries.

A large crowd
The phrase "a large crowd" indicates the significant number of people who were drawn to Jesus. In the Greek, the word for "crowd" is "ὄχλος" (ochlos), which often refers to a multitude or a throng of people. This suggests not just a casual gathering but a substantial assembly, highlighting Jesus' growing influence and the widespread interest in His ministry. Historically, large crowds following a teacher or healer were not uncommon in the ancient Near East, but the size and dedication of those following Jesus were remarkable, indicating His unique authority and the hope He inspired among the people.

followed Him
The verb "followed" in Greek is "ἀκολουθέω" (akoloutheō), which means to accompany or to go after someone. This implies more than just physical movement; it suggests a level of commitment or discipleship. The crowd's following of Jesus was driven by a desire to be near Him, to witness His works, and perhaps to understand His teachings. In a spiritual sense, this reflects the call to discipleship that Jesus extends to all believers, inviting them to follow Him in faith and obedience.

because they saw
The phrase "because they saw" indicates the reason for the crowd's following. The Greek word "εἶδον" (eidon) means to see or perceive, suggesting that their following was based on direct observation. This highlights the importance of witnessing in the Christian faith—seeing the works of God can lead to belief and action. It also underscores the role of evidence in faith; the crowd's faith was initially sparked by what they could see and experience firsthand.

the signs
"Signs" in Greek is "σημεῖα" (sēmeia), which refers to miraculous events that signify something greater. In the Gospel of John, signs are not just miracles but are symbolic acts that reveal Jesus' divine nature and mission. These signs were meant to point beyond themselves to the reality of who Jesus is—the Messiah and the Son of God. Theologically, signs serve as a testament to God's power and presence, inviting people to deeper faith and understanding.

He was performing
The phrase "He was performing" uses the Greek word "ποιέω" (poieō), meaning to do or to make. This verb is in the imperfect tense, indicating continuous or repeated action. Jesus' performing of signs was an ongoing demonstration of His divine authority and compassion. It reflects His active engagement in the world, bringing healing and restoration. This continuous action emphasizes the relentless nature of Jesus' ministry and His commitment to fulfilling His Father's will.

on the sick
The term "the sick" in Greek is "ἀσθενέω" (astheneō), which means to be weak or ill. Jesus' ministry to the sick demonstrates His compassion and His power over physical ailments, symbolizing the broader spiritual healing He offers. In the historical context, sickness was often associated with sin or spiritual deficiency, and Jesus' healing acts challenged these assumptions, revealing God's grace and mercy. This phrase underscores the holistic nature of Jesus' mission—to heal both body and soul, offering salvation to all who come to Him in faith.

Then Jesus
The phrase "Then Jesus" marks a transition in the narrative, indicating a deliberate action by Jesus. The Greek word for "Jesus" is Ἰησοῦς (Iēsous), which is derived from the Hebrew name Yeshua, meaning "Yahweh is salvation." This highlights Jesus' role as the Savior, a central tenet of Christian faith. The use of "Then" suggests a continuation of His ministry, emphasizing His active engagement in teaching and performing miracles.

went up on the mountain
The act of going "up on the mountain" is significant both geographically and theologically. Mountains in biblical times were often seen as places of revelation and divine encounter. The Greek word for "mountain" is ὄρος (oros), which can also imply a place of solitude and prayer. This setting recalls Moses receiving the Law on Mount Sinai, drawing a parallel between Jesus as the new lawgiver and teacher. It underscores the idea that Jesus is about to impart important spiritual truths to His followers.

and sat down
In the cultural and historical context of the time, a teacher sitting down was a common posture for teaching. The Greek word for "sat down" is καθίζω (kathizō), which implies a position of authority and readiness to instruct. This action signifies that Jesus is preparing to teach His disciples, indicating the importance of what is to follow. It also reflects a rabbinic tradition where the teacher would sit while the students stood or sat around, ready to listen and learn.

with His disciples
The phrase "with His disciples" highlights the close relationship between Jesus and His followers. The Greek word for "disciples" is μαθηταί (mathētai), meaning learners or students. This indicates that those who follow Jesus are not just passive observers but active participants in His ministry. The presence of the disciples suggests a community gathered around Jesus, eager to receive His teachings and to be shaped by His words. It emphasizes the importance of discipleship and the call to follow Jesus closely, learning from His example and teachings.

Now
The word "now" serves as a transitional marker, indicating a shift in the narrative. It connects the preceding events with what is about to unfold, emphasizing the immediacy and relevance of the upcoming context. In the Greek, "now" is often translated from "δέ" (de), which can also mean "but" or "and," suggesting a continuation or contrast. This word sets the stage for the significant events that follow, drawing the reader's attention to the unfolding divine plan.

the Passover
The Passover, or "Πάσχα" (Pascha) in Greek, is a pivotal Jewish festival commemorating the Israelites' deliverance from Egyptian bondage, as described in Exodus 12. It is a time of remembrance and celebration of God's faithfulness and power. For Christians, the Passover holds additional significance as it foreshadows Christ's sacrificial death, the ultimate Passover Lamb, who delivers believers from the bondage of sin. This mention of Passover situates the narrative within a framework of redemption and divine intervention.

the feast of the Jews
This phrase underscores the cultural and religious context of the narrative. The Passover is not merely a historical event but an ongoing, living tradition for the Jewish people. It highlights the continuity of God's covenant with Israel and the importance of communal worship and remembrance. The phrase also serves to remind readers of the Jewish roots of the Christian faith, emphasizing the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies in the New Testament.

was near
The phrase "was near" indicates the temporal proximity of the Passover, suggesting an urgency and anticipation in the narrative. In Greek, "ἐγγύς" (engys) conveys the idea of nearness in time or space. This nearness is not just chronological but also theological, as it points to the impending revelation of Jesus' identity and mission. The approaching Passover sets the stage for the miraculous feeding of the five thousand, a sign of Jesus' provision and a prelude to His ultimate sacrifice.

When Jesus looked up
This phrase indicates a moment of awareness and intentionality. The Greek word for "looked up" is "anablepō," which implies not just a physical act of looking, but a deeper perception and understanding. Jesus, fully aware of the needs of the crowd, demonstrates His divine insight and compassion. This moment reflects His readiness to engage with the multitude, highlighting His role as the Good Shepherd who is attentive to His flock.

and saw a great crowd
The term "great crowd" underscores the magnitude of the gathering. The Greek word "ochlos" refers to a large, often disorderly group of people. Historically, this crowd was likely composed of individuals from various backgrounds, drawn by Jesus' teachings and miracles. This scene sets the stage for the miraculous feeding, emphasizing the vastness of the need and the insufficiency of human resources without divine intervention.

coming toward Him
This phrase suggests movement and intention. The crowd is actively seeking Jesus, indicative of their spiritual hunger and curiosity. In a broader scriptural context, this movement towards Jesus symbolizes the human quest for truth and fulfillment, which can only be satisfied in Christ. It also foreshadows the spiritual nourishment that Jesus will provide, not just physical sustenance.

He said to Philip
Jesus addressing Philip specifically is significant. Philip, being from Bethsaida, a nearby town, might have been expected to know where to procure food. This interaction highlights Jesus' method of teaching through questioning, prompting His disciples to think beyond the immediate physical circumstances. It also serves to test and strengthen Philip's faith, as seen in the broader narrative of the Gospel.

Where can we buy bread
The question posed by Jesus is rhetorical, designed to provoke thought and reveal the limitations of human solutions. The Greek word for "buy" is "agorazō," which implies a transaction or exchange. This highlights the contrast between earthly transactions and the free, abundant provision of God. Jesus is leading His disciples to recognize their dependence on divine provision.

for these people to eat?
The focus on "these people" emphasizes Jesus' compassion and concern for the physical needs of the crowd. The Greek word "phagō" for "eat" is a common term, yet in this context, it points to the broader theme of sustenance and life. This question sets the stage for the miracle of the feeding of the five thousand, illustrating Jesus as the Bread of Life who provides for both physical and spiritual needs.

But He was saying this
This phrase introduces the action of Jesus speaking. The Greek word for "saying" is "λέγω" (legō), which implies not just speaking, but conveying a message with purpose. In the context of the Gospel of John, Jesus often speaks with deeper meanings, revealing spiritual truths. Here, His words are not merely instructional but are intended to provoke thought and reflection in His disciples.

to test him
The Greek word for "test" is "πειράζω" (peirazō), which can mean to test, try, or prove. In the biblical context, testing is often used by God to reveal the faith and character of individuals. This is not a test to induce failure but to strengthen and reveal the depth of faith. Jesus, knowing the hearts of His disciples, uses this moment to deepen their understanding and reliance on Him.

for He knew
The phrase "He knew" underscores the omniscience of Jesus. The Greek word "οἶδα" (oida) indicates a complete and perfect knowledge. This is a reminder of Jesus' divine nature, as He possesses full awareness of the situation and the hearts of those around Him. His knowledge is not limited by time or circumstance, affirming His deity and the trustworthiness of His guidance.

what He was about to do
This phrase points to the foreknowledge and intentionality of Jesus' actions. The Greek word "μέλλω" (mellō) suggests an action that is imminent and purposeful. Jesus is not reacting to circumstances; rather, He is orchestrating events to reveal His power and glory. This foreshadows the miraculous feeding of the five thousand, demonstrating His provision and care.

Philip answered Him
In this passage, Philip, one of Jesus' disciples, is directly responding to Jesus. The name "Philip" is of Greek origin, meaning "lover of horses." Philip's response is significant as it reflects a human perspective on a divine problem. Historically, Philip was from Bethsaida, a town known for its fishing industry, which may have influenced his practical mindset. His answer reveals a reliance on human logic rather than faith in Jesus' miraculous power.

Two hundred denarii
A denarius was a Roman silver coin that was commonly used as a day's wage for a laborer. The mention of "two hundred denarii" indicates a substantial amount of money, roughly equivalent to eight months' wages. This highlights the enormity of the task at hand and the insufficiency of human resources to meet the need. The use of Roman currency also reflects the socio-economic context of the time, where Roman occupation influenced daily life.

worth of bread
Bread, in biblical times, was a staple food and symbolized sustenance and life. The phrase "worth of bread" underscores the basic necessity of food for survival. In a spiritual sense, bread often represents the Word of God, as seen in other scriptural references. This sets the stage for Jesus' later teaching about being the "bread of life," pointing to a deeper spiritual truth beyond physical nourishment.

would not be enough
Philip's statement "would not be enough" reflects a common human tendency to focus on limitations rather than possibilities. This phrase captures the essence of doubt and the challenge of faith. It serves as a reminder of the inadequacy of human efforts without divine intervention. Historically, this moment precedes one of Jesus' most famous miracles, illustrating the contrast between human insufficiency and divine abundance.

for each of them to have a small piece
The phrase "for each of them to have a small piece" emphasizes the vastness of the crowd and the perceived inadequacy of resources. It suggests a minimal provision, highlighting the disciples' concern for even the smallest amount of sustenance. This sets the stage for the miracle of the feeding of the five thousand, where Jesus demonstrates that He can provide abundantly beyond human expectations. Theologically, it points to the sufficiency of Christ to meet all needs, both physical and spiritual.

One of His disciples, Andrew, Simon Peter’s brother, said to Him
One of His disciples
This phrase identifies the speaker as one of the twelve chosen by Jesus, emphasizing the close relationship and trust between Jesus and His disciples. The Greek word for "disciple" is μαθητής (mathētēs), meaning a learner or follower. In the context of first-century Judaism, a disciple would closely follow a rabbi, learning not just through instruction but by observing and imitating the rabbi's life. This highlights the intimate and transformative relationship between Jesus and His followers, who are called to learn from His teachings and emulate His life.

Andrew
Andrew is introduced here as the disciple who speaks up. His name, derived from the Greek Ἀνδρέας (Andreas), means "manly" or "brave." Andrew is often seen as a figure of humility and service, as he is frequently mentioned in the Gospels as bringing others to Jesus. Historically, Andrew is known for his missionary work and is considered the patron saint of several countries, including Scotland and Russia. His role in this passage underscores the importance of being proactive in faith and service.

Simon Peter’s brother
This phrase connects Andrew to Simon Peter, one of the most prominent apostles. The Greek word for "brother" is ἀδελφός (adelphos), which can mean a biological brother or a close associate. By identifying Andrew as Simon Peter's brother, the text highlights the familial and communal nature of the early Christian movement. It also subtly points to the influence and leadership of Peter, while acknowledging Andrew's role in the narrative. This connection reminds readers of the importance of family and community in the faith journey.

said to Him
The act of speaking to Jesus is significant, as it demonstrates the open communication and relationship between Jesus and His disciples. The Greek verb for "said" is λέγω (legō), which implies not just speaking but conveying a message or idea. In the context of this passage, Andrew's words are a precursor to the miracle of the feeding of the five thousand, showing the disciples' role in participating in Jesus' ministry. This interaction encourages believers to bring their concerns and observations to Christ, trusting in His wisdom and power to address them.

Here is a boy
The mention of a "boy" in this passage highlights the unexpected source of provision. In the Greek, the word used is "παιδάριον" (paidarion), which refers to a young child or lad. This detail emphasizes the humility and simplicity of the means God often uses to accomplish His purposes. In a cultural context where children were not typically seen as significant contributors, this boy becomes a pivotal figure in the miracle, reminding us that God values and uses those whom society might overlook.

with five barley loaves
Barley was considered the food of the poor, as it was less expensive than wheat. The Greek word "κριθίνους" (krithinous) indicates the type of bread, underscoring the modesty of the offering. This detail is significant because it shows that God can use even the simplest and most humble offerings to achieve His divine purposes. The five loaves symbolize grace (the number five often represents grace in biblical numerology), suggesting that God's grace is sufficient to meet all needs.

and two small fish
The phrase "two small fish" uses the Greek word "ὀψάρια" (opsaria), which refers to small, salted fish, likely used as a condiment with the bread. This further emphasizes the modesty of the resources available. Historically, fish was a staple in the diet of those living near the Sea of Galilee, yet the small size of these fish highlights the insufficiency of the resources from a human perspective. This sets the stage for the miraculous multiplication, demonstrating that God's power is made perfect in our weakness.

but what difference will these make among so many?
This rhetorical question captures the doubt and limited perspective of the disciples. The Greek phrase "τί ἐστιν τοῦτο εἰς τοσούτους" (ti estin touto eis tosoutous) reflects a common human tendency to focus on limitations rather than possibilities. The disciples see the vast crowd and the meager provisions and question the potential impact. This moment invites believers to trust in God's ability to transcend human limitations and to provide abundantly beyond what we can ask or imagine. It challenges us to offer what we have, no matter how small, trusting that God can multiply it for His glory.

Jesus said
The phrase "Jesus said" is a powerful reminder of the authority and divinity of Christ. In the Greek, "Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν" (Iēsous eipen) emphasizes the direct command from Jesus, highlighting His role as the Good Shepherd who guides His flock. This command is not merely a suggestion but an authoritative directive, reflecting His divine wisdom and foreknowledge of the miracle that is about to unfold.

Have the people sit down
The instruction to "Have the people sit down" is significant in its simplicity and order. The Greek word for "sit down" is "ἀναπίπτω" (anapiptō), which implies reclining or resting, often used in the context of a meal. This command sets the stage for the miraculous feeding, symbolizing a moment of preparation and expectation. It also reflects the orderly nature of God's provision, as seen throughout Scripture, where God provides abundantly for His people in an organized manner.

Now there was plenty of grass in that place
The mention of "plenty of grass" is not merely a geographical detail but carries deeper symbolic meaning. The Greek word "χόρτος" (chortos) for "grass" can also mean pasture, evoking imagery of Psalm 23, where the Lord makes His people lie down in green pastures. This setting underscores the theme of divine provision and rest, reminding us of God's care and abundance in the midst of need.

so the men sat down
The phrase "so the men sat down" indicates obedience to Jesus' command. The Greek word "ἀνέπεσαν" (anepesan) suggests a reclining position, typical of dining in ancient times, which further emphasizes the anticipation of a meal. This act of sitting down is an act of faith and trust in Jesus' provision, a physical manifestation of their readiness to receive what He is about to provide.

about five thousand of them
The mention of "about five thousand" highlights the magnitude of the miracle. In the historical context, counting only the men was customary, suggesting that the total number of people, including women and children, was significantly higher. This detail underscores the vastness of Jesus' provision and His ability to meet the needs of a large multitude, reflecting the boundless nature of God's grace and power. The number five thousand also echoes the Old Testament narratives of God's provision for Israel, drawing a parallel between Jesus' miracle and God's past faithfulness.

Then Jesus took the loaves
The act of Jesus taking the loaves signifies His authority and readiness to perform a miracle. The Greek word for "took" is "ἔλαβεν" (elaben), which implies an intentional action. This moment is pivotal, as it sets the stage for the miraculous feeding. Historically, bread was a staple in the diet of the people, symbolizing sustenance and life. Jesus, the Bread of Life, uses this common element to reveal His divine provision.

gave thanks
The Greek term "εὐχαριστήσας" (eucharistēsas) is used here, which is the root of the word "Eucharist." This act of giving thanks is not merely a ritual but a profound acknowledgment of God's providence. In Jewish tradition, blessings over food were customary, yet Jesus' thanksgiving is a model of gratitude and recognition of God's sovereignty. It reminds believers of the importance of gratitude in their daily lives.

and distributed to those who were seated
The distribution to those seated reflects order and abundance. The Greek word "διέδωκεν" (diedōken) indicates a systematic and generous giving. This scene echoes the imagery of a shepherd providing for his flock, emphasizing Jesus' role as the Good Shepherd. The seating arrangement suggests preparation and expectation, highlighting the communal aspect of this miracle.

as much as they wanted
This phrase underscores the abundance of Jesus' provision. The Greek "ὅσον ἤθελον" (hoson ēthelon) suggests that the people were not just given enough to survive but were fully satisfied. This abundance is a testament to God's generosity and the fulfillment of spiritual and physical needs. It serves as a reminder that in Christ, there is no lack.

He did the same with the fish
Repeating the miracle with the fish emphasizes the completeness of Jesus' provision. Fish, like bread, was a common food, and its multiplication further demonstrates Jesus' mastery over creation. The parallel action with the fish reinforces the message of divine sufficiency and care. Historically, fish were also a symbol of early Christianity, representing believers and the spread of the Gospel.

And when everyone was full
This phrase marks the conclusion of the miraculous feeding of the five thousand, a pivotal moment in Jesus' ministry. The Greek word for "full" is "ἐμπίπλημι" (empiplēmi), which means to be completely satisfied or filled. This satisfaction is not just physical but also spiritual, as Jesus provides abundantly for the needs of the people. Historically, this event echoes the provision of manna in the wilderness, where God supplied the Israelites with sustenance. It underscores the sufficiency of Christ to meet all needs, both temporal and eternal.

He said to His disciples
Jesus' instruction to His disciples highlights His role as a teacher and leader. The Greek word "μαθητής" (mathētēs) for "disciples" implies learners or followers. This moment is a teaching opportunity, emphasizing stewardship and the importance of valuing God's provisions. The disciples are being trained to see beyond the immediate miracle to the principles of God's kingdom, where nothing is to be taken for granted.

Gather the pieces that are left over
The act of gathering the leftovers is significant. The Greek word "συνάγω" (synagō) means to collect or bring together. This reflects a principle of careful stewardship and respect for God's blessings. In a historical context, this act would resonate with Jewish customs of not wasting food, which was considered a precious resource. Spiritually, it symbolizes the gathering of all that God provides, ensuring that His gifts are used wisely and with gratitude.

so that nothing will be wasted
The phrase underscores the value of every blessing from God. The Greek word "ἀπόλλυμι" (apollymi) for "wasted" means to destroy or lose. Jesus teaches that God's provisions are not to be squandered. This principle extends beyond physical resources to spiritual truths and opportunities. In a broader scriptural context, it reflects the biblical theme of God's economy, where everything has purpose and value. It challenges believers to live with intentionality and gratitude, recognizing the abundance of God's grace and the responsibility to steward it well.

So they collected them
This phrase indicates the disciples' obedience to Jesus' command to gather the leftovers. The Greek word for "collected" is "συνήγαγον" (synēgagon), which implies a careful gathering. This action reflects the importance of stewardship and the value of God's provision. It teaches us that nothing given by God should be wasted, emphasizing the principle of gratitude and responsibility.

and filled twelve baskets
The number "twelve" is significant in biblical numerology, often representing completeness or the twelve tribes of Israel. The Greek word for "baskets" is "κοφίνους" (kophinous), which were typically small, personal baskets used by Jews. This detail underscores the miraculous nature of the event, as the leftovers were abundant enough to fill these baskets completely, symbolizing God's provision for all His people.

with the pieces of the five barley loaves
"Barley loaves" were considered the bread of the poor, indicating the humble beginnings of the miracle. The Greek word for "pieces" is "κλάσματα" (klasmata), meaning fragments or broken pieces. This highlights the theme of Jesus as the Bread of Life, who provides abundantly even from the simplest of means. It also points to the idea that Jesus can take what is broken and make it whole, providing more than enough for our needs.

left over by those who had eaten
The phrase "left over" signifies the abundance of Jesus' provision. The Greek word "περισσεύσαντα" (perisseusanta) means to exceed or overflow. This abundance is a testament to the divine nature of Jesus' miracle, showing that He not only meets needs but exceeds them. It serves as a reminder of God's generosity and the overflowing grace available to believers.

When the people saw the sign
The phrase "when the people saw the sign" refers to the miraculous feeding of the five thousand, which is a pivotal moment in the Gospel of John. The Greek word for "sign" is "σημεῖον" (sēmeion), which implies more than just a miracle; it is a divine indicator pointing to Jesus' identity and mission. In the context of first-century Judaism, signs were expected to accompany the Messiah, and this miracle served as a testament to Jesus' divine authority and fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies.

that Jesus had performed
The emphasis on "that Jesus had performed" highlights the active role of Jesus in manifesting divine power. The Greek verb "ἐποίησεν" (epoiēsen) suggests a deliberate and purposeful action. This miracle is not just a display of power but a revelation of Jesus' compassion and provision, echoing God's provision of manna in the wilderness for the Israelites. It underscores Jesus as the sustainer of life, both physically and spiritually.

they began to say
The phrase "they began to say" indicates a collective realization and verbal acknowledgment among the people. This public declaration reflects the impact of the miracle on the crowd's perception of Jesus. It suggests a shift from mere curiosity to a recognition of Jesus' prophetic role, though their understanding may still be incomplete or misguided.

Truly this is the Prophet
The declaration "Truly this is the Prophet" refers to the expectation of a prophet like Moses, as foretold in Deuteronomy 18:15, where Moses speaks of a prophet God will raise up from among the Israelites. The Greek word "προφήτης" (prophētēs) is used here, which in Jewish tradition, was associated with a figure who would lead and deliver Israel. This acknowledgment by the people connects Jesus to the long-awaited deliverer, though their understanding may be limited to political or nationalistic expectations.

who is to come into the world
The phrase "who is to come into the world" reflects the eschatological hope of a coming deliverer. The Greek word "ἐρχόμενος" (erchomenos) implies an anticipated arrival, resonating with messianic expectations prevalent in Jewish thought. This expectation is rooted in the belief that God would send a savior to restore Israel and establish His kingdom. The people's declaration, while recognizing Jesus' significance, also reveals their limited understanding of His mission, which transcends political liberation to encompass spiritual salvation for all humanity.

Aware that they intended
The Greek word for "aware" is "γινώσκω" (ginōskō), which implies a deep, intuitive knowledge. Jesus, in His divine omniscience, perceives the intentions of the crowd. This awareness is not merely observational but penetrates the heart's motives, reflecting His ability to discern beyond human understanding. This insight is consistent with His divine nature, as seen throughout the Gospels, where Jesus often perceives the thoughts and intentions of those around Him.

to come and make Him king by force
The phrase "make Him king by force" reveals the crowd's misunderstanding of Jesus' mission. The Greek word for "force" is "ἁρπάζω" (harpazō), which means to seize or snatch away. This reflects a political and earthly expectation of the Messiah, common among the Jews of that time, who anticipated a deliverer to free them from Roman oppression. Historically, this reflects the socio-political climate of first-century Judea, where messianic expectations were often tied to nationalistic hopes. The crowd's desire to forcefully crown Jesus as king underscores their failure to grasp the spiritual nature of His kingdom.

Jesus withdrew again
The Greek word "ἀνεχώρησεν" (anechōrēsen) means to withdraw or retreat. Jesus' withdrawal is a deliberate action, emphasizing His commitment to His divine mission rather than succumbing to popular demand. This act of retreat is a recurring theme in the Gospels, where Jesus often seeks solitude for prayer and communion with the Father, especially when faced with significant decisions or after performing miracles. It highlights His reliance on divine guidance rather than human acclaim.

to a mountain by Himself
Mountains in Scripture often symbolize places of revelation and divine encounter. The act of withdrawing to a mountain signifies a return to a place of solitude and prayer, reminiscent of Moses and Elijah, who also encountered God on mountains. This setting underscores the importance of solitude in Jesus' ministry, where He seeks the Father's will above all else. The phrase "by Himself" emphasizes His need for personal communion with God, setting an example of prioritizing spiritual renewal and alignment with God's purposes over the allure of earthly power and recognition.

When evening came
The phrase "when evening came" sets the scene for a transition in the narrative. In the Jewish context, evening marks the beginning of a new day, as the Jewish day begins at sunset. This time of day often symbolizes a period of reflection and transition. In the context of John 6, it follows the miraculous feeding of the 5,000, a moment of divine provision and revelation. The evening can also symbolize a time of uncertainty or challenge, as darkness approaches, setting the stage for the disciples' upcoming test of faith.

His disciples
The term "His disciples" refers to the close followers of Jesus, those who have committed themselves to His teachings and mission. In the Greek, "disciples" is "μαθηταί" (mathētai), meaning learners or students. This highlights their role as those who are continually learning from Jesus, both through His words and His actions. The disciples are central to the narrative, representing the community of believers who are called to follow Christ, even into challenging circumstances.

went down
The phrase "went down" indicates a physical movement towards a lower elevation, in this case, towards the sea. This movement can also symbolize a descent into a place of testing or trial. In biblical narratives, going down often precedes a significant event or encounter with God. The disciples' descent to the sea foreshadows the upcoming storm and their encounter with Jesus walking on water, a moment that will test and strengthen their faith.

to the sea
"To the sea" refers specifically to the Sea of Galilee, a significant location in Jesus' ministry. The sea is a place of both livelihood and danger for the disciples, many of whom were fishermen. In biblical symbolism, the sea often represents chaos and the unknown, a place where human control is limited. The Sea of Galilee, in particular, is known for sudden storms, which can be seen as metaphors for the trials and uncertainties of life. The disciples' journey to the sea is a step into the unknown, where they will once again witness Jesus' authority over nature and be reminded of His divine presence and power.

got into a boat
The disciples' decision to get into a boat signifies a transition from one place to another, both physically and spiritually. In the Greek, the word for "boat" (πλοῖον, ploion) is often used in the Gospels to denote a vessel for crossing water, symbolizing a journey or passage. This act of entering the boat can be seen as an act of obedience and trust, as they were following Jesus' instructions to go ahead of Him to the other side. Historically, boats were essential for travel and trade in the region, and the Sea of Galilee was a central hub for such activities. Spiritually, the boat can represent the Church, carrying believers through the tumultuous waters of life.

and started across the sea
The phrase "started across the sea" indicates the beginning of a journey. The Sea of Galilee, known for its sudden storms, serves as a metaphor for life's unpredictable challenges. The Greek word for "sea" (θάλασσα, thalassa) is used throughout Scripture to symbolize chaos and the unknown. By starting across the sea, the disciples demonstrate faith, venturing into uncertainty with the expectation of reaching the other side. This journey can be seen as a test of faith, where reliance on Jesus is paramount, even when He is not physically present.

to Capernaum
Capernaum was a significant location in Jesus' ministry, often serving as His base of operations. The name "Capernaum" means "village of comfort," which is fitting as it was a place where Jesus performed many miracles and taught extensively. Historically, Capernaum was a prosperous fishing village and a center of commerce. Spiritually, it represents a place of refuge and learning, where the presence of Jesus brought healing and understanding. The disciples' journey to Capernaum symbolizes a movement towards a deeper relationship with Christ and a place of spiritual nourishment.

It was already dark
The mention of darkness sets the scene for the unfolding events and carries significant symbolic weight. In the Greek, "dark" (σκοτία, skotia) often represents ignorance, fear, or evil. The physical darkness of the night parallels the spiritual darkness the disciples might have felt in Jesus' absence. This setting emphasizes the need for faith and the light of Christ to guide them through uncertainty. Historically, traveling by night was perilous, adding to the tension and highlighting the disciples' courage and reliance on Jesus.

and Jesus had not yet come to them
This phrase underscores the disciples' sense of isolation and anticipation. The Greek word for "come" (ἔρχομαι, erchomai) implies arrival or presence. The absence of Jesus at this moment tests the disciples' faith and patience. It reflects the Christian experience of waiting on the Lord, trusting in His timing and presence even when He seems distant. This moment foreshadows the miraculous event to come, reminding believers that Jesus is always aware of their struggles and will come to them in their time of need.

A strong wind
The phrase "a strong wind" in the original Greek is "ἄνεμος μέγας" (anemos megas). The word "anemos" refers to wind, often used in the New Testament to describe natural phenomena that are beyond human control, symbolizing the power and majesty of God. The adjective "megas" means great or large, emphasizing the intensity of the wind. In the biblical context, wind often represents the Spirit of God or divine intervention. Here, it sets the stage for a miraculous event, reminding us of God's sovereignty over nature and His ability to use natural elements to fulfill His purposes.

was blowing
The Greek verb "ἐπνέω" (epneo) is used here, indicating a continuous action. This suggests that the wind was not just a momentary gust but a persistent force. In the biblical narrative, the continuous blowing of the wind can be seen as a test of faith for the disciples, who were struggling against it. It serves as a metaphor for the trials and challenges believers face, encouraging them to rely on God's strength and guidance.

and the sea
The "sea" in this context refers to the Sea of Galilee, a significant location in Jesus' ministry. The Sea of Galilee is known for its sudden and violent storms due to its geographical setting. Historically, the sea has been a place of both livelihood and danger for the people of the region. In Scripture, the sea often symbolizes chaos and uncertainty, yet it is also a place where Jesus demonstrates His authority, as seen in His calming of the storm. This duality highlights the tension between human fear and divine peace.

grew agitated
The phrase "grew agitated" is translated from the Greek "ἐγείρετο" (egeireto), which means to be stirred up or to rise. This verb conveys the idea of the sea becoming increasingly turbulent. In a spiritual sense, this agitation can represent the turmoil and unrest in our lives. However, it also sets the stage for Jesus' miraculous intervention, reminding us that in the midst of life's storms, Christ is present and has the power to bring calm and order. This serves as an encouragement to trust in His presence and power, even when circumstances seem overwhelming.

When they had rowed about three or four miles
This phrase sets the scene for a miraculous event. The disciples were in the midst of the Sea of Galilee, a body of water known for its sudden storms and treacherous conditions. The Greek word for "rowed" (ἐλαύνοντες) implies strenuous effort, highlighting the disciples' struggle against the elements. The distance of "three or four miles" (literally "twenty-five or thirty stadia") places them far from the safety of the shore, emphasizing their vulnerability and the isolation of their situation. This context underscores the miraculous nature of what follows, as Jesus meets them in their moment of need.

they saw Jesus walking on the sea
The act of "walking on the sea" is a profound demonstration of Jesus' divine authority over nature. In the Hebrew Scriptures, the sea often symbolizes chaos and danger, and only God is depicted as having control over it (e.g., Psalm 77:19, Job 9:8). The Greek word for "walking" (περιπατοῦντα) is in the present participle, suggesting a continuous action, as if Jesus is calmly and steadily moving across the tumultuous waters. This miraculous event reveals Jesus as the sovereign Lord, echoing the Old Testament imagery of God treading upon the waves.

and coming near the boat
The phrase "coming near the boat" indicates Jesus' intentional approach towards the disciples. His proximity signifies His willingness to be present with them in their distress. The Greek word for "coming near" (ἐγγίζοντα) conveys a sense of drawing close, not just physically but relationally. This action reassures the disciples of His care and concern, reminding believers that Jesus is always near, especially in times of trouble.

and they were terrified
The disciples' reaction of being "terrified" (ἐφοβήθησαν) is a natural human response to witnessing the supernatural. The Greek root of the word implies a deep, overwhelming fear, often associated with encountering the divine. This fear reflects both their awe at the miraculous sight and their lack of understanding of Jesus' true nature at that moment. It serves as a reminder of the disciples' humanity and the journey of faith they are on, as they come to fully recognize Jesus as the Son of God. This moment of fear is transformed into faith as they realize the presence and power of Christ in their midst.

But Jesus spoke up
In this phrase, we see the active role of Jesus in addressing the fears of His disciples. The Greek word for "spoke up" is "λέγει" (legei), which is a present active indicative verb, indicating an ongoing action. This suggests that Jesus is continually speaking into our lives, especially in moments of fear and uncertainty. Historically, this moment occurs during a storm on the Sea of Galilee, a setting that symbolizes chaos and turmoil. Jesus' willingness to speak into such situations reflects His divine authority and His desire to bring peace.

It is I
The phrase "It is I" is translated from the Greek "ἐγώ εἰμι" (ego eimi), which is a significant expression in the Gospel of John. This phrase is reminiscent of God's self-identification to Moses in Exodus 3:14, "I AM WHO I AM." By using "ἐγώ εἰμι," Jesus is not only identifying Himself to the disciples but also revealing His divine nature. This declaration is a profound assurance of His presence and power, reminding believers that Jesus is the same God who delivered Israel and is present with them in their trials.

do not be afraid
The command "do not be afraid" is a common biblical exhortation, found throughout both the Old and New Testaments. The Greek phrase "μὴ φοβεῖσθε" (me phobeisthe) is an imperative, urging the disciples to cease their fear. This command is rooted in the assurance of Jesus' presence and His sovereignty over all circumstances. Historically, fear was a natural response to the unpredictable and often dangerous conditions of the sea. However, Jesus' words transform the situation, offering peace and courage. This reflects a broader biblical theme that faith in God dispels fear, as seen in passages like Isaiah 41:10 and Psalm 23:4. Jesus' presence is the antidote to fear, encouraging believers to trust in His power and love.

Then they were willing
This phrase indicates a change in the disciples' attitude. The Greek word for "willing" is "θέλω" (thelō), which implies a deliberate choice or desire. The disciples, initially frightened by Jesus walking on water, now choose to accept Him. This reflects a spiritual readiness and openness to Christ's presence, a crucial step in the journey of faith. It underscores the importance of willingness in our relationship with Jesus, highlighting that faith often requires a conscious decision to embrace Him, even amidst fear or uncertainty.

to take Him into the boat
The act of taking Jesus into the boat symbolizes inviting Christ into the midst of our lives and circumstances. The boat, often seen as a metaphor for the church or individual lives, becomes a place of safety and guidance when Jesus is present. Historically, boats were essential for travel and trade in the ancient world, representing a means of navigating life's journey. By inviting Jesus into the boat, the disciples demonstrate trust and reliance on Him, acknowledging His authority over the natural world and their personal lives.

and at once
The immediacy of this phrase, translated from the Greek "εὐθέως" (eutheōs), emphasizes the miraculous nature of what follows. It suggests that when Jesus is present, His power and influence can bring about instantaneous change. This immediacy reflects the transformative power of Christ in the believer's life, where His presence can lead to swift and profound shifts in circumstances or understanding.

the boat reached the shore
This part of the verse highlights the completion of the journey. The Greek word "γῆ" (gē) for "shore" signifies the earth or land, a place of stability and security. The miraculous arrival at the shore signifies the fulfillment of God's promises and the assurance of His guidance. It serves as a reminder that with Jesus, we can reach our intended destination, both in our spiritual journey and in life's challenges.

where they were heading
This phrase underscores the divine direction and purpose in the disciples' journey. The Greek "ὅπου" (hopou) indicates a specific destination, suggesting that God has a plan and purpose for each believer. Historically, the Sea of Galilee was a place of both commerce and danger, with unpredictable storms. The disciples' safe arrival at their intended destination illustrates God's sovereignty and faithfulness in guiding His people, assuring us that He leads us to where we need to be, according to His divine will.

The next day
This phrase indicates a continuation of the narrative from the previous events, specifically the miraculous feeding of the 5,000 and Jesus walking on water. The timing is significant as it shows the immediacy of the crowd's pursuit of Jesus, highlighting their eagerness and curiosity. In the Greek, "the next day" (τῇ ἐπαύριον) suggests a new opportunity for revelation and understanding, as each day with Jesus brought new teachings and miracles.

the crowd
The crowd represents the multitude of people who followed Jesus, often seeking physical sustenance or signs. Historically, crowds in the Gospels are depicted as both seekers of truth and as those who misunderstand Jesus' mission. The Greek word for crowd, "ὄχλος," can imply a diverse group with varying levels of faith and understanding, reflecting the mixed responses to Jesus' ministry.

that had remained on the other side of the sea
This phrase situates the crowd geographically and contextually. The "other side of the sea" refers to the eastern shore of the Sea of Galilee, where the feeding miracle occurred. The crowd's remaining there suggests a lingering hope or expectation for further interaction with Jesus. This geographical detail underscores the physical and spiritual journey of seeking Jesus.

realized
The realization of the crowd indicates a moment of awareness or understanding. The Greek word "εἶδον" (translated here as "realized") often means to see or perceive, suggesting a deeper insight beyond mere observation. This moment of realization sets the stage for the crowd's pursuit of Jesus, driven by their desire to comprehend His actions and teachings.

that only one boat had been there
This observation by the crowd highlights their attention to detail and their attempt to piece together Jesus' movements. The mention of "only one boat" emphasizes the miraculous nature of Jesus' travel, as He did not use the available means. This detail invites readers to consider the supernatural aspects of Jesus' ministry.

and that Jesus had not boarded it with His disciples
The crowd's awareness that Jesus did not board the boat with His disciples points to their keen interest in His whereabouts. This detail underscores the mystery surrounding Jesus' actions and the divine nature of His mission. The separation from His disciples at this moment foreshadows the deeper spiritual truths Jesus will reveal.

but they had gone away alone
The disciples' departure without Jesus highlights their obedience and trust in His instructions, even when His actions are not immediately clear. This phrase also sets up the subsequent revelation of Jesus' miraculous crossing of the sea. The Greek word "μόνος" (alone) emphasizes the solitary nature of the disciples' journey, which contrasts with the communal aspect of their ministry with Jesus.

However
This word serves as a transition, indicating a shift or contrast from the previous events. In the context of John 6, it marks a narrative shift from the miraculous feeding of the 5,000 and the subsequent events. The Greek word used here is "πλὴν" (plēn), which often introduces a new development or an exception. It suggests that despite the crowd's misunderstanding of Jesus' mission, God's providence continues to unfold.

some boats
The mention of "boats" indicates the practical means by which people traveled across the Sea of Galilee. The Greek word "πλοιάρια" (ploiaria) refers to small boats, emphasizing the accessibility and commonality of such vessels in that region. This detail underscores the historical and geographical setting of the narrative, reminding readers of the tangible reality of the events described.

from Tiberias
Tiberias was a significant city on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee, named after the Roman Emperor Tiberius. Its mention highlights the Roman influence in the region and situates the narrative within a specific historical and political context. The city's proximity to the events of John 6 suggests the widespread impact of Jesus' ministry, drawing people from various locales.

arrived near the place
This phrase indicates movement and intention, as the boats come to a specific location. The Greek "ἦλθον" (ēlthon) implies a purposeful arrival, suggesting that those in the boats were seeking something significant. This reflects the human tendency to seek out the miraculous and the divine, as the people were drawn to the place where Jesus had performed a miracle.

they had eaten the bread
This phrase recalls the miraculous feeding of the 5,000, a pivotal event in John 6. The Greek "ἔφαγον" (ephagon) means "they ate," emphasizing the physical sustenance provided by Jesus. This act of eating is symbolic of the spiritual nourishment that Jesus offers, pointing to the deeper meaning of His ministry as the Bread of Life.

after the Lord had given thanks
The act of giving thanks, "εὐχαριστήσαντος" (eucharistēsantos), is significant in the narrative. It reflects Jesus' acknowledgment of God's provision and His role as the mediator between God and humanity. This act of thanksgiving is a model for believers, illustrating the importance of gratitude and recognition of God's blessings in all circumstances. It also prefigures the Eucharist, a central sacrament in Christian worship, where believers remember and give thanks for Jesus' sacrifice.

When the crowd saw
The Greek word for "crowd" is "ὄχλος" (ochlos), which often refers to a large group of people gathered together, typically with a common interest or purpose. In the context of John 6, this crowd had witnessed the miraculous feeding of the five thousand and were eager to follow Jesus, driven by both curiosity and the hope of witnessing more miracles. This reflects the human tendency to seek tangible signs and wonders, often missing the deeper spiritual truths that Jesus came to reveal.

that neither Jesus nor His disciples were there
The absence of Jesus and His disciples signifies a moment of realization for the crowd. The Greek word for "disciples" is "μαθηταί" (mathētai), meaning learners or followers. This absence prompts the crowd to take action, highlighting their desire to be near Jesus, albeit for reasons that may not align with His true mission. It serves as a reminder that physical proximity to Jesus does not equate to spiritual understanding or acceptance of His teachings.

they got into the boats
The act of getting into the boats indicates a deliberate decision and effort by the crowd to pursue Jesus. This phrase underscores the determination and urgency with which they sought Him, reflecting a physical pursuit that mirrors the spiritual pursuit every believer is called to undertake. The boats symbolize the means by which we navigate the waters of life in search of truth and meaning.

and went to Capernaum
Capernaum, a town on the northern shore of the Sea of Galilee, served as a central hub for Jesus' ministry. The name "Capernaum" is derived from the Hebrew "Kfar Nahum," meaning "village of Nahum." This location is significant as it was a place where Jesus performed many miracles and taught extensively. It represents a place of encounter and revelation, where the divine meets the earthly.

to look for Jesus
The phrase "to look for Jesus" captures the essence of the crowd's quest. The Greek verb "ζητέω" (zēteō) means to seek or search for, often with the implication of a deep, earnest desire. This search, however, is not merely physical but also spiritual. It challenges readers to examine their own motivations in seeking Jesus—whether they are drawn by the allure of miracles or the transformative power of His message. The true search for Jesus involves a heart open to His teachings and a willingness to embrace the life-changing implications of His gospel.

When they found Him
This phrase indicates a pursuit and a search for Jesus by the crowd. The Greek word for "found" is "εὗρον" (heuriskō), which implies a discovery after a search. This reflects the human condition of seeking truth and meaning, often represented by the pursuit of Jesus. Historically, this search can be seen as a metaphor for the spiritual journey of believers who seek to find Christ in their lives.

on the other side of the sea
The "sea" here refers to the Sea of Galilee, a significant geographical location in Jesus' ministry. The crossing of the sea symbolizes transition and transformation, often seen in biblical narratives as a passage from one state of being to another. Archaeologically, the Sea of Galilee is well-documented, providing a tangible connection to the events of the Gospels.

they asked Him
The act of asking signifies a desire for understanding and knowledge. The Greek word "ἠρώτησαν" (erōtaō) suggests an inquiry that seeks deeper insight. This reflects the human inclination to question and seek answers from God, emphasizing the relational aspect of faith where dialogue with the divine is encouraged.

Rabbi
This title, meaning "teacher" in Hebrew, acknowledges Jesus' authority and role as a spiritual leader. In the Jewish tradition, a Rabbi is a respected figure of wisdom and guidance. By addressing Jesus as "Rabbi," the crowd recognizes His teaching authority and their respect for His insights into spiritual truths.

when did You get here?
This question reveals the crowd's curiosity and perhaps confusion about Jesus' movements. The Greek word "πότε" (pote) for "when" indicates a concern with time and sequence. This reflects the human tendency to understand divine actions within the constraints of time, highlighting the mystery of Jesus' divine nature that transcends human understanding.

Jesus replied
The phrase "Jesus replied" indicates a direct response from Jesus, emphasizing His role as a teacher and authority. In the Greek, "Jesus" is "Ἰησοῦς" (Iēsous), which is the Greek form of the Hebrew name "Yeshua," meaning "Yahweh is salvation." This highlights Jesus' divine mission and identity. The act of replying shows His willingness to engage with the crowd, addressing their motivations and guiding them towards spiritual truth.

Truly, truly
The repetition of "truly" (Greek: "ἀμὴν ἀμὴν," amēn amēn) is a solemn affirmation, underscoring the importance and certainty of what follows. In Jewish tradition, "amen" is a declaration of truth, and its double use by Jesus serves to capture attention and convey the gravity of His message. It is a call to listen carefully and understand the deeper spiritual implications of His words.

I tell you
This phrase signifies a personal and authoritative declaration from Jesus. The Greek "λέγω ὑμῖν" (legō hymin) implies a direct communication, emphasizing the personal relationship Jesus seeks with His listeners. It is not just a statement of fact but an invitation to internalize and respond to His teaching.

it is not because you saw the signs
Here, Jesus addresses the crowd's superficial understanding of His miracles. The Greek word for "signs" is "σημεῖα" (sēmeia), which refers to miraculous acts that point to a deeper reality. Jesus performed signs to reveal His divine nature and mission, yet the crowd's focus was on the physical rather than the spiritual significance. This highlights a common human tendency to seek immediate, tangible benefits rather than eternal truths.

that you are looking for Me
The phrase "looking for Me" (Greek: "ζητεῖτέ με," zēteite me) suggests an active pursuit, yet Jesus challenges the motivation behind it. The crowd's search is driven by physical needs rather than a genuine desire for spiritual enlightenment. This reflects a broader biblical theme where God desires sincere seekers who yearn for a relationship with Him beyond material provision.

but because you ate the loaves and had your fill
Jesus contrasts their true motivation with their perceived one. The Greek word for "ate" is "ἐφάγετε" (ephagete), and "had your fill" is "ἐχορτάσθητε" (echortasthēte), which implies satisfaction and fulfillment. This highlights the crowd's focus on physical sustenance rather than the spiritual nourishment Jesus offers. It serves as a reminder of the temporary nature of earthly satisfaction compared to the eternal fulfillment found in Christ.

Do not work for food that perishes
This phrase begins with a directive that challenges the temporal focus of human labor. The Greek word for "work" (ἐργάζομαι, ergazomai) implies effort or toil. Jesus is urging His listeners to shift their efforts from the transient to the eternal. The "food that perishes" symbolizes earthly sustenance and material pursuits, which, while necessary, are not the ultimate goal of life. Historically, this reflects the agrarian society of the time, where daily labor was essential for survival. Spiritually, it calls believers to prioritize their spiritual nourishment over physical needs, echoing the teachings of Matthew 6:19-21 about storing treasures in heaven.

but for food that endures to eternal life
Here, Jesus contrasts perishable food with "food that endures," using the Greek word μένω (menō), meaning to remain or abide. This enduring food represents spiritual sustenance, the Word of God, and the life-giving relationship with Christ. The phrase "eternal life" (ζωὴν αἰώνιον, zōēn aiōnion) is central to Johannine theology, emphasizing a quality of life that begins now and continues forever in God's presence. This eternal perspective is a call to invest in what truly matters, aligning with the biblical narrative of seeking God's kingdom first (Matthew 6:33).

which the Son of Man will give you
The title "Son of Man" (ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, ho huios tou anthrōpou) is a messianic term Jesus frequently uses for Himself, drawing from Daniel 7:13-14. It emphasizes both His humanity and His divine authority. The promise that He "will give" this enduring food highlights the grace and generosity of Christ. It is not earned by human effort but is a gift from Jesus, who is the source of eternal life. This reflects the core Christian doctrine of salvation by grace through faith (Ephesians 2:8-9).

For on Him God the Father has placed His seal of approval
The imagery of a "seal" (σφραγίς, sphragis) signifies authenticity, authority, and ownership. In ancient times, a seal was used to confirm the identity and authority of a document or person. Here, it indicates that Jesus is divinely appointed and authenticated by God the Father. This seal of approval underscores the divine endorsement of Jesus' mission and message. It assures believers of the reliability and truth of Christ's promises, reinforcing the trustworthiness of His offer of eternal life. This divine validation is a cornerstone of Christian faith, affirming Jesus as the way, the truth, and the life (John 14:6).

Then they inquired
This phrase indicates a response from the crowd following Jesus' miraculous feeding of the five thousand. The Greek word for "inquired" is "ἐπηρώτησαν" (epērōtēsan), which implies a questioning or seeking of information. This reflects the human desire to understand and engage with the divine, a theme prevalent throughout the Gospel of John. The crowd's inquiry shows their interest in spiritual matters, albeit with a limited understanding of Jesus' mission.

What must we do
The phrase "What must we do" reveals the crowd's focus on actions and works. The Greek word "ποιῶμεν" (poiōmen) suggests a concern with performing deeds or fulfilling requirements. This reflects a common Jewish mindset of the time, which emphasized adherence to the Law and works as a means of righteousness. The crowd is seeking a formula or set of actions to gain favor with God, highlighting a misunderstanding of the grace-based message Jesus came to deliver.

to perform
The word "perform" in Greek is "ἐργαζώμεθα" (ergazōmetha), which means to work or labor. This further emphasizes the crowd's focus on human effort and the belief that they can earn God's favor through their actions. This mindset contrasts with the New Testament teaching that salvation is a gift from God, not a result of human works, as seen in Ephesians 2:8-9.

the works of God?
The phrase "the works of God" refers to actions that are pleasing to God or that fulfill His will. In the Jewish context, this would have been understood as adherence to the Mosaic Law and the commandments. However, Jesus redefines "the works of God" in the following verses, pointing to belief in Him as the primary work God desires. This shift from works to faith is a central theme in the Gospel of John, emphasizing the new covenant established through Christ.

Jesus replied
This phrase indicates a direct response from Jesus, emphasizing His role as a teacher and authority. The Greek word for "replied" is "ἀπεκρίθη" (apekrithē), which conveys a sense of answering or responding with authority. In the context of the Gospel of John, Jesus often uses His responses to reveal deeper spiritual truths, inviting listeners to move beyond surface-level understanding.

The work of God
The phrase "the work of God" is pivotal, as it shifts the focus from human efforts to divine initiative. The Greek word for "work" is "ἔργον" (ergon), which can mean labor, task, or deed. In Jewish tradition, works were often associated with adherence to the Law. However, Jesus redefines "work" here, not as a physical or ritualistic act, but as a spiritual endeavor rooted in faith.

is this
The colon here serves as a critical pause, preparing the reader for a profound truth. It indicates that what follows is the essence of God's requirement, distilling complex theological concepts into a simple, yet profound statement.

to believe
The Greek word for "believe" is "πιστεύω" (pisteuō), which means to have faith or trust. In the context of John's Gospel, belief is not merely intellectual assent but involves a deep, personal trust and reliance on Jesus. This belief is transformative, leading to eternal life and a relationship with God.

in the One
This phrase underscores the exclusivity and singularity of Jesus as the object of faith. The Greek "εἰς τὸν" (eis ton) indicates direction towards a specific person, emphasizing that faith must be placed in Jesus alone. This aligns with the broader Johannine theme that Jesus is the unique revelation of God.

He has sent
The Greek word for "sent" is "ἀπέστειλεν" (apesteilen), which conveys the idea of being commissioned or dispatched with authority. This highlights Jesus' divine mission and origin, affirming His role as the Messiah and the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies. The sending by God the Father underscores the intimate relationship within the Trinity and the divine purpose behind Jesus' earthly ministry.

So they asked Him
This phrase indicates a direct engagement with Jesus, reflecting the people's desire for understanding and proof. The Greek word for "asked" is "ἐρωτάω" (erōtaō), which implies a questioning or inquiring nature. Historically, this reflects the Jewish tradition of seeking signs as validation of divine authority, a practice rooted in the Old Testament where prophets often performed signs to confirm their message.

What sign then will You perform
The word "sign" in Greek is "σημεῖον" (sēmeion), which refers to a miraculous event that points to a deeper spiritual truth. In the context of the Gospel of John, signs are not just miracles but are meant to reveal Jesus' divine nature and mission. The people's request for a sign shows their reliance on physical evidence for belief, a recurring theme in the Bible where faith is often challenged by the need for tangible proof.

so that we may see it and believe You?
The phrase "see it and believe" underscores the human tendency to rely on sight for belief, contrasting with the biblical call to faith. The Greek word for "believe" is "πιστεύω" (pisteuō), which means to trust or have faith in. This reflects a deeper spiritual challenge: the call to believe in Jesus not just through physical signs but through spiritual understanding and trust in His word.

What will You do?
This question highlights the expectation for Jesus to demonstrate His authority through action. It echoes the Israelites' historical experiences where God's power was often demonstrated through mighty acts, such as the parting of the Red Sea or the provision of manna. Theologically, this question challenges believers to consider the nature of faith and the evidence they require to trust in Jesus' divine mission.

Our fathers ate the manna in the wilderness
This phrase recalls the miraculous provision of manna to the Israelites during their 40-year journey in the wilderness, as recorded in Exodus 16. The Greek word for "fathers" (πατέρες, pateres) emphasizes the ancestral lineage and the shared history of the Jewish people. The term "manna" (μάννα, manna) is derived from the Hebrew word "man," which means "What is it?" This reflects the Israelites' initial reaction to the mysterious substance. The wilderness (ἔρημος, erēmos) symbolizes a place of testing and reliance on God's provision, highlighting the Israelites' dependence on divine sustenance.

as it is written
This phrase underscores the authority and reliability of Scripture. The Greek "γέγραπται" (gegraptai) is a perfect passive indicative, indicating that what is written remains authoritative and relevant. This phrase often introduces Old Testament quotations, affirming the continuity and fulfillment of God's promises through Jesus Christ. It serves as a reminder that the events of the past were recorded for instruction and encouragement, pointing to the faithfulness of God throughout history.

He gave them bread from heaven to eat
The "He" in this context refers to God, who provided for the Israelites. The Greek word for "gave" (ἔδωκεν, edōken) implies a generous and purposeful act of provision. "Bread from heaven" (ἄρτον ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, arton ek tou ouranou) signifies not only physical sustenance but also spiritual nourishment. This phrase foreshadows Jesus as the true "bread of life," who offers eternal sustenance. The act of eating (φαγεῖν, phagein) symbolizes acceptance and participation in God's provision, inviting believers to partake in the life-giving sustenance offered through Christ.

Jesus said to them
This phrase introduces the speaker, Jesus, who is central to the Gospel of John. The Greek word for "said" is "εἶπεν" (eipen), indicating a declaration or proclamation. Jesus often uses this authoritative tone to reveal profound truths. In this context, He is addressing the crowd following the miracle of the feeding of the 5,000, setting the stage for a deeper spiritual teaching.

Truly, truly
The Greek words "ἀμὴν ἀμὴν" (amen amen) are used here, translated as "truly, truly." This double affirmation is unique to John's Gospel and serves to emphasize the importance and certainty of what follows. It is a call to pay close attention, as Jesus is about to reveal a significant truth about His divine mission and identity.

I tell you
The phrase "I tell you" underscores the personal authority of Jesus. In Greek, "λέγω ὑμῖν" (lego hymin) conveys a direct communication from Jesus to His audience. This is not merely a historical recounting but a present, living word meant to impact the hearers' understanding and faith.

it was not Moses who gave you the bread from heaven
Here, Jesus corrects a common Jewish belief that Moses was the provider of manna in the wilderness. The Greek word for "gave" is "ἔδωκεν" (edōken), indicating a past action. Jesus redirects the credit from Moses to God, emphasizing that Moses was merely an instrument. This distinction is crucial in understanding the source of true spiritual sustenance.

but it is My Father who gives you
The contrast introduced by "but" (δέ, de) shifts the focus from past to present, from Moses to God the Father. The present tense "gives" (δίδωσιν, didōsin) indicates an ongoing action, highlighting the continuous provision of God. Jesus refers to God as "My Father," asserting His unique relationship with God and His divine authority.

the true bread from heaven
The term "true" (ἀληθινόν, alēthinon) signifies authenticity and ultimate reality. Unlike the manna, which was temporary and physical, the "true bread" is spiritual and eternal. "From heaven" (ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, ek tou ouranou) emphasizes the divine origin of this bread, pointing to Jesus Himself as the source of eternal life. This phrase encapsulates the central message of the passage: Jesus is the true sustenance for the soul, sent by the Father to give life to the world.

For the bread of God
The phrase "bread of God" is rich in symbolism and theological depth. In the Greek, "bread" (ἄρτος, artos) is a staple of sustenance, representing essential nourishment. Historically, bread was a daily necessity, symbolizing life and provision. In the Old Testament, manna was the miraculous bread from heaven that sustained the Israelites in the wilderness (Exodus 16). Here, Jesus is identified as the true "bread of God," indicating that He is the ultimate source of spiritual sustenance and life, surpassing the temporary provision of manna.

is He who comes down from heaven
This phrase emphasizes the divine origin and mission of Jesus. The Greek verb "comes down" (καταβαίνω, katabainō) signifies a descent from a higher place, underscoring the incarnation of Christ. In a historical and scriptural context, this reflects the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah who would come from God to redeem His people. The phrase "from heaven" highlights Jesus' pre-existence and divine nature, affirming His identity as the Son of God who entered the world to accomplish God's redemptive plan.

and gives life to the world
The word "gives" (δίδωμι, didōmi) in Greek conveys the idea of a generous, intentional act. Jesus, as the bread of life, offers Himself freely to humanity. The term "life" (ζωή, zōē) is not merely biological existence but refers to eternal, abundant life that only Christ can provide. Historically, this promise of life contrasts with the temporal life sustained by physical bread. The "world" (κόσμος, kosmos) indicates the universal scope of Jesus' mission, extending beyond Israel to all of humanity. This reflects the inclusive nature of the Gospel, inviting every person to partake in the life that Jesus offers through faith in Him.

Sir
The Greek word used here is "Κύριε" (Kyrie), which is a term of respect and can be translated as "Lord" or "Master." In this context, the crowd addresses Jesus with a title that acknowledges His authority and respect, though they may not fully comprehend His divine nature. This reflects a common practice in the ancient Near East, where titles of respect were used in addressing teachers or those perceived to have wisdom or authority.

they said
This phrase indicates a collective response from the crowd. The use of "they" suggests a unified desire or curiosity among the people following Jesus. Historically, this crowd had witnessed Jesus' miracles, such as the feeding of the 5,000, and were eager to see more signs or receive more blessings. Their response is indicative of a human tendency to seek physical sustenance and immediate gratification, often missing the deeper spiritual truths being offered.

give us
The Greek verb "δίδου" (didou) is an imperative, expressing a strong request or demand. This reflects the crowd's eagerness and perhaps a sense of entitlement to the benefits they perceive Jesus can provide. In the broader biblical narrative, this request echoes the Israelites' demand for manna in the wilderness, highlighting a recurring theme of reliance on God for provision.

this bread
The term "bread" (Greek: "ἄρτον," arton) is central to this passage and the discourse that follows. Bread, in the ancient world, was a staple of daily life and a symbol of sustenance and survival. In the context of John 6, "this bread" refers to the true bread from heaven that Jesus is about to reveal as Himself. Theologically, this points to Jesus as the source of spiritual nourishment and eternal life, contrasting with the temporary satisfaction of physical bread.

at all times
The phrase "πάντοτε" (pantote) means "always" or "continually." The crowd's request for perpetual provision reflects a desire for constant security and satisfaction. This longing for continual sustenance can be seen as a metaphor for the human soul's deep need for ongoing spiritual fulfillment, which Jesus offers through a relationship with Him. Historically, this reflects the human condition's search for meaning and the divine promise of eternal life through Christ.

I am
This phrase is significant in the Gospel of John, as it echoes the divine name revealed to Moses in Exodus 3:14, "I AM WHO I AM." In Greek, "Ego eimi" is used, emphasizing Jesus' divine identity and eternal existence. This declaration is a profound assertion of His deity, aligning Jesus with Yahweh, the God of Israel. It is a cornerstone of Christian belief that Jesus is not merely a prophet or teacher but God incarnate.

the bread of life
Bread, in the ancient world, was a staple of daily sustenance, symbolizing life and nourishment. By referring to Himself as "the bread of life," Jesus is claiming to be essential for spiritual life and sustenance. The Greek word for bread, "artos," signifies not just physical nourishment but also spiritual sustenance. This metaphor connects to the manna provided in the wilderness (Exodus 16), which sustained the Israelites physically, while Jesus offers eternal spiritual sustenance.

Whoever comes to Me
The invitation is universal and inclusive, emphasizing the accessibility of Jesus to all who seek Him. The Greek word "erchomai" implies not just a physical coming but a movement of faith and trust towards Jesus. This phrase underscores the personal decision and action required to approach Jesus, highlighting the relational aspect of faith.

will never hunger
This promise speaks to the deep spiritual satisfaction found in Christ. The Greek word "peinao" for hunger indicates a profound need or desire. Jesus assures that those who come to Him will find their deepest spiritual needs met, contrasting the temporary satisfaction of physical food with the eternal fulfillment He provides.

and whoever believes in Me
Belief, or "pisteuo" in Greek, is more than intellectual assent; it involves trust and reliance on Jesus. This phrase emphasizes faith as the means by which one receives the life Jesus offers. It is a call to a committed, trusting relationship with Christ, which is central to the Christian faith.

will never thirst
Thirst, like hunger, represents a deep, intrinsic need. The Greek word "dipsao" conveys a longing for something essential. Jesus promises that belief in Him will quench the spiritual thirst of the soul, offering a satisfaction that the world cannot provide. This echoes the imagery of living water found in John 4:14, where Jesus speaks to the Samaritan woman at the well, promising eternal satisfaction through Him.

But as I told you
This phrase indicates a reiteration of a previous statement or teaching. In the context of John 6, Jesus is addressing the crowd that followed Him after the feeding of the 5,000. The Greek word for "told" is "εἶπον" (eipon), which implies a declaration or proclamation. Jesus is emphasizing the importance of His message, which He has consistently communicated. This reflects the patience and persistence of Christ in His ministry, continually offering truth to those who are willing to hear.

you have seen Me
The phrase "you have seen Me" underscores the physical presence and the miraculous works of Jesus that the crowd has witnessed. The Greek word "ἑωράκατε" (heōrakate) is used here, which means to see or perceive. This is not just a physical seeing but an invitation to spiritual perception. The people have witnessed His miracles, such as the feeding of the multitude, which should lead them to recognize His divine nature. Historically, seeing was often equated with understanding or believing, yet here it highlights the disconnect between witnessing and faith.

and still you do not believe
This part of the verse is a poignant observation of the spiritual state of the crowd. The Greek word for "believe" is "πιστεύετε" (pisteuete), which means to have faith or trust. Despite the evidence of Jesus' identity and mission, the people remain in unbelief. This reflects a recurring theme in the Gospel of John, where physical sight does not always lead to spiritual insight. The historical context of Jewish expectations of the Messiah may have contributed to their disbelief, as Jesus did not fit their preconceived notions. This serves as a reminder of the necessity of faith that goes beyond mere observation, calling for a deeper, heart-level trust in Christ's identity and mission.

Everyone the Father gives Me
This phrase emphasizes the sovereignty of God in the process of salvation. The Greek word for "gives" is "δίδωσιν" (didōsin), which implies a deliberate and purposeful action. In the context of first-century Jewish understanding, this reflects the divine initiative in calling individuals to faith. The Father’s giving is an act of grace, underscoring that salvation is not based on human merit but on God’s sovereign choice. This aligns with the broader biblical narrative that God is the initiator of the covenant relationship with His people.

will come to Me
The phrase "will come" is translated from the Greek "ἥξει" (hēxei), indicating a future certainty. This reflects the irresistible grace of God, a concept in conservative Christian theology that suggests those whom God calls will inevitably respond to His call. The act of coming to Jesus is not merely physical but involves a spiritual movement towards faith and trust in Him. Historically, this would resonate with the Jewish understanding of coming to a rabbi for teaching and guidance, but here it signifies coming to the Messiah for eternal life.

and the one who comes to Me
This phrase highlights individual responsibility in the process of salvation. While the Father gives, each person must respond by coming to Jesus. The Greek "ὁ ἐρχόμενος" (ho erchomenos) is a present participle, suggesting an ongoing action. This indicates that coming to Jesus is not a one-time event but a continual process of faith and discipleship. In the historical context, this would challenge the Jewish audience to see Jesus as the fulfillment of the Law and the Prophets, inviting them into a new covenant relationship.

I will never drive away
The assurance given here is profound. The Greek phrase "οὐ μὴ ἐκβάλω ἔξω" (ou mē ekbalō exō) is a strong double negative, emphasizing absolute certainty. This reflects the eternal security of the believer, a key tenet in conservative Christian doctrine. Once a person comes to Jesus, they are secure in His care. This assurance would have been particularly comforting to early Christians facing persecution, as it underscores the faithfulness of Christ to His promises. Historically, this promise echoes the covenantal faithfulness of God seen throughout the Old Testament, assuring believers of their place in the family of God.

For I have come down from heaven
This phrase emphasizes the divine origin and mission of Jesus Christ. The Greek word for "come down" is "καταβαίνω" (katabainō), which implies a deliberate descent from a higher place. This highlights the pre-existence of Christ and His voluntary act of leaving the glory of heaven to dwell among humanity. The phrase "from heaven" underscores His divine nature and authority, affirming His identity as the Son of God. Historically, this would have been a radical claim to Jesus' audience, as it directly associates Him with God, challenging the prevailing Jewish understanding of the Messiah.

not to do My own will
Here, Jesus emphasizes His submission to the Father. The Greek word for "will" is "θέλημα" (thelēma), which refers to a desire or intention. Jesus' statement reflects His perfect obedience and alignment with God's purposes. This submission is a model for believers, illustrating the importance of surrendering personal desires in favor of divine guidance. In the context of first-century Judaism, this would resonate with the concept of a faithful servant, one who prioritizes the master's will above all else.

but to do the will of Him who sent Me
This phrase further clarifies Jesus' mission and purpose. The Greek word "ἀποστέλλω" (apostellō) for "sent" conveys the idea of being commissioned with authority. Jesus is not acting independently but is fulfilling the divine plan established by the Father. This reflects the unity and harmony within the Trinity, where the Son willingly carries out the Father's will. Scripturally, this aligns with the prophetic tradition where prophets were sent by God to deliver His message. Jesus, however, is more than a prophet; He is the embodiment of God's will, sent to accomplish the work of salvation. This mission underscores the sacrificial love and redemptive purpose of Christ's incarnation.

And this is the will
The phrase "the will" in Greek is "θέλημα" (thelēma), which signifies a determined purpose or desire. In the context of this verse, it emphasizes the divine intention and sovereign plan of God. The will of God is central to the mission of Jesus, underscoring the alignment between the Father and the Son. This reflects the unity and purpose within the Trinity, where the Son executes the Father's will perfectly.

of Him who sent Me
The phrase "Him who sent Me" refers to God the Father. The Greek word "πέμπω" (pempō) for "sent" indicates a mission with authority and purpose. This highlights the divine commissioning of Jesus, emphasizing His role as the Messiah sent to fulfill God's redemptive plan. Historically, this underscores the Jewish understanding of a prophet or messenger being sent by God, but here it is elevated to the divine mission of the Son of God.

that I shall lose none
The word "lose" in Greek is "ἀπόλλυμι" (apollymi), meaning to destroy or perish. In this context, it conveys the assurance of eternal security for believers. Jesus' mission includes the preservation of those given to Him by the Father, ensuring that none are lost. This reflects the doctrine of perseverance of the saints, a key tenet in conservative Christian theology, affirming that true believers are kept secure in Christ.

of all those He has given Me
The phrase "He has given Me" indicates the divine selection and gifting of believers to the Son. The Greek word "δίδωμι" (didōmi) means to give or grant, suggesting a deliberate act of entrustment by the Father. This highlights the concept of election, where believers are chosen by God and entrusted to Christ. It underscores the grace and sovereignty of God in salvation, emphasizing that believers are a gift from the Father to the Son.

but raise them up
The phrase "raise them up" uses the Greek word "ἀνίστημι" (anistēmi), which means to raise or resurrect. This points to the promise of resurrection and eternal life for believers. It is a powerful assurance of the future hope that Christians hold, rooted in the resurrection of Jesus Himself. This promise is central to Christian eschatology, affirming the bodily resurrection of believers at the end of the age.

at the last day
The term "last day" refers to the eschatological culmination of history, when Christ will return and the final resurrection will occur. In the Jewish context, the "last day" was associated with the coming of the Messiah and the establishment of God's kingdom. For Christians, it signifies the day of judgment and the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan. This phrase encapsulates the hope of eternal life and the ultimate victory over death, providing comfort and assurance to believers.

For it is My Father’s will
This phrase emphasizes the divine authority and purpose behind Jesus' mission. The Greek word for "will" is "θέλημα" (thelēma), which denotes a deliberate intention or desire. In the context of the Gospel of John, this highlights the unity between the Father and the Son, underscoring that Jesus' actions and teachings are in perfect alignment with God's sovereign plan. Historically, this reflects the Jewish understanding of God's will as central to the unfolding of salvation history.

that everyone who looks to the Son
The phrase "looks to the Son" involves more than a mere physical gaze; it implies a deep, spiritual perception and recognition of Jesus as the Messiah. The Greek verb "θεωρέω" (theōreō) suggests a contemplative or discerning observation. This echoes the Old Testament practice of looking to God for deliverance, as seen in the Israelites looking to the bronze serpent for healing (Numbers 21:9), which Jesus references earlier in John 3:14-15.

and believes in Him
Belief in Jesus is a central theme in the Gospel of John. The Greek word "πιστεύω" (pisteuō) means to trust or have faith in. This belief is not a passive acknowledgment but an active, ongoing trust in Jesus as the Son of God. Historically, this reflects the early Christian community's emphasis on faith as the means of entering into a relationship with God, contrasting with the works-based righteousness prevalent in Second Temple Judaism.

shall have eternal life
"Eternal life" is a key promise in the New Testament, particularly in John's writings. The Greek term "ζωὴ αἰώνιος" (zōē aiōnios) refers to a quality of life that begins now and continues forever, characterized by a relationship with God through Jesus Christ. This concept would have been revolutionary to Jesus' audience, who often viewed eternal life as a future hope rather than a present reality.

and I will raise him up at the last day
This promise of resurrection is a cornerstone of Christian hope. The phrase "raise him up" uses the Greek verb "ἀνίστημι" (anistēmi), which means to stand up or rise again. It signifies the bodily resurrection that believers will experience at the end of the age. The "last day" refers to the eschatological culmination of history, a time when God's kingdom will be fully realized. This assurance would have provided immense hope to early Christians facing persecution and death, affirming that their faith in Christ secures their ultimate victory over death.

At this
This phrase indicates a reaction to a preceding statement or event. In the context of John 6, Jesus has just declared Himself to be the "bread of life," a profound claim that challenges the understanding of His audience. The phrase sets the stage for the ensuing conflict and highlights the tension between Jesus' divine revelation and human skepticism.

the Jews
In the Gospel of John, "the Jews" often refers to the religious leaders or those in opposition to Jesus, rather than the Jewish people as a whole. This distinction is crucial for understanding the dynamics of the narrative. Historically, the Jewish leaders were the custodians of religious tradition, and Jesus' radical claims posed a threat to their authority and understanding of the Law.

began to grumble
The Greek word used here is "γογγύζω" (gogguzō), which conveys a sense of murmuring or complaining in a low tone. This word is reminiscent of the Israelites' grumbling in the wilderness (Exodus 16:2), drawing a parallel between the disbelief of the Israelites and the skepticism of Jesus' contemporaries. It reflects a heart attitude resistant to divine intervention and revelation.

about Jesus
The focus of their grumbling is Jesus Himself, indicating that their issue is not merely with His teachings but with His person and authority. This personal opposition underscores the spiritual blindness and hardness of heart that prevents them from recognizing Jesus as the Messiah.

because He had said
This phrase introduces the reason for their discontent. It highlights the power of Jesus' words and the authority with which He speaks. His declarations are not mere opinions but divine truths that demand a response, challenging the listeners to either accept or reject His claims.

I am the bread
The phrase "I am" (Greek: "ἐγώ εἰμι," ego eimi) is significant, echoing the divine name revealed to Moses in Exodus 3:14 ("I AM WHO I AM"). By using this phrase, Jesus is identifying Himself with God, making a profound theological statement about His divine nature. The metaphor of "bread" signifies sustenance and life, pointing to Jesus as the essential source of spiritual nourishment.

that came down from heaven
This phrase emphasizes the divine origin and mission of Jesus. Unlike earthly bread, which is temporal and perishable, Jesus as the heavenly bread offers eternal life. The imagery of coming down from heaven underscores His pre-existence and incarnation, central tenets of Christian faith. It challenges the audience to see beyond the physical and recognize the spiritual reality of Jesus' mission.

Is this not Jesus
This phrase reflects the skepticism of the crowd. The name "Jesus" is derived from the Hebrew name "Yeshua," meaning "Yahweh is salvation." The crowd's question reveals their struggle to reconcile Jesus' humble origins with His profound teachings and miraculous works. Historically, Jesus was a common name, yet this Jesus was performing uncommon acts, challenging their preconceived notions of who the Messiah should be.

the son of Joseph
The reference to Jesus as "the son of Joseph" underscores the crowd's familiarity with Jesus' earthly family. Joseph, a carpenter from Nazareth, was known to the people, and this familiarity bred contempt. In a historical context, Joseph's lineage is significant, as it ties Jesus to the house of David, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah's descent.

whose father and mother we know?
This phrase highlights the crowd's reliance on human understanding and earthly relationships. They knew Mary and Joseph, which made it difficult for them to accept Jesus' divine origin. This reflects a broader theme in the Gospels where Jesus' divine nature is often hidden from those who rely solely on human wisdom and understanding.

How can He now say
The crowd's question reveals their confusion and inability to comprehend Jesus' claims. This phrase indicates a turning point where Jesus' teachings begin to challenge the listeners' beliefs. It invites readers to consider the limitations of human understanding when faced with divine truth.

‘I have come down from heaven’?”
This statement is central to Jesus' identity and mission. The claim of having "come down from heaven" asserts His divine origin and pre-existence, a cornerstone of Christian theology. In the Jewish context, heaven was the realm of God, and claiming to have come from there was a bold declaration of divinity. This phrase challenges the listeners to move beyond their earthly perceptions and recognize Jesus as the incarnate Word of God, as described in John 1:14.

Stop grumbling among yourselves
In this passage, Jesus addresses the crowd's murmuring and dissatisfaction. The Greek word for "grumbling" is "γογγύζω" (gogguzō), which conveys a sense of secretive complaining or murmuring. This term is often used in the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Old Testament, to describe the Israelites' complaints against God during their wilderness journey (e.g., Exodus 16:7-8). Here, Jesus is drawing a parallel between the disbelief and dissatisfaction of the Israelites and the current attitude of the crowd. Historically, grumbling is seen as a lack of faith and trust in God's provision and plan. Jesus, therefore, calls for a cessation of this behavior, urging the people to trust in His divine mission and message.

among yourselves
The phrase "among yourselves" indicates that the grumbling was not just an individual act but a collective one, suggesting a communal doubt or resistance to Jesus' teachings. This communal aspect of grumbling can be seen as a reflection of human nature's tendency to seek consensus in disbelief or skepticism, rather than in faith. In the context of the Gospel of John, this highlights the challenge Jesus faced in conveying His message to a people who were often more comfortable in their shared doubts than in embracing the radical truth He presented. Theologically, this serves as a reminder of the importance of community in faith, but also the potential pitfalls when that community is not centered on Christ's teachings.

No one can come to Me
This phrase emphasizes the exclusivity and necessity of divine intervention in the process of salvation. The Greek word for "come" (ἔρχομαι, erchomai) implies movement towards a goal or destination. In the context of this verse, it signifies the spiritual journey towards Christ. Theologically, this underscores the belief that human effort alone is insufficient for salvation; it requires a divine initiative.

unless the Father who sent Me
Here, the phrase highlights the role of God the Father in the salvation process. The Greek word for "sent" (πέμπω, pempo) indicates a mission or purpose. This reflects the Trinitarian relationship where the Father sends the Son into the world for the purpose of redemption. Historically, this aligns with the Jewish understanding of God as the initiator of covenants and divine plans.

draws him
The Greek word for "draws" (ἕλκω, helkō) can mean to drag or pull, suggesting a powerful, compelling action. This indicates that the Father actively works in the hearts of individuals, drawing them towards Christ. This is not a coercive force but a loving invitation that respects human free will. Theologically, it speaks to the doctrine of prevenient grace, where God’s grace precedes human decision.

and I will raise him up
This promise of resurrection is central to Christian hope. The Greek word for "raise" (ἀνίστημι, anistēmi) means to stand up or rise again, often used in the context of resurrection. This assurance of eternal life is a cornerstone of Christian eschatology, affirming that those who are drawn to Christ will be granted life beyond physical death.

at the last day
This phrase refers to the eschatological culmination of history, a time when God will fulfill His promises of judgment and restoration. The "last day" is a common theme in Jewish apocalyptic literature, signifying the end of the current age and the beginning of God's eternal kingdom. For Christians, it is a day of hope and fulfillment, when Christ will return and establish His reign.

It is written in the Prophets
This phrase indicates that Jesus is referencing the Old Testament, specifically the prophetic writings. The use of "Prophets" underscores the continuity between the Old and New Testaments, affirming that Jesus' teachings are a fulfillment of the prophetic tradition. The Greek word for "written" (γέγραπται, gegraptai) implies a permanent, authoritative record, emphasizing the enduring truth of Scripture.

‘And they will all be taught by God.’
This quotation is primarily from Isaiah 54:13, which speaks of a future time when God Himself will instruct His people. The phrase "taught by God" (διδακτοὶ θεοῦ, didaktoi theou) suggests a direct, personal instruction from God, highlighting the intimate relationship between God and His followers. This teaching is not merely intellectual but transformative, aligning with the New Covenant promise of God's law written on hearts (Jeremiah 31:33).

Everyone who has heard the Father
Hearing the Father implies a spiritual receptivity and openness to God's voice. The Greek word for "heard" (ἀκούσας, akousas) conveys not just auditory reception but understanding and obedience. This phrase suggests that true discipleship involves an active listening to God's revelation, which is made possible through the Holy Spirit.

and learned from Him
To learn from the Father involves more than acquiring knowledge; it is about internalizing divine truth. The Greek term for "learned" (μαθὼν, mathōn) is related to the word for disciple (μαθητής, mathētēs), indicating that learning is a process of becoming a follower. This learning is relational, rooted in a dynamic interaction with God.

comes to Me
The culmination of hearing and learning from the Father is coming to Jesus. The Greek word for "comes" (ἔρχεται, erchetai) implies movement and approach, signifying a decisive step towards faith in Christ. This phrase underscores the centrality of Jesus as the way to the Father, affirming His role as the mediator of divine truth and salvation. The journey to Jesus is both an invitation and a response to God's initiative in teaching and drawing individuals to Himself.

Not that anyone has seen the Father
This phrase emphasizes the transcendence and invisibility of God the Father. In the Greek, "οὐχ ὅτι" (ouch hoti) introduces a clarification, indicating that no human has directly seen God. This aligns with the Old Testament understanding, as seen in Exodus 33:20, where God tells Moses, "You cannot see My face, for no man can see Me and live." The invisibility of God underscores His holiness and the separation between the divine and the human due to sin. It also highlights the unique revelation of God through Jesus Christ, who bridges this gap.

except the One who is from God
The phrase "ὁ ὢν παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ" (ho ōn para tou Theou) refers to Jesus' unique origin and relationship with the Father. "From God" indicates not just a mission but an intimate, eternal relationship. This echoes John 1:1, where Jesus is described as the Word who was with God and was God. The preposition "παρὰ" (para) suggests proximity and presence, emphasizing that Jesus is not merely sent by God but originates from His very essence, affirming His divinity and pre-existence.

only He has seen the Father
The exclusivity of this statement, "οὗτος ἑώρακεν τὸν Πατέρα" (houtos heōraken ton Patera), underscores Jesus' unique authority and knowledge of God. The verb "ἑώρακεν" (heōraken) is perfect tense, indicating a completed action with ongoing significance. Jesus' vision of the Father is not a one-time event but an eternal reality. This affirms His role as the perfect revealer of God, as He possesses firsthand knowledge of the Father. It also reinforces the doctrine of the Trinity, where the Son is distinct yet fully God, having an intimate and eternal relationship with the Father.

Truly, truly
The phrase "Truly, truly" is translated from the Greek words "ἀμὴν ἀμὴν" (amen amen). This double affirmation is used by Jesus to emphasize the absolute truth and importance of what He is about to say. In Jewish tradition, "amen" is a term of agreement or confirmation, often used at the end of prayers. By repeating it, Jesus underscores the certainty and authority of His statement. This phrase invites the listener to pay close attention, as it introduces a profound spiritual truth.

I tell you
The phrase "I tell you" signifies a direct and personal communication from Jesus to His audience. In the context of the Gospel of John, Jesus often uses this phrase to convey His teachings with authority. It reflects His role as the divine teacher and the Word made flesh (John 1:14). This personal address emphasizes the relational aspect of Jesus' ministry, where He speaks directly to individuals, inviting them into a deeper understanding of spiritual realities.

whoever believes
The word "believes" comes from the Greek "πιστεύων" (pisteuōn), which means to have faith or trust. In the context of John's Gospel, belief is not merely intellectual assent but involves a deep, personal trust in Jesus as the Messiah and Son of God. This belief is transformative, leading to a new way of life. The term "whoever" indicates the universal offer of salvation; it is available to all, regardless of background or status, highlighting the inclusivity of the Gospel message.

has eternal life
"Eternal life" is translated from the Greek "ζωὴν αἰώνιον" (zōēn aiōnion). This concept is central to the teachings of Jesus and the New Testament. Eternal life is not just an unending existence but a quality of life that begins now and continues forever in the presence of God. It is characterized by a relationship with God through Jesus Christ (John 17:3). The present tense "has" indicates that eternal life is a present possession for the believer, not just a future hope. This assurance of eternal life is a source of comfort and motivation for Christians, encouraging them to live in the light of eternity.

I am
This phrase is significant in the Gospel of John, as it echoes the divine name revealed to Moses in Exodus 3:14, "I AM WHO I AM." In Greek, "Ego eimi" is used, which is a strong declaration of identity and existence. Jesus uses "I am" statements throughout John to reveal His divine nature and mission. This phrase asserts His eternal existence and His unity with God the Father, emphasizing His role as the divine Son of God.

the bread
Bread in the ancient world was a staple of life, essential for sustenance. In the context of John 6, Jesus had just performed the miracle of feeding the 5,000 with loaves and fishes, which sets the stage for this metaphor. The Greek word "artos" refers to bread, symbolizing nourishment and life. Jesus is positioning Himself as essential for spiritual life, just as bread is for physical life. This metaphor would resonate deeply with His audience, who understood the importance of bread in their daily existence.

of life
The phrase "of life" (Greek: "zoe") signifies not just physical life but eternal and spiritual life. In the Gospel of John, "life" is a central theme, often associated with the eternal life that Jesus offers. By declaring Himself the "bread of life," Jesus is offering Himself as the source of eternal sustenance and salvation. This statement invites believers to seek spiritual nourishment and eternal life through Him, contrasting with the temporary satisfaction of physical bread.

Your fathers
This phrase refers to the ancestors of the Jewish people, specifically those who were part of the Exodus from Egypt. In the context of John 6, Jesus is speaking to a Jewish audience who would have been well aware of their heritage and the accounts of their forefathers. The Greek word used here is "πατέρες" (pateres), which can mean fathers or ancestors. This reference serves to connect Jesus' message to the historical narrative of Israel, reminding the audience of their shared history and the lessons it holds.

ate the manna
Manna was the miraculous food provided by God to the Israelites during their 40 years in the wilderness, as recorded in Exodus 16. The Greek word for manna is "μάννα" (manna), which is a direct transliteration from the Hebrew "מָן" (man). This miraculous provision was a daily reminder of God's sustenance and care. However, Jesus uses this reference to highlight a deeper spiritual truth, contrasting the temporary physical sustenance of manna with the eternal spiritual sustenance He offers.

in the wilderness
The wilderness, or desert, was a place of testing and reliance on God for the Israelites. The Greek word "ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ" (en tē erēmō) signifies a desolate, uninhabited place. Historically, the wilderness experience was a formative period for Israel, where they learned dependence on God. Jesus' mention of the wilderness evokes the idea of spiritual testing and the need for divine provision beyond physical needs.

yet they died
Despite the miraculous provision of manna, the Israelites eventually died, emphasizing the temporary nature of physical sustenance. The Greek word "ἀπέθανον" (apethanon) means they died or passed away. This serves as a stark reminder that while God provided for their physical needs, the manna could not grant eternal life. Jesus uses this to contrast the perishable nature of earthly provisions with the imperishable life He offers through Himself, the true Bread from Heaven.

This is the bread
The phrase "This is the bread" refers to Jesus Christ Himself, who is the true sustenance for spiritual life. In the Greek, "bread" is "artos," which signifies not just physical nourishment but also spiritual sustenance. Historically, bread has been a staple food, symbolizing life and provision. In the context of the Gospel of John, Jesus is contrasting Himself with the manna provided to the Israelites in the wilderness, which was temporary and perishable. Here, He presents Himself as the eternal and life-giving bread.

that comes down from heaven
The phrase "that comes down from heaven" emphasizes the divine origin of Jesus. The Greek word "katabainō" means to descend, indicating that Jesus is not of earthly origin but has come from the Father. This echoes the Old Testament imagery of manna, which was also described as coming from heaven (Exodus 16:4). However, unlike manna, which was a temporary provision, Jesus is the eternal provision for humanity's spiritual hunger.

so that anyone
The inclusivity of "so that anyone" highlights the universal offer of salvation through Christ. The Greek word "tis" means anyone or whoever, indicating that the offer of eternal life is not limited by ethnicity, social status, or past sins. This reflects the heart of the Gospel message, which is open to all who believe, aligning with the Great Commission to make disciples of all nations (Matthew 28:19).

may eat of it
The phrase "may eat of it" signifies the act of faith and acceptance. In Greek, "phagō" means to eat, which in this context is a metaphor for believing in and internalizing the teachings and person of Jesus Christ. This act of eating is symbolic of a personal and intimate relationship with Christ, akin to the way physical eating sustains the body, spiritual eating sustains the soul.

and not die
The promise "and not die" refers to eternal life, transcending physical death. The Greek word "apothnēskō" means to die, but in this context, it signifies spiritual death or separation from God. Jesus promises that those who partake in Him, the true bread, will not experience this separation but will have everlasting life. This assurance is central to the Christian hope, rooted in the resurrection of Christ and the promise of eternal life for believers.

I am the living bread
This phrase begins with Jesus' profound declaration, "I am," echoing the divine name revealed to Moses in Exodus 3:14. The Greek phrase "ἐγώ εἰμι" (ego eimi) is a powerful assertion of Jesus' divinity and eternal existence. The term "living bread" signifies sustenance that is not only physical but spiritual and eternal. Bread, a staple in ancient diets, symbolizes life and provision. Jesus, as the "living bread," offers Himself as the essential source of spiritual nourishment and eternal life, contrasting with the manna given to the Israelites, which was temporary and perishable.

that came down from heaven
This phrase emphasizes the divine origin of Jesus, underscoring His pre-existence and incarnation. The Greek word "καταβάς" (katabas) means "having come down," indicating a deliberate act of descending from a higher place. This descent from heaven signifies Jesus' mission and purpose, aligning with the Old Testament imagery of manna, which was also described as coming from heaven (Exodus 16:4). It highlights the fulfillment of God's promise to provide for His people, now through His Son.

If anyone eats of this bread
The invitation "If anyone eats" is inclusive and universal, extending the offer of salvation to all humanity. The Greek word "φάγῃ" (phagē) implies an active, personal participation in receiving what Jesus offers. Eating, in this context, symbolizes belief and acceptance of Jesus' sacrifice. It is a metaphor for faith, suggesting that just as physical bread sustains the body, faith in Christ sustains the soul.

he will live forever
This promise of eternal life is central to the Christian faith. The Greek phrase "ζήσει εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα" (zēsei eis ton aiōna) translates to "will live into the age," indicating an unending, perpetual existence. This assurance of eternal life is not merely a future hope but a present reality for believers, rooted in the resurrection power of Jesus. It contrasts with the temporary life sustained by physical bread, offering a profound hope and assurance of salvation.

And this bread, which I will give for the life of the world, is My flesh
Here, Jesus foreshadows His sacrificial death on the cross. The phrase "which I will give" indicates a future, voluntary act of self-giving. The Greek word "σάρξ" (sarx), translated as "flesh," emphasizes the tangible, incarnate nature of Jesus' sacrifice. This offering is for "the life of the world," highlighting the universal scope of His redemptive work. It reflects the fulfillment of the Passover lamb and the ultimate expression of God's love and grace, providing a way for humanity to be reconciled to Him.

At this
This phrase indicates a reaction to the preceding discourse of Jesus, where He speaks of Himself as the "bread of life" (John 6:48). The context is crucial here, as Jesus has just made a profound and challenging statement about His identity and mission. The phrase "at this" serves as a pivot point, highlighting the transition from Jesus' teaching to the response of His audience. It underscores the immediate impact of His words, which were both revolutionary and perplexing to His listeners.

the Jews
In the Gospel of John, "the Jews" often refers to the religious leaders or those in opposition to Jesus, rather than the Jewish people as a whole. This term is used to denote those who are resistant to Jesus' message and authority. Historically, this reflects the tension between Jesus and the established religious order of His time. The use of "the Jews" here emphasizes the growing conflict and misunderstanding between Jesus and the religious authorities.

began to argue among themselves
The Greek word for "argue" (μάχομαι, machomai) suggests a heated dispute or debate. This indicates that Jesus' statement caused significant confusion and controversy. The phrase "among themselves" implies a division within the group, as they struggle to comprehend and accept Jesus' teaching. This internal conflict reflects the broader theme of division that Jesus' message often brings, as it challenges existing beliefs and expectations.

How can this man
The phrase "this man" is indicative of skepticism and perhaps disdain. It reflects a lack of recognition of Jesus' divine nature and authority. The question "How can" reveals their incredulity and literal interpretation of Jesus' words. This skepticism is rooted in their inability to see beyond the physical and understand the spiritual implications of Jesus' teaching.

give us His flesh to eat?
This question is central to the misunderstanding of Jesus' metaphorical language. The Greek word for "flesh" (σάρξ, sarx) is often used to denote the physical body. The Jews' literal interpretation of "flesh to eat" shows their struggle to grasp the spiritual truth Jesus is conveying about His sacrificial death and the Eucharist. Historically, this reflects the challenge of accepting new revelation that transcends traditional understanding. The question underscores the necessity of faith to perceive the deeper spiritual realities that Jesus presents.

Truly, truly
The Greek phrase "ἀμὴν ἀμὴν" (amen amen) is used here, emphasizing the absolute truth and importance of what Jesus is about to say. In Jewish tradition, repeating a word underscores its significance. Jesus uses this phrase to capture attention and assert the certainty and authority of His statement. It is a call to listen closely and understand the gravity of His teaching.

I tell you
This phrase indicates a direct communication from Jesus, emphasizing His role as a teacher and prophet. It is a personal address, inviting the listener into a deeper understanding of spiritual truths. Jesus speaks with authority, not merely as a teacher of the law but as the divine Word made flesh.

unless you eat
The Greek word for "eat" here is "φάγητε" (phagete), which implies a physical act of consumption. This word choice is deliberate, as it challenges the listener to move beyond a metaphorical understanding to a tangible, participatory faith. Eating, in this context, symbolizes an intimate and necessary act of receiving Christ wholly into one's life.

the flesh
The term "σάρκα" (sarka) refers to the physical body. In the Jewish context, flesh often represented human nature and mortality. Jesus' use of "flesh" here is radical, as it points to His incarnation and the sacrificial nature of His mission. It underscores the reality of His humanity and the tangible nature of His sacrifice.

of the Son of Man
This title, "ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου" (ho huios tou anthrōpou), is a messianic term rooted in Daniel 7:13-14, where it describes a divine figure with authority and dominion. Jesus uses this title to affirm His identity as both fully human and fully divine, the one who bridges heaven and earth.

and drink His blood
The command to "drink" (πίνω, pinō) His blood is even more provocative, as blood was considered sacred and not to be consumed according to Jewish law (Leviticus 17:10-14). Here, Jesus is foreshadowing the New Covenant, where His blood, shed on the cross, becomes the source of eternal life and forgiveness. It signifies the depth of communion and the transformative power of His sacrifice.

you have no life in you
The phrase "οὐκ ἔχετε ζωὴν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς" (ouk echete zōēn en heautois) starkly presents the consequence of not partaking in Christ. "Life" (ζωὴν, zōēn) here refers to eternal life, a quality of life that is both abundant and everlasting. Jesus is declaring that apart from Him, true life is unattainable. This statement calls believers to recognize their dependence on Christ for spiritual vitality and eternal salvation.

Whoever eats My flesh
The phrase "Whoever eats My flesh" is a profound statement that invites believers into a deep, personal relationship with Jesus Christ. The Greek word for "eats" is "τρώγων" (trōgōn), which implies a continuous action, suggesting that this is not a one-time event but an ongoing, intimate communion with Christ. Historically, this has been understood as a reference to the Eucharist or Communion, where believers partake in the body of Christ symbolically. This act of eating signifies acceptance and internalization of Christ's sacrifice, embodying the spiritual nourishment that sustains believers.

and drinks My blood
The phrase "and drinks My blood" complements the previous statement and emphasizes the necessity of partaking in the life-giving sacrifice of Jesus. The Greek word "πίνων" (pinōn) for "drinks" also indicates a continuous action. In the Jewish context, consuming blood was strictly forbidden (Leviticus 17:10-14), making this statement even more radical. It underscores the new covenant established through Christ's sacrificial death, where His blood symbolizes the cleansing and redemption of humanity. This drinking is a metaphor for accepting the life and atoning work of Jesus, which is essential for spiritual vitality.

has eternal life
The promise "has eternal life" is central to the Christian faith, offering assurance of salvation and a future with God. The Greek word "ἔχει" (echei) for "has" is in the present tense, indicating that eternal life is not just a future promise but a present reality for believers. This life is characterized by a restored relationship with God, beginning now and continuing forever. The concept of eternal life is rooted in the Jewish understanding of life in the age to come, but Jesus expands it to include a present experience of God's kingdom through faith in Him.

and I will raise him up at the last day
The phrase "and I will raise him up at the last day" provides a future hope and assurance of resurrection. The Greek word "ἀναστήσω" (anastēsō) for "raise" conveys the power and authority of Jesus over life and death. This promise is a cornerstone of Christian eschatology, affirming the belief in bodily resurrection and eternal life with God. The "last day" refers to the end times, a concept deeply rooted in Jewish apocalyptic literature, where God will bring history to its culmination. For believers, this is a source of hope and encouragement, knowing that their faith in Christ secures their future resurrection and eternal presence with God.

For My flesh
The phrase "For My flesh" refers to the physical body of Jesus Christ. In the Greek, the word for "flesh" is "σάρξ" (sarx), which often denotes the human body in its natural state. This statement by Jesus is deeply rooted in the Incarnation, the Christian belief that God became flesh in the person of Jesus. Historically, this was a radical claim, as it challenged the Jewish understanding of God as wholly other and transcendent. Jesus' assertion here is a profound declaration of His humanity and His willingness to offer Himself for the salvation of mankind.

is real food
The term "real food" in Greek is "ἀληθής βρῶσις" (alēthēs brōsis), which can be translated as "true food" or "genuine nourishment." This phrase emphasizes the spiritual sustenance that Jesus provides, contrasting with the temporary satisfaction of physical food. In the historical context, Jesus is speaking to a crowd that had recently been miraculously fed with loaves and fishes. He is redirecting their focus from physical sustenance to the spiritual nourishment that comes from a relationship with Him. This teaching aligns with the broader scriptural theme that man does not live by bread alone but by every word that comes from the mouth of God (Deuteronomy 8:3).

and My blood
"My blood" refers to the sacrificial aspect of Jesus' mission. In the Jewish tradition, blood is synonymous with life and is central to the sacrificial system outlined in the Old Testament. The Greek word for "blood" is "αἷμα" (haima), which is used throughout the New Testament to signify the atoning sacrifice of Jesus. This phrase foreshadows the Last Supper and the institution of the Eucharist, where Jesus offers His blood as the new covenant for the forgiveness of sins. Historically, this was a revolutionary concept, as it redefined the understanding of sacrifice and covenant in the Jewish faith.

is real drink
The phrase "real drink" in Greek is "ἀληθής πόσις" (alēthēs posis), meaning "true drink" or "authentic refreshment." This highlights the life-giving and sustaining power of Jesus' sacrifice. Just as physical drink quenches thirst, Jesus' blood, symbolically received in the Eucharist, quenches spiritual thirst and grants eternal life. In the scriptural context, this teaching is part of Jesus' discourse on being the Bread of Life, where He invites believers to partake in His life through faith and communion. This concept is central to Christian worship and the understanding of salvation, emphasizing the intimate and transformative relationship between Christ and the believer.

Whoever
The Greek word used here is "ὁ" (ho), which is a definite article often translated as "the one who" or "whoever." This term is inclusive, indicating that the invitation Jesus extends is open to all people, regardless of their background or status. It emphasizes the universal call of the Gospel, inviting every individual to partake in the life that Jesus offers.

eats
The Greek verb "τρώγω" (trōgō) is used here, which means to gnaw or chew. This word choice suggests a continuous, active participation rather than a one-time event. It implies a deep, ongoing relationship with Christ, where believers are called to continually partake in His life and teachings, integrating them into their daily lives.

My flesh
The term "σάρκα" (sarka) refers to the physical body of Christ. In the context of the Last Supper and the Eucharist, this phrase points to the sacramental understanding of communion, where believers partake in the body of Christ. Historically, this has been a point of deep theological reflection, emphasizing the mystery of Christ's incarnation and His real presence in the sacrament.

and drinks
The Greek word "πίνω" (pinō) means to drink. This action, paired with eating, completes the act of communion. It signifies the acceptance of Christ's sacrifice and the new covenant established through His blood. Drinking His blood symbolizes the believer's participation in the life-giving power of Jesus' sacrifice.

My blood
The phrase "τὸ αἷμά μου" (to haima mou) refers to the blood of Christ, which is central to the new covenant. In Jewish tradition, blood represents life, and the shedding of blood is necessary for atonement. Jesus' blood, therefore, signifies the ultimate sacrifice for the forgiveness of sins, offering eternal life to those who believe.

remains in Me
The Greek word "μένει" (menei) means to abide or remain. This concept is central to Johannine theology, emphasizing a mutual indwelling between Christ and the believer. It suggests a deep, intimate relationship where the believer is continually nourished and sustained by Christ's presence.

and I in him
This phrase highlights the reciprocal nature of the relationship between Christ and the believer. It is not only the believer who abides in Christ, but Christ also abides in the believer. This mutual indwelling is a profound mystery, reflecting the unity and communion that believers are called to experience with their Savior. It assures believers of Christ's constant presence and support in their lives, empowering them to live out their faith.

Just as
This phrase sets up a comparison, indicating that what follows is analogous to something previously mentioned. In the context of John 6, Jesus is drawing a parallel between His relationship with the Father and the believer's relationship with Him. The Greek word used here, "καθώς" (kathōs), often introduces a comparison or analogy, emphasizing the unity and harmony between the Father and the Son, which serves as a model for the believer's relationship with Christ.

the living Father
This phrase emphasizes the vitality and life-giving nature of God. The Greek word for "living" is "ζῶν" (zōn), which denotes not just existence but active, dynamic life. In the historical and scriptural context, God is often referred to as the source of all life (Genesis 2:7, Acts 17:28). This underscores the idea that God is not a distant or passive deity but one who is actively involved in the sustenance and continuation of life.

sent Me
The concept of being sent is central to the mission of Jesus. The Greek word "ἀπέστειλεν" (apesteilen) is derived from "apostellō," meaning to send forth with a specific purpose. This reflects the divine mission of Jesus, who was sent by the Father to accomplish the work of salvation. Historically, this sending is rooted in the Old Testament tradition of prophets being sent by God to deliver His message (Isaiah 6:8, Jeremiah 1:7).

and I live because of the Father
Here, Jesus acknowledges His dependence on the Father for His life and mission. The phrase "I live" (ζῶ) in Greek indicates a continuous, ongoing state of life. This reflects the intimate relationship between Jesus and the Father, where Jesus derives His life and authority from the Father. It also highlights the Trinitarian relationship, where the Son is eternally begotten of the Father, sharing in the same divine essence and life.

so also
This phrase continues the analogy, indicating that just as Jesus lives because of the Father, there is a similar relationship for believers with Jesus. The Greek "καὶ" (kai) is a conjunction that connects the two parts of the analogy, reinforcing the parallelism and continuity between the divine relationship and the believer's relationship with Christ.

the one who feeds on Me
This phrase is metaphorical, referring to the spiritual nourishment that comes from a relationship with Jesus. The Greek word "τρώγων" (trōgōn) means to eat or consume, suggesting an ongoing, active participation in the life of Christ. In the historical context, this would have been a radical statement, as it implies a deep, personal union with Jesus, akin to the sustenance one receives from food.

will live because of Me
This promise assures believers of the life they receive through Christ. The Greek "ζήσει" (zēsei) is a future tense verb, indicating the certainty of this life. It reflects the transformative power of Christ's life in the believer, offering eternal life and a restored relationship with God. This assurance is rooted in the resurrection of Jesus, which guarantees life to all who are united with Him (Romans 6:5, 1 Corinthians 15:22).

This is the bread
The phrase "This is the bread" refers to Jesus Christ Himself, who is the true sustenance for spiritual life. In the Greek, "bread" (ἄρτος, artos) signifies not just physical nourishment but also spiritual sustenance. Jesus is drawing a parallel between Himself and the manna provided to the Israelites in the wilderness, emphasizing that He is the fulfillment of God's provision. This bread is not merely a temporary relief but an eternal solution to spiritual hunger.

that came down from heaven
The phrase "that came down from heaven" underscores the divine origin of Jesus. In the Greek, "came down" (καταβάς, katabas) indicates a descent from a higher place, emphasizing the incarnation of Christ. This is a profound statement of Jesus' pre-existence and His mission to bring salvation to humanity. Historically, the Jews understood manna as a miraculous provision from God, and Jesus is asserting that He is the greater miracle, the ultimate gift from heaven.

Unlike your fathers
"Unlike your fathers" refers to the Israelites who wandered in the desert. This phrase serves as a contrast between the temporary, physical sustenance provided by manna and the eternal, spiritual sustenance offered by Christ. The historical context here is crucial; the Israelites experienced God's provision daily, yet it was not enough to grant them eternal life. Jesus is highlighting the insufficiency of the old covenant compared to the new covenant He brings.

who ate the manna and died
The phrase "who ate the manna and died" points to the mortality of those who relied solely on physical sustenance. Manna, while miraculous, was a temporary provision that could not prevent physical death. The Greek word for "died" (ἀπέθανον, apethanon) indicates the inevitability of physical death despite divine provision. This serves as a reminder that earthly provisions, no matter how miraculous, cannot grant eternal life.

the one who eats this bread
"The one who eats this bread" signifies an active, ongoing participation in the life of Christ. The Greek verb "eats" (τρώγων, trōgōn) is in the present tense, suggesting a continuous action. This implies a continual reliance on and relationship with Jesus, not a one-time event. It is an invitation to partake in the life and sacrifice of Christ, symbolized through the Eucharist in Christian tradition.

will live forever
The promise "will live forever" is the culmination of Jesus' teaching on eternal life. The Greek phrase for "live forever" (ζήσει εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα, zēsei eis ton aiōna) indicates not just an unending existence but a quality of life that is abundant and eternal. This is the ultimate hope of the Christian faith, that through Christ, believers are granted eternal life, transcending physical death. This promise is rooted in the resurrection of Jesus, which assures believers of their own resurrection and eternal communion with God.

Jesus said this
This phrase refers to the preceding discourse where Jesus presents Himself as the Bread of Life. The Greek verb "eipen" (εἶπεν) is used here, indicating a definitive statement. Jesus' words are authoritative and carry the weight of divine revelation. In the context of John's Gospel, Jesus' declarations are not mere teachings but are life-giving truths that demand a response. His words are meant to challenge and transform the listener, calling them to a deeper understanding of His identity and mission.

while teaching
The Greek word "didaskōn" (διδάσκων) is used here, which means to instruct or impart knowledge. Jesus' role as a teacher is central to His ministry. He is not just imparting information but is revealing the mysteries of the Kingdom of God. His teaching is characterized by authority and wisdom, often challenging the established religious norms of the time. In the Jewish tradition, teaching was a revered practice, and Jesus' ability to teach with authority set Him apart from other rabbis.

in the synagogue
The synagogue was the center of Jewish religious life, serving as a place for prayer, reading of the Scriptures, and teaching. Archaeological findings in Capernaum reveal the remains of a synagogue dating back to the time of Jesus, providing a tangible connection to the Gospel accounts. The synagogue setting underscores the Jewish context of Jesus' ministry and His engagement with the religious leaders and the community. It was a place where theological discussions and debates were common, and Jesus often used this setting to reveal deeper spiritual truths.

in Capernaum
Capernaum, located on the northern shore of the Sea of Galilee, served as a significant base for Jesus' ministry. It was a bustling town with a diverse population, making it an ideal location for Jesus to reach a wide audience. Historically, Capernaum was a place where Jesus performed many miracles and taught extensively. The mention of Capernaum highlights the geographical and cultural context of Jesus' ministry, emphasizing His accessibility to both Jews and Gentiles. The town's prominence in the Gospels underscores its importance as a backdrop for many pivotal events in Jesus' life and ministry.

On hearing it
This phrase indicates a reaction to the preceding discourse of Jesus, particularly His teaching on being the Bread of Life. The Greek word for "hearing" is "ἀκούω" (akouo), which implies not just the act of hearing but also understanding and processing the message. In the context of first-century Judea, oral teaching was a primary method of communication, and the audience's ability to comprehend was crucial. This phrase sets the stage for the disciples' struggle with the depth and challenge of Jesus' words.

many of His disciples
The term "disciples" here, from the Greek "μαθητής" (mathētēs), refers to more than just the Twelve Apostles. It includes a broader group of followers who were learning from Jesus. Historically, a disciple was a student or learner, someone who adhered to a teacher's instruction. The use of "many" suggests that this teaching was a turning point, causing a significant number of followers to question their commitment.

said
The Greek word "λέγω" (legō) is used here, which means to speak or say. This indicates a verbal expression of doubt or confusion. In the cultural context, speaking out was a way to express communal concerns or seek clarification. The disciples' verbal response highlights their struggle to reconcile Jesus' teachings with their existing beliefs.

This is a difficult teaching
The word "difficult" is translated from the Greek "σκληρός" (sklēros), meaning hard, harsh, or stern. This suggests that the teaching was not just intellectually challenging but also hard to accept emotionally and spiritually. The "teaching" refers to Jesus' discourse on eating His flesh and drinking His blood, which was a radical departure from Jewish dietary laws and expectations of the Messiah. This phrase captures the tension between Jesus' revolutionary message and the traditional beliefs of His followers.

Who can accept it?
The Greek word for "accept" is "ἀκούω" (akouo), which in this context means to embrace or follow. This rhetorical question underscores the disciples' struggle with faith and understanding. It reflects a broader theme in the Gospel of John: the challenge of true belief and the cost of discipleship. Historically, this question echoes the broader Jewish expectation of the Messiah and the difficulty of accepting a suffering servant rather than a conquering king.

Aware that His disciples were grumbling about this
The word "Aware" indicates Jesus' divine omniscience. In the Greek, the word used is "εἰδὼς" (eidōs), which implies a deep, intuitive knowledge. This highlights Jesus' ability to perceive the thoughts and emotions of His followers, underscoring His divine nature. The phrase "His disciples were grumbling" reflects a common human reaction to difficult teachings. The Greek word "γογγύζω" (gongyzō) is used here, which means to murmur or mutter in discontent. This echoes the Israelites' grumbling in the wilderness (Exodus 16:2), drawing a parallel between the physical and spiritual sustenance provided by God. The "about this" refers to Jesus' teaching on being the Bread of Life, a concept that challenged their understanding and expectations of the Messiah.

Jesus asked them
The phrase "Jesus asked them" demonstrates His role as a teacher who engages directly with His disciples. The Greek verb "εἶπεν" (eipen) is used, which means to speak or say. This indicates a direct and personal approach, emphasizing Jesus' desire for His disciples to confront and understand their doubts. It reflects His patience and willingness to guide them through their confusion.

Does this offend you?
The word "offend" is translated from the Greek "σκανδαλίζω" (skandalizō), which means to cause to stumble or to be a stumbling block. This term is significant as it suggests that Jesus' teachings were not just difficult but potentially a barrier to faith for some. The question "Does this offend you?" is both a challenge and an invitation. It challenges the disciples to examine their faith and understanding, while also inviting them to deeper reflection and commitment. Historically, this moment is pivotal as it tests the disciples' willingness to accept Jesus' radical teachings, which often defied conventional expectations of the Messiah. This question encourages believers to consider their own responses to challenging aspects of faith, urging a deeper reliance on spiritual understanding over human reasoning.

Then what if you see the Son of Man ascend to where He was before?
Then what if
This phrase introduces a hypothetical scenario, inviting the audience to consider a future event. In the Greek, "ἐὰν οὖν" (ean oun) suggests a conditional statement, often used to provoke thought or challenge assumptions. Jesus is addressing the doubts and misunderstandings of His listeners, encouraging them to expand their understanding of His divine nature and mission.

you see
The Greek word "θεωρεῖτε" (theōreite) implies more than just physical sight; it suggests perceiving or understanding. Jesus is asking His followers to consider not just witnessing an event, but comprehending its significance. This challenges the audience to move beyond superficial observation to deeper spiritual insight.

the Son of Man
This title, "ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου" (ho huios tou anthrōpou), is a messianic term rooted in Daniel 7:13-14, where it describes a divine figure given authority and glory. Jesus frequently uses this title to emphasize both His humanity and His divine authority. It serves as a bridge between His earthly ministry and His heavenly origin.

ascend
The Greek word "ἀναβαίνοντα" (anabainonta) means to go up or rise. This term is significant in the context of Jesus' eventual ascension into heaven, as recorded in Acts 1:9-11. It underscores His divine origin and destiny, affirming His pre-existence and return to the Father. The ascension is a pivotal event that confirms Jesus' identity and mission.

to where He was before
This phrase emphasizes Jesus' pre-existence and His divine nature. The Greek "ὅπου ἦν τὸ πρότερον" (hopou ēn to proteron) indicates a return to a previous state or place. It highlights the eternal nature of Christ, who existed with the Father before His incarnation. This assertion challenges the audience to recognize Jesus not just as a prophet or teacher, but as the eternal Son of God.

The Spirit gives life
The Greek word for "Spirit" here is "πνεῦμα" (pneuma), which can mean breath, wind, or spirit. In the context of this verse, it refers to the Holy Spirit, the third person of the Trinity, who is the source of spiritual life and regeneration. The Holy Spirit is essential for understanding and receiving the truths of God, as He illuminates the mind and heart. This phrase emphasizes the transformative power of the Spirit, contrasting the life-giving nature of the Spirit with the limitations of human effort.

the flesh profits nothing
The term "flesh" in Greek is "σάρξ" (sarx), often used in the New Testament to denote human nature in its fallen state, apart from divine influence. This phrase underscores the futility of relying on human strength or wisdom for spiritual matters. In a historical context, this would have been a radical statement, challenging the Jewish reliance on the law and physical lineage for righteousness. It serves as a reminder that true spiritual benefit and eternal life cannot be achieved through human means but only through the Spirit.

The words I have spoken to you
The Greek word for "words" is "ῥήματα" (rhemata), which refers to spoken words or sayings. Jesus emphasizes the authority and divine origin of His teachings. His words are not mere human instructions but carry the weight and power of divine revelation. In the scriptural context, Jesus' teachings are the fulfillment of the Old Testament prophecies and the embodiment of God's will for humanity.

are spirit and they are life
The phrase "are spirit" indicates that Jesus' words are infused with the Holy Spirit's power, making them alive and active. The Greek word for "life" is "ζωή" (zoe), which refers to eternal life, the divine life that God imparts to believers. This life is not just an extension of physical existence but a new quality of life that begins now and continues into eternity. Jesus' words, therefore, are not just informative but transformative, offering a pathway to eternal life through faith and obedience.

Yet there are some of you who do not believe
This phrase highlights the omniscience of Jesus, who, despite His divine knowledge, still extends grace and opportunity for belief. The Greek word for "believe" here is "πιστεύω" (pisteuō), which means to have faith or trust. In the context of John's Gospel, belief is not merely intellectual assent but involves a deep, personal trust in Jesus as the Messiah. Historically, this statement reflects the mixed responses Jesus received during His ministry, where many were drawn to His miracles but struggled with His teachings. This serves as a reminder that true faith transcends mere observation of miracles and requires a heart transformation.

For Jesus had known from the beginning
The phrase "from the beginning" underscores the divine foreknowledge of Jesus. The Greek word "ἀρχή" (archē) can mean the start or origin, indicating that Jesus' awareness of human hearts is not limited by time. This foreknowledge is consistent with the Christian understanding of Jesus as fully God, possessing attributes such as omniscience. This knowledge does not negate human free will but rather highlights the mystery of divine sovereignty working alongside human responsibility. It is a call for believers to trust in the wisdom and plan of God, who knows all things from the beginning.

which of them did not believe
This part of the verse emphasizes the distinction between outward association with Jesus and genuine faith. The historical context reveals that many followed Jesus for His miracles and teachings, yet not all had true faith. This distinction is crucial in the Gospel of John, which often contrasts belief and unbelief. The Greek word "οὐ" (ou) for "not" is a strong negation, indicating a definitive lack of faith. This serves as a warning to examine one's own heart and ensure that faith is genuine and not superficial.

and who would betray Him
The mention of betrayal introduces the theme of Judas Iscariot, who would later betray Jesus. The Greek word "παραδίδωμι" (paradidōmi) means to hand over or deliver up, and it is used in the New Testament to describe Judas' act of betrayal. This historical event fulfills Old Testament prophecies and demonstrates the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan through Jesus' sacrificial death. Theologically, it highlights the reality of human sin and the need for redemption. It also serves as a sobering reminder of the potential for betrayal even among those closest to Jesus, urging believers to remain vigilant in their faith and commitment.

This is why I told you
In this phrase, Jesus is referring back to previous teachings and statements He has made. The Greek word for "told" is "eipon," which implies a declaration or proclamation. Jesus is emphasizing the authority and importance of His words. Historically, Jesus often spoke in parables and direct teachings to convey deep spiritual truths. This phrase sets the stage for a profound revelation, reminding the audience of His consistent message.

that no one can come to Me
The phrase underscores the exclusivity and divine initiative in the process of coming to Jesus. The Greek word for "come" is "erchomai," which means to approach or to draw near. This implies that approaching Jesus is not merely a human decision but involves a divine calling. In the historical context of Jewish tradition, coming to a rabbi or teacher was a significant step, often involving a deep commitment to follow and learn.

unless the Father
Here, Jesus introduces the role of God the Father in the process of salvation. The Greek word for "Father" is "Pater," which denotes a relationship of origin and authority. This highlights the Trinitarian nature of God, where the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit work in unity. The historical context of the Jewish understanding of God as Father adds depth to this relationship, emphasizing God's sovereignty and love.

has granted it to him
The word "granted" comes from the Greek "didomi," meaning to give or bestow. This indicates that coming to Jesus is a gift from God, not something earned by human effort. The concept of divine grace is central here, aligning with the broader scriptural theme that salvation is a gift from God. Historically, this would challenge the prevailing Jewish thought that emphasized adherence to the law as a means to righteousness.

From that time on
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the ministry of Jesus. The Greek word used here, "ἐκ τούτου" (ek toutou), indicates a specific turning point. Historically, this moment follows Jesus' teaching on being the Bread of Life, which was difficult for many to accept. It signifies a transition in His ministry where the focus shifts from large crowds to a more intimate group of true believers. This turning point challenges us to consider the moments in our own spiritual journey where we must decide to follow Christ more deeply, even when His teachings challenge our understanding.

many of His disciples
The term "disciples" here, "μαθηταί" (mathētai), refers not only to the Twelve Apostles but to a broader group of followers who had been learning from Jesus. The use of "many" suggests that a significant number of these followers were not ready to accept the full implications of Jesus' teachings. This highlights the distinction between mere followers and true disciples, urging us to examine the depth of our own commitment to Christ.

turned back
The Greek word "ἀπῆλθον" (apēlthon) conveys a sense of departure or withdrawal. This was not a casual leaving but a decisive turning away from Jesus. Historically, this reflects the growing tension and division among those who heard Jesus' radical claims about His identity and mission. It serves as a sobering reminder of the cost of discipleship and the reality that not all who hear the gospel will choose to follow it.

and no longer walked with Him
The phrase "no longer walked with Him" uses the Greek "περιεπάτουν" (periepatoun), which implies a continuous action of walking or living life with someone. This indicates a complete cessation of their relationship with Jesus. In the scriptural context, walking with Jesus symbolizes living in accordance with His teachings and being in fellowship with Him. This departure underscores the challenge of maintaining faithfulness in the face of difficult teachings and the importance of perseverance in our walk with Christ.

So Jesus asked the Twelve
In this opening phrase, we see Jesus directly engaging with His closest disciples, the Twelve. The Greek word for "asked" (ἐρωτάω, erōtaō) implies a questioning that seeks a response, indicating that Jesus is not merely making a rhetorical point but genuinely seeking to understand the commitment of His disciples. Historically, the Twelve were chosen by Jesus to be His closest followers, representing the new Israel, akin to the twelve tribes. This moment is pivotal as it tests their loyalty and understanding of His mission.

Do you want to leave too?
Here, Jesus poses a direct and personal question. The Greek word for "want" (θέλω, thelō) suggests a desire or wish, probing the inner intentions of the disciples. The context of this question is crucial; it follows a challenging teaching that caused many followers to abandon Jesus. The phrase "leave too" (ὑπάγω, hypagō) implies a departure or withdrawal, not just physically but also spiritually and relationally. This question serves as a moment of decision, echoing the covenantal choices presented throughout Scripture, such as Joshua's call to choose whom to serve (Joshua 24:15). Jesus' question invites the Twelve to reaffirm their commitment amidst doubt and confusion, highlighting the cost of discipleship and the necessity of faith.

Simon Peter replied
In this opening phrase, we see Simon Peter, one of Jesus' closest disciples, taking the role of a spokesperson. The name "Simon" is of Hebrew origin, meaning "he has heard," which is fitting as Peter often acts on what he hears from Jesus. "Peter," meaning "rock" in Greek, signifies his foundational role in the early Church. Historically, Peter's leadership is evident in the Acts of the Apostles, where he emerges as a central figure in the spread of the Gospel. His reply here is not just personal but representative of the collective faith of the disciples.

Lord
The term "Lord" (Greek: "Kyrios") is a title of respect and authority, acknowledging Jesus' divine status. In the Jewish context, "Lord" was often used to refer to God, indicating Peter's recognition of Jesus' divine nature. This acknowledgment is crucial in the conservative Christian perspective, as it affirms the belief in Jesus as both fully God and fully man, a cornerstone of Christian doctrine.

to whom
This phrase indicates a sense of exclusivity and singularity. Peter's question implies that there is no alternative to Jesus. In the historical context of the first-century Jewish world, many rabbis and teachers offered spiritual guidance, but Peter's rhetorical question underscores the unique position of Jesus as the sole source of eternal truth and life.

shall we go?
The use of "shall" suggests a future-oriented decision, reflecting the disciples' commitment to follow Jesus despite uncertainties. The question "go" implies movement or a change of direction, which in the spiritual sense, means turning away from Jesus. This highlights the disciples' understanding that leaving Jesus would mean abandoning the path to eternal life. Historically, this reflects the early Christians' struggles and the choices they faced in a world often hostile to their faith.

You have the words
Here, "words" (Greek: "rhema") refers to spoken words or sayings, emphasizing the power and authority of Jesus' teachings. In the scriptural context, Jesus' words are not just informative but transformative, offering life and truth. This aligns with the conservative Christian belief in the Bible as the inspired Word of God, with Jesus' teachings being central to understanding God's will.

of eternal life
"Eternal life" (Greek: "zoe aionios") is a key concept in Christian theology, referring to the life that is both abundant and everlasting, beginning now and continuing into eternity. In the historical and scriptural context, eternal life is a gift from God, made possible through Jesus' death and resurrection. This phrase encapsulates the hope and promise of the Gospel, affirming the belief that through Jesus, believers are granted a life that transcends the temporal and enters into the divine.

We have come to believe
This phrase signifies a journey of faith and understanding. The Greek word used here is "πιστεύω" (pisteuō), which means to have faith or to trust. This is not a passive belief but an active, ongoing trust in Jesus Christ. The disciples, through their experiences and the teachings of Jesus, have reached a point of conviction. This reflects the process of discipleship, where faith is not just a momentary decision but a continual growth in understanding and trust in Jesus as the Messiah.

and to know
The Greek word for "know" is "γινώσκω" (ginōskō), which implies a deep, intimate knowledge. This is not merely intellectual assent but a relational understanding. In the biblical context, knowing often involves a personal relationship, as seen in the Hebrew word "yada" used in the Old Testament. The disciples' knowledge of Jesus is not just about recognizing Him as a historical figure but knowing Him personally as the Son of God. This knowledge is transformative, affecting how they live and interact with the world.

that You are the Holy One of God
This title, "the Holy One of God," is significant. In the Old Testament, holiness is a key attribute of God, denoting His purity, separateness, and divine nature. The Greek term "ἅγιος" (hagios) is used here, which means sacred or set apart. By calling Jesus the Holy One, the disciples acknowledge His divine nature and His unique role in God's redemptive plan. This confession aligns with Peter's earlier declaration in Matthew 16:16, where he calls Jesus the Messiah, the Son of the living God. It underscores the recognition of Jesus' divine authority and mission.

Jesus answered them
This phrase introduces the response of Jesus to His disciples. The Greek word for "answered" is "ἀπεκρίθη" (apekrithē), which implies a direct and authoritative response. In the context of the Gospel of John, Jesus often uses His responses to reveal deeper spiritual truths. Here, He is addressing His chosen disciples, indicating the importance of His forthcoming statement.

Have I not chosen you
The word "chosen" comes from the Greek "ἐξελεξάμην" (exelexamēn), which means to select or elect. This choice is not random but intentional and purposeful. In the broader biblical narrative, God's choosing is often associated with His sovereign will and divine purpose. Jesus' choice of the disciples reflects His authority and the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan.

the Twelve?
The term "Twelve" refers to the twelve apostles, a group symbolically representing the twelve tribes of Israel. This number signifies completeness and divine order. Historically, the selection of twelve apostles underscores the continuity between the Old and New Covenants, with Jesus establishing a new spiritual Israel through His followers.

Yet one of you is a devil!
The word "devil" is translated from the Greek "διάβολος" (diabolos), meaning accuser or slanderer. This term is used to describe Judas Iscariot, who would later betray Jesus. The use of "devil" highlights the spiritual battle and the presence of evil even among those chosen by Jesus. It serves as a sobering reminder of the reality of sin and the necessity of vigilance in faith.

He was speaking about Judas
This phrase identifies Judas Iscariot as the subject of Jesus' foreknowledge of betrayal. The name "Judas" is derived from the Hebrew name "Judah," meaning "praise." Ironically, Judas' actions would lead to the most infamous betrayal in history, contrasting sharply with the meaning of his name. This highlights the tragic fall from grace and the potential for human failure despite proximity to divine truth.

the son of Simon Iscariot
The designation "son of Simon Iscariot" provides a specific identification of Judas, distinguishing him from others with the same name. "Iscariot" is often thought to mean "man of Kerioth," a town in Judea, suggesting Judas was the only disciple from Judea, while the others were Galileans. This geographical distinction may have contributed to his sense of isolation or difference among the Twelve.

For although Judas was one of the Twelve
This phrase underscores the gravity of Judas' betrayal. Being "one of the Twelve" signifies a position of intimate fellowship and trust with Jesus. The Twelve were chosen by Jesus to be His closest companions and witnesses to His ministry. Judas' inclusion in this group highlights the profound nature of his eventual betrayal, serving as a sobering reminder of the potential for sin even among those closest to Christ.

he was later to betray Jesus
The word "betray" comes from the Greek "paradidomi," meaning to hand over or deliver up. This term is used throughout the New Testament to describe Judas' act of delivering Jesus to the authorities. The phrase "later to betray" indicates the foreknowledge of Jesus regarding Judas' actions, emphasizing the divine omniscience of Christ. Despite knowing Judas' future betrayal, Jesus still chose him as a disciple, demonstrating His commitment to God's redemptive plan and the offer of grace to all, even those who would ultimately reject it.