Woe to the shepherds
The term "shepherds" in biblical context often refers to leaders, particularly kings, priests, and prophets, who are responsible for guiding and caring for God's people. In ancient Israel, shepherds were tasked with the protection and guidance of their flock, a metaphor for the spiritual and political leaders of the nation. The use of "woe" is a pronouncement of judgment and impending doom, indicating God's displeasure with these leaders. This echoes the prophetic tradition where leaders are held accountable for their failure to lead righteously (Ezekiel 34:2-10).

who destroy and scatter
The leaders are accused of destroying and scattering the people, which implies both physical and spiritual harm. Historically, this can be linked to the period of the Babylonian exile, where poor leadership led to the downfall of Jerusalem and the dispersion of the Israelites. Spiritually, it suggests leading people away from God's commandments and into idolatry or injustice. This scattering contrasts with the gathering and protection expected of a good shepherd (John 10:11-13).

the sheep of My pasture!
The "sheep" symbolize the people of Israel, and "My pasture" indicates God's ownership and care for His people. This imagery is consistent throughout Scripture, where God is depicted as the ultimate shepherd (Psalm 23:1). The pasture represents a place of provision and safety, which the leaders have failed to maintain. This failure is a direct affront to God's covenant relationship with Israel, where He promised to be their God and they His people (Exodus 19:5-6).

declares the LORD.
The phrase underscores the authority and certainty of the message. It is not merely Jeremiah's opinion but a divine pronouncement. The use of "declares the LORD" is a common prophetic formula that emphasizes the seriousness and authenticity of the message. It assures the audience that the words are from God Himself, reinforcing the accountability of the leaders and the certainty of the coming judgment. This declaration is consistent with the prophetic tradition where God directly communicates His will and judgment through His prophets (Amos 3:7).

Therefore this is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says about the shepherds who tend My people:
This phrase establishes the authority of the message, coming directly from the LORD, the covenant God of Israel. The term "shepherds" refers to the leaders of Israel, including kings, priests, and prophets, who were responsible for guiding and caring for the people. In biblical times, shepherding was a common occupation, and the metaphor of shepherds for leaders is used throughout Scripture (e.g., Psalm 23, Ezekiel 34). The leaders were expected to protect and nurture the people, much like a shepherd does with sheep.

You have scattered My flock and driven them away, and have not attended to them:
Here, God accuses the leaders of failing in their duties. Instead of gathering and caring for the people, they have caused division and dispersion. This scattering can be understood both literally, as in the exile of the Israelites, and spiritually, as in leading the people away from true worship. The leaders' neglect and misguidance have resulted in the people being spiritually lost and vulnerable. This echoes the warnings found in Ezekiel 34:4-6, where God condemns the shepherds for their failure to care for the flock.

Behold, I will attend to you for the evil of your deeds, declares the LORD:
God promises to hold the leaders accountable for their actions. The phrase "I will attend to you" indicates divine judgment and retribution. This is a common theme in prophetic literature, where God assures that He will not let injustice and neglect go unpunished. The "evil of your deeds" highlights the moral and spiritual corruption of the leaders, which has led to the suffering of the people. This judgment serves as a warning and a call to repentance, emphasizing God's justice and righteousness. The concept of divine retribution is also seen in passages like Isaiah 10:1-3 and Hosea 4:9, where leaders are held accountable for their failure to uphold God's standards.

Then I Myself will gather the remnant of My flock
This phrase emphasizes God's personal involvement in the restoration of His people. The "remnant" refers to the faithful few who remain true to God despite widespread apostasy. This concept of a remnant is a recurring theme in the Bible, seen in passages like Isaiah 10:20-22 and Romans 11:5. The imagery of a "flock" highlights God's role as a shepherd, a motif found throughout Scripture, notably in Psalm 23 and John 10:11, where Jesus is described as the Good Shepherd.

from all the lands to which I have banished them
This reflects the historical context of the Babylonian exile, where the Israelites were scattered due to their disobedience. The phrase underscores God's sovereignty in both judgment and restoration. The dispersion of the Israelites is documented in 2 Kings 25 and 2 Chronicles 36. The promise of regathering is a recurring prophetic theme, also seen in Ezekiel 11:17 and Zechariah 10:9-10, indicating God's faithfulness to His covenant.

and I will return them to their pasture
The "pasture" symbolizes a place of safety, provision, and peace, reminiscent of the Promised Land. This promise of return is not just physical but also spiritual, indicating a restoration of relationship with God. The imagery connects to Psalm 23:2, where God leads His people to green pastures, and to the eschatological hope found in Revelation 7:17, where the Lamb shepherds His people to springs of living water.

where they will be fruitful and multiply
This phrase echoes the original blessing given to humanity in Genesis 1:28 and to the patriarchs, such as in Genesis 17:6. It signifies not only physical prosperity but also spiritual growth and the fulfillment of God's promises. The idea of fruitfulness is also a type of Christ, who in John 15:5, speaks of His followers bearing much fruit through abiding in Him. This promise of multiplication and blessing is a testament to God's redemptive plan for His people.

I will raise up shepherds over them
This phrase indicates God's intention to appoint leaders who will care for His people. In the historical context, the shepherd metaphor is frequently used in the Bible to describe kings and leaders (e.g., David in 2 Samuel 5:2). The failure of previous leaders, as seen earlier in Jeremiah 23, necessitates this divine intervention. The promise of new shepherds can be seen as a foreshadowing of the coming of righteous leaders, ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ, the Good Shepherd (John 10:11).

who will tend them
The role of these shepherds is to care for and nurture the people, contrasting with the neglectful leaders criticized earlier in the chapter. This care includes providing spiritual guidance and protection, akin to the responsibilities of a shepherd tending to sheep. The imagery suggests a return to faithful leadership, reminiscent of the ideal kingship of David, who was a shepherd before becoming king.

and they will no longer be afraid or dismayed
This promise addresses the fear and confusion experienced by the people due to poor leadership and external threats, such as the Babylonian exile. The assurance of safety and stability under new leadership reflects God's commitment to His covenant people. This echoes the peace and security promised in other prophetic texts, such as Isaiah 41:10, where God reassures His people of His presence and protection.

nor will any go missing
The phrase suggests a restoration of the people, ensuring that none are lost or scattered. This can be seen as a reversal of the scattering experienced during the exile. It also alludes to the parable of the lost sheep in Luke 15:4-7, where Jesus emphasizes the value of each individual and the joy of their return. The imagery underscores God's desire for the complete restoration and unity of His people.

declares the LORD
This declaration emphasizes the authority and certainty of the promise. It is a divine assurance that the prophecy will be fulfilled, reflecting God's sovereignty and faithfulness. The phrase "declares the LORD" is a common prophetic formula, underscoring that the message is not from the prophet's own imagination but is a direct communication from God, as seen throughout the book of Jeremiah and other prophetic writings.

Behold, the days are coming, declares the LORD
This phrase introduces a prophetic announcement, indicating a future event that is certain to occur. The use of "Behold" serves to capture attention, emphasizing the importance of the message. The phrase "the days are coming" is a common prophetic formula found in the Old Testament, often used to introduce significant future events (e.g., Jeremiah 31:31). It underscores the certainty and divine origin of the prophecy, as it is declared by the LORD Himself, affirming His sovereignty and control over history.

when I will raise up for David a righteous Branch
This prophecy refers to the coming of a descendant from the line of David, a promise rooted in the Davidic Covenant (2 Samuel 7:12-16). The term "Branch" is a messianic title, symbolizing new growth and life, and is used elsewhere in the Old Testament (e.g., Isaiah 11:1, Zechariah 3:8). The "righteous Branch" signifies a leader who embodies righteousness, contrasting with the corrupt leaders of Jeremiah's time. This prophecy points to the Messiah, who Christians believe is fulfilled in Jesus Christ, as He is seen as the ultimate righteous descendant of David.

and He will reign wisely as King
This phrase highlights the nature of the Messiah's reign, characterized by wisdom and understanding. Unlike the kings of Jeremiah's time, who often acted foolishly and unjustly, this future King will govern with divine wisdom. The concept of a wise ruler is echoed in the wisdom literature of the Old Testament, such as Proverbs, and is exemplified in the reign of Solomon, who initially ruled with great wisdom (1 Kings 3:9-12). The wise reign of the Messiah is seen as a fulfillment of the ideal kingship envisioned in the scriptures.

and will administer justice and righteousness in the land
The administration of justice and righteousness is a central theme in the prophetic literature, reflecting God's character and His expectations for leaders (e.g., Isaiah 9:7, Amos 5:24). This phrase indicates that the coming King will establish a kingdom where justice and righteousness prevail, addressing the social and moral corruption prevalent in Jeremiah's time. The land, often referring to Israel, will experience a transformation under this righteous rule. This vision aligns with the messianic hope of a restored and just society, ultimately fulfilled in the eschatological kingdom of God.

In His days
This phrase refers to the future reign of the Messiah, a time anticipated by the prophets when the promised descendant of David would establish a kingdom characterized by justice and righteousness. The "days" signify a specific era of divine intervention and fulfillment of God's promises to Israel.

Judah will be saved
The salvation of Judah indicates a restoration and deliverance from both physical and spiritual adversities. Historically, Judah faced numerous threats from surrounding nations, and this promise assures them of divine protection and redemption. This salvation is also seen as a type of the ultimate salvation brought by Jesus Christ, who delivers believers from sin.

and Israel will dwell securely
The unification of Judah and Israel under a single, peaceful rule is a significant theme. This security implies not only freedom from external threats but also internal peace and prosperity. It reflects the prophetic vision of a restored Israel living in harmony, as seen in other prophetic books like Isaiah and Ezekiel.

And this is His name by which He will be called: The LORD Our Righteousness
This name signifies the character and mission of the Messiah. "The LORD Our Righteousness" emphasizes that righteousness is not achieved by human effort but is a divine gift. This title connects to the New Testament revelation of Jesus Christ, who embodies and imparts God's righteousness to believers. It also reflects the covenant relationship where God provides what is necessary for His people to be in right standing with Him.

So behold, the days are coming, declares the LORD
This phrase introduces a prophetic declaration, indicating a future event that is certain to occur. The use of "behold" serves to capture attention, emphasizing the importance of the message. The phrase "declares the LORD" underscores the divine authority behind the prophecy, assuring its fulfillment. This is a common prophetic formula found throughout the Old Testament, signifying that the message is not from the prophet himself but from God. It connects to other prophetic announcements, such as those in Isaiah and Ezekiel, where God reveals His plans for His people.

when they will no longer say
This indicates a shift in the collective memory and expression of the people. It suggests a change in what will be considered the defining act of God's deliverance. The phrase implies that the current way of referencing God's power and faithfulness will be replaced by a new, more significant event. This reflects the dynamic nature of God's relationship with His people, where past acts of salvation are not the end but part of an ongoing narrative.

‘As surely as the LORD lives, who brought the Israelites up out of the land of Egypt.’
This part of the verse references the Exodus, a foundational event in Israel's history, where God delivered the Israelites from slavery in Egypt. It was the central act of salvation and a key identity marker for the nation of Israel. The phrase "As surely as the LORD lives" is an oath formula, affirming the truth and certainty of God's past actions. The Exodus is frequently recalled throughout the Old Testament as a demonstration of God's power and faithfulness, seen in passages like Exodus 20:2 and Deuteronomy 5:6. The prophecy in Jeremiah suggests that a future act of deliverance will surpass even the Exodus in significance, pointing to the coming of a new covenant and ultimately foreshadowing the redemptive work of Jesus Christ, who brings a greater deliverance from sin and death.

Instead they will say,
This phrase indicates a shift in the way people will speak of God's deliverance. Previously, the exodus from Egypt was the primary reference point for God's saving acts. This change signifies a new, significant event in Israel's history that will surpass the former exodus in its impact and importance.

‘As surely as the LORD lives,
This oath formula underscores the certainty and truth of God's actions. It reflects the Hebrew understanding of God as the living, active, and faithful deity who intervenes in history. This phrase is often used in the Old Testament to affirm the reliability of God's promises and actions.

who brought and led the descendants of the house of Israel up out of the land of the north
The "land of the north" refers to Babylon, where the Israelites were exiled. This phrase highlights God's role as the deliverer, similar to how He brought the Israelites out of Egypt. The return from Babylonian exile is seen as a second exodus, emphasizing God's continued faithfulness to His covenant people.

and all the other lands to which He had banished them.’
This expands the scope of God's deliverance beyond Babylon, acknowledging the dispersion of Israelites to various nations. It reflects the historical reality of the Jewish diaspora and God's promise to gather His people from all corners of the earth, as seen in prophecies like Isaiah 11:11-12.

Then they will dwell once more in their own land.”
This promise of restoration to their homeland is central to the covenant relationship between God and Israel. It fulfills prophecies of return and restoration found throughout the Old Testament, such as in Ezekiel 36:24-28. This return is not just physical but also spiritual, pointing to a renewed relationship with God. It also foreshadows the ultimate restoration and peace found in the Messianic kingdom, which Christians see fulfilled in Jesus Christ.

As for the prophets:
This phrase introduces a lament or oracle concerning the prophets of Israel. In the historical context, prophets were meant to be God's messengers, conveying His will to the people. However, during Jeremiah's time, many prophets were false, leading the people astray with messages that contradicted God's true intentions. This sets the stage for a critique of those who claim to speak for God but do not.

My heart is broken within me:
Jeremiah expresses deep emotional distress, indicating the seriousness of the situation. The heart, in Hebrew thought, is the center of emotion and will. Jeremiah's broken heart reflects his sorrow over the false prophets' deception and the resulting spiritual decay of the nation. This phrase also highlights the prophet's empathy and alignment with God's own grief over the people's sin.

and all my bones tremble:
The imagery of trembling bones suggests a physical reaction to spiritual and emotional turmoil. In ancient Near Eastern culture, bones were often seen as the seat of strength and vitality. Jeremiah's trembling bones symbolize the profound impact of the false prophets' actions on his entire being, indicating the depth of his concern and fear for the consequences of their deceit.

I have become like a drunkard, like a man overcome by wine:
This simile illustrates Jeremiah's disorientation and loss of control, akin to intoxication. The comparison to a drunkard emphasizes the overwhelming nature of the divine message and the prophet's inability to remain unaffected by the gravity of the situation. It also suggests a contrast between the false prophets' self-indulgence and Jeremiah's genuine, albeit overwhelming, response to God's word.

because of the LORD, because of His holy words:
The source of Jeremiah's distress is divine in origin. The phrase underscores the authority and sanctity of God's words, which stand in stark contrast to the false messages of the deceitful prophets. The holiness of God's words implies their purity, truth, and power, which deeply affect Jeremiah, driving him to lament the spiritual state of his people. This also points to the prophetic role as a burden, where the true prophet is deeply affected by the weight of God's message.

For the land is full of adulterers—
This phrase highlights the pervasive moral decay in the society of Judah during Jeremiah's time. Adultery here can be understood both literally and metaphorically. Literally, it refers to the violation of the marriage covenant, which was rampant. Metaphorically, it signifies spiritual unfaithfulness to God, as the people pursued idolatry and false gods, akin to spiritual adultery. This theme of unfaithfulness is echoed in other prophetic books, such as Hosea, where Israel's idolatry is likened to marital infidelity.

because of the curse, the land mourns
The "curse" refers to the consequences of breaking the covenant with God, as outlined in Deuteronomy 28. The land mourning is a poetic way of describing the desolation and barrenness that result from the people's sin. This reflects the ancient Near Eastern understanding that the land's fertility was directly linked to the people's faithfulness to their deity. The mourning of the land is also seen in Isaiah 24:4-6, where the earth suffers due to the inhabitants' transgressions.

and the pastures of the wilderness have dried up—
This imagery of dried-up pastures signifies the physical manifestation of God's judgment. The wilderness, often a place of testing and reliance on God, becomes inhospitable due to the people's sin. This can be connected to the curses in Leviticus 26:19-20, where God warns of the land's desolation as a consequence of disobedience. The drying up of pastures also symbolizes the loss of sustenance and life, pointing to the broader impact of sin on creation.

their course is evil
The "course" refers to the path or way of life that the people have chosen, which is characterized by evil. This indicates a deliberate and persistent choice to follow wickedness rather than righteousness. The concept of a "course" or "way" is significant in biblical literature, often contrasting the way of the righteous with the way of the wicked, as seen in Psalm 1. The people's evil course is a rejection of God's law and a pursuit of their own desires.

and their power is misused.
The misuse of power suggests corruption and injustice among the leaders and people of Judah. Instead of using their authority to uphold justice and righteousness, they exploit it for personal gain and oppression. This theme of corrupt leadership is prevalent in the prophetic literature, where leaders are often rebuked for failing to shepherd the people rightly, as seen in Ezekiel 34. The misuse of power is a direct affront to God's character, who is just and righteous, and it foreshadows the coming of Jesus Christ, the Good Shepherd, who exercises His power with justice and compassion.

For both prophet and priest are ungodly;
This phrase highlights the pervasive corruption among the religious leaders of Judah. Prophets and priests were expected to be spiritual guides and mediators between God and the people. However, during Jeremiah's time, many had turned away from their divine calling. This corruption is not isolated to Jeremiah's era; it echoes the failures of religious leaders throughout Israel's history, such as the sons of Eli (1 Samuel 2:12-17). The ungodliness of these leaders is a significant factor in the spiritual decline of the nation, as they were responsible for teaching and upholding God's law.

even in My house I have found their wickedness,
The "house" refers to the temple in Jerusalem, the center of Jewish worship and the dwelling place of God's presence among His people. The presence of wickedness in the temple signifies a profound desecration of what was meant to be holy. This echoes the situation in Ezekiel 8, where idolatry and abominations are found within the temple itself. The temple's defilement is a serious offense, as it was intended to be a place of purity and worship. This corruption within the temple foreshadows the eventual destruction of Jerusalem and the temple by the Babylonians in 586 BC.

declares the LORD.
This phrase emphasizes the authority and certainty of the message. It is not merely Jeremiah's observation but a divine pronouncement. The use of "declares the LORD" is a common prophetic formula that underscores the seriousness of the message and the accountability of the people to respond. It serves as a reminder that God is aware of the actions of His people and their leaders, and He will hold them accountable. This declaration also points to the ultimate fulfillment of God's justice and the hope of restoration, as seen in the promise of a righteous Branch, a prophecy of the coming Messiah (Jeremiah 23:5-6).

Therefore their path will become slick;
This phrase indicates a consequence of the actions of the false prophets and corrupt leaders in Judah. The imagery of a "slick path" suggests instability and danger, symbolizing the moral and spiritual decline of the people. In biblical times, a slick path would be treacherous, leading to falls and injury, much like the spiritual peril the leaders have led the people into. This reflects the broader biblical theme of the consequences of sin, as seen in Proverbs 4:19, where the way of the wicked is described as darkness.

they will be driven away into the darkness and fall into it.
Darkness in the Bible often symbolizes judgment, confusion, and separation from God. Being "driven away into the darkness" suggests divine judgment and exile, reminiscent of the Babylonian captivity that Jeremiah prophesied. This phrase echoes the fate of those who reject God's guidance, as seen in Isaiah 8:22, where people look to the earth and see only distress and darkness. The fall into darkness signifies the ultimate downfall and ruin of those who lead others astray.

For I will bring disaster upon them
This part of the verse underscores God's active role in bringing judgment. The disaster is a direct result of the people's disobedience and the false prophets' misleading teachings. This aligns with the covenantal curses outlined in Deuteronomy 28, where disobedience to God's laws results in calamity. It also reflects the prophetic tradition where God uses nations like Babylon as instruments of His judgment, as seen in Habakkuk 1:6.

in the year of their punishment,
The "year of their punishment" indicates a specific, divinely appointed time for judgment. This concept of a set time for divine retribution is consistent with the prophetic literature, where God’s patience has limits, and a time of reckoning is inevitable. This is similar to the "day of the Lord" found in other prophetic books, such as Joel 2:1, which speaks of a time of judgment and restoration.

declares the LORD.
This phrase affirms the authority and certainty of the prophecy. The use of "declares the LORD" is a common prophetic formula that emphasizes that the message is not from the prophet himself but from God. It assures the audience of the truth and inevitability of the prophecy, as seen throughout the book of Jeremiah and other prophetic writings, such as Amos 3:7, where God reveals His plans through His prophets.

Among the prophets of Samaria
Samaria was the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, established by King Omri. The prophets in this region were often influenced by the surrounding pagan cultures. The division between the Northern Kingdom (Israel) and the Southern Kingdom (Judah) after Solomon's reign led to distinct religious practices, with Samaria frequently falling into idolatry. This context highlights the spiritual decline and the syncretism that plagued the Northern Kingdom.

I saw an offensive thing:
The term "offensive" indicates something detestable or abominable in the sight of God. This reflects God's holiness and His intolerance for idolatry and false prophecy. The prophets' actions were not just errors but were deeply offensive to God, violating the covenant relationship He had with Israel.

They prophesied by Baal
Baal was a Canaanite deity associated with fertility and storms, often worshipped through rituals that included immoral practices. The prophets' invocation of Baal signifies a direct violation of the First Commandment, which forbids the worship of other gods. This syncretism was a recurring issue, as seen in the confrontation between Elijah and the prophets of Baal on Mount Carmel (1 Kings 18).

and led My people Israel astray.
The role of a prophet was to guide the people in God's truth, but these prophets led Israel into idolatry and away from the covenant. This phrase underscores the responsibility of spiritual leaders and the severe consequences of their failure. The theme of leading astray is echoed in other scriptures, such as Ezekiel 34, where God condemns the shepherds of Israel for neglecting their duties. The ultimate fulfillment of true guidance is found in Jesus Christ, the Good Shepherd, who leads His people in truth and righteousness.

And among the prophets of Jerusalem I have seen a horrible thing:
The prophets in Jerusalem were expected to be the spiritual leaders and moral guides for the people. However, God observes a "horrible thing" among them, indicating a deep corruption and betrayal of their divine calling. This phrase highlights the gravity of their sin, as Jerusalem was the center of worship and prophecy in Israel. The prophets' failure is particularly egregious given their proximity to the temple and the heart of Jewish religious life.

They commit adultery and walk in lies.
Adultery here can be understood both literally and metaphorically. Literally, it refers to sexual immorality, which was rampant among the leaders. Metaphorically, it signifies spiritual unfaithfulness to God, akin to Israel's idolatry. Walking in lies suggests a lifestyle characterized by deceit and falsehood, contrasting with the truth that prophets were supposed to uphold. This behavior is condemned in other scriptures, such as Hosea 4:2, where lying and adultery are linked to the nation's downfall.

They strengthen the hands of evildoers,
Instead of opposing sin, these prophets encourage it, making them complicit in the people's wickedness. By failing to call out sin, they enable and empower those who do evil. This phrase echoes the warning in Isaiah 5:20 against calling evil good and good evil. The prophets' actions directly contradict their role as God's messengers, who should lead people to righteousness.

so that no one turns his back on wickedness.
The prophets' failure to denounce sin results in a lack of repentance among the people. Repentance, or turning away from sin, is a central theme in the prophetic message (e.g., Ezekiel 18:30). The absence of repentance leads to moral decay and divine judgment. This phrase underscores the importance of true prophetic ministry in guiding people back to God.

They are all like Sodom to Me;
Sodom is synonymous with extreme wickedness and divine judgment, as seen in Genesis 19. By comparing the prophets to Sodom, God emphasizes the severity of their sin and the impending judgment. This comparison serves as a stark warning, as Sodom's destruction was total and irreversible. It highlights the moral and spiritual degradation of the prophets.

the people of Jerusalem are like Gomorrah.”
Gomorrah, like Sodom, represents utter depravity and the consequences of unrepentant sin. By likening Jerusalem's people to Gomorrah, God indicates that the entire city is steeped in sin, not just the prophets. This comparison foreshadows the coming judgment on Jerusalem, similar to the fate of Sodom and Gomorrah. It serves as a call to repentance and a reminder of God's holiness and justice.

Therefore this is what the LORD of Hosts says concerning the prophets:
This phrase introduces a divine pronouncement, emphasizing the authority and power of God as the "LORD of Hosts," a title that underscores His command over heavenly armies. The context here is a rebuke directed at the false prophets in Jerusalem, who were misleading the people. This reflects a common theme in the Old Testament where God addresses the failures of spiritual leaders (e.g., Ezekiel 13:1-9).

“I will feed them wormwood and give them poisoned water to drink,
Wormwood is a bitter plant often associated with judgment and calamity (Deuteronomy 29:18, Revelation 8:11). The imagery of consuming wormwood and poisoned water symbolizes the severe consequences and divine retribution that these false prophets will face. This reflects the principle of reaping what one sows (Galatians 6:7), as their deceitful teachings lead to spiritual and moral corruption.

for from the prophets of Jerusalem ungodliness has spread throughout the land.”
The prophets of Jerusalem, who were supposed to be the spiritual leaders, had instead become sources of corruption, causing ungodliness to permeate the nation. This highlights the significant influence of leaders and the responsibility they bear (James 3:1). The spread of ungodliness is reminiscent of leaven in dough, a metaphor used by Jesus to describe the pervasive nature of false teachings (Matthew 16:6, 11-12). The historical context here is the period leading up to the Babylonian exile, where the moral and spiritual decay of Judah was a key factor in their downfall.

This is what the LORD of Hosts says:
This phrase emphasizes the authority and power of God, often referred to as the "LORD of Hosts," which signifies His command over the armies of heaven. This title underscores God's sovereignty and His ability to execute judgment and deliverance. It is a reminder of His ultimate authority over all creation, including the prophets and their messages.

Do not listen to the words of the prophets who prophesy to you.
Here, the instruction is clear: the people are warned against heeding the false prophets. In the historical context, many prophets in Judah were claiming to speak for God, but their messages contradicted the true words of God delivered through Jeremiah. This reflects a common biblical theme where true and false prophets are distinguished by their adherence to God's word.

They are filling you with false hopes.
The false prophets were offering messages of peace and prosperity, which were contrary to the impending judgment that God had declared through Jeremiah. This phrase highlights the danger of false assurance and the importance of discerning truth from deception. It serves as a warning against complacency and the allure of comforting lies.

They speak visions from their own minds,
This indicates that the false prophets were not receiving divine revelation but were instead concocting messages based on their own thoughts and desires. This self-originated prophecy contrasts with true prophecy, which is divinely inspired. It underscores the human tendency to create messages that align with personal or popular desires rather than God's will.

not from the mouth of the LORD.
The ultimate test of a prophet's message is whether it originates from God. This phrase emphasizes the necessity of divine origin for true prophecy. It also points to the importance of Scripture as the authoritative word of God, against which all teachings and prophecies must be measured. This distinction is crucial for understanding the nature of true prophecy and the role of the prophet as God's spokesperson.

They keep saying to those who despise Me
This phrase highlights the false prophets' message to those who reject God. In the historical context of Jeremiah, many Israelites had turned away from God, embracing idolatry and injustice. The false prophets assured these individuals of peace, contradicting God's true message delivered through Jeremiah. This reflects a broader biblical theme where false assurances are given to those living in rebellion against God (see Ezekiel 13:10). The term "despise" indicates a deep-seated rejection of God's authority and commandments, a recurring issue in Israel's history.

‘The LORD says that you will have peace,’
The false prophets claimed divine authority by saying "The LORD says," which was a grave misuse of God's name. In the cultural context, invoking God's name was meant to lend credibility and weight to a message. However, these prophets were misleading the people, promising peace when God had decreed judgment due to their sins. This false assurance of peace is reminiscent of the deceptive messages in 1 Thessalonians 5:3, where people are lulled into a false sense of security before sudden destruction.

and to everyone who walks in the stubbornness of his own heart
This phrase describes those who follow their own desires rather than God's will. The "stubbornness of heart" is a biblical motif indicating rebellion and self-will, as seen in Deuteronomy 29:19. In Jeremiah's time, this stubbornness manifested in the people's refusal to heed God's warnings through His prophets. The heart, in biblical terms, is the center of will and decision-making, and a stubborn heart is resistant to divine guidance.

‘No harm will come to you.’
The false prophets' message of "No harm will come to you" directly contradicted the warnings of impending judgment due to the people's sins. This assurance was a dangerous lie, as it encouraged complacency and continued disobedience. Historically, this false sense of security led to the Babylonian exile, fulfilling God's warnings through Jeremiah. This phrase serves as a caution against ignoring God's true messages and relying on comforting lies, a theme echoed in the New Testament warnings against false teachers (2 Timothy 4:3-4).

But which of them has stood in the council of the LORD
This phrase questions the authenticity and authority of the false prophets in Jeremiah's time. The "council of the LORD" refers to the divine assembly or heavenly court where God reveals His plans. In ancient Near Eastern culture, kings and leaders often had councils for decision-making, and this imagery is used to depict God's sovereign rule. The true prophets, like Jeremiah, were those who had access to this divine council, receiving genuine revelations from God. This echoes the experience of prophets like Isaiah (Isaiah 6:1-8) and Micaiah (1 Kings 22:19), who had visions of the heavenly throne room.

to see and hear His word?
Seeing and hearing God's word implies a direct and authentic encounter with the divine message. In biblical terms, "seeing" often symbolizes understanding or perceiving spiritual truths, while "hearing" indicates obedience and attentiveness. This phrase challenges the false prophets who claimed to speak for God without having truly received His word. It underscores the importance of genuine revelation, as seen in the experiences of Moses (Exodus 33:11) and Samuel (1 Samuel 3:10-11), who both had direct communications with God.

Who has given heed to His word and obeyed it?
This part emphasizes the necessity of not only hearing God's word but also responding to it with obedience. In the historical context, many leaders and prophets in Judah were ignoring God's commands, leading to the nation's spiritual decline. The call to heed and obey is a recurring biblical theme, seen in Deuteronomy 6:4-9, where Israel is instructed to listen and act on God's laws. This obedience is a mark of true discipleship and is exemplified in the life of Jesus Christ, who perfectly fulfilled the Father's will (John 5:19, 30). The phrase serves as a reminder that true prophetic ministry involves both receiving and faithfully delivering God's message.

Behold, the storm of the LORD
This phrase introduces a divine intervention characterized as a storm, symbolizing God's judgment. In biblical literature, storms often represent God's power and wrath (e.g., Job 38:1, Nahum 1:3). The imagery of a storm conveys the overwhelming and unstoppable nature of God's actions. This aligns with the broader biblical theme of God as a righteous judge who acts against sin and injustice.

has gone out with fury
The phrase emphasizes the intensity and purposefulness of God's judgment. The term "fury" indicates a righteous anger directed towards sin, reflecting God's holiness and justice. This is consistent with other Old Testament passages where God's wrath is depicted as a response to covenant unfaithfulness (e.g., Deuteronomy 29:28, Isaiah 13:9).

a whirlwind swirling down
The whirlwind is a powerful and destructive force, often used in scripture to describe God's presence and action (e.g., 2 Kings 2:1, Ezekiel 1:4). It suggests suddenness and inescapability, reinforcing the idea that God's judgment is both imminent and unavoidable. The swirling motion implies chaos and upheaval, which are common consequences of divine judgment.

upon the heads of the wicked
This specifies the target of God's judgment: the wicked. In the context of Jeremiah, the wicked often refers to those who have turned away from God's covenant, including false prophets and corrupt leaders (Jeremiah 23:11-14). The phrase "upon the heads" indicates direct and personal accountability, underscoring the biblical principle that individuals are responsible for their actions and will face consequences accordingly (e.g., Ezekiel 18:20).

The anger of the LORD will not turn back
This phrase emphasizes the certainty and inevitability of God's judgment. In the context of Jeremiah, the prophet is addressing the false prophets and corrupt leaders of Judah who have led the people astray. The anger of the LORD is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, often associated with divine justice and righteousness. It reflects God's response to sin and rebellion, as seen in passages like Deuteronomy 29:27-28 and Isaiah 5:25. The idea of God's anger not turning back until His purposes are fulfilled underscores His sovereignty and the seriousness of His covenant with Israel.

until He has fully accomplished the purposes of His heart
This part of the verse highlights God's intentionality and determination. The "purposes of His heart" refer to God's divine plan and will, which are ultimately for the good of His people, even if they involve judgment. This aligns with the broader biblical narrative where God's plans are always fulfilled, as seen in Isaiah 46:10 and Romans 8:28. The phrase suggests that God's actions are not arbitrary but are part of a larger redemptive plan, which includes both judgment and restoration.

In the days to come you will understand this clearly
This prophetic statement points to a future time when the people will recognize and comprehend God's actions and purposes. It implies that current events may be confusing or misunderstood, but clarity will come with time. This future understanding is a common theme in prophetic literature, where immediate events are often seen as part of a larger eschatological framework. The phrase can be connected to the New Testament, where the full revelation of God's plan is seen in Jesus Christ, as in Ephesians 1:9-10. It also suggests a future hope and the eventual vindication of God's justice and mercy.

I did not send these prophets
This phrase highlights the issue of false prophets in ancient Israel. Throughout the Old Testament, God often sent prophets to deliver His messages to the people. However, during Jeremiah's time, many individuals claimed to be prophets without being commissioned by God. This reflects a broader theme in the Bible where true prophets are distinguished by their divine calling, as seen in the stories of Moses (Exodus 3:10) and Isaiah (Isaiah 6:8). The false prophets in Jeremiah's time were misleading the people, often promoting messages of peace and prosperity contrary to God's warnings of impending judgment.

yet they have run with their message
The imagery of "running" suggests urgency and eagerness. These false prophets were quick to spread their own messages, which were not from God. This eagerness can be contrasted with the true prophets who often hesitated or were reluctant to deliver God's difficult messages, such as Jonah (Jonah 1:3) and Jeremiah himself (Jeremiah 1:6). The false prophets' messages were likely more appealing to the people, as they often promised peace and security (Jeremiah 6:14), which were contrary to the warnings of judgment that God was actually delivering through His true prophets.

I did not speak to them
This phrase underscores the divine authority behind true prophecy. In the biblical context, a prophet's legitimacy is based on whether God has spoken to them. The false prophets lacked this divine communication, making their messages void of true spiritual authority. This is a recurring theme in the Bible, where God emphasizes that His words are the source of truth and guidance (Deuteronomy 18:18-22). The absence of God's voice in these false prophets' messages highlights their deception and the danger they posed to the community.

yet they have prophesied
Despite not receiving a word from God, these individuals still claimed to speak on His behalf. This act of false prophecy is condemned throughout Scripture, as it leads people away from God's true intentions and plans. In the New Testament, Jesus warns against false prophets who come in sheep's clothing but are inwardly ravenous wolves (Matthew 7:15). The persistence of false prophecy throughout biblical history serves as a warning to discern the true voice of God amidst many competing claims. The false prophets' actions in Jeremiah's time were not only misleading but also a direct challenge to God's authority and truth.

But if they had stood in My council
This phrase suggests a divine assembly or gathering where God's will and wisdom are revealed. The concept of God's council is seen in other scriptures, such as Job 15:8 and Psalm 82:1, where God is depicted as presiding over a heavenly assembly. The prophets are expected to receive their messages directly from God, indicating a close relationship and alignment with His will. The failure to stand in God's council implies a lack of true prophetic insight and authority, contrasting with true prophets like Isaiah and Jeremiah, who were known for their direct communication with God.

they would have proclaimed My words to My people
True prophets are characterized by their faithfulness in delivering God's messages. This phrase underscores the responsibility of prophets to speak God's words, not their own. In Deuteronomy 18:18-20, God promises to raise up a prophet who will speak His words, and the people are held accountable to listen. The failure to proclaim God's words results in spiritual and moral decay among the people, as seen in the context of Jeremiah's ministry, where false prophets led the people astray with messages of peace and security when judgment was imminent.

and turned them back from their evil ways and deeds.
The role of a prophet is not only to deliver God's words but also to call people to repentance. This phrase highlights the transformative power of God's word when faithfully proclaimed. The call to turn from evil is a recurring theme in the prophetic books, such as in Ezekiel 18:30-32, where God pleads with Israel to repent and live. The failure of the false prophets to lead the people to repentance contrasts with the ministry of Jesus Christ, who called people to repentance and faith, as seen in Mark 1:15. The ultimate goal of prophetic ministry is the restoration of a right relationship between God and His people.

“Am I only a God nearby,” declares the LORD,
This phrase emphasizes God's omnipresence, a central theme in the Hebrew Scriptures. The rhetorical question challenges the false prophets and people of Judah who believed that God’s presence was limited to the temple in Jerusalem. The context of Jeremiah 23 is a rebuke against false prophets who misled the people, suggesting that God’s influence was restricted. This reflects the cultural and religious misunderstanding of God’s nature at the time. The declaration by the LORD underscores His authority and the seriousness of the message. Theologically, this phrase connects to Psalm 139:7-10, where David acknowledges that God is present everywhere, whether near or far.

“and not a God far away?”
This part of the verse further asserts God’s omnipresence and omniscience. It counters any notion that God is distant or uninvolved in the affairs of the world. Historically, the Israelites often struggled with understanding God’s transcendence and immanence, especially during times of exile and hardship. This statement reassures the faithful that God is not limited by geography or circumstance. It also serves as a warning to those who think they can escape His notice. Theologically, this connects to Acts 17:27-28, where Paul speaks of God being close to everyone, emphasizing that He is not confined to any one place. This understanding of God’s nature is foundational to the biblical worldview and is fulfilled in the New Testament through the incarnation of Jesus Christ, who embodies God’s presence both near and far.

Can a man hide in secret places where I cannot see him?
This rhetorical question emphasizes God's omnipresence and omniscience. In the context of Jeremiah, the prophet is addressing the false prophets and leaders who believe they can act without divine oversight. The imagery of "secret places" suggests attempts to conceal actions or intentions from God, reminiscent of Adam and Eve hiding in the Garden of Eden (Genesis 3:8). Theologically, this underscores the futility of trying to escape God's awareness, as seen in Psalm 139:7-12, where David acknowledges that there is no place to flee from God's presence.

declares the LORD.
This phrase asserts the authority and certainty of the message. The use of "declares the LORD" is a common prophetic formula that authenticates the words as coming directly from God. It serves as a reminder of the divine source of the message, reinforcing the seriousness and truth of the statement. This is a typical feature in prophetic literature, emphasizing that the prophet is merely a vessel for God's communication.

Do I not fill the heavens and the earth?
Here, the LORD affirms His omnipresence, a key attribute of God in biblical theology. This statement reflects the belief that God is not confined to any physical location, unlike the gods of surrounding nations who were often associated with specific places or idols. The phrase echoes Solomon's prayer in 1 Kings 8:27, where he acknowledges that even the highest heavens cannot contain God. It also connects to the New Testament, where Paul speaks of God as the one "in whom we live and move and have our being" (Acts 17:28). This concept challenges any notion of limiting God's presence to the temple or any other sacred space.

declares the LORD.
Reiterating this phrase emphasizes the divine origin and authority of the message. It serves to bookend the statement, reinforcing that these are not merely human words but a divine proclamation. This repetition is a literary device used throughout the prophetic books to underscore the importance and reliability of the message being conveyed.

I have heard the sayings of the prophets who prophesy lies in My name:
This phrase highlights God's omniscience and His awareness of the false prophets' activities. In the historical context of Jeremiah, many prophets claimed to speak for God, yet they delivered messages that contradicted His true word. These false prophets often assured the people of peace and safety when judgment was imminent (Jeremiah 6:14). The use of "in My name" indicates the seriousness of their offense, as they were misusing God's authority to lend credibility to their deceit. This echoes the warning in Deuteronomy 18:20 about the severe consequences for those who falsely claim to speak for God.

‘I had a dream! I had a dream!’
Dreams were a common means of divine communication in the ancient Near East, as seen in the stories of Joseph (Genesis 37) and Daniel (Daniel 2). However, in this context, the repetition of "I had a dream" suggests a mocking tone, emphasizing the emptiness and frequency of these false claims. The false prophets were using dreams to assert their authority and mislead the people, similar to how false teachers might misuse spiritual experiences today. This phrase also contrasts with the true prophetic dreams given by God, which were rare and significant, serving His purposes and aligning with His revealed word.

How long will this continue in the hearts of these prophets
This phrase reflects God's frustration with the persistence of false prophecy among the people. The heart, in biblical terms, often represents the center of one's being, including thoughts, emotions, and will. The prophets in question are not merely mistaken; they are willfully continuing in their deceit. This echoes the broader biblical theme of the heart's deceitfulness, as seen in Jeremiah 17:9, which states, "The heart is deceitful above all things and beyond cure. Who can understand it?" The persistence of false prophecy indicates a deep-seated issue within the spiritual leadership of Israel.

who prophesy falsehood
The term "falsehood" here refers to messages that are not from God, contrasting with the true prophecies given by genuine prophets like Jeremiah. In the historical context, false prophets often told the people what they wanted to hear, such as promises of peace and prosperity, rather than the truth of impending judgment. This is reminiscent of the situation in 1 Kings 22, where false prophets assured King Ahab of victory, while the true prophet Micaiah predicted disaster. The falsehoods were not just errors but deliberate deceptions that led the people away from God's truth.

these prophets of the delusion of their own minds?
This phrase highlights the source of the false prophecies: the prophets' own minds, rather than divine revelation. The word "delusion" suggests a strong belief in something false, indicating that these prophets may have been self-deceived or intentionally misleading others. This aligns with the New Testament warning in 2 Timothy 4:3-4, where people will turn away from the truth and gather teachers to say what their itching ears want to hear. The delusion is a result of rejecting God's word and relying on human wisdom, which is often flawed and self-serving.

They suppose the dreams that they tell one another
This phrase highlights the false prophets' reliance on dreams as a source of revelation, contrasting with the true prophets who received direct words from God. In ancient Israel, dreams were often considered a means of divine communication, but these false prophets were using them deceitfully. This reflects a broader biblical theme where false prophets are condemned for leading people astray (Deuteronomy 13:1-5). The emphasis on "telling one another" suggests a communal reinforcement of falsehoods, which can be seen in other parts of Scripture where false teachings spread within communities (2 Timothy 4:3-4).

will make My people forget My name
Forgetting God's name implies a loss of relationship and covenant identity. In the ancient Near Eastern context, a name represented one's character and authority. God's name, Yahweh, was central to Israel's identity and worship (Exodus 3:14-15). The act of forgetting signifies a turning away from God and His commandments, which is a recurring issue in Israel's history (Judges 3:7). This phrase warns of the spiritual danger posed by false teachings that lead people away from the true knowledge of God.

just as their fathers forgot My name
This reference to the ancestors of Israel serves as a historical reminder of past unfaithfulness. The Israelites repeatedly turned away from God throughout their history, especially during the period of the Judges and the monarchy. This forgetfulness often led to idolatry and national calamity (2 Kings 17:7-18). The mention of "fathers" underscores the generational impact of sin and the importance of remembering God's deeds and laws (Deuteronomy 6:12).

through the worship of Baal
Baal worship was a significant issue in Israel's history, representing the syncretism and idolatry that plagued the nation. Baal was a Canaanite deity associated with fertility and storms, and his worship often involved immoral practices. The prophets frequently condemned Baal worship as a violation of the first commandment (Exodus 20:3) and a direct affront to God's sovereignty (1 Kings 18:21). This phrase serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of idolatry and the need for exclusive devotion to Yahweh.

Let the prophet who has a dream retell it
In the context of Jeremiah's time, many false prophets claimed to have dreams and visions from God. These dreams were often self-serving and misleading, not aligned with God's true message. The cultural context of the ancient Near East placed significant value on dreams as a means of divine communication, but this was often exploited by false prophets. The Bible frequently warns against false prophets (Deuteronomy 13:1-5, Matthew 7:15), emphasizing the need for discernment. This phrase suggests that while dreams can be shared, they must be weighed against the truth of God's word.

but let him who has My word speak it truthfully
This emphasizes the importance of fidelity to God's message. In contrast to the false prophets, Jeremiah was called to deliver God's word accurately, regardless of personal cost or public reception. The historical context shows that true prophets often faced persecution (Jeremiah 20:1-2, 1 Kings 22:27). The call to speak truthfully aligns with the broader biblical theme of truth (John 17:17) and the responsibility of those who are entrusted with God's word (James 3:1).

For what is straw compared to grain?”
This metaphor contrasts the emptiness of false prophecies (straw) with the nourishing and sustaining truth of God's word (grain). Straw, while part of the harvest, is ultimately useless for sustenance, symbolizing the empty promises of false prophets. Grain, on the other hand, represents the life-giving and sustaining power of God's word (Matthew 4:4). This imagery is consistent with other biblical passages that use agricultural metaphors to distinguish between true and false teachings (Matthew 13:24-30).

declares the LORD
This phrase underscores the authority and finality of God's pronouncement. Throughout the Bible, when God declares something, it is a statement of divine authority and truth (Isaiah 55:11). The use of "declares the LORD" serves as a reminder that the message comes from God Himself, not from human invention or interpretation. This reinforces the call to heed God's word above all else, as His declarations are trustworthy and eternal (Psalm 119:89).

“Is not My word like fire,” declares the LORD,
The imagery of fire in the Bible often symbolizes purification, judgment, and the presence of God. In the context of Jeremiah, God's word is portrayed as a purifying force, capable of burning away falsehood and sin. Fire also represents the power and authority of God's word, as seen in other scriptures like Hebrews 12:29, which describes God as a consuming fire. This metaphor emphasizes the transformative and purifying nature of divine truth, which can refine and cleanse the hearts of believers.

“and like a hammer that smashes a rock?”
The hammer symbolizes strength and the ability to break down resistance. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, a hammer was a tool of construction and destruction, signifying the power to build up or tear down. This metaphor highlights the word of God as a force that can break through the hardest of hearts and the most stubborn of false teachings. The imagery of a rock being smashed suggests the breaking down of strongholds and barriers, similar to how God's word can dismantle false ideologies and bring about spiritual renewal. This is echoed in Hebrews 4:12, where the word of God is described as sharper than any double-edged sword, penetrating and discerning the thoughts and intentions of the heart.

Therefore behold,
This phrase signals a call to attention, indicating that what follows is of great importance. It is often used by prophets to introduce a divine pronouncement. The use of "behold" emphasizes the seriousness and certainty of God's message.

declares the LORD,
This phrase asserts the authority of the message, affirming that it comes directly from Yahweh, the covenant God of Israel. It underscores the divine origin of the prophecy and the seriousness with which it should be received.

I am against the prophets
God expresses His opposition to certain prophets, indicating a direct confrontation. In the context of Jeremiah, these are false prophets who mislead the people. This reflects a broader biblical theme where God opposes those who distort His word, as seen in other scriptures like Ezekiel 13:8-9.

who steal from one another words
This phrase suggests plagiarism among the prophets, where they borrow or copy messages from each other rather than receiving genuine revelations from God. It highlights the lack of authenticity and divine inspiration in their messages.

they attribute to Me.
The false prophets claim divine authority for their messages, misleading the people by presenting their own words as if they were from God. This is a serious offense, as it involves taking God's name in vain and misrepresenting His will, a violation of the commandment found in Exodus 20:7. This deception is a recurring issue in the prophetic books, where true and false prophecy are often contrasted.

“Yes,” declares the LORD,
This phrase emphasizes the certainty and authority of God's message. In the context of Jeremiah, God is speaking directly through the prophet, affirming His stance against false prophets. The use of "declares the LORD" is a common prophetic formula that underscores the divine origin of the message, distinguishing it from human words. This phrase is a reminder of God's sovereignty and His active role in guiding His people.

“I am against the prophets
Here, God explicitly states His opposition to certain prophets. In the historical context of Jeremiah, many prophets in Judah were misleading the people with false assurances of peace and prosperity, contrary to God's true message of impending judgment due to their unfaithfulness. This opposition highlights the seriousness of false prophecy and the responsibility of true prophets to faithfully convey God's word.

who wag their own tongues
This vivid imagery suggests deceit and manipulation. The phrase "wag their own tongues" implies that these prophets are speaking from their own imagination and desires rather than from divine inspiration. It reflects the cultural context where eloquence and persuasive speech were often valued, but here it is condemned when used to mislead God's people. This phrase warns against the danger of self-serving messages that deviate from God's truth.

and proclaim, ‘The LORD declares it.’”
The false prophets were claiming divine authority for their messages, which was a grave offense. This misuse of God's name is a violation of the commandment against taking the Lord's name in vain (Exodus 20:7). It also connects to other scriptures where false prophecy is condemned, such as Deuteronomy 18:20-22. This phrase serves as a caution against attributing one's own words to God, emphasizing the need for discernment and faithfulness in conveying His messages.

“Indeed,” declares the LORD,
This phrase emphasizes the certainty and authority of God's pronouncement. The use of "declares the LORD" is a common prophetic formula that underscores the divine origin of the message. It is a reminder of God's sovereignty and His active role in guiding and correcting His people.

“I am against those who prophesy false dreams
False prophets were a significant issue in ancient Israel, often leading the people away from God's truth. Dreams were a common means of divine communication (e.g., Joseph in Genesis 37), but false prophets exploited this by claiming divine revelation through dreams that were not from God. This phrase highlights God's opposition to those who misuse spiritual gifts for deception.

and retell them to lead My people astray
The act of retelling false dreams indicates a deliberate effort to mislead. The phrase "lead My people astray" reflects the serious consequences of false prophecy, which can result in spiritual and moral decline. This echoes the warnings in Deuteronomy 13:1-5 about false prophets leading people away from God.

with their reckless lies.
The term "reckless" suggests a lack of concern for the truth or the well-being of others. Lies, especially in a spiritual context, are dangerous and destructive. This phrase underscores the irresponsibility and danger of false prophecy, aligning with the broader biblical condemnation of deceit (Proverbs 6:16-19).

It was not I who sent them or commanded them,
This statement clarifies that these false prophets do not have divine authority. Throughout the Bible, true prophets are those sent and commanded by God (e.g., Moses in Exodus 3). This phrase serves as a litmus test for discerning true from false prophecy, emphasizing the importance of divine commissioning.

and they are of no benefit at all to these people,”
False prophets offer no true spiritual benefit; instead, they bring harm. This aligns with Jesus' teaching in Matthew 7:15-20 about recognizing false prophets by their fruits. The lack of benefit contrasts with the true prophets, who guide, correct, and edify God's people.

declares the LORD.
The repetition of "declares the LORD" bookends the passage, reinforcing the divine authority and seriousness of the message. It serves as a reminder that the ultimate accountability is to God, who sees and judges all actions.

Now when this people or a prophet or priest asks you
This phrase highlights the collective responsibility of the people, prophets, and priests in seeking divine guidance. In the historical context of Jeremiah, the religious leaders were often corrupt, misleading the people (Jeremiah 5:31). The inclusion of both prophets and priests indicates a widespread failure in spiritual leadership. This reflects the broader theme in Jeremiah of calling out false prophets who speak lies in God's name (Jeremiah 23:16).

‘What is the burden of the LORD?’
The term "burden" (Hebrew: "massa") can mean a prophetic oracle or a heavy message. In this context, it refers to a message from God that is often one of judgment. The people’s inquiry about the "burden" suggests a desire for a word from God, yet it is likely insincere or mocking, given their rebellious state. This reflects a cultural context where prophetic messages were common, but true messages from God were rare due to the people's disobedience (Amos 8:11-12).

you are to say to them, ‘What burden?
This response indicates a rejection of the people's insincere inquiry. It suggests that God is not obligated to provide a message to those who are not genuinely seeking Him. This rhetorical question serves as a rebuke, emphasizing that the people have no right to expect a word from God when they are living in disobedience. It aligns with the biblical principle that God resists the proud but gives grace to the humble (James 4:6).

I will forsake you, declares the LORD.’
This is a solemn declaration of judgment. The forsaking by God is a severe consequence, indicating the withdrawal of His presence and favor. Historically, this foreshadows the Babylonian exile, where the people of Judah experienced the reality of being forsaken due to their persistent idolatry and sin (2 Kings 24:20). Theologically, it underscores the seriousness of turning away from God and the resulting separation from His protection and blessing. This also contrasts with the New Testament promise of Jesus, who assures His followers, "I am with you always" (Matthew 28:20), highlighting the hope of restoration and presence for those who are faithful.

As for the prophet or priest or anyone who claims,
This phrase addresses the religious leaders of Israel, specifically prophets and priests, who were expected to guide the people in truth. In the historical context of Jeremiah, many prophets and priests were leading the people astray with false messages. The role of a prophet or priest was significant in Israelite society, as they were seen as intermediaries between God and the people. This highlights the gravity of their responsibility and the severity of their misconduct.

‘This is the burden of the LORD,’
The term "burden" refers to a prophetic message, often one of judgment or warning. In Jeremiah's time, false prophets were using this phrase to lend authority to their own words, misleading the people by claiming divine origin for their messages. This misuse of the phrase indicates a deep corruption within the religious leadership, as they were exploiting their positions for personal gain or influence, rather than faithfully conveying God's true messages.

I will punish that man and his household.
God's declaration of punishment underscores His intolerance for false prophecy and the misuse of His name. The inclusion of "his household" indicates that the consequences of false prophecy extend beyond the individual to affect their family, reflecting the communal nature of sin and its repercussions in ancient Israelite culture. This also serves as a warning to others about the seriousness of claiming divine authority falsely. The punishment aligns with the broader biblical theme of divine justice, where God holds individuals accountable for leading others astray, as seen in other scriptures like Deuteronomy 18:20-22.

This is what each man is to say to his friend and to his brother:
In this passage, the emphasis is on communal responsibility and the importance of seeking God's truth collectively. The context is a rebuke against false prophets who were misleading the people of Judah. The phrase underscores the need for individuals to hold each other accountable in their pursuit of divine revelation. In ancient Israelite society, community and family were central, and spiritual discussions were often held within these close-knit groups. This reflects the biblical principle found in Proverbs 27:17, "As iron sharpens iron, so one person sharpens another," highlighting the importance of mutual edification in faith.

‘What has the LORD answered?’
This question implies an expectation of direct communication from God, which was a common belief in the prophetic tradition of Israel. The people were encouraged to seek genuine answers from the LORD, contrasting with the false assurances given by deceitful prophets. This phrase also points to the practice of seeking God's will through prayer and prophecy, as seen in the lives of biblical figures like Moses and Samuel, who often inquired of the LORD for guidance. It emphasizes the need for discernment and the pursuit of authentic divine messages, as opposed to human inventions.

or ‘What has the LORD spoken?’
This part of the verse highlights the importance of God's spoken word, which was considered authoritative and binding. In the historical context, the spoken word of God was delivered through prophets, who were regarded as God's mouthpieces. The phrase calls for a return to the true prophetic word, as opposed to the false prophecies that were prevalent at the time. This reflects the broader biblical theme of the power and reliability of God's word, as seen in passages like Isaiah 55:11, "so is my word that goes out from my mouth: It will not return to me empty." It also foreshadows the ultimate revelation of God's word through Jesus Christ, who is described in John 1:14 as the Word made flesh.

But refer no more to the burden of the LORD
In the context of Jeremiah, the term "burden" refers to a prophetic message, often one of judgment. False prophets in Jeremiah's time were misusing this term to lend authority to their own words, which were not from God. This misuse led to confusion and misrepresentation of God's true message. The command to stop using this phrase highlights the seriousness of speaking falsely in God's name. This reflects the broader biblical theme of the importance of truth in prophecy, as seen in Deuteronomy 18:20-22, where false prophecy is condemned.

for each man’s word becomes the burden
Here, the focus shifts to individual responsibility. The false prophets were creating their own "burdens" or messages, which were not from God. This phrase underscores the danger of human words being elevated to divine status, leading to spiritual deception. It echoes the warning in 2 Peter 2:1 about false teachers introducing destructive heresies. The emphasis is on the need for discernment and adherence to God's true word.

so that you pervert the words of the living God
The term "pervert" indicates a twisting or distortion of God's message. This is a serious accusation, as it implies a deliberate alteration of divine truth. The "living God" emphasizes God's active and dynamic presence, contrasting with the lifeless idols of surrounding nations. This distortion is akin to the sin of the serpent in Genesis 3:1-5, where God's words were twisted to deceive. It serves as a warning against altering Scripture to fit personal agendas.

the LORD of Hosts
This title for God, "LORD of Hosts," signifies His supreme authority over all heavenly and earthly armies. It underscores His power and sovereignty, reinforcing the gravity of misrepresenting His words. This title is frequently used in prophetic literature to remind the audience of God's ultimate control and the futility of opposing His will. It connects to passages like Isaiah 6:3, where God's holiness and majesty are proclaimed.

our God
The phrase "our God" personalizes the relationship between God and His people, emphasizing covenantal faithfulness. It serves as a reminder of the unique bond between God and Israel, established through the covenants with Abraham, Moses, and David. This relationship is central to understanding the expectations of faithfulness and obedience. It also points forward to the New Covenant in Christ, as seen in Hebrews 8:10, where God promises to be the God of His people, writing His laws on their hearts.

Thus you are to say to the prophet:
This phrase indicates a directive given to the people regarding how they should address the prophets. In the context of Jeremiah 23, God is addressing the false prophets who were misleading the people of Judah. The historical context is the period leading up to the Babylonian exile, a time when many false prophets were claiming to speak for God, offering false hope and assurances of peace. This directive serves as a corrective measure, emphasizing the need for discernment and accountability among those claiming to speak on behalf of the Lord.

‘What has the LORD answered you?’
This question underscores the importance of verifying the authenticity of a prophet's message. In the biblical context, a true prophet's words would align with God's will and previous revelations. The question implies a need for confirmation and consistency with God's established word. This aligns with Deuteronomy 18:21-22, where the test of a true prophet is whether their predictions come to pass. It also reflects the broader biblical theme of testing the spirits (1 John 4:1) to ensure they are from God.

and ‘What has the LORD spoken?’
This phrase emphasizes the necessity of direct revelation from God rather than human invention. It calls for clarity and truthfulness in prophetic messages. The cultural context of ancient Israel placed a high value on the spoken word, especially when attributed to divine origin. This demand for authenticity is echoed in the New Testament, where Jesus, the ultimate prophet, speaks only what He hears from the Father (John 12:49-50). The phrase also serves as a reminder of the prophetic office's responsibility to convey God's true message, foreshadowing the perfect fulfillment of prophecy in Christ, who is the Word made flesh (John 1:14).

But if you claim, ‘This is the burden of the LORD,’
In the context of Jeremiah 23, the term "burden" refers to a prophetic message, often one of judgment. The false prophets in Jeremiah's time were misusing this term to lend authority to their own words, which were not from God. This misuse reflects a broader theme in Jeremiah of false prophecy and the danger it poses to the people of Israel. The phrase highlights the seriousness of claiming divine authority falsely, a theme echoed in Deuteronomy 18:20-22, where false prophecy is condemned.

then this is what the LORD says:
This phrase introduces a direct message from God, emphasizing His authority and the seriousness of the situation. In the prophetic tradition, the phrase "thus says the LORD" is a formal introduction to divine speech, underscoring that the message is not from the prophet's own imagination but from God Himself. This is a common formula in prophetic literature, seen throughout the books of the prophets, such as Isaiah and Ezekiel.

Because you have said, ‘This is the burden of the LORD,’
The repetition of the phrase underscores the people's persistent disobedience and the false prophets' audacity in claiming divine sanction for their messages. This reflects a broader cultural context where prophetic messages were common, and discerning true from false prophecy was crucial. The repetition also serves as a rhetorical device to emphasize the gravity of their actions, similar to the warnings found in Jeremiah 14:14-15, where God condemns the false prophets for speaking lies in His name.

and I specifically told you not to make this claim,
This phrase highlights the direct disobedience to God's command, emphasizing the willful nature of the false prophets' actions. It reflects the covenantal relationship between God and Israel, where obedience to God's word is paramount. The specific prohibition against claiming false messages from God is a reminder of the importance of truthfulness and integrity in conveying God's word, a theme that resonates with the warnings against false teachers in the New Testament, such as in 2 Peter 2:1-3.

therefore I will surely forget you
This phrase indicates a divine judgment where God declares His intention to withdraw His favor and remembrance from the people. In the biblical context, forgetting is not merely a lapse in memory but a deliberate act of removing one's presence and blessings. This reflects the covenantal relationship between God and Israel, where obedience brought blessings and disobedience led to curses (Deuteronomy 28). The use of "surely" emphasizes the certainty and seriousness of this judgment. It serves as a warning to the people who have persistently turned away from God despite numerous prophetic warnings.

and will cast you out of My presence
Being cast out of God's presence signifies a severe form of judgment, as God's presence was central to Israel's identity and security. This echoes the expulsion of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden (Genesis 3:23-24), symbolizing separation from divine fellowship due to sin. In the historical context, this foreshadows the Babylonian exile, where the people of Judah were physically removed from the land God had given them. Theologically, it underscores the seriousness of idolatry and false prophecy, which were rampant during Jeremiah's time.

both you and the city that I gave to you and your fathers
The mention of "the city" refers to Jerusalem, the spiritual and political center of Israel. Jerusalem held significant importance as the location of the Temple, where God's presence dwelt among His people. The phrase "that I gave to you and your fathers" highlights the gift of the Promised Land, a fulfillment of God's covenant with Abraham (Genesis 15:18-21). This underscores the gravity of the people's unfaithfulness, as they are at risk of losing not only their land but also their heritage and the promises associated with it. The historical context of this passage is the impending Babylonian conquest, which would lead to the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple in 586 BC, fulfilling Jeremiah's prophecy.

And I will bring upon you everlasting shame
This phrase indicates a divine judgment pronounced by God through the prophet Jeremiah. The context is a rebuke against false prophets and corrupt leaders in Judah who misled the people. The "everlasting shame" suggests a punishment that is both severe and enduring, reflecting the gravity of their sins. In biblical terms, shame often denotes a loss of honor and standing, both socially and spiritually. This concept is echoed in other scriptures, such as Daniel 12:2, where shame is associated with eternal consequences for the wicked.

and perpetual humiliation
The use of "perpetual humiliation" emphasizes the ongoing nature of the disgrace that will befall those who have turned away from God's truth. This humiliation is not just a temporary setback but a lasting condition. In the ancient Near Eastern culture, honor and shame were pivotal societal values, and to be humiliated was to be stripped of one's dignity and respect. This phrase underscores the seriousness of the leaders' betrayal of their divine mandate and the resulting divine retribution.

that will never be forgotten.”
The finality of this phrase underscores the permanence of the judgment. The memory of their shame and humiliation will endure, serving as a lasting testament to their unfaithfulness. This is a stark warning to future generations about the consequences of forsaking God's commands. The notion of an unforgettable judgment is paralleled in other prophetic writings, such as Isaiah 66:24, where the consequences of rebellion against God are depicted as eternal. This serves as a sobering reminder of the importance of faithfulness and obedience to God's word.