Now
The word "Now" serves as a transitional marker, indicating a shift in the narrative. It connects the preceding events with what is about to unfold, emphasizing the immediacy and continuity of the Gospel account. In the Greek, the word used is "δέ" (de), which often functions to introduce a new section or thought, suggesting that the events are part of a divinely orchestrated plan.

the Feast of Unleavened Bread
This phrase refers to a significant Jewish festival that commemorates the Israelites' exodus from Egypt, as described in Exodus 12. The Greek term "ἡ ἑορτὴ τῶν ἀζύμων" (hē heortē tōn azymōn) highlights the importance of this feast, which lasts seven days and involves the removal of leaven from homes. Leaven, or yeast, symbolizes sin and corruption, and its removal signifies purification and holiness. This feast is a time of reflection and preparation, reminding believers of God's deliverance and faithfulness.

called the Passover
The Passover, or "πάσχα" (pascha) in Greek, is the central event of the Feast of Unleavened Bread. It commemorates the night when the Lord passed over the houses of the Israelites in Egypt, sparing them from the plague of the firstborn (Exodus 12:13). The Passover lamb, whose blood was used to mark the doorposts, prefigures Christ, the Lamb of God, whose sacrifice brings salvation. This connection underscores the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy in the New Testament narrative.

was approaching
The phrase "was approaching" indicates the nearness of the feast, both in time and significance. The Greek word "ἤγγιζεν" (ēngizen) conveys a sense of anticipation and urgency. This timing is crucial, as it sets the stage for the events of Jesus' passion, aligning with God's sovereign timeline. The approaching feast serves as a backdrop for the unfolding of God's redemptive plan through Christ's death and resurrection.

and the chief priests and scribes
The "chief priests" were the leading religious figures in Jewish society, primarily from the Sadducees, who held significant power in the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council. The "scribes" were experts in the Law, often Pharisees, who interpreted and taught the Scriptures. Together, these groups represented the religious authority of the time. Their collaboration against Jesus highlights the threat He posed to their established order. Historically, this reflects the tension between Jesus' teachings and the religious leaders' desire to maintain control over religious and social norms.

were looking for a way
The Greek word used here, "ζητοῦντες" (zētountes), implies an active, ongoing search. This was not a passive desire but a deliberate and persistent effort to find a solution to what they perceived as a problem. This phrase indicates the intensity of their opposition to Jesus, driven by fear and jealousy. It underscores the lengths to which they were willing to go to protect their authority and influence.

to put Jesus to death
The ultimate goal of the chief priests and scribes was not merely to silence Jesus but to eliminate Him entirely. This reflects the severity of their opposition and the perceived threat Jesus posed to their power. Theologically, this phrase foreshadows the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan through Jesus' sacrificial death. Historically, it aligns with the Roman practice of crucifixion, which was a common method of execution for those seen as threats to the state.

for they were afraid of the people
The fear of the people indicates that Jesus had a significant following and influence among the common people. The religious leaders were concerned about public opinion and potential unrest. This fear reveals their awareness of Jesus' popularity and the potential backlash they might face if they acted against Him openly. It also highlights the contrast between the leaders' self-serving motives and Jesus' genuine connection with the people. This phrase serves as a reminder of the power of public opinion and the leaders' ultimate lack of control over the hearts of the people.

Then Satan
The phrase "Then Satan" introduces a pivotal moment in the narrative, highlighting the spiritual warfare underlying the events of the Passion. The Greek word for Satan, "Σατανᾶς" (Satanas), means "adversary" or "accuser." In the biblical context, Satan is the embodiment of evil and opposition to God's will. This moment underscores the reality of spiritual forces at work against Jesus and His mission. It serves as a reminder of the ongoing battle between good and evil, and the necessity for believers to remain vigilant and prayerful.

entered
The word "entered" is translated from the Greek "εἰσέρχομαι" (eiserchomai), which means to go into or come into. This indicates a significant and deliberate action, suggesting that Judas was not merely influenced by Satan but was overtaken by him. This highlights the seriousness of Judas's betrayal and the depth of his spiritual fall. It serves as a warning about the dangers of allowing sin and temptation to take root in one's heart, leading to actions that oppose God's purposes.

Judas
Judas Iscariot, one of the twelve apostles, is a central figure in this verse. His name is forever associated with betrayal. Historically, Judas was chosen by Jesus as a disciple, which makes his betrayal even more poignant. His actions fulfill Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah being betrayed by a close friend (Psalm 41:9). Judas's account is a sobering reminder of the potential for even those close to Jesus to fall away if they do not guard their hearts and remain faithful.

called Iscariot
The designation "called Iscariot" distinguishes Judas from other individuals named Judas in the New Testament. "Iscariot" likely refers to his place of origin, Kerioth, a town in Judea. This detail emphasizes his identity and individuality, reminding readers that Judas was a real person with a specific background. It also highlights the personal nature of his betrayal, as he was not an outsider but one of Jesus's chosen twelve.

one of the Twelve
This phrase underscores the gravity of Judas's betrayal. Being "one of the Twelve" signifies his close relationship with Jesus and his privileged position as a disciple. The Twelve were chosen by Jesus to be His closest followers and to carry on His mission. Judas's betrayal is thus not just a personal failure but a profound breach of trust and community. It serves as a cautionary tale about the potential for betrayal and sin within even the most intimate and trusted circles.

He went away
This phrase indicates a deliberate action taken by Judas Iscariot. The Greek word used here, "ἀπελθὼν" (apelthōn), suggests a purposeful departure. Judas's decision to leave the company of Jesus and the other disciples marks a pivotal moment of betrayal. Historically, this action reflects the growing tension and division among those who followed Jesus, as well as the fulfillment of prophetic scriptures regarding betrayal.

and conferred
The Greek term "συνελάλησεν" (synelalēsen) implies a discussion or consultation. Judas did not act impulsively; rather, he engaged in a calculated dialogue with the religious leaders. This consultation underscores the premeditated nature of his betrayal. In the historical context, such meetings would have been clandestine, as the chief priests sought to avoid public unrest during the Passover festival.

with the chief priests
The chief priests were influential leaders within the Jewish religious hierarchy. They were responsible for temple rituals and maintaining religious order. Their involvement in the plot against Jesus highlights the deep-seated opposition He faced from established religious authorities. This opposition was rooted in fear of losing power and control, as Jesus's teachings challenged their authority and exposed their hypocrisy.

and officers of the temple guard
The "officers of the temple guard" were responsible for maintaining order within the temple precincts. The Greek word "στρατηγοῖς" (stratēgois) indicates military-like officials. Their inclusion in the conspiracy against Jesus suggests the seriousness with which the religious leaders approached the situation. It also reflects the blending of religious and political power in Jerusalem at the time.

how he might betray Jesus to them
The phrase "how he might betray" reveals Judas's active role in devising a plan to hand Jesus over. The Greek word "παραδοῖ" (paradoi) means to deliver or hand over, often used in legal contexts. This betrayal was not merely a personal failure but a fulfillment of divine prophecy, as foretold in scriptures like Psalm 41:9. Judas's actions serve as a somber reminder of human frailty and the consequences of turning away from divine truth.

They were delighted
The phrase "They were delighted" refers to the chief priests and scribes who were plotting against Jesus. The Greek word used here is "echarēsan," which conveys a sense of joy or gladness. This delight is deeply ironic and tragic, as it is rooted in their malicious intent to betray Jesus. Historically, the religious leaders felt threatened by Jesus' growing influence and His challenge to their authority. Their delight is not in righteousness but in the perceived opportunity to rid themselves of a threat. This highlights the darkness of their hearts and the fulfillment of prophetic scriptures that foretold the rejection of the Messiah by His own people.

and agreed
The word "agreed" comes from the Greek "suntithēmi," meaning to come to a mutual decision or to make a covenant. This agreement was not just a casual decision but a binding pact to betray Jesus. It underscores the gravity of their conspiracy and the fulfillment of the prophecy that the Messiah would be betrayed. This agreement marks a pivotal moment in the Passion narrative, setting in motion the events leading to the crucifixion. It serves as a reminder of the human capacity for betrayal and the sovereignty of God in using even the wicked plans of men to accomplish His divine purposes.

to give him money
The phrase "to give him money" refers to the payment promised to Judas Iscariot for betraying Jesus. The Greek word for money here is "argurion," which specifically denotes silver. This is significant as it fulfills the prophecy in Zechariah 11:12-13, where the Messiah is valued at thirty pieces of silver. The transaction is not just a financial one but a spiritual and moral one, highlighting the corrupting power of greed and the tragic choice of Judas to value material wealth over eternal truth. This exchange of money for betrayal is a poignant reminder of the cost of sin and the price of redemption that Jesus willingly paid for humanity.

So he consented
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the narrative of Judas Iscariot's betrayal of Jesus. The Greek word for "consented" is "συνετίθετο" (synetitheto), which implies a deliberate agreement or decision. This was not a moment of impulsive action but a calculated choice. Historically, Judas's consent is seen as a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, such as Psalm 41:9, which speaks of betrayal by a close friend. This decision reflects the tragic exercise of free will, where Judas chooses to align himself with the forces opposed to Jesus, highlighting the profound mystery of human agency within God's sovereign plan.

and began to look for an opportunity
The Greek word "ἐζήτει" (ezētei) for "began to look" suggests an active and ongoing search. Judas was not passively waiting for circumstances to align; he was actively seeking the right moment. This indicates a premeditated betrayal, underscoring the depth of his treachery. In a broader scriptural context, this search for an opportunity contrasts with Jesus' own mission, which was to seek and save the lost (Luke 19:10). Judas's actions serve as a stark reminder of the spiritual warfare that believers face, where the enemy is always looking for opportunities to undermine God's work.

to betray Jesus
The act of betrayal is central to the Passion narrative. The Greek word "παραδοῦναι" (paradounai) means "to hand over" or "to deliver." This term is used throughout the New Testament to describe the handing over of Jesus to the authorities. Betrayal, in this context, is not just a personal act of disloyalty but a cosmic event that sets in motion the redemptive plan of God. Historically, betrayal was considered one of the most heinous acts, especially in a culture that valued loyalty and honor. Judas's betrayal is a profound theological moment, illustrating the depth of human sin and the necessity of Christ's sacrificial death.

to them
The "them" refers to the chief priests and officers of the temple guard, as mentioned earlier in the chapter. These were the religious leaders who felt threatened by Jesus' teachings and growing influence. Their collaboration with Judas highlights the tragic irony of religious leaders conspiring against the very Messiah they were expecting. This alliance between Judas and the religious authorities serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of religious hypocrisy and the blindness that can come from rigid adherence to tradition over truth.

in the absence of a crowd
This phrase underscores the cowardice and secrecy of the betrayal. The Greek word "ἄτερ" (ater) means "without" or "apart from," indicating that Judas sought to betray Jesus when He was isolated from the protective presence of the crowds who admired Him. This detail highlights the fear of public opinion and the desire to avoid a potential uprising. It also reflects the spiritual darkness of the moment, as evil often operates in secrecy and shadows. For believers, this serves as a reminder of the importance of community and accountability in the Christian walk, as isolation can make one vulnerable to temptation and sin.

Then came
This phrase marks a transition in the narrative, indicating a specific moment in time. The Greek word used here is "ἦλθεν" (ēlthen), which is a form of "erchomai," meaning "to come" or "to arrive." This signifies the unfolding of God's divine plan, as the events leading to Jesus' crucifixion are set into motion. It reminds us of the precision of God's timing in the fulfillment of prophecy.

the day of Unleavened Bread
The "day of Unleavened Bread" refers to the beginning of the Feast of Unleavened Bread, a significant Jewish festival that lasts seven days, starting with the Passover. In Hebrew, it is known as "Chag HaMatzot." This feast commemorates the Israelites' exodus from Egypt, when they left in haste and did not have time to let their bread rise. Spiritually, unleavened bread symbolizes purity and the removal of sin, as leaven often represents sin in the Bible. This context foreshadows the purity of Christ, the sinless sacrifice.

on which the Passover lamb
The "Passover lamb" is central to the Passover celebration, known in Hebrew as "Pesach." The lamb was to be without blemish, symbolizing innocence and perfection. Historically, the Passover lamb was sacrificed to commemorate the deliverance of the Israelites from slavery in Egypt, when the blood of the lamb was used to mark their doorposts, sparing them from the plague of the firstborn. In the New Testament, Jesus is identified as the ultimate Passover Lamb, whose sacrifice delivers believers from the bondage of sin.

was to be sacrificed
The act of sacrifice is deeply rooted in the Jewish tradition as a means of atonement and worship. The Greek word "θύεσθαι" (thuesthai) is used here, which means "to be sacrificed" or "to be slaughtered." This sacrificial system pointed forward to the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ. His death on the cross fulfills the typology of the Passover lamb, offering redemption and reconciliation with God. The sacrificial nature of Christ's mission is a cornerstone of Christian faith, emphasizing His role as the Savior who willingly laid down His life for humanity.

So Jesus sent
The phrase begins with the action of Jesus sending His disciples, which is significant in the context of His ministry. The Greek word for "sent" is "ἀπέστειλεν" (apesteilen), which is derived from "apostellō," meaning to send forth with a specific purpose. This reflects the authority and intentionality of Jesus' mission. In the broader scriptural context, Jesus often sends His disciples to carry out tasks that are crucial to His redemptive plan, emphasizing the role of obedience and service in the life of a believer.

Peter and John
Peter and John are two of Jesus' closest disciples, often seen as leaders among the Twelve. Their selection for this task highlights their importance and trustworthiness. Historically, Peter is known for his boldness and leadership, while John is often associated with love and deep spiritual insight. Together, they represent a balance of strength and compassion, qualities essential for the task at hand. This pairing also foreshadows their future roles in the early Church, as seen in the Acts of the Apostles.

saying, 'Go and prepare
The directive "Go and prepare" underscores the active participation required in following Jesus. The Greek word for "prepare" is "ἑτοιμάσατε" (hetoimasate), which implies making ready or putting things in order. This preparation is not just physical but also spiritual, as it involves readiness to partake in the Passover, a significant Jewish feast. The command to prepare is a call to action, reminding believers of the importance of being spiritually prepared for the works God has set before them.

for us
The inclusion of "for us" indicates the communal aspect of the Passover meal. Jesus is not only preparing for His own participation but is also including His disciples in this sacred observance. This reflects the communal nature of the Christian faith, where believers are called to gather together in fellowship and worship. It also points to the unity and shared purpose among Jesus and His followers, a theme that is central to the teachings of the New Testament.

to eat the Passover
The Passover is a pivotal event in Jewish history, commemorating the Israelites' deliverance from slavery in Egypt. The Greek word for "Passover" is "πάσχα" (pascha), which is rooted in the Hebrew "Pesach." This meal is rich in symbolism, foreshadowing Jesus' own sacrificial death as the Lamb of God. By preparing to eat the Passover, Jesus is aligning Himself with God's redemptive plan, fulfilling the Old Testament prophecies, and instituting the New Covenant through His impending sacrifice. This act serves as a profound reminder of God's faithfulness and the ultimate deliverance offered through Christ.

Where
This word indicates a sense of location and direction, reflecting the disciples' desire to follow Jesus' instructions precisely. In the Greek, "pou" is used, which emphasizes the importance of place in the Jewish tradition, especially concerning the Passover. The Passover meal was not just a ritual but a deeply significant event that required careful preparation in a specific location, often Jerusalem, as it was the center of Jewish worship and tradition.

do You want
This phrase reflects the disciples' submission to Jesus' authority and their willingness to serve Him. The Greek word "theleis" implies a desire or will, highlighting the disciples' recognition of Jesus as their Rabbi and Lord. This submission is a model for Christian obedience, where believers seek to align their actions with the will of Christ, acknowledging His sovereignty in their lives.

us
The use of "us" indicates the communal aspect of the disciples' relationship with Jesus. It underscores the collective responsibility and unity among the followers of Christ. In the context of the Last Supper, this communal preparation foreshadows the establishment of the Church, where believers are called to work together in unity and love, serving one another and fulfilling the mission of Christ.

to prepare
The Greek word "hetoimasōmen" suggests making ready or putting in order. This preparation was not merely physical but also spiritual, as the Passover was a time of reflection and remembrance of God's deliverance. For Christians, this preparation is symbolic of preparing one's heart to receive Christ, emphasizing the need for spiritual readiness and purity.

it
The "it" refers to the Passover meal, a central event in Jewish tradition commemorating the Israelites' exodus from Egypt. This meal was rich in symbolism, with each element representing aspects of God's deliverance and covenant with His people. For Christians, the Last Supper, which this verse anticipates, becomes the foundation for the Eucharist or Communion, a sacrament that celebrates the new covenant through Jesus' sacrifice.

“He answered”
This phrase indicates Jesus’ response to a question or situation. In the context of Luke 22, Jesus is providing instructions to His disciples regarding the preparation for the Passover meal. The Greek word for "answered" is "ἀποκρίνομαι" (apokrinomai), which implies a thoughtful and deliberate response. This highlights Jesus’ omniscience and His role as a teacher and guide, providing clear and precise instructions to His followers.

“Behold”
The Greek word "ἰδού" (idou) is used here, which is an imperative form meaning "look" or "see." It serves to draw attention to something significant. In this context, it emphasizes the importance of the instructions Jesus is about to give. It is a call to the disciples to pay close attention to the unfolding events, which are part of God’s divine plan.

“when you have entered the city”
The city referred to here is Jerusalem, a place of great historical and spiritual significance. Jerusalem is the center of Jewish worship and the location where many pivotal events in Jesus’ life and ministry occur. The phrase underscores the importance of the setting, as Jerusalem is where Jesus will fulfill His mission through His death and resurrection.

“a man carrying a jug of water”
In the cultural and historical context of first-century Jerusalem, it was uncommon for men to carry water jugs, as this was typically a task for women. The Greek word for "jug" is "κεράμιον" (keramion), which refers to an earthenware vessel. This unusual detail would make the man easily identifiable to the disciples, serving as a divine signpost in the unfolding events leading to the Last Supper.

“will meet you”
The phrase suggests a divinely orchestrated encounter. The Greek word "ἀπαντάω" (apantao) means to meet or encounter, often implying a purposeful meeting. This indicates that God’s providence is at work, arranging circumstances to fulfill His purposes. It reassures believers of God’s sovereignty and His ability to guide His people through seemingly ordinary events.

“Follow him”
The instruction to follow the man carrying the water jug is a call to obedience and trust. The Greek word "ἀκολουθέω" (akoloutheo) means to follow or accompany, often used in the context of discipleship. This command requires the disciples to act in faith, trusting in Jesus’ guidance even when the path is not fully clear.

“to the house he enters”
The house represents a place of preparation and gathering. In the context of the Passover, it is where Jesus will share the Last Supper with His disciples, instituting the New Covenant. The Greek word for "house" is "οἶκος" (oikos), which can also imply a household or family. This setting foreshadows the intimate fellowship and the establishment of the Church as the family of God.

and say to the owner of the house
In this phrase, Jesus instructs His disciples to speak directly to the "owner of the house." The Greek word for "owner" is "oikodespotēs," which combines "oikos" (house) and "despotēs" (master or lord). This term implies authority and responsibility over the household. In the historical context of first-century Judea, the owner of a house would have been a person of some means and influence, capable of hosting guests for significant events. This highlights the divine orchestration of events, as Jesus prepares for the Passover, ensuring that all details align with God's plan.

The Teacher says to you
Here, Jesus refers to Himself as "The Teacher," a title that acknowledges His role as a rabbi and spiritual leader. The Greek word "didaskalos" is used, emphasizing His authority in teaching and interpreting the Scriptures. This title would have been recognized and respected by the Jewish community, indicating that the message carried weight and divine authority. It also reflects the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies about the coming Messiah who would teach God's ways.

Where is the guest room
The term "guest room" is translated from the Greek "katalyma," which can mean an inn, lodging place, or guest chamber. This word is also used in Luke 2:7, referring to the place where there was no room for Mary and Joseph. The use of "katalyma" here signifies a prepared and designated space for a significant event, the Last Supper. It underscores the importance of hospitality in Jewish culture and the provision of God in preparing a place for His purposes.

where I may eat the Passover with My disciples?
The phrase "eat the Passover" refers to the Jewish festival commemorating the Israelites' deliverance from Egypt, as described in Exodus 12. The Passover meal was a central ritual in Jewish religious life, involving the sacrifice of a lamb and the eating of unleavened bread and bitter herbs. Jesus' desire to eat the Passover with His disciples signifies the transition from the Old Covenant to the New Covenant, as He Himself becomes the Passover Lamb, sacrificed for the sins of humanity. This moment foreshadows the institution of the Lord's Supper, a new ordinance for believers to remember His sacrifice. The phrase "with My disciples" emphasizes the communal aspect of this event, highlighting the importance of fellowship and unity among believers in Christ.

And he will show you
This phrase indicates divine orchestration and guidance. The Greek word for "show" is "deixei," which implies a revealing or pointing out. In the context of the Last Supper, this suggests that God is actively involved in the unfolding events. The disciples are not left to their own devices; rather, they are being led by divine providence. This highlights the importance of obedience and trust in God's plan, as He often provides guidance through seemingly ordinary circumstances.

a large upper room
The "large upper room" is significant both historically and theologically. In ancient Jewish homes, the upper room was often a place of gathering and teaching. The Greek word "anagaion" refers to an upper chamber, which was typically more private and spacious. This setting is crucial as it becomes the location for the Last Supper, where Jesus institutes the New Covenant. The size of the room indicates that it was meant to accommodate not just Jesus and the Twelve, but also the early Christian community, symbolizing the inclusivity of the Gospel.

already furnished
The phrase "already furnished" suggests that the room was prepared in advance, indicating forethought and readiness. The Greek word "estrōmenon" implies that everything necessary was already in place. This can be seen as a metaphor for God's provision; He prepares what is needed for His purposes. In a broader sense, it reflects the idea that God equips His people for the tasks He calls them to, providing all that is necessary for the fulfillment of His will.

Make preparations there
The command to "make preparations" involves active participation in God's plan. The Greek word "hetoimasate" means to prepare or make ready. This implies that while God provides the resources and the setting, human responsibility is still required. The disciples are called to prepare for the Passover meal, which foreshadows the sacrifice of Christ. This preparation is both physical and spiritual, reminding believers of the need to be ready for the work God has set before them, and to approach sacred moments with reverence and intentionality.

So they went
This phrase indicates immediate obedience and action by the disciples. The Greek word for "went" is "ἐξῆλθον" (exēlthon), which implies a purposeful departure. In the context of discipleship, this reflects the readiness and willingness to follow Jesus' instructions without hesitation. It serves as a model for believers today, emphasizing the importance of acting on faith and trust in God's word.

and found it
The Greek word for "found" is "εὗρον" (heuron), which means to discover or come upon something. This suggests that the disciples' journey was not in vain; they encountered exactly what Jesus had described. This highlights the reliability and omniscience of Jesus, reinforcing the truth that His words and promises are trustworthy. For believers, it is a reminder that when we follow Christ's guidance, we will find His promises fulfilled in our lives.

just as Jesus had told them
This phrase underscores the accuracy and foreknowledge of Jesus. The Greek word "καθώς" (kathōs) means "just as" or "in the manner that," indicating precise fulfillment of Jesus' words. This reflects the divine nature of Christ, who knows all things and orchestrates events according to His will. It reassures believers of the certainty of God's word and His sovereign control over circumstances.

And they prepared
The act of preparation is significant in the context of the Passover. The Greek word "ἡτοίμασαν" (hētoimasan) means to make ready or to arrange. This preparation involved both physical and spiritual readiness, as the Passover was a time of remembrance and reflection on God's deliverance. For Christians, it symbolizes the importance of preparing our hearts and lives for worship and communion with God.

the Passover
The Passover is a pivotal event in Jewish history, commemorating the Israelites' deliverance from slavery in Egypt. The Greek word "πάσχα" (pascha) refers to this feast, which involves the sacrifice of a lamb and the remembrance of God's saving acts. In the New Testament context, the Passover foreshadows Christ's sacrificial death as the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world. For believers, it is a profound reminder of redemption and the new covenant established through Jesus' blood.

When the hour had come
This phrase signifies a divinely appointed time, a moment of fulfillment in God's redemptive plan. The Greek word for "hour" is "hōra," which often denotes a significant or destined time. In the context of the Last Supper, it marks the culmination of Jesus' earthly ministry and the initiation of the New Covenant. Historically, this moment aligns with the Passover, a time when Jews commemorated their deliverance from Egypt. Jesus, as the Lamb of God, is about to fulfill the ultimate deliverance from sin.

Jesus
The name "Jesus" is derived from the Hebrew "Yeshua," meaning "The Lord is salvation." This name encapsulates His mission and identity as the Savior of the world. In this verse, Jesus is the central figure, orchestrating the events that will lead to His sacrificial death. His presence at the table signifies His role as both host and sacrificial lamb, embodying the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies.

reclined at the table
In ancient Jewish culture, reclining at the table was a posture of rest and fellowship, typically reserved for special meals like the Passover. The Greek word "anapiptō" means to recline or lie back, indicating a position of relaxation and intimacy. This setting underscores the significance of the Last Supper as a moment of deep communion between Jesus and His disciples. It also reflects the cultural practices of the time, where meals were not just for sustenance but for building relationships and sharing in community.

with His apostles
The term "apostles" comes from the Greek "apostolos," meaning "one who is sent out." These were the chosen twelve, handpicked by Jesus to be His closest followers and messengers of the Gospel. Their presence at this pivotal moment highlights their role in the unfolding of God's plan. Historically, the apostles were witnesses to Jesus' teachings, miracles, and ultimately, His resurrection. This gathering signifies the passing of the baton, as Jesus prepares them for their mission to spread the Good News to the ends of the earth.

And He said to them
This phrase introduces the words of Jesus, emphasizing His role as a teacher and leader. The Greek word for "said" is "εἶπεν" (eipen), which is often used in the Gospels to denote authoritative speech. Jesus is addressing His disciples, indicating the intimacy and importance of the message He is about to convey. This setting is crucial as it takes place during the Last Supper, a pivotal moment in Christian theology.

I have eagerly desired
The Greek phrase "ἐπιθυμίᾳ ἐπεθύμησα" (epithymia epethymēsa) is a strong expression of desire, indicating an intense longing. This double use of the word for desire underscores the depth of Jesus' emotions. It reflects His human nature, showing that He deeply values this moment with His disciples. This eagerness also highlights the significance of the Passover meal as a precursor to the new covenant He is about to establish.

to eat this Passover
The Passover, or "Πάσχα" (Pascha) in Greek, is a Jewish festival commemorating the Israelites' deliverance from Egypt. By choosing to eat the Passover with His disciples, Jesus is connecting His impending sacrifice to the sacrificial lamb of the Passover, symbolizing liberation and salvation. This act foreshadows His role as the Lamb of God, who takes away the sins of the world.

with you
The phrase "μεθ' ὑμῶν" (meth' hymōn) emphasizes the communal aspect of the meal. Jesus' desire to share this moment with His disciples highlights the importance of fellowship and unity in the Christian faith. It also signifies the establishment of a new community, the Church, which will be built on the foundation of His teachings and sacrifice.

before My suffering
The Greek word for "suffering" is "πάσχω" (paschō), which refers to the trials and tribulations Jesus is about to endure. This phrase indicates Jesus' awareness of His impending crucifixion and the fulfillment of His mission. It serves as a reminder of the sacrificial nature of His love and the redemptive purpose of His suffering. This foreknowledge also underscores His obedience to the Father's will and His commitment to the salvation of humanity.

For I tell you
This phrase underscores the authority and certainty with which Jesus speaks. In the Greek, "λέγω ὑμῖν" (legō hymin) is a common expression used by Jesus to emphasize the importance of His message. It is a direct communication to His disciples, indicating that what follows is of significant importance. This phrase sets the tone for a solemn declaration, inviting the listener to pay close attention to the profound truth being revealed.

I will not eat it again
Here, Jesus refers to the Passover meal, which He is sharing with His disciples. The Greek word for "eat" is "φάγω" (phagō), which is a future tense verb, indicating a deliberate choice and a future action. This statement signifies a transition from the old covenant, represented by the Passover, to the new covenant, which will be established through His impending sacrifice. It highlights the finality of this moment and the anticipation of a future fulfillment.

until it is fulfilled
The word "fulfilled" comes from the Greek "πληρόω" (plēroō), meaning to complete or bring to full measure. This suggests that the Passover, and by extension, the sacrificial system, finds its ultimate purpose and completion in the events that are about to unfold—namely, Jesus' death and resurrection. This fulfillment is not just a conclusion but a transformation into something greater, pointing to the eschatological hope of God's kingdom.

in the kingdom of God
This phrase is central to Jesus' teaching and mission. The "kingdom of God" (Greek: "βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ," basileia tou Theou) is a multifaceted concept that encompasses God's sovereign rule, both present and future. In this context, it refers to the future realization of God's reign, where the promises of the Old Testament find their ultimate expression. Jesus' reference to the kingdom here is a reminder of the hope and future glory that awaits believers, a time when God's will is perfectly enacted on earth as it is in heaven.

After taking the cup
This phrase marks a significant moment in the Last Supper, where Jesus initiates the institution of the Lord's Supper. The "cup" here is symbolic, representing the new covenant in His blood. In the Jewish Passover meal, multiple cups of wine were consumed, each with its own significance. The Greek word for "cup" (ποτήριον, potērion) is often used metaphorically in Scripture to denote one's fate or destiny, particularly in relation to suffering or divine wrath. Here, it foreshadows the suffering Jesus is about to endure for humanity's redemption.

He gave thanks
The act of giving thanks, or "eucharisteo" in Greek, is where the term "Eucharist" originates. This expression of gratitude is not merely a ritualistic formality but a profound acknowledgment of God's providence and grace. In the context of the Last Supper, Jesus' thanksgiving is deeply significant, as He is aware of the impending sacrifice He is about to make. This act of gratitude amidst impending suffering serves as a model for believers to maintain a heart of thankfulness in all circumstances.

and said
The phrase "and said" introduces Jesus' instructions to His disciples. In the Gospels, Jesus' words are authoritative and transformative. His speech acts as a divine command, establishing a new covenantal practice for His followers. The authority of Jesus' words is rooted in His identity as the Son of God, and His instructions here are foundational for Christian worship and community life.

Take this
The directive "Take this" is an invitation to participate in the new covenant. The Greek word "lambano" (λαμβάνω) implies an active reception, suggesting that the disciples are to willingly and consciously partake in what Jesus is offering. This act of taking is symbolic of accepting the salvation and grace that Jesus provides through His sacrifice.

and divide it among yourselves
This phrase emphasizes the communal aspect of the Lord's Supper. The Greek word "diamerizo" (διαμερίζω) means to distribute or share, highlighting the unity and fellowship among believers. The act of dividing the cup among themselves signifies the shared participation in the benefits of Christ's sacrifice. It underscores the importance of community in the Christian faith, where believers are called to support and edify one another as members of the body of Christ.

For I tell you
This phrase underscores the authority and certainty with which Jesus speaks. In the Greek, "λέγω ὑμῖν" (legō hymin) is a common expression used by Jesus to emphasize the importance of His words. It is a solemn declaration, indicating that what follows is of significant importance. Jesus often used this phrase to introduce teachings or prophecies, highlighting His role as a divine teacher and prophet.

that I will not drink
The Greek verb "πίνω" (pinō) is used here, meaning "to drink." This statement is a vow of abstinence, reflecting a deep commitment to a future event. In the context of the Last Supper, it signifies a transition from the present age to the coming kingdom. Jesus' abstention from drinking symbolizes His anticipation of the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan.

of the fruit of the vine
This phrase refers to wine, a staple in Jewish culture and a symbol of joy and celebration. The "fruit of the vine" is a direct reference to the Passover meal, where wine is a key element. In the Jewish tradition, wine represents the blessings of God and the joy of salvation. Jesus' reference to it here connects the Last Supper to the future Messianic banquet, a time of ultimate joy and fulfillment.

from now on
The Greek phrase "ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν" (apo tou nyn) indicates a decisive point in time. It marks the beginning of a new era in salvation history. Jesus is signaling a shift from His earthly ministry to the anticipation of His return and the establishment of God's kingdom. This phrase emphasizes the immediacy and certainty of the coming change.

until the kingdom of God comes
The "kingdom of God" is a central theme in Jesus' teaching, representing God's sovereign rule and the fulfillment of His promises. The Greek word "βασιλεία" (basileia) denotes a realm or reign, emphasizing both the present and future aspects of God's kingdom. Jesus' statement points to the eschatological hope of His followers, the ultimate realization of God's reign on earth. This promise assures believers of the certainty of God's plan and the hope of eternal fellowship with Him.

And He took bread
In this phrase, "He" refers to Jesus Christ, who is central to the Christian faith as the Son of God and the Savior. The act of taking bread is significant in Jewish tradition, as bread is a staple of life and often symbolizes sustenance and provision. The Greek word for "bread" here is "ἄρτος" (artos), which can mean any kind of bread or food. In the context of the Last Supper, this bread becomes a profound symbol of Jesus' body, which He is about to offer for the salvation of humanity. This act of taking bread is a precursor to the institution of the Lord's Supper, a sacrament that has been observed by Christians throughout history.

gave thanks
The Greek word used here is "εὐχαριστήσας" (eucharistēsas), from which the term "Eucharist" is derived. This act of giving thanks is not merely a ritualistic gesture but a profound expression of gratitude to God. In Jewish tradition, giving thanks before a meal is a common practice, acknowledging God's provision. Jesus' act of giving thanks here sets a precedent for Christians to approach the Lord's Table with a heart of gratitude, recognizing the grace and mercy extended through His sacrifice.

broke it
The breaking of the bread is a significant action that symbolizes the breaking of Jesus' body on the cross. The Greek word "ἔκλασεν" (eklasen) indicates a physical breaking, which foreshadows the suffering and sacrifice that Jesus is about to endure. This act also signifies the sharing of His body among His disciples, emphasizing the communal aspect of the Lord's Supper. Historically, breaking bread was a common practice in Jewish meals, symbolizing fellowship and unity.

and gave it to them
In this phrase, Jesus distributes the bread to His disciples, symbolizing the giving of His life for the redemption of many. The Greek word "ἔδωκεν" (edōken) implies a deliberate and generous act of giving. This distribution signifies the inclusivity of Jesus' sacrifice, offered to all who would believe. It also highlights the role of the disciples as recipients of His grace and as future bearers of His message to the world.

saying, 'This is My body
Here, Jesus makes a profound declaration, identifying the bread as His body. The Greek word "σῶμά" (sōma) refers to the physical body, but in this context, it carries a deeper spiritual meaning. Jesus is instituting a new covenant, where His body, broken for humanity, becomes the means of spiritual nourishment and salvation. This statement has been theologically significant throughout Christian history, forming the basis for the doctrine of the Real Presence in the Eucharist.

given for you
The phrase "given for you" underscores the sacrificial nature of Jesus' mission. The Greek word "διδόμενον" (didomenon) indicates an offering or a gift. Jesus' body is given willingly, out of love, for the redemption of humanity. This sacrificial giving fulfills the Old Testament prophecies of a suffering servant and establishes a new covenant between God and His people. It is a personal and communal gift, offered to each believer and to the Church as a whole.

do this in remembrance of Me
This command from Jesus establishes the practice of the Lord's Supper as a memorial of His sacrifice. The Greek word "ἀνάμνησιν" (anamnēsin) means a remembrance or a memorial. This act of remembrance is not merely a recollection of past events but a living participation in the reality of Jesus' sacrifice. It calls believers to continually reflect on the significance of His death and resurrection, fostering a deeper relationship with Him and with one another. This command has been faithfully observed by Christians throughout the ages, serving as a central act of worship and a means of grace.

In the same way, after supper
This phrase sets the scene for the institution of the Lord's Supper, a pivotal moment in Christian tradition. The Greek word for "supper" (δειπνέω, deipneō) refers to the main meal of the day, often a time of fellowship and sharing. Historically, this was the Passover meal, a significant Jewish tradition commemorating the Israelites' deliverance from Egypt. Jesus, by instituting the Lord's Supper after this meal, signifies a new covenant and deliverance through His sacrifice.

He took the cup
The act of taking the cup is rich in symbolism. In Jewish tradition, the cup during Passover was filled with wine, representing joy and celebration. Jesus' action here is deliberate, as He uses the cup to symbolize His blood, which would be poured out for the salvation of many. The Greek word for "cup" (ποτήριον, potērion) is often used metaphorically in Scripture to represent one's fate or destiny, further emphasizing the significance of Jesus' impending sacrifice.

saying, 'This cup is the new covenant
The phrase "new covenant" is foundational to Christian theology. The Greek word for "covenant" (διαθήκη, diathēkē) refers to a binding agreement or promise. In the Old Testament, covenants were central to God's relationship with His people, such as the covenant with Abraham or the Mosaic covenant. Here, Jesus declares a new covenant, prophesied in Jeremiah 31:31-34, where God promises to write His law on the hearts of His people. This new covenant is established through Jesus' sacrificial death and resurrection, offering forgiveness and eternal life.

in My blood
The mention of "My blood" is a profound declaration of the sacrificial nature of Jesus' mission. In Jewish sacrificial systems, blood was essential for atonement, as seen in Leviticus 17:11. The Greek word for "blood" (αἷμα, haima) signifies life and sacrifice. Jesus' blood, unlike the repeated animal sacrifices, is a once-for-all atonement for sin, fulfilling the requirements of the law and providing a means for reconciliation with God.

which is poured out for you
This phrase emphasizes the personal and communal aspect of Jesus' sacrifice. The Greek word for "poured out" (ἐκχέω, ekcheō) conveys the idea of a deliberate and generous offering. Jesus' blood is not taken from Him; it is willingly given, underscoring His role as the suffering servant prophesied in Isaiah 53. The phrase "for you" personalizes the sacrifice, reminding believers that Jesus' death was for each individual, offering redemption and a restored relationship with God.

But behold
The phrase "But behold" serves as a call to attention, urging the listener or reader to focus on what is about to be revealed. In the Greek, "behold" is translated from "ἰδού" (idou), which is often used to introduce something significant or surprising. This word sets the stage for a revelation of betrayal, highlighting the gravity of the moment. It is a divine alert, emphasizing the importance of the forthcoming statement and inviting the audience to witness the unfolding of God's sovereign plan, even in the face of human treachery.

the hand of My betrayer
The "hand" symbolizes action and intent. In biblical terms, the hand often represents power, control, or agency. Here, it is the hand of "My betrayer," indicating a personal and intimate act of betrayal. The Greek word for "betrayer" is "προδότης" (prodotes), which denotes someone who delivers another to an enemy. This phrase underscores the personal nature of Judas Iscariot's betrayal of Jesus. It is not merely a distant or impersonal act; it is a profound violation of trust and relationship, highlighting the depth of human sinfulness and the pain of betrayal that Jesus willingly endured for the sake of humanity.

is with Mine on the table
The phrase "is with Mine on the table" paints a vivid picture of proximity and shared fellowship. In the cultural and historical context of the time, sharing a meal was an act of intimacy and trust. The table, therefore, becomes a symbol of communion and community. The Greek word for "table" is "τράπεζα" (trapeza), which refers to a place of shared sustenance and fellowship. The fact that the betrayer's hand is on the table with Jesus' own hand highlights the shocking nature of the betrayal. It serves as a poignant reminder that betrayal can come from those closest to us, yet Jesus, in His divine foreknowledge and love, still extends grace and offers Himself as the sacrificial Lamb. This moment foreshadows the ultimate sacrifice of Christ, who, despite knowing the betrayal, continues His journey to the cross for the redemption of mankind.

Indeed
The word "indeed" serves as an affirmation, emphasizing the certainty and inevitability of the events that are about to unfold. In the Greek, this is often translated from "μέν," which is used to assert a statement with confidence. This word sets the tone for the verse, underscoring the divine plan that is being fulfilled. It reminds us of the sovereignty of God and His ultimate control over the unfolding of history, even in the face of human betrayal.

the Son of Man
This title, "the Son of Man," is deeply rooted in the Old Testament, particularly in the book of Daniel 7:13-14, where it describes a messianic figure endowed with authority and glory. In the New Testament, Jesus frequently uses this title to refer to Himself, highlighting both His humanity and His divine mission. It reflects His role as the representative of humanity and the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan. The use of this title here emphasizes Jesus' awareness of His identity and purpose, even as He faces betrayal.

will go
The phrase "will go" indicates movement and purpose. In the Greek, "πορεύεται" suggests a journey or a path that is being followed. This implies that Jesus' path to the cross is not accidental but is a deliberate part of God's redemptive plan. It speaks to the obedience of Christ, who willingly walks the path laid out for Him, fulfilling the prophecies and the will of the Father.

as it has been determined
This phrase underscores the divine foreordination of the events leading to Jesus' crucifixion. The Greek word "ὡρισμένον" (hōrismenon) conveys the idea of something being appointed or decreed. It highlights the theological concept of God's sovereignty and predestination. Despite human actions, God's plan is unthwarted. This assurance provides comfort to believers, knowing that God's purposes will prevail, even in the midst of human sinfulness.

but woe
The word "woe" is a strong expression of lament and warning. In the Greek, "οὐαί" (ouai) is often used by Jesus to pronounce judgment or sorrow. It serves as a solemn warning to the betrayer, indicating the grave consequences of his actions. This word reflects the seriousness of sin and the justice of God, reminding us of the moral responsibility each person bears for their choices.

to that man
This phrase personalizes the warning, directing it specifically to Judas Iscariot, the one who would betray Jesus. It highlights the individual accountability before God. While the betrayal is part of the divine plan, Judas is still responsible for his actions. This serves as a sobering reminder of the personal nature of sin and the need for repentance.

who betrays Him
The act of betrayal is central to this verse. The Greek word "παραδίδωσιν" (paradidōsin) means to hand over or deliver up. It signifies a breach of trust and loyalty. Judas' betrayal is not just a personal failure but a cosmic event that sets in motion the passion of Christ. This phrase calls believers to reflect on their own faithfulness to Christ and the importance of loyalty and integrity in their relationship with Him.

So they began to question among themselves
This phrase captures the immediate reaction of the disciples to Jesus' revelation that one of them would betray Him. The Greek word for "question" is "suzētein," which implies a deep, earnest discussion or debate. This reflects the gravity of the situation and the disciples' confusion and concern. Historically, this moment is set during the Last Supper, a pivotal event in Christian tradition, highlighting the human tendency to seek understanding in times of uncertainty.

which of them
The phrase "which of them" indicates the personal and communal introspection among the disciples. Each disciple is forced to consider his own loyalty and faithfulness to Jesus. This moment of self-examination is crucial, as it underscores the theme of personal accountability and the potential for betrayal that exists within every human heart. The disciples' questioning reflects a broader spiritual truth about the need for vigilance and self-awareness in one's faith journey.

was going to do this
The phrase "was going to do this" refers to the act of betrayal that Jesus had just foretold. The Greek verb "mellō" suggests an impending action, emphasizing the certainty and imminence of the betrayal. This highlights the fulfillment of prophecy and the unfolding of God's redemptive plan, even through human treachery. Theologically, this moment serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and the mysterious ways in which His purposes are accomplished, even through human weakness and sin.

A dispute also arose among them
This phrase sets the stage for the unfolding narrative, highlighting the human tendency towards conflict even among those closest to Jesus. The Greek word for "dispute" is "φιλονεικία" (philoneikia), which implies a love of strife or contention. This suggests that the disciples were not merely having a mild disagreement but were engaged in a more intense argument. Historically, this moment occurs during the Last Supper, a time that should have been marked by unity and reflection. The disciples' dispute serves as a reminder of the ever-present human struggle with pride and ambition, even in the presence of the divine.

as to which of them
This phrase indicates that the dispute was personal and competitive. The disciples were concerned with their individual status and rank among their peers. The Greek phrase "τίς αὐτῶν" (tis autōn) emphasizes the personal nature of the argument, as each disciple was likely considering his own position. This reflects a common human concern with self-worth and recognition, which can often lead to division and conflict. In the broader scriptural context, this moment underscores the contrast between worldly values of power and status and the kingdom values of humility and service that Jesus consistently taught.

was considered to be greatest
The desire to be "greatest" reveals the disciples' misunderstanding of true greatness in the kingdom of God. The Greek word "μείζων" (meizōn) means greater or greatest, and it is often used in the New Testament to describe rank or importance. This reflects a worldly perspective, where greatness is measured by power, authority, and recognition. However, Jesus' teachings consistently redefine greatness as servanthood and humility. This moment serves as a pivotal teaching opportunity for Jesus to correct their understanding and to emphasize that in His kingdom, the last shall be first, and the greatest shall be the servant of all. This teaching is a cornerstone of Christian discipleship, calling believers to emulate Christ's example of selfless love and service.

So Jesus declared
This phrase introduces the authoritative teaching of Jesus. The Greek word for "declared" is "εἶπεν" (eipen), which is often used to denote a solemn or significant statement. In the context of the Gospels, when Jesus "declares" something, it is not merely a casual remark but a profound truth that demands attention and reflection. This sets the stage for the weighty teaching that follows, emphasizing the importance of His words.

The kings of the Gentiles
Here, "kings" refers to rulers or leaders, and "Gentiles" denotes non-Jewish nations. Historically, the Gentile rulers were known for their authoritarian and often oppressive rule. The Greek term "ἔθνη" (ethnē) for "Gentiles" highlights the distinction between the Jewish people, who were under God's covenant, and the surrounding nations. This phrase sets up a contrast between worldly leadership and the kind of leadership Jesus advocates.

lord it over them
The phrase "lord it over" comes from the Greek "κυριεύουσιν" (kurieuousin), which means to exercise dominion or control in a domineering manner. This reflects the common practice among Gentile rulers who often exerted power for personal gain and control. Jesus is critiquing this model of leadership, which is characterized by self-serving authority and exploitation.

and those in authority over them
The term "authority" is translated from the Greek "ἐξουσιάζοντες" (exousiazontes), indicating those who wield power or control. This phrase further describes the hierarchical structure of Gentile governance, where power is concentrated at the top and often used to subjugate others. It underscores the systemic nature of such leadership, which is contrary to the servant leadership Jesus exemplifies.

call themselves Benefactors
"Benefactors" is translated from the Greek "εὐεργέται" (euergetai), which means doers of good or patrons. In the ancient world, rulers often styled themselves as benefactors to project an image of generosity and benevolence, even when their actions were self-serving. This term is used ironically here, as Jesus exposes the hypocrisy of leaders who claim to serve the public good while primarily serving their own interests.

But you shall not be like them
In this phrase, Jesus is drawing a clear distinction between His followers and the secular leaders of the time. The Greek word for "not" (οὐχ) is emphatic, indicating a strong contrast. Jesus is calling His disciples to a higher standard, one that is counter-cultural. In the historical context, Roman and Jewish leaders often sought power and prestige. Jesus, however, is teaching a radical form of leadership based on humility and service, which would have been revolutionary in a society that valued status and authority.

Instead, the greatest among you
The word "greatest" (μείζων) in Greek implies not just size or stature, but importance and influence. Jesus is redefining what it means to be great. In the Kingdom of God, greatness is not measured by power or position, but by one's capacity to serve others. This teaching aligns with the broader scriptural theme that true greatness is found in humility and service, as seen in Philippians 2:3-4, where believers are encouraged to consider others more significant than themselves.

should be like the youngest
In ancient Jewish culture, the youngest in a family or group was often the least honored and had the least authority. By using the analogy of the "youngest" (νεώτερος), Jesus is emphasizing humility and a willingness to take the lowest place. This is a call to adopt an attitude of servitude and to reject the pursuit of honor and recognition. The historical context of a patriarchal society makes this teaching even more profound, as it challenges the social norms of the time.

and the one who leads
The Greek word for "leads" (ἡγούμενος) can also be translated as "governs" or "rules." Jesus is addressing those in positions of authority, urging them to reconsider their approach to leadership. In the context of the early church, this would have been a direct challenge to any hierarchical structures that mirrored secular governance. Jesus is advocating for a model of leadership that is based on service rather than domination.

like the one who serves
The word "serves" (διακονῶν) is the root for the term "deacon," which in the early church referred to those who ministered to the needs of others. Jesus is presenting a paradigm shift where leaders are to be servants first. This concept is foundational to Christian leadership and is echoed throughout the New Testament, particularly in passages like Mark 10:45, where Jesus Himself is described as one who came not to be served, but to serve. This teaching is a call to embody the servant-hearted nature of Christ in all aspects of life and leadership.

For who is greater
This phrase introduces a rhetorical question posed by Jesus, emphasizing the concept of greatness in the Kingdom of God. The Greek word for "greater" is "meizōn," which implies superiority or preeminence. In the cultural context of the time, greatness was often associated with power, authority, and social status. Jesus challenges this conventional understanding by redefining greatness in terms of service and humility.

the one who is seated at the table
In ancient Near Eastern culture, being seated at the table was a position of honor and privilege. The Greek word "anakeimenos" refers to reclining at a meal, a common practice during banquets. This imagery evokes the societal norms where those seated were considered superior to those serving. Jesus uses this familiar setting to contrast worldly views of honor with the values of His Kingdom.

or the one who serves?
The Greek word for "serves" is "diakonōn," from which we derive the term "deacon." It signifies active service and ministry. In the historical context, servants were often invisible and undervalued, yet Jesus elevates their role as central to His teaching on leadership. This challenges His disciples to adopt a servant-hearted approach, countercultural to the prevailing attitudes of the time.

Is it not the one who is seated at the table?
Here, Jesus acknowledges the common societal belief that those seated at the table are greater. This rhetorical question sets up the contrast He is about to make. The disciples would have understood this as a statement of fact, reflecting the hierarchical structures they were accustomed to.

But I am among you
The phrase "I am among you" is significant, as it highlights Jesus' presence and example. The Greek "en mesō hymōn" suggests being in the midst of, or fully present with, His disciples. This emphasizes the incarnational aspect of Jesus' ministry—God dwelling among His people, not as a distant ruler but as an intimate, involved servant.

as one who serves
Jesus concludes with a powerful declaration of His role as a servant. The Greek "hōs ho diakonōn" reinforces His identity as one who actively serves others. This statement is revolutionary, as it redefines leadership and greatness in terms of self-giving love and humility. Jesus embodies the ultimate example of servant leadership, calling His followers to emulate His life of sacrificial service.

You are the ones
This phrase identifies the disciples as the specific group Jesus is addressing. In the Greek, "you" is emphatic, emphasizing the personal relationship and commitment of the disciples to Jesus. Historically, this highlights the unique role of the apostles as the foundation of the early Church, chosen by Christ Himself to carry forward His mission.

who have stood by Me
The Greek word for "stood by" (διαμεμενηκότες, diamemenekotes) implies steadfastness and loyalty. This phrase acknowledges the disciples' perseverance and faithfulness during Jesus' ministry, despite challenges and opposition. It serves as a reminder of the importance of loyalty and steadfastness in the Christian walk, reflecting the disciples' commitment to Jesus through trials.

in My trials
The term "trials" (πειρασμοῖς, peirasmois) refers to the various challenges and temptations Jesus faced during His earthly ministry. This includes opposition from religious leaders, misunderstandings from the public, and the spiritual battles He endured. The historical context of Jesus' trials underscores His humanity and the reality of His suffering, which the disciples witnessed firsthand. It also foreshadows the trials they would face as His followers, encouraging believers to remain faithful amidst their own challenges.

And I bestow on you a kingdom, just as My Father bestowed on Me
And I bestow
The phrase "I bestow" comes from the Greek word "διατίθεμαι" (diatithemai), which means to appoint, assign, or confer. This word carries the connotation of a deliberate and authoritative action. In the context of Luke 22:29, Jesus is speaking to His disciples during the Last Supper, a moment of deep significance. The use of "bestow" indicates a transfer of authority and responsibility, much like a king would grant a portion of his realm to trusted stewards. This is not a casual gift but a solemn entrustment, reflecting the gravity of the mission Jesus is imparting to His followers.

on you a kingdom
The "kingdom" here refers to the reign and rule of God, which Jesus has been proclaiming throughout His ministry. The Greek word "βασιλεία" (basileia) is used, which can mean both a physical realm and the spiritual reign of God. In the historical context, the Jewish people were anticipating a messianic kingdom that would restore Israel's glory. However, Jesus redefines this expectation by establishing a spiritual kingdom characterized by righteousness, peace, and joy in the Holy Spirit (Romans 14:17). The disciples are being called to participate in this kingdom, not as rulers in the worldly sense, but as servants and witnesses to God's redemptive work.

just as My Father
The phrase "just as My Father" emphasizes the divine origin and authority of the kingdom. The relationship between Jesus and the Father is central to the Gospel message. The Father-Son dynamic is one of perfect unity and love, and it is within this relationship that the kingdom is established. The use of "just as" (Greek "καθώς," kathos) indicates that the manner in which Jesus bestows the kingdom on His disciples mirrors the way the Father has entrusted it to Him. This highlights the continuity and consistency of God's plan of salvation, rooted in divine love and purpose.

bestowed on Me
The word "bestowed" is again "διατίθεμαι" (diatithemai), reinforcing the idea of a deliberate and authoritative conferral. Jesus acknowledges that His authority and mission are not self-derived but are given by the Father. This reflects the humility and obedience of Christ, who, though equal with God, submits to the Father's will (Philippians 2:6-8). The kingdom bestowed on Jesus is one of sacrificial love and redemptive power, culminating in His death and resurrection. By sharing this kingdom with His disciples, Jesus invites them into a life of service, sacrifice, and ultimately, glory.

so that you may eat and drink at My table in My kingdom
so that you may
This phrase indicates a purpose or result, suggesting that the actions or conditions previously mentioned lead to this outcome. In the context of Luke 22, Jesus is speaking to His disciples during the Last Supper, a pivotal moment before His crucifixion. The Greek word for "may" (ἵνα) often introduces a purpose clause, emphasizing the intentionality of Jesus' promise. It reflects the divine plan and the assurance that the disciples' faithfulness will lead to a future reward.

eat and drink
Eating and drinking are fundamental human activities, symbolizing sustenance and fellowship. In the biblical context, they often represent communion and celebration. The Greek words used here, "φαγεῖν" (to eat) and "πίνειν" (to drink), are common in the New Testament and are frequently associated with the Messianic banquet, a theme that runs throughout Scripture. This imagery points to the eschatological hope of believers sharing in the joy and abundance of God's kingdom.

at My table
The table is a place of intimacy and fellowship. In ancient Near Eastern culture, sharing a meal was a sign of friendship and covenant. The phrase "My table" signifies a personal invitation from Jesus, highlighting the close relationship between Him and His followers. It echoes the imagery of Psalm 23:5, where God prepares a table for the psalmist, symbolizing provision and protection. This promise assures the disciples of their place in the divine fellowship.

in My kingdom
The kingdom of God is a central theme in Jesus' teaching, representing God's sovereign rule and the fulfillment of His redemptive plan. The Greek word "βασιλείᾳ" (kingdom) conveys both a present reality and a future hope. Jesus' reference to "My kingdom" underscores His authority and the inaugurated eschatology of His ministry. It assures the disciples that despite the impending trials, they will partake in the eternal reign of Christ, a promise that extends to all believers.

and you will sit on thrones
and you will sit
This phrase indicates a position of rest and authority. The Greek verb "καθίσεσθε" (you will sit) suggests a settled state, contrasting with the transient nature of earthly power. It implies a future reward for the disciples' faithfulness, aligning with the biblical theme of believers reigning with Christ. This promise is a source of hope and encouragement, affirming that their labor is not in vain.

on thrones
Thrones symbolize authority and judgment. In the biblical context, they are often associated with kings and rulers. The Greek word "θρόνους" (thrones) reflects the honor and responsibility bestowed upon the disciples. This imagery is consistent with the apocalyptic vision in Revelation, where believers are depicted as reigning with Christ. It signifies the reversal of worldly values, where the humble and faithful are exalted in God's kingdom.

judging the twelve tribes of Israel
judging
The act of judging involves discernment and authority. The Greek word "κρίνοντες" (judging) implies a role in governance and decision-making. In the biblical narrative, judgment is often associated with righteousness and justice. This promise to the disciples reflects their future role in God's redemptive plan, where they will participate in the administration of His kingdom.

the twelve tribes of Israel
The twelve tribes represent the entirety of God's covenant people. This phrase connects the disciples' future role to the fulfillment of God's promises to Israel. It underscores the continuity between the Old and New Covenants, highlighting the disciples' foundational role in the establishment of the Church. This promise assures them of their integral part in God's salvific history, bridging the past and future of His people.

Simon, Simon
The repetition of Simon's name is significant and carries a tone of urgency and affection. In the Greek text, the name is "Σίμων" (Simōn), which is the Hellenized form of the Hebrew name "שִׁמְעוֹן" (Shimon), meaning "he has heard." The double use of his name emphasizes the personal nature of Jesus' address and the seriousness of the warning. It reflects a common Semitic expression used to convey deep emotion or concern. This repetition is reminiscent of other biblical instances where God calls individuals by name twice, such as "Moses, Moses" (Exodus 3:4) and "Samuel, Samuel" (1 Samuel 3:10), indicating a moment of significant divine communication.

Satan has asked
The Greek word for "Satan" is "Σατανᾶς" (Satanas), which means "adversary" or "accuser." This term is used throughout the New Testament to describe the spiritual being who opposes God and His people. The phrase "has asked" is translated from the Greek "ἐξῃτήσατο" (exētēsato), which implies a request or demand. This suggests a scene reminiscent of the heavenly court in the Book of Job, where Satan seeks permission to test Job's faithfulness (Job 1:6-12). It highlights the reality of spiritual warfare and the adversary's desire to challenge the faith of believers.

to sift
The Greek word "σινιάσαι" (siniasai) is used here, which means "to sift" or "to shake." This agricultural metaphor refers to the process of separating wheat from chaff, indicating a severe testing or trial. In the ancient world, sifting was a vigorous process that involved shaking the grain to remove impurities. Spiritually, it symbolizes a time of testing that reveals the true nature of one's faith. This imagery underscores the intensity of the trial that Simon Peter and the other disciples are about to face.

each of you
The phrase "each of you" is translated from the Greek "ὑμᾶς" (hymas), which is the plural form of "you." This indicates that Satan's request was not limited to Simon Peter alone but extended to all the disciples. It serves as a reminder that spiritual trials and temptations are a common experience for all believers, not just for leaders or prominent figures. The communal aspect of this testing highlights the need for mutual support and prayer within the body of Christ.

like wheat
The comparison to "wheat" is significant in biblical symbolism. Wheat is often used to represent God's people, as seen in parables such as the Wheat and the Tares (Matthew 13:24-30). The process of sifting wheat involves separating the valuable grain from the worthless chaff, symbolizing the purification and strengthening of faith through trials. This metaphor reassures believers that while Satan's intent is to destroy, God's purpose in allowing such trials is to refine and purify His people, ultimately leading to spiritual growth and maturity.

But I have prayed for you
This phrase highlights the intercessory role of Jesus Christ. The Greek word for "prayed" is "ἐδεήθην" (edeēthēn), which implies a deep, earnest plea. Jesus, knowing the trials Peter would face, intercedes directly with the Father. This reflects the ongoing priestly ministry of Christ, who continues to intercede for believers (Hebrews 7:25). It is a profound reminder of the personal care and concern Jesus has for each of His followers, emphasizing that He is actively involved in their spiritual journey.

Simon
The use of "Simon" instead of "Peter" is significant. "Simon" is Peter's original name, and its use here may indicate a return to his human frailty and vulnerability. It serves as a reminder of Peter's humanity and the need for divine support. The name "Simon" is derived from the Hebrew "Shim'on," meaning "he has heard," which is fitting as Peter is being called to listen to Jesus' warning and encouragement.

that your faith will not fail
The Greek word for "fail" is "ἐκλείπω" (ekleipō), meaning to cease or to come to an end. Jesus' prayer is specifically for Peter's faith to endure through the coming trials. This highlights the importance of faith as a sustaining force in the life of a believer. It is not the absence of failure that defines a Christian, but the perseverance of faith through trials. Jesus' prayer underscores the belief that faith, though tested, can be preserved by divine intervention.

And when you have turned back
The phrase "turned back" comes from the Greek "ἐπιστρέψας" (epistrepsas), meaning to return or to turn around. This implies repentance and restoration. Jesus foresees Peter's denial but also his eventual repentance and return to faithfulness. It is a message of hope and redemption, illustrating that failure is not final and that restoration is always possible through Christ.

strengthen your brothers
The Greek word for "strengthen" is "στήριξον" (stērixon), which means to establish or to make firm. After Peter's restoration, he is called to support and encourage his fellow believers. This reflects the communal aspect of the Christian faith, where believers are called to support one another. It is a call to leadership and service, emphasizing that personal experiences of grace and restoration should lead to the edification of others within the body of Christ.

But he replied
This phrase introduces Peter's response to Jesus, indicating a moment of personal conviction and emotional intensity. The Greek word for "replied" is "ἀποκριθεὶς" (apokritheis), which implies a response or answer, often with a sense of urgency or importance. In the context of the Gospels, Peter's replies often reveal his impulsive nature and deep devotion to Jesus, setting the stage for a significant declaration of loyalty.

Lord
The term "Lord" is translated from the Greek "Κύριε" (Kyrie), a title of respect and recognition of authority. In the Jewish context, calling someone "Lord" was a sign of acknowledging their higher status and, in the case of Jesus, a recognition of His divine authority. Peter's use of "Lord" here underscores his reverence and the personal relationship he shares with Jesus, despite his forthcoming denial.

I am ready
The phrase "I am ready" comes from the Greek "ἕτοιμός εἰμι" (hetoimos eimi), indicating a state of preparedness and willingness. Peter's declaration of readiness reflects his earnest desire to stand by Jesus, showcasing his boldness and confidence. Historically, this reflects the zealous nature of Peter, who often acted with fervor and passion, even if it sometimes led to overconfidence.

to go with You
This phrase highlights Peter's commitment to accompany Jesus, emphasizing loyalty and companionship. The Greek "συνελθεῖν" (synelein) suggests a willingness to join or accompany someone, often in a journey or mission. Peter's statement here is a testament to his dedication, expressing a desire to be with Jesus regardless of the circumstances, which is a powerful expression of discipleship.

to prison
The mention of "prison" (Greek: "φυλακή" - phylake) indicates Peter's readiness to face imprisonment for the sake of Jesus. In the historical context of the early Christian church, imprisonment was a real threat for followers of Christ. Peter's willingness to endure such hardship reflects the early Christian understanding of suffering for one's faith as a noble and expected part of discipleship.

and to death
The phrase "and to death" (Greek: "καὶ εἰς θάνατον" - kai eis thanaton) signifies the ultimate sacrifice Peter claims he is willing to make. Death, in the context of the New Testament, is often associated with martyrdom and the ultimate testimony of faith. Peter's declaration here is profound, as it foreshadows the trials he will face and the eventual fulfillment of his promise, despite his initial failure. This highlights the theme of redemption and the transformative power of grace in the Christian journey.

But Jesus replied
This phrase introduces the response of Jesus, highlighting His role as the omniscient teacher and prophet. The Greek word for "replied" is "eipen," which is a common term for speaking or saying. In this context, it underscores the authority and certainty of Jesus' words. Jesus, fully aware of the events to come, speaks with divine insight, preparing Peter for the impending trial of his faith. This moment is a testament to Jesus' foreknowledge and His compassionate attempt to prepare His disciples for their weaknesses.

I tell you, Peter
The use of "I tell you" (Greek: "lego soi") emphasizes the personal and direct communication from Jesus to Peter. It is a solemn declaration, underscoring the gravity of the message. The name "Peter" (Greek: "Petros") is significant here, as it means "rock." Jesus had earlier named Simon as Peter, symbolizing strength and stability. Yet, in this moment, Jesus addresses him with a prophecy of failure, reminding us of the human frailty even in those chosen for leadership.

the rooster will not crow today
The mention of the "rooster" (Greek: "alektor") is a vivid detail that anchors the prophecy in a specific time frame. Roosters were common in ancient Palestine, and their crowing marked the early morning hours. The phrase "will not crow today" indicates the immediacy of the prophecy's fulfillment, suggesting that Peter's denial would occur before the dawn of the next day. This detail serves as a poignant reminder of the swift and unexpected nature of spiritual trials.

until you have denied three times
The number "three" in biblical terms often signifies completeness or emphasis. The Greek word for "denied" is "aparneomai," which means to disown or repudiate. The repetition of the denial three times underscores the severity and totality of Peter's forthcoming actions. It highlights the depth of human weakness and the potential for failure, even among the most devoted followers of Christ. This prophecy serves as a sobering reminder of the need for vigilance and reliance on God's strength.

that you know Me
The phrase "that you know Me" (Greek: "me eidenai") is central to the prophecy. It reflects the relational aspect of Peter's denial. To "know" Jesus is not merely intellectual acknowledgment but an intimate, personal relationship. Peter's denial is not just a failure of courage but a momentary severing of this relationship. This highlights the profound impact of sin on our relationship with Christ and the need for repentance and restoration.

Then Jesus asked them
In this opening phrase, we see Jesus initiating a conversation with His disciples. The Greek word for "asked" is "ἐπηρώτησεν" (eperōtēsen), which implies a questioning or inquiring. This is not merely a casual question but a purposeful inquiry meant to provoke thought and reflection. Jesus often used questions to teach and to lead His disciples into deeper understanding. This method reflects the rabbinical tradition of teaching through dialogue and questions, encouraging the disciples to engage actively with the lessons He was imparting.

When I sent you out
Here, Jesus refers back to a previous mission He gave to His disciples, as recorded in Luke 9:1-6 and Luke 10:1-12. The phrase "sent you out" comes from the Greek "ἀπέστειλα" (apesteila), which is related to the word "apostle," meaning "one who is sent." This highlights the authority and purpose with which Jesus commissioned His disciples. Historically, this sending was a significant moment where the disciples were empowered to preach the Kingdom of God and perform miracles, signifying the extension of Jesus' ministry through them.

without purse or bag or sandals
In this phrase, Jesus reminds the disciples of the specific instructions He gave them during their mission. The "purse" (Greek: "βαλλάντιον," ballantion) refers to a money bag, while "bag" (Greek: "πήρα," pēra) indicates a traveler's bag or knapsack. "Sandals" (Greek: "ὑποδήματα," hupodēmata) are the footwear of the time, essential for travel. By sending them without these items, Jesus was teaching them to rely entirely on God's provision and the hospitality of those they would encounter. This instruction was a test of faith and trust in God's providence, emphasizing the spiritual over the material.

Did you lack anything?
This rhetorical question is designed to remind the disciples of God's faithfulness. The Greek word for "lack" is "ὑστερήσατε" (hysterēsate), which means to be in need or to fall short. Jesus is prompting the disciples to recall their experiences and recognize that despite their lack of physical provisions, they were never in want. This serves as a powerful reminder of God's ability to provide for His people, reinforcing the lesson of dependence on divine provision rather than human resources.

Nothing
The disciples' response, "Nothing," is a testament to the sufficiency of God's provision. This single word encapsulates their experience of God's faithfulness and care. It is a declaration of trust and a recognition that when they followed Jesus' instructions, they were fully provided for. This acknowledgment serves as an encouragement to believers to trust in God's provision, even when circumstances seem uncertain or challenging.

But now
This phrase marks a transition from a previous state to a new reality. In the context of Jesus' ministry, it signifies a shift from a time of provision and peace to one of impending conflict and self-reliance. The Greek word "νῦν" (nun) emphasizes the immediacy and urgency of the change. Historically, this moment is on the cusp of Jesus' arrest and crucifixion, indicating a pivotal point in His earthly mission.

let the one who has a purse take it
The "purse" (Greek: "βαλλάντιον," ballantion) refers to a money bag or wallet. In ancient times, this would be a small leather pouch used to carry coins. Jesus is instructing His disciples to prepare for a journey or mission where they will need to be self-sufficient. This directive contrasts with earlier instructions where they were told not to take money (Luke 9:3), highlighting the changing circumstances they are about to face.

and likewise a bag
The "bag" (Greek: "πήρα," pera) is a traveler’s bag or knapsack. It was commonly used by travelers and shepherds to carry provisions. The inclusion of both a purse and a bag underscores the need for readiness and preparation. This reflects the historical context of itinerant ministry, where disciples would need to rely on their resources as they spread the Gospel.

and let the one who has no sword
The "sword" (Greek: "μάχαιρα," machaira) is a short sword or large knife, used for protection or as a tool. In the historical context of Roman-occupied Judea, carrying a sword was common for self-defense. Jesus' mention of a sword has been interpreted in various ways, but from a conservative perspective, it suggests the need for spiritual vigilance and preparedness in the face of coming trials.

sell his cloak and buy one
The "cloak" (Greek: "ἱμάτιον," himation) was an outer garment, essential for warmth and protection against the elements. Selling one's cloak to buy a sword indicates the seriousness of the situation; it is a call to prioritize spiritual readiness over physical comfort. This phrase can be seen as a metaphor for the urgency and gravity of the spiritual battle ahead, emphasizing the need for the disciples to be equipped for the challenges they will face.

It is written
This phrase underscores the authority and fulfillment of Scripture. In the Greek, "γέγραπται" (gegraptai) is used, which is the perfect passive indicative of "γράφω" (grapho), meaning "to write." The perfect tense indicates a completed action with ongoing results, emphasizing the enduring authority of what has been written. This reflects the Jewish understanding of Scripture as divinely inspired and authoritative. Jesus often uses this phrase to affirm that His actions and experiences are in direct fulfillment of prophetic Scripture, reinforcing the belief in the divine orchestration of His life and mission.

And He was numbered with the transgressors
This phrase is a direct quotation from Isaiah 53:12, a prophetic passage about the Suffering Servant. The Greek word "ἐλογίσθη" (elogisthē) means "was counted" or "was reckoned," indicating an official or judicial consideration. Historically, this reflects Jesus' crucifixion between two criminals, fulfilling the prophecy that the Messiah would be associated with sinners. This association highlights the depth of Jesus' identification with humanity's sinfulness, despite His own sinlessness, and His role as the ultimate atoning sacrifice.

And indeed
The Greek word "καί" (kai) is often translated as "and," but here it serves to emphasize the certainty and importance of what follows. It connects the prophecy with its fulfillment, underscoring the inevitability and divine purpose behind these events. This conjunction serves as a bridge between prophecy and reality, reinforcing the idea that Jesus' life and mission are the culmination of God's redemptive plan.

What is written about Me
This phrase highlights the personal and specific nature of the prophecies concerning Jesus. The Greek "τὸ περὶ ἐμοῦ" (to peri emou) translates to "what is concerning Me," indicating that the Scriptures are not just general prophecies but are directly related to Jesus' identity and mission. This personal application of Scripture underscores the belief in Jesus as the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, affirming His messianic identity and divine mission.

is reaching its fulfillment
The Greek word "τελεῖται" (teleitai) is derived from "τελέω" (teleo), meaning "to complete" or "to bring to an end." This verb is in the present indicative, suggesting an ongoing process of fulfillment. This indicates that the events of Jesus' life, particularly His suffering and death, are the culmination of God's redemptive plan as foretold in Scripture. The use of this term emphasizes the completeness and perfection of God's plan, as well as the active role Jesus plays in bringing it to fruition. This fulfillment is not just a historical event but a theological reality that continues to have significance for believers, affirming the trustworthiness of God's promises and the certainty of His salvation plan.

So they said
This phrase indicates a response from the disciples to Jesus. The Greek word used here is "εἶπαν" (eipan), which is a form of the verb "λέγω" (lego), meaning "to say" or "to speak." This response is part of a dialogue, showing the disciples' immediate reaction to Jesus' earlier instructions. It reflects their literal understanding of Jesus' metaphorical teaching about preparedness and the coming trials.

Look, Lord
The word "Look" is translated from the Greek "ἰδού" (idou), an imperative that means "behold" or "see." It is often used to draw attention to something significant. The disciples are eager to show Jesus that they have understood His instruction, albeit in a literal sense. The term "Lord" is "Κύριε" (Kyrie) in Greek, a title of respect and recognition of Jesus' authority and divinity. This acknowledgment of Jesus as "Lord" underscores their reverence and submission to Him.

here are two swords
The phrase "here are" is translated from the Greek "ὧδε" (hode), meaning "here" or "in this place." The disciples present the swords as tangible evidence of their readiness. The word "swords" is "μάχαιραι" (machairai) in Greek, referring to short swords or large knives used for defense. Historically, swords were common tools for protection and symbolized readiness for conflict. The mention of "two swords" suggests a misunderstanding of Jesus' earlier metaphorical teaching about spiritual preparedness, as they focus on physical weapons.

That is enough
Jesus' response, "ἱκανόν ἐστιν" (hikanon estin), can be interpreted in several ways. The word "ἱκανόν" (hikanon) means "sufficient" or "adequate." Jesus' statement may indicate that two swords are sufficient for the immediate context, or it could be a gentle rebuke, suggesting that the disciples have misunderstood His teaching. From a spiritual perspective, Jesus emphasizes that reliance on physical weapons is not the essence of His mission or the Kingdom of God.

He answered
The Greek word for "answered" is "εἶπεν" (eipen), another form of "λέγω" (lego), indicating a response or reply. Jesus' answer is concise and leaves room for reflection. It highlights His role as a teacher who often uses situations to impart deeper spiritual truths. His response invites the disciples to consider the true nature of the spiritual battle they are about to face, which requires faith and reliance on God rather than physical weapons.

Jesus went out
The phrase "Jesus went out" signifies a deliberate action taken by Jesus. The Greek word used here is "ἐξῆλθεν" (exēlthen), which implies a purposeful departure. This action is not random but part of a divine plan. Jesus, fully aware of the events that are about to unfold, steps forward with courage and obedience to the Father's will. This moment reflects His commitment to His mission and His role as the Good Shepherd who leads by example.

as usual
The phrase "as usual" indicates a pattern or habit in Jesus' life. The Greek word "κατὰ τὸ ἔθος" (kata to ethos) suggests a customary practice. This was not an isolated event but a regular occurrence, highlighting the importance of prayer and solitude in Jesus' ministry. It serves as a model for believers, emphasizing the necessity of consistent communion with God, especially in times of impending trials.

to the Mount of Olives
The "Mount of Olives" holds significant historical and prophetic importance. Located east of Jerusalem, it was a place Jesus frequented for prayer and teaching. The Mount of Olives is also associated with eschatological events, as prophesied in Zechariah 14:4. This location underscores the gravity of the moment, as Jesus prepares for His impending suffering and crucifixion. It is a place of both solace and prophecy, where Jesus often retreated to seek the Father's presence.

and the disciples followed Him
The phrase "and the disciples followed Him" highlights the relationship between Jesus and His disciples. The Greek word "ἠκολούθησαν" (ēkolouthēsan) means to accompany or follow closely. This act of following signifies obedience and loyalty, even though the disciples do not fully comprehend the magnitude of what is about to happen. It serves as a reminder of the call to discipleship, which involves following Jesus through both triumph and trial, trusting in His leadership and guidance.

When He came to the place
This phrase indicates a specific location, the Garden of Gethsemane, which holds significant historical and spiritual importance. The Greek word for "place" is "topos," suggesting a designated spot with purpose. Gethsemane, meaning "oil press," symbolizes a place of pressing and pressure, reflecting the intense spiritual struggle Jesus was about to endure. Historically, this garden was a familiar retreat for Jesus and His disciples, a place of solace and prayer. It serves as a reminder that even in familiar and comforting places, spiritual battles can occur.

He said to them
The act of speaking here is crucial. Jesus, as the divine teacher, imparts wisdom and guidance to His disciples. The Greek verb "eipen" (said) emphasizes the authority and intentionality behind His words. This moment is a teaching opportunity, highlighting the importance of communication between Jesus and His followers. It underscores the relational aspect of discipleship, where instruction and encouragement are given directly from the Master.

Pray
The Greek word "proseuchomai" is used here, which means to pray earnestly or to supplicate. Prayer is presented as a vital spiritual discipline, a means of seeking divine strength and guidance. In the context of this verse, prayer is not just a ritual but a lifeline, a way to connect with God amidst impending trials. It emphasizes the necessity of prayer in the believer's life, especially when facing temptation or spiritual challenges.

that you will not enter
The phrase "enter" comes from the Greek "eiselthēte," which implies going into or coming under the influence of something. Jesus is warning His disciples about the potential to be overwhelmed by temptation. This highlights the proactive nature of prayer as a defense mechanism, a way to guard one's heart and mind against spiritual pitfalls. It serves as a reminder that believers must be vigilant and intentional in their spiritual walk.

into temptation
The Greek word "peirasmos" refers to a trial or test, often with a connotation of enticement to sin. In the biblical context, temptation is a common experience for all believers, but it is not insurmountable. Jesus' instruction to pray against entering into temptation underscores the reality of spiritual warfare and the need for divine assistance. It reflects the understanding that while temptation is inevitable, succumbing to it is not, provided one relies on God's strength through prayer.

And He withdrew
The Greek word for "withdrew" is "ἀπεσπάσθη" (apespasthē), which implies a deliberate and intentional separation. In the context of Jesus' life, this withdrawal signifies a moment of profound personal reflection and communion with the Father. It highlights the importance of solitude in spiritual practice, a theme consistent throughout Jesus' ministry. This act of withdrawing is not just physical but also spiritual, as Jesus prepares for the immense burden He is about to bear.

about a stone’s throw
This phrase is a colloquial expression used to describe a short distance. In the historical context, it suggests that Jesus was close enough to be within sight and sound of His disciples, yet far enough to be alone with God. The imagery of a "stone's throw" evokes a sense of simplicity and relatability, grounding this divine moment in the everyday experiences of the people of that time.

beyond them
The phrase "beyond them" indicates a physical separation from the disciples, emphasizing the solitary nature of Jesus' prayer. This separation is symbolic of the unique role Jesus plays as the mediator between God and humanity. It underscores the loneliness of His mission and the personal sacrifice He is about to make for the salvation of mankind.

where He knelt down
The act of kneeling is a posture of humility and submission. In the Greek, "καὶ θεὶς τὰ γόνατα" (kai theis ta gonata) reflects a deep reverence and earnestness in prayer. Kneeling is a physical manifestation of Jesus' obedience to the Father’s will, setting an example for believers to approach God with humility and reverence, especially in times of trial.

and prayed
The Greek word for "prayed" is "προσηύξατο" (prosēuxato), which denotes a continuous and earnest communication with God. This moment of prayer is pivotal, as it reveals Jesus' reliance on the Father and His commitment to fulfilling His divine mission. It serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of prayer in seeking strength and guidance, particularly when facing life's greatest challenges.

Father
The term "Father" here is translated from the Greek word "Pater," which signifies a close, intimate relationship. In the context of Jesus' prayer, it reflects His unique relationship with God, emphasizing both His divinity and His humanity. This address underscores the trust and submission Jesus has towards God, setting an example for believers to approach God with reverence and intimacy.

if You are willing
This phrase highlights the conditional nature of Jesus' request. The Greek word "ei" (if) introduces a sense of submission to God's sovereign will. Jesus acknowledges God's ultimate authority and expresses His desire in a manner that respects God's divine plan. This reflects a deep trust in God's wisdom and timing, encouraging believers to align their desires with God's will.

take this cup from Me
The "cup" is a metaphor deeply rooted in Jewish tradition, often symbolizing God's wrath or judgment (as seen in passages like Isaiah 51:17 and Jeremiah 25:15). Here, it represents the suffering and crucifixion that Jesus is about to endure. By asking for the cup to be taken away, Jesus expresses His human desire to avoid suffering, yet He remains committed to fulfilling His mission. This duality of Jesus' nature—fully God and fully man—is a profound mystery that underscores His empathy with human struggles.

Yet not My will, but Yours be done
This phrase is the climax of Jesus' prayer, demonstrating ultimate submission to God's will. The Greek word "alla" (yet) introduces a contrast between Jesus' human desire and His commitment to God's plan. "Thelema" (will) signifies a deliberate choice or purpose. Jesus' surrender to God's will is a model of obedience and faith for believers, illustrating the importance of prioritizing God's purposes over personal desires. This submission is not passive resignation but an active choice to trust in God's perfect plan, even in the face of immense personal cost.

Then
The word "then" serves as a temporal marker, indicating a sequence of events. In the context of Luke 22, this moment follows Jesus' intense prayer in the Garden of Gethsemane. The use of "then" highlights the immediacy and divine response to Jesus' earnest supplication. It underscores the narrative's progression from human struggle to divine intervention, emphasizing God's timely provision in moments of deep distress.

an angel
The appearance of "an angel" signifies a divine messenger sent by God. In the Greek, "angelos" means messenger, often denoting a supernatural being dispatched to deliver God's message or aid. This angelic presence underscores the heavenly support available to Jesus, affirming His divine mission and the spiritual realm's active involvement in earthly affairs. It serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and the unseen spiritual forces at work in the believer's life.

from heaven
The phrase "from heaven" indicates the origin of the angel, emphasizing the divine source of strength and comfort. Heaven, in biblical terms, is the dwelling place of God and His angels, representing purity, authority, and divine will. This phrase reassures believers of the heavenly resources available to them, reinforcing the idea that God's help is not of this world but transcendent and powerful.

appeared to Him
The phrase "appeared to Him" suggests a visible, tangible manifestation of the angel to Jesus. This appearance is not merely a vision but a real encounter, providing Jesus with the assurance of God's presence. The Greek word "optanomai" implies being seen or becoming visible, highlighting the reality of divine intervention. It serves as a testament to God's readiness to reveal Himself to those in need, offering comfort and strength.

and strengthened Him
The act of strengthening Jesus is pivotal, as it demonstrates the angel's purpose. The Greek word "enischyo" means to make strong or to invigorate, indicating a fortification of Jesus' physical and spiritual resolve. This divine strengthening is crucial as Jesus prepares to face the crucifixion, illustrating God's provision of strength in times of trial. It serves as an encouragement to believers that God equips them with the necessary fortitude to endure their own trials, reinforcing the promise of divine support and empowerment.

And in His anguish
The word "anguish" here is translated from the Greek word "ἀγωνία" (agonia), which conveys a sense of severe mental struggle and distress. This term is often associated with the intense emotional and spiritual turmoil that Jesus experienced in the Garden of Gethsemane. Historically, this moment is pivotal as it reflects the weight of the impending crucifixion and the burden of humanity's sins that Jesus was about to bear. Theologically, it underscores the true humanity of Christ, who, despite being divine, experienced profound human emotions.

He prayed more earnestly
The phrase "prayed more earnestly" indicates an intensification of Jesus' prayer. The Greek word for "earnestly" is "ἐκτενέστερον" (ektenesteron), suggesting fervency and persistence. This highlights the depth of Jesus' reliance on the Father during His time of need. It serves as a model for believers, demonstrating that in times of great trial, turning to God with sincere and fervent prayer is essential. This earnest prayer reflects Jesus' submission to the Father's will, even in the face of immense suffering.

and His sweat became like drops of blood
The imagery of "sweat became like drops of blood" is a powerful depiction of the physical manifestation of Jesus' inner turmoil. The Greek word "θρόμβοι" (thromboi) refers to clots or thick drops, suggesting a condition known as hematidrosis, where extreme stress causes capillaries to burst, mixing blood with sweat. This rare phenomenon underscores the extreme agony Jesus faced, emphasizing His full participation in human suffering. It also serves as a profound symbol of the impending sacrifice, foreshadowing the shedding of His blood for the redemption of mankind.

falling to the ground
The phrase "falling to the ground" illustrates the gravity and reality of Jesus' suffering. The Greek verb "καταβαίνοντες" (katabainontes) implies a continuous action, indicating that the sweat was pouring down. This detail not only emphasizes the physical and emotional intensity of the moment but also serves as a poignant reminder of Jesus' humility and submission. In a broader scriptural context, it reflects the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies concerning the suffering servant and the Messiah's role in salvation history.

When Jesus rose from prayer
This phrase highlights the transition from Jesus' intense prayer in the Garden of Gethsemane to His interaction with the disciples. The Greek word for "rose" (ἀναστὰς, anastas) implies a deliberate action, signifying Jesus' readiness to face the events that were about to unfold. His prayer was a moment of deep communion with the Father, reflecting His human vulnerability and divine submission. This moment underscores the importance of prayer as a source of strength and preparation for the trials ahead.

and returned to the disciples
The act of returning to the disciples signifies Jesus' continual care and leadership. Despite His own anguish, He remains attentive to His followers. The Greek word for "returned" (ἐλθὼν, elthon) suggests a purposeful movement, emphasizing Jesus' role as the shepherd who does not abandon His flock. This reflects the biblical theme of God's faithfulness and the call for leaders to remain steadfast in guiding those entrusted to them.

He found them asleep
The disciples' sleep is a poignant reminder of human frailty. The Greek word for "asleep" (καθεύδοντας, katheudontas) indicates a physical and spiritual unawareness. Despite Jesus' earlier exhortation to stay awake and pray, the disciples succumb to exhaustion. This moment serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of spiritual lethargy and the need for vigilance in the Christian life, especially in times of trial.

exhausted from sorrow
This phrase captures the depth of the disciples' emotional state. The Greek word for "exhausted" (ἀπὸ τῆς λύπης, apo tēs lypēs) conveys a sense of being overwhelmed by grief. Their sorrow is linked to the realization of Jesus' impending suffering and their own inability to fully comprehend or support Him. This highlights the human tendency to be overcome by emotions, and the need for reliance on God's strength. It also points to the compassion of Christ, who understands and empathizes with our weaknesses.

Why are you sleeping?
In this phrase, Jesus addresses His disciples with a question that carries both a literal and spiritual significance. The Greek word for "sleeping" is "katheudō," which can mean both physical sleep and spiritual lethargy. Jesus finds His disciples asleep during a critical moment in the Garden of Gethsemane, highlighting their human frailty and lack of spiritual vigilance. This question serves as a call to awaken from spiritual complacency, urging believers to remain alert and prayerful, especially in times of trial and temptation.

Get up
The command "Get up" is translated from the Greek word "anistēmi," which means to rise or stand up. This imperative is not just a call to physical action but also a spiritual awakening. Jesus is urging His disciples to rise from their slumber and prepare themselves for the coming challenges. This call to action is a reminder for Christians to be proactive in their faith, standing firm and ready to face spiritual battles with courage and determination.

and pray
The word "pray" comes from the Greek "proseuchomai," which means to offer prayers or supplications. Jesus emphasizes the importance of prayer as a means of spiritual strength and communion with God. In the context of the Garden of Gethsemane, prayer is portrayed as a vital tool for overcoming temptation and aligning oneself with God's will. This exhortation underscores the necessity of maintaining a strong prayer life to sustain one's faith and resist the pressures of the world.

so that you will not enter into temptation
The phrase "enter into temptation" is derived from the Greek "eiserchomai eis peirasmon," which implies being led into a trial or test. Jesus warns His disciples of the spiritual dangers that lie ahead, urging them to pray to avoid succumbing to these trials. This serves as a cautionary reminder for believers to be vigilant and prayerful, recognizing that temptation is a constant threat that requires divine assistance to overcome. The verse as a whole encourages Christians to rely on prayer as a means of spiritual fortification, enabling them to stand firm in their faith amidst life's challenges.

While He was still speaking
This phrase sets the scene in the Garden of Gethsemane, where Jesus had been praying. The immediacy of the situation is emphasized by the phrase, indicating that the events unfolded rapidly. The Greek word for "speaking" (λαλέω, laleó) suggests ongoing communication, highlighting the continuous nature of Jesus' engagement with His disciples, even in His final hours. This underscores the urgency and tension of the moment, as Jesus' words are interrupted by the arrival of those who would arrest Him.

a crowd arrived
The "crowd" (ὄχλος, ochlos) refers to a group of people, likely including Roman soldiers, temple guards, and others sent by the chief priests and Pharisees. This assembly represents the forces of opposition against Jesus, a stark contrast to the intimate setting of His prayer. Historically, this crowd signifies the culmination of the religious leaders' plans to arrest Jesus, reflecting the growing tension between Jesus and the Jewish authorities.

led by the man called Judas
Judas Iscariot, one of Jesus' twelve disciples, is identified as the leader of the crowd. The phrase "the man called Judas" (Ἰούδας, Ioudas) emphasizes his role in the betrayal. Judas' actions fulfill the prophecies of betrayal found in the Old Testament, such as Psalm 41:9. His leadership of the crowd highlights the personal nature of the betrayal, as he was not only a follower but also a chosen apostle of Jesus.

one of the Twelve
This phrase underscores the gravity of Judas' betrayal. Being "one of the Twelve" (δωδέκα, dodeka) signifies his close relationship with Jesus, as he was part of the inner circle of disciples. This betrayal from within adds a layer of personal tragedy to the narrative, as Judas was trusted and loved by Jesus. It serves as a poignant reminder of human frailty and the potential for sin, even among those closest to Christ.

He approached Jesus
Judas' approach to Jesus is deliberate and calculated. The Greek verb for "approached" (ἐγγίζω, eggizó) implies drawing near with intent. This action is laden with irony, as Judas comes close to Jesus not in friendship, but to betray Him. The approach signifies the beginning of the end of Jesus' earthly ministry, setting in motion the events leading to His crucifixion.

to kiss Him
The kiss (φιλέω, phileó) was a customary greeting in Jewish culture, symbolizing respect and affection. However, in this context, it becomes a symbol of betrayal. The act of kissing, which should convey love, is twisted into a signal for arrest. This paradox highlights the depth of Judas' treachery and the fulfillment of Jesus' earlier prediction that He would be betrayed by one of His own. The kiss serves as a powerful reminder of the deceptive nature of sin and the pain of betrayal.

But Jesus asked him
This phrase highlights the direct and personal nature of Jesus' interaction with Judas. The Greek word for "asked" (ἐφώνησεν, ephōnēsen) implies a calling or addressing, indicating Jesus' intention to confront Judas directly. This moment underscores Jesus' awareness and foreknowledge of the betrayal, as well as His willingness to engage with Judas despite the impending treachery. It reflects Jesus' consistent approach of addressing sin and betrayal with truth and love.

Judas
Judas Iscariot, one of the twelve disciples, is a central figure in this narrative. His name has become synonymous with betrayal. Historically, Judas' role as treasurer among the disciples (John 12:6) and his subsequent betrayal for thirty pieces of silver (Matthew 26:15) highlight the tragic intersection of greed and disloyalty. Judas' actions fulfill Old Testament prophecies, such as Psalm 41:9, which speaks of betrayal by a close friend.

are you betraying
The Greek word for "betraying" (παραδίδως, paradidōs) means to hand over or deliver up. This term is used throughout the New Testament to describe the act of delivering Jesus to the authorities. The use of this word emphasizes the gravity of Judas' actions, as he is not merely abandoning Jesus but actively participating in His arrest and subsequent crucifixion. This betrayal is a profound violation of trust and friendship.

the Son of Man
This title, "Son of Man," is one Jesus frequently uses for Himself, drawing from Daniel 7:13-14, where it describes a messianic figure endowed with authority and glory. By using this title, Jesus affirms His divine mission and identity. The irony of Judas' betrayal is heightened by the fact that he is betraying not just a friend or teacher, but the prophesied Messiah, the one who holds eternal dominion.

with a kiss?
The kiss, a customary greeting among friends in the ancient Near East, is laden with irony in this context. The Greek word for kiss (φιλήματι, philēmati) suggests an act of affection and respect. Judas' use of a kiss to identify Jesus to the arresting soldiers is a perversion of its intended meaning, turning a symbol of love into one of treachery. This act fulfills the prophecy of betrayal by a close companion and serves as a poignant reminder of the deceitfulness of sin, which often masquerades as something good or innocent.

When those around Him
This phrase refers to the disciples who were present with Jesus at the time of His arrest in the Garden of Gethsemane. The Greek word for "around" is "περί" (peri), which indicates those who were in close proximity to Jesus, both physically and relationally. These were His closest followers, who had been with Him throughout His ministry. Historically, this moment is significant as it marks the beginning of Jesus' Passion, a pivotal event in Christian theology. The disciples' presence highlights their loyalty and the intimate community Jesus had built.

saw what was about to happen
The Greek verb "saw" is "ἰδόντες" (idontes), which implies not just physical sight but also understanding or perceiving the gravity of the situation. The disciples recognized the imminent danger and the threat to Jesus. This moment is filled with tension and fear, as they were witnessing the fulfillment of Jesus' earlier predictions about His suffering and betrayal. The phrase underscores the disciples' awareness and the unfolding of divine prophecy.

they said
The act of speaking here is significant. The Greek word "εἶπαν" (eipan) indicates a verbal response, showing the disciples' immediate reaction to the crisis. This reflects their human impulse to protect and defend their teacher, revealing their emotional and spiritual struggle in the face of impending violence. Their words are a testament to their devotion, even if misguided.

Lord
The use of "Lord" (Κύριε, Kyrie) is a title of respect and recognition of Jesus' authority and divinity. It reflects the disciples' acknowledgment of Jesus as their master and leader. In the context of the New Testament, calling Jesus "Lord" is an affirmation of faith and allegiance, highlighting the disciples' belief in His messianic role, even as they grapple with the unfolding events.

should we strike
The phrase "should we strike" (εἰ πατάξομεν, ei pataxomen) reveals the disciples' readiness to defend Jesus with physical force. The verb "strike" suggests a willingness to engage in violence, reflecting the human instinct to fight against perceived threats. This moment captures the tension between human action and divine will, as the disciples struggle to align their understanding with Jesus' teachings on peace and non-violence.

with our swords?
The mention of "swords" (μαχαίραις, machairais) indicates that the disciples were armed, prepared to protect Jesus by any means necessary. In the historical context, carrying a sword was not uncommon, especially in a volatile environment under Roman occupation. However, this also contrasts with Jesus' message of love and peace, setting the stage for His subsequent rebuke and teaching on the futility of violence. The disciples' question reflects their misunderstanding of Jesus' mission and the nature of His kingdom, which is not advanced through physical force but through sacrificial love.

And one of them
This phrase refers to one of Jesus' disciples. In the broader context of the Gospels, this individual is identified as Peter (John 18:10). The impulsive nature of Peter is well-documented throughout the New Testament, showcasing his fervent, albeit sometimes misguided, loyalty to Jesus. This moment is a testament to the human tendency to react with violence when faced with fear or perceived injustice, contrasting with Jesus' teachings of peace and forgiveness.

struck
The Greek word used here is "πάταξεν" (pataxen), which means to strike or hit. This action is significant as it represents a physical manifestation of the spiritual battle taking place. The act of striking is a common human response to threat, yet it stands in stark contrast to the spiritual weapons of prayer and faith that Jesus advocates. This moment serves as a reminder of the tension between human instinct and divine instruction.

the servant of the high priest
The servant, identified in John 18:10 as Malchus, represents the religious authority of the time. The high priest was a significant figure in Jewish society, responsible for maintaining religious order and tradition. The servant's presence at Jesus' arrest highlights the involvement of religious leaders in the events leading to the crucifixion. This incident underscores the conflict between Jesus' revolutionary message and the established religious order.

cutting off
The phrase "cutting off" is translated from the Greek "ἀφεῖλεν" (apheilen), meaning to take away or remove. This violent act of removal symbolizes the broader theme of separation and division that sin causes between humanity and God. It also foreshadows the ultimate act of reconciliation that Jesus would accomplish through His death and resurrection, healing the divide between God and man.

his right ear
The detail of the "right ear" is significant. In biblical symbolism, the right side often represents power and authority. The ear is a symbol of hearing and obedience. By cutting off the right ear, Peter inadvertently attacks the servant's ability to hear and respond to authority. This act can be seen as a metaphor for the spiritual deafness that prevents individuals from hearing and understanding God's word. Jesus' subsequent healing of the ear (Luke 22:51) illustrates His power to restore and redeem, emphasizing His mission to heal both physical and spiritual brokenness.

But Jesus answered
In this phrase, we see the immediate response of Jesus to the situation at hand. The Greek word for "answered" is "ἀποκριθείς" (apokritheis), which implies a thoughtful and deliberate response. Jesus, even in moments of crisis, responds with calm authority. This reflects His divine wisdom and control over the situation, emphasizing His role as the Prince of Peace, who brings order amidst chaos.

No more of this!
This command from Jesus is a direct and authoritative cessation of violence. The Greek phrase "Ἐᾶτε ἕως τούτου" (Eate heos toutou) can be understood as a strong rebuke against further aggression. Jesus' words here highlight His commitment to non-violence and His mission of peace. Historically, this moment underscores the contrast between the expectations of a militant Messiah and the reality of Jesus' peaceful kingdom.

And He touched his ear
The act of touching is significant in the ministry of Jesus, often associated with healing and compassion. The Greek word "ἁψάμενος" (hapsamenos) indicates a gentle and intentional touch. This action demonstrates Jesus' compassion even towards those who come to arrest Him, showcasing His boundless love and mercy. It also serves as a physical manifestation of His divine power to heal and restore.

and healed him
The Greek word for "healed" is "ἰάσατο" (iasato), which means to cure or restore to health. This miraculous healing of the servant's ear is a testament to Jesus' divine authority and His power to restore what is broken. It serves as a powerful symbol of spiritual healing and redemption, pointing to the ultimate healing that Jesus offers through His sacrifice on the cross. This act of healing, even in the face of betrayal and arrest, exemplifies the grace and forgiveness that are central to the Christian faith.

Then Jesus said
This phrase marks a pivotal moment where Jesus directly addresses those who have come to arrest Him. The Greek word for "said" is "εἶπεν" (eipen), which is often used to denote authoritative speech. Jesus, even in the face of betrayal and arrest, speaks with authority and calmness, demonstrating His control over the situation and His willingness to fulfill His mission.

to the chief priests, temple officers, and elders
These groups represent the religious and civil authority in Jerusalem. The "chief priests" were influential leaders in the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council. The "temple officers" were likely members of the temple guard, responsible for maintaining order in the temple precincts. The "elders" were respected leaders within the Jewish community. This assembly of authorities underscores the gravity of the situation and the concerted effort to arrest Jesus, highlighting the fulfillment of prophecies regarding the Messiah's rejection by His own people.

who had come for Him
This phrase indicates the deliberate and premeditated action taken by the authorities to seize Jesus. The Greek word "ἐπ᾽ αὐτόν" (ep' auton) suggests a targeted approach, emphasizing that Jesus was the specific focus of their mission. This reflects the growing tension between Jesus and the religious leaders, who saw Him as a threat to their power and influence.

Have you come out with swords and clubs
Jesus questions the need for such force, pointing out the absurdity of their approach. The "swords" and "clubs" symbolize violence and aggression, tools of war and conflict. In the Greek, "μάχαιραν" (machairan) for "swords" and "ξύλων" (xylon) for "clubs" suggest instruments of physical coercion. Jesus' question highlights the irony of their actions, as He is the Prince of Peace, not a violent revolutionary.

as you would against an outlaw?
The term "outlaw" in Greek is "λῃστής" (lēstēs), which refers to a robber or bandit, someone who operates outside the law. Jesus contrasts His peaceful ministry with the image of a criminal, challenging the perception and treatment He receives from the authorities. This rhetorical question exposes the injustice and misunderstanding of His mission, as He came to fulfill the law and the prophets, not to break them.

Every day I was with you in the temple courts
This phrase highlights Jesus' consistent presence and teaching in the temple, a central place of worship and learning for the Jewish people. The Greek word for "temple" here is "ἱερόν" (hieron), referring to the entire temple complex, not just the inner sanctum. Jesus' daily presence in the temple underscores His openness and transparency in His ministry. Historically, the temple was the heart of Jewish religious life, and Jesus' teachings there were a direct challenge to the religious authorities. His presence in the temple courts symbolizes His authority and fulfillment of the law, as He taught with wisdom and performed miracles openly.

and you did not lay a hand on Me
This phrase indicates the restraint of the religious leaders up to this point. The Greek word for "lay a hand" is "ἐπέβαλον" (epebalon), which implies a forceful or hostile action. Despite their growing animosity, they refrained from arresting Jesus in public due to His popularity among the people. This restraint highlights the tension between Jesus and the religious leaders, who were wary of the public's reaction. It also underscores the divine timing of events, as Jesus' arrest would only occur when it was ordained by God.

But this is your hour
The phrase "your hour" signifies a divinely appointed time for the forces of evil to act. The Greek word "ὥρα" (hora) denotes a specific, predetermined time. This moment was allowed by God as part of His redemptive plan. It reflects the sovereignty of God over human history, even when evil seems to prevail. The religious leaders, though acting out of their own volition, were unwittingly fulfilling God's plan for salvation through Jesus' sacrifice.

when darkness reigns
"Darkness" in this context symbolizes evil, sin, and the forces opposed to God. The Greek word "σκότος" (skotos) is often used metaphorically in Scripture to represent spiritual blindness and moral corruption. The reign of darkness here refers to the temporary triumph of evil as Jesus is betrayed and arrested. However, this reign is limited and ultimately defeated through Jesus' resurrection. This phrase serves as a reminder of the spiritual battle between light and darkness, and the ultimate victory of Christ over sin and death. It inspires believers to trust in God's sovereignty and the hope of redemption, even in times of apparent darkness.

Then they seized Him
This phrase marks the beginning of Jesus' physical suffering and the fulfillment of His prophecy about His arrest. The Greek word for "seized" is "syllambanō," which implies a forceful and authoritative capture. This moment is pivotal, as it transitions Jesus from His role as a free teacher and healer to the suffering servant prophesied in Isaiah 53. The act of seizing signifies the world's rejection of Christ, yet it also sets the stage for the ultimate act of redemption.

led Him away
The phrase "led Him away" uses the Greek word "apagō," which means to lead or carry away. This action reflects the fulfillment of Jesus' own predictions about His suffering and death (Luke 9:22). Historically, this was a common practice for those arrested, indicating a transition from freedom to captivity. Spiritually, it symbolizes Jesus willingly submitting to the Father's will, as He is led like a lamb to the slaughter (Isaiah 53:7).

and took Him into the house of the high priest
The "house of the high priest" refers to the residence of Caiaphas, the high priest at the time. This location is significant because it was the center of Jewish religious authority. The Greek word "eisagō" for "took" implies bringing someone into a place with purpose. This setting underscores the religious leaders' role in orchestrating Jesus' trial and highlights the irony of the religious establishment condemning the Messiah they awaited.

And Peter followed at a distance
Peter's following "at a distance" is both a physical and spiritual metaphor. The Greek word "akoloutheō" means to follow or accompany. Peter's distance reflects his inner conflict and fear, as he struggles between loyalty to Jesus and self-preservation. This moment foreshadows Peter's impending denial, illustrating the human tendency to falter under pressure. Yet, it also sets the stage for Peter's eventual restoration and leadership in the early church, demonstrating God's grace and forgiveness.

And when they had kindled a fire
The act of kindling a fire in the courtyard is significant both practically and symbolically. In the Greek, the word for "kindled" (ἅπτω, haptō) implies lighting or igniting, which is a common practice for warmth and light. Historically, fires were central to gatherings, providing a place for people to come together. Symbolically, the fire represents a place of exposure and vulnerability for Peter, as he is about to face a test of his faith. The fire illuminates not only the physical surroundings but also the spiritual and moral challenges Peter is about to encounter.

in the middle of the courtyard
The courtyard (αὐλή, aulē) was a central area in a typical first-century Jewish home, often open to the sky and surrounded by the house's rooms. This setting is significant as it places Peter in the midst of those who are hostile to Jesus. The "middle" (μέσος, mesos) suggests that Peter is not on the periphery but rather at the heart of the unfolding events. This central position foreshadows the critical role Peter will play in the narrative, as he is about to be questioned about his association with Jesus.

and sat down together
The act of sitting down (καθίζω, kathizō) together indicates a moment of pause and communal interaction. In the cultural context, sitting together around a fire would be a time of fellowship and conversation. However, for Peter, this is a moment of tension and potential conflict. The phrase "together" (ὁμοῦ, homou) underscores the unity of those present, contrasting with Peter's impending isolation as he denies his connection to Jesus. This setting highlights the social pressure Peter faces, as he is surrounded by those who are not followers of Christ.

Peter sat down among them
Peter's decision to sit "among them" (μέσος, mesos) is a pivotal moment. The Greek word for "among" suggests being in the midst of or surrounded by others. This choice places Peter in a position of both physical and spiritual proximity to those who oppose Jesus. Historically, Peter is one of Jesus' closest disciples, yet here he is physically close to those who are against Jesus. This juxtaposition sets the stage for Peter's denial, as he grapples with fear and the desire for self-preservation. The narrative invites readers to reflect on their own faithfulness and courage in the face of adversity, encouraging believers to remain steadfast even when surrounded by opposition.

A servant girl
In the context of Luke 22:56, the mention of "a servant girl" is significant. The Greek word used here is "παιδίσκη" (paidiskē), which refers to a young female servant or slave. This highlights the social dynamics of the time, where even those of low social standing, like a servant girl, played pivotal roles in the unfolding of significant events. Her presence at the high priest's courtyard suggests the inclusivity of the gathering, where people of various social standings were present. This also underscores the humility of Christ's followers, who were not from the elite but from ordinary backgrounds.

saw him
The phrase "saw him" indicates a moment of recognition and identification. The Greek verb "ἰδού" (idou) implies more than just a casual glance; it suggests a deliberate and discerning look. This moment is crucial as it sets the stage for Peter's denial. The act of seeing here is not just physical but also carries a deeper spiritual implication, as it confronts Peter with his association with Jesus, challenging his faith and courage.

seated there in the firelight
The setting of "seated there in the firelight" provides a vivid image of the scene. The firelight, likely from a charcoal fire, creates an intimate and revealing atmosphere. The Greek word "φῶς" (phōs) for light often symbolizes truth and revelation in Scripture. Here, the firelight not only physically illuminates Peter but also metaphorically exposes his inner turmoil and impending denial. The warmth of the fire contrasts with the coldness of Peter's forthcoming actions, highlighting the internal conflict he faces.

looked intently at him
The phrase "looked intently at him" uses the Greek verb "ἀτενίζω" (atenizō), which means to gaze or stare with focus and intent. This intense scrutiny by the servant girl suggests a moment of confrontation and recognition. It is a pivotal moment where Peter's identity as a follower of Jesus is publicly questioned. This intense gaze can be seen as a test of Peter's faith and loyalty, as he is forced to confront his fears and the reality of his situation.

and said
The simple phrase "and said" introduces the servant girl's accusation. The Greek word "εἶπεν" (eipen) is used here, which is a common term for speaking or saying. However, in this context, it carries the weight of an accusation. Her words are not just casual conversation but a direct challenge to Peter's association with Jesus. This moment of speech acts as a catalyst for Peter's denial, highlighting the power of words to influence and provoke action.

This man was also with Him
The declaration "This man was also with Him" is a straightforward identification of Peter as a disciple of Jesus. The Greek phrase "καὶ οὗτος ἦν μετ' αὐτοῦ" (kai houtos ēn met' autou) emphasizes Peter's association with Jesus. This statement is both an accusation and a recognition of Peter's previous commitment to Christ. It serves as a reminder of Peter's earlier promises of loyalty and the impending test of his faith. The servant girl's words bring to light the tension between Peter's public denial and his private devotion, challenging him to reconcile his actions with his beliefs.

But Peter denied it
The word "denied" comes from the Greek "ἀρνέομαι" (arneomai), which means to disown or repudiate. This moment is pivotal in Peter's life, as it fulfills Jesus' prophecy that Peter would deny Him three times before the rooster crowed. Historically, this denial occurs during Jesus' trial, a time of intense fear and confusion for the disciples. Peter's denial is a stark reminder of human frailty and the struggle between faith and fear. Despite his earlier boldness, Peter succumbs to the pressure of the moment, illustrating the need for divine strength in the face of trials.

'Woman, I do not know Him,'
The address "Woman" (Greek: "γύναι," gynai) is a common form of address in the New Testament, not disrespectful but rather a neutral term. Peter's statement, "I do not know Him," is a direct contradiction to his earlier declarations of loyalty to Jesus. The phrase "I do not know" (Greek: "οὐκ οἶδα," ouk oida) signifies a complete disassociation from Jesus, highlighting the depth of Peter's fear and the pressure of the situation. This denial is not just a personal failure but a fulfillment of Jesus' prediction, underscoring the foreknowledge of Christ and the fulfillment of His words.

he said
The phrase "he said" (Greek: "ἔφη," ephē) indicates Peter's verbal expression of denial. In the context of the narrative, this verbal denial is significant because it contrasts with Peter's earlier verbal affirmations of faithfulness. The act of speaking carries weight in biblical texts, as words often reflect the heart's condition. Peter's spoken denial is a moment of weakness, yet it sets the stage for his eventual repentance and restoration. This moment serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of our words and the grace available for redemption and forgiveness.

A short time later
This phrase indicates the immediacy and continuity of the events following Peter's first denial. The Greek word used here, "μετὰ βραχὺ" (meta brachy), suggests a brief interval, emphasizing the rapid succession of Peter's denials. Historically, this reflects the intense pressure and fear Peter was experiencing as events unfolded quickly around him. The setting is the courtyard of the high priest, a place filled with tension and danger for Jesus' followers.

someone else saw him
The Greek word for "saw" is "ἰδών" (idōn), which implies a recognition or realization. This suggests that Peter was being closely observed, and his association with Jesus was becoming increasingly apparent to those around him. The historical context here is crucial; Jerusalem was bustling with people due to the Passover, and the heightened awareness of Jesus' arrest would have made any of His followers more conspicuous.

and said, 'You also are one of them.'
The phrase "one of them" indicates a clear distinction being made between Jesus' followers and others. The Greek "καὶ σὺ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶ" (kai sy ex autōn ei) underscores the accusatory tone. This reflects the societal division and suspicion towards Jesus' disciples at the time. Theologically, this moment highlights the cost of discipleship and the fear of association with Christ during times of persecution.

But Peter said, 'Man, I am not!'
Peter's response is emphatic and defensive. The Greek "ἄνθρωπε, οὐκ εἰμί" (anthrōpe, ouk eimi) uses "ἄνθρωπε" (anthrōpe), a term for "man" or "human," which can convey a sense of distancing or dismissal. This denial is significant in the scriptural narrative, as it fulfills Jesus' prophecy of Peter's denials (Luke 22:34). From a conservative Christian perspective, this moment is a poignant reminder of human frailty and the need for divine grace. Peter's denial, despite his earlier bold declarations of loyalty, serves as a humbling lesson on the challenges of faithfulness under pressure.

About an hour later
This phrase indicates a passage of time, suggesting a period of reflection or tension. In the Greek, "ὡσεὶ μίαν ὥραν" (hōsei mian hōran) implies an approximate duration, emphasizing the patience and persistence of those questioning Peter. Historically, this setting is during the night of Jesus' arrest, a time filled with anxiety and fear for His followers. The hour-long gap also highlights Peter's internal struggle and the mounting pressure he faced as he lingered in the courtyard.

another man insisted
The Greek word for "insisted" is "διεβεβαίουτο" (diebebaiouto), which conveys a strong assertion or confirmation. This reflects the growing certainty among the bystanders about Peter's association with Jesus. The insistence of "another man" shows the communal effort to identify Jesus' followers, underscoring the danger and suspicion surrounding them. This insistence is a pivotal moment, as it leads to Peter's third denial, fulfilling Jesus' prophecy.

Certainly this man was with Him
The word "Certainly" translates from the Greek "ἀληθῶς" (alēthōs), meaning truly or indeed, indicating a firm conviction. This statement is a direct accusation, pointing to Peter's association with Jesus. The phrase "was with Him" highlights the physical and relational proximity Peter had with Jesus, which is now being used against him. This reflects the tension between Peter's past loyalty and his current fear-driven denial.

for he too is a Galilean
The identification of Peter as a Galilean is significant. Galileans were known for their distinct accent and mannerisms, which made them easily recognizable. The Greek term "Γαλιλαῖος" (Galilaios) is used here, emphasizing regional identity. This geographical reference not only identifies Peter but also connects him to Jesus, who was also from Galilee. Historically, Galilee was a region with a reputation for being less sophisticated, which may have contributed to the prejudice and suspicion faced by its inhabitants. This accusation based on regional origin highlights the societal divisions and prejudices of the time, as well as the fulfillment of Jesus' prediction of Peter's denial.

But Peter said
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in Peter's life, highlighting his human frailty. The Greek word for "said" is "εἶπεν" (eipen), which is a common term for speaking or declaring. Peter, one of Jesus' closest disciples, is caught in a moment of fear and self-preservation. This reflects the tension between his loyalty to Jesus and his instinct to protect himself. Historically, Peter's denial is a fulfillment of Jesus' prophecy, demonstrating the foreknowledge of Christ and the weakness of even the most devoted followers.

Man
The term "Man" here is translated from the Greek "ἄνθρωπε" (anthrope), a generic term for a human being. Peter's use of this term indicates a distancing from the accusation, as he addresses the bystander impersonally. This reflects his attempt to disassociate himself from Jesus and the situation, highlighting the internal conflict between his faith and fear.

I do not know
The phrase "I do not know" is a direct denial, translated from the Greek "οὐκ οἶδα" (ouk oida). This denial is significant as it represents a complete rejection of any association with Jesus. In the broader scriptural context, this moment is a stark contrast to Peter's earlier bold declarations of loyalty. It serves as a reminder of human weakness and the need for divine grace.

what you are talking about
This phrase, "what you are talking about," is translated from "τί λέγεις" (ti legeis), which means "what you say." Peter's denial is not just a rejection of knowledge but an outright dismissal of the accusation. This reflects a common human response to fear and pressure, where one might deny involvement to avoid consequences. It also underscores the fulfillment of Jesus' prediction of Peter's denial, emphasizing the accuracy of Jesus' words.

At that moment
The phrase "At that moment" indicates the immediacy and precision of the event. The Greek "παραχρῆμα" (parachrēma) means "immediately" or "at once." This timing is crucial as it aligns with Jesus' prophecy about Peter's denial before the rooster crows. It serves as a narrative device to highlight the fulfillment of prophecy and the unfolding of divine plans.

while he was still speaking
This phrase underscores the immediacy of the fulfillment of Jesus' prophecy. The Greek "ἔτι λαλοῦντος" (eti lalountos) suggests that the rooster crowed even as Peter's words of denial were leaving his mouth. This emphasizes the inevitability of God's word coming to pass and serves as a poignant reminder of the power and precision of divine prophecy.

the rooster crowed
The crowing of the rooster is a significant symbol in this narrative. In the cultural and historical context, the rooster's crow was a marker of time, often associated with the early morning. The Greek "ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν" (alektōr ephōnēsen) signifies the exact moment of Peter's realization of his denial. This event is a turning point for Peter, leading to his deep remorse and eventual restoration. It serves as a powerful reminder of the consequences of fear and the hope of redemption through repentance.

And the Lord turned
The phrase "And the Lord turned" signifies a pivotal moment of divine awareness and personal connection. The Greek word for "turned" is "στραφείς" (strapheis), which implies a deliberate and purposeful action. This turning is not just a physical movement but a profound spiritual gesture. It reflects Jesus' omniscience and His deep understanding of Peter's heart. In the context of the Gospels, this moment underscores Jesus' role as the Good Shepherd, who is always aware of His flock, even in their moments of weakness.

and looked at Peter
The Greek word for "looked" is "ἐμβλέψας" (emblepsas), which conveys a penetrating gaze that goes beyond mere sight. This look is filled with compassion, understanding, and a silent communication of both disappointment and love. It is a look that pierces through Peter's soul, reminding him of his earlier bravado and subsequent failure. Historically, this moment is a turning point for Peter, marking the beginning of his repentance and eventual restoration. It is a reminder of the personal relationship Jesus seeks with each believer, one that is intimate and transformative.

Then Peter remembered
The act of remembering here is significant. The Greek word "ὑπεμνήσθη" (hypemnēsthē) suggests a sudden recollection, a moment of clarity brought about by the Holy Spirit. This remembrance is not just cognitive but deeply emotional, as Peter recalls the prophecy of his denial. It serves as a catalyst for his repentance, illustrating the power of Jesus' words and the fulfillment of prophecy. In a broader scriptural context, it highlights the importance of remembering God's word and promises, which guide believers back to the path of righteousness.

the word the Lord had spoken to him
This phrase emphasizes the authority and truth of Jesus' words. The Greek term "ῥῆμα" (rhēma) refers to a spoken word or utterance, often carrying a sense of divine revelation. Jesus' words are not just predictions but are imbued with divine authority and insight. This moment serves as a reminder of the reliability of Jesus' teachings and the certainty of His prophecies. For believers, it underscores the importance of heeding Christ's words and the consequences of neglecting them.

'Before the rooster crows today, you will deny Me three times.'
This prophecy, spoken by Jesus, is precise and poignant. The mention of the "rooster crows" is a time marker, indicating the imminence of Peter's denial. In the cultural and historical context of first-century Judea, the rooster's crow was a familiar sound marking the early morning hours. The specificity of "three times" highlights the completeness of Peter's denial, a total failure in his loyalty to Jesus. Yet, this prophecy also carries a message of hope and redemption, as it foreshadows Peter's eventual restoration and role as a foundational leader in the early Church. It serves as a powerful reminder of human frailty and the boundless grace available through Christ.

And he went outside
This phrase marks a significant transition in Peter's experience. The Greek word for "went outside" is "ἐξελθὼν" (exelthōn), which implies a physical departure from the scene of his denial of Jesus. This action symbolizes Peter's separation from the immediate environment of his failure. Historically, this moment occurs after Peter's third denial of Jesus, fulfilling Jesus' prophecy that Peter would deny Him three times before the rooster crowed. The act of going outside can be seen as Peter's initial step towards repentance, as he physically removes himself from the place of his sin, perhaps seeking solitude to process his actions and their implications.

and wept
The Greek word for "wept" is "ἔκλαυσεν" (eklausen), which conveys a deep, emotional outpouring of grief. This is not a mere shedding of tears but a profound expression of sorrow and regret. In the context of Peter's denial, this weeping signifies his immediate recognition of his failure and the weight of his betrayal. The act of weeping is often associated in Scripture with repentance and a broken spirit, as seen in other biblical figures who express their remorse through tears. This moment is pivotal for Peter, as it marks the beginning of his journey back to restoration and forgiveness.

bitterly
The adverb "bitterly" is translated from the Greek word "πικρῶς" (pikros), which intensifies the nature of Peter's weeping. It suggests a deep, agonizing sorrow, reflecting the intensity of Peter's remorse. This bitterness is not just about the act of denial but also about the realization of his weakness and the pain of having failed his beloved Master. In the broader scriptural context, bitterness often accompanies repentance, as it reflects a true understanding of one's sin and the desire for reconciliation with God. Peter's bitter weeping is a testament to his heartfelt repentance and sets the stage for his eventual restoration by Jesus after the resurrection.

The men who were holding Jesus
This phrase refers to the guards or soldiers who had custody of Jesus after His arrest in the Garden of Gethsemane. The Greek word for "holding" is "συνέχω" (synechō), which implies a firm grip or control over someone. This indicates the physical restraint and authority they exercised over Jesus, who, despite His divine power, submitted to this treatment in fulfillment of His mission. Historically, these men were likely part of the temple guard, a group tasked with maintaining order in the temple precincts and executing the orders of the Jewish leaders. Their role in this moment highlights the fulfillment of prophecy and the unfolding of God's redemptive plan through Jesus' willing submission to human authority.

began to mock Him
The act of mocking is captured by the Greek word "ἐμπαίζω" (empaizō), which means to ridicule or make fun of someone. This mockery was not just a casual jest but a profound disrespect and scorn directed at Jesus, the Messiah. In the historical and cultural context of the time, mocking was a way to demean and dehumanize a person, stripping them of dignity and honor. For Jesus, who is the King of Kings, to endure such treatment underscores His humility and the depth of His love for humanity. This mockery fulfilled the prophecies of the suffering servant found in Isaiah 53, where it was foretold that the Messiah would be despised and rejected by men.

and beat Him
The Greek word used here is "δέρω" (derō), which means to strike or physically assault. This beating was a brutal act of violence, reflecting the intense hatred and rejection Jesus faced. Historically, such treatment was common for those considered criminals or blasphemers, and it was intended to inflict pain and humiliation. In the scriptural context, this beating is a precursor to the more severe suffering Jesus would endure during His crucifixion. It serves as a poignant reminder of the physical and emotional agony He willingly accepted to atone for the sins of the world. This act of violence against Jesus is a testament to His sacrificial love and the fulfillment of His role as the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world (John 1:29).

They blindfolded Him
The act of blindfolding Jesus is a significant moment that symbolizes the spiritual blindness of those who were persecuting Him. The Greek word used here is "perikalyptō," which means to cover or conceal. This act of covering Jesus' eyes is deeply ironic, as it is they who are truly blind to His identity as the Messiah. Historically, blindfolding was a method used to mock and disorient prisoners, emphasizing the cruelty and humiliation Jesus endured. Spiritually, it reflects the blindness of humanity to the truth and light of Christ, a theme echoed throughout the Gospels.

and kept demanding
The phrase "kept demanding" indicates a persistent and aggressive interrogation. The Greek word "eperōtaō" suggests a continuous questioning, often with a sense of urgency or insistence. This reflects the relentless nature of Jesus' accusers, who were determined to find grounds to condemn Him. It highlights the pressure and hostility Jesus faced, fulfilling the prophecies of the suffering servant in Isaiah 53. This persistence also underscores the hardness of their hearts, as they were unwilling to see the truth standing before them.

Prophesy!
The demand for Jesus to prophesy is a mockery of His prophetic role. The Greek word "prophēteuō" means to speak forth by divine inspiration. Here, the accusers are taunting Jesus, challenging Him to demonstrate His prophetic abilities while they themselves are blind to the fulfillment of prophecy occurring in their midst. This mockery is a fulfillment of the Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah being scorned and rejected (Psalm 22:7-8). It serves as a reminder of the world's rejection of God's truth and the suffering that often accompanies standing for righteousness.

Who hit You?
This question is part of the cruel game played by Jesus' captors, further mocking His identity and power. The Greek word "paio" means to strike or hit, and the question is intended to ridicule Jesus' claim to divine knowledge. This act of violence and mockery is a poignant reminder of the physical and emotional suffering Jesus endured for humanity's sake. It also reflects the fulfillment of Isaiah 50:6, where the servant of the Lord offers His back to those who beat Him. This moment encapsulates the depth of human sin and the extent of Jesus' love and sacrifice.

And they said
This phrase indicates the continuation of verbal abuse directed at Jesus. The Greek word for "said" is "eipon," which implies not just speaking but declaring or asserting. This suggests a deliberate and forceful expression of contempt. Historically, this scene takes place during Jesus' trial before the Sanhedrin, where He was subjected to mockery and scorn. The use of "they" refers to the religious leaders and guards, highlighting the collective nature of the opposition against Jesus.

many other
The phrase "many other" underscores the extent and variety of the insults hurled at Jesus. The Greek word "heteros" implies a diversity of blasphemies, indicating that the abuse was not limited to a single type of insult but was multifaceted. This reflects the depth of animosity and misunderstanding that Jesus faced. It also serves to fulfill the prophecy of the suffering servant in Isaiah 53, who was "despised and rejected by men."

blasphemous things
The term "blasphemous" comes from the Greek "blasphemeo," meaning to speak evil or slander. In a Jewish context, blasphemy was a serious offense, often punishable by death, as it was seen as a direct affront to God. The irony here is profound: the religious leaders, who accused Jesus of blasphemy, were themselves committing blasphemy by mocking the Son of God. This highlights the spiritual blindness and hardness of heart that can occur even among those who are religiously devout.

against Him
The focus of the blasphemous words is "against Him," referring to Jesus. This personalizes the attack and emphasizes the direct opposition to His divine identity and mission. Theologically, this moment is significant because it demonstrates the fulfillment of Jesus' own predictions about His suffering and rejection (Luke 9:22). It also foreshadows the ultimate rejection He would face on the cross, where He bore the sins of humanity. In this context, the phrase "against Him" serves as a reminder of the spiritual battle being waged and the victory that Jesus would ultimately achieve through His death and resurrection.

At daybreak
The phrase "at daybreak" signifies the early morning, a time when the Jewish Sanhedrin would convene to ensure that their proceedings were conducted in the light of day, adhering to legal and traditional norms. The Greek word used here, "ἡμέρα" (hēmera), emphasizes the transition from darkness to light, symbolizing the exposure of deeds and intentions. In a spiritual sense, this can be seen as the moment when the hidden plans against Jesus are brought into the open, reflecting the broader biblical theme of light revealing truth.

the council of the elders of the people
This phrase refers to the Sanhedrin, the highest Jewish judicial and ecclesiastical council. The Greek term "συνέδριον" (synedrion) denotes an assembly or council, and historically, this body was composed of chief priests, scribes, and elders. The Sanhedrin held significant authority in Jewish society, and their involvement underscores the gravity of the situation. This assembly's role in Jesus' trial highlights the fulfillment of prophecies regarding the Messiah's rejection by the leaders of His own people.

both the chief priests and scribes
The chief priests and scribes were influential religious leaders in Jewish society. The chief priests, or "ἀρχιερεῖς" (archiereis), were responsible for temple rituals and maintaining religious order, while the scribes, or "γραμματεῖς" (grammateis), were experts in the Law. Their presence in the council indicates the religious and legal dimensions of the trial. Historically, these groups often opposed Jesus due to His challenges to their authority and interpretations of the Law, fulfilling the prophetic tension between the Messiah and the established religious order.

convened
The word "convened" suggests a formal gathering with a specific purpose. The Greek "συνήχθη" (synēchthē) implies a deliberate assembly, highlighting the premeditated nature of the council's actions against Jesus. This convening was not merely a spontaneous meeting but a calculated step in the unfolding of divine prophecy, where human intentions intersect with God's sovereign plan.

and led Him into their Sanhedrin
The act of leading Jesus into their Sanhedrin signifies the transition from informal accusations to formal charges. The Greek "ἀπήγαγον" (apēgagon) conveys the idea of bringing or leading someone with authority. This movement into the Sanhedrin marks a pivotal moment in the Passion narrative, where Jesus stands before the religious authorities who seek to condemn Him. It reflects the fulfillment of His mission to be the sacrificial Lamb, willingly submitting to the path laid out by the Father.

saying
The introduction of direct speech with "saying" indicates the beginning of a critical dialogue. The Greek "λέγοντες" (legontes) sets the stage for the interrogation that follows. This moment is charged with tension, as the words spoken by the council will reveal their intentions and set the course for the events leading to the crucifixion. It is a reminder of the power of words in the biblical narrative, where spoken declarations often carry profound spiritual and historical significance.

If You are the Christ
This phrase is a direct challenge to Jesus' identity as the Messiah, the Anointed One. The term "Christ" comes from the Greek "Christos," which is equivalent to the Hebrew "Mashiach," meaning "Anointed One." In the Jewish tradition, the Messiah was expected to be a divinely appointed leader who would deliver Israel from oppression and establish God's kingdom. The religious leaders' question here is not one of genuine inquiry but rather a test, as they seek grounds to accuse Jesus. Historically, the expectation of the Messiah was deeply rooted in Jewish eschatology, with prophecies throughout the Old Testament, such as Isaiah 53 and Daniel 9, pointing to a coming Savior. This moment is pivotal, as it underscores the tension between Jesus' true identity and the leaders' refusal to accept Him as the fulfillment of these prophecies.

tell us
The demand "tell us" reflects the leaders' insistence on a direct and unequivocal claim from Jesus. This is not a request for information but a coercive demand for a confession that could be used against Him. The Greek word used here, "eipon," implies a command rather than a polite request. This reflects the adversarial nature of the encounter, as the religious authorities are not seeking truth but rather a reason to condemn. In the broader scriptural context, this moment is reminiscent of other instances where Jesus is tested or questioned by those who oppose Him, such as in Matthew 22:15-46, where the Pharisees and Sadducees attempt to trap Him with questions.

Jesus answered
Jesus' response is significant, as it demonstrates His wisdom and authority. Throughout the Gospels, Jesus often responds to challenges with profound insight, turning the tables on His accusers. The Greek word "apokrinomai" used here for "answered" suggests a thoughtful and deliberate response. Jesus' answers often reveal deeper truths and expose the hearts of those questioning Him. In this context, His response is not just a defense but a revelation of His divine nature and mission. This moment is a testament to His role as the ultimate teacher and prophet, fulfilling the words of Isaiah 11:2, which speak of the Spirit of wisdom and understanding resting upon the Messiah.

If I tell you
This phrase highlights the futility of the situation. Jesus acknowledges that even if He were to give them the answer they seek, their hearts are hardened, and they would not believe. The conditional "if" indicates the leaders' unwillingness to accept the truth, regardless of the evidence or testimony presented. This reflects a recurring theme in the Gospels, where Jesus encounters disbelief and rejection, as seen in John 12:37-40, where despite performing many signs, people still did not believe in Him. This phrase serves as a poignant reminder of the spiritual blindness that can afflict those who are unwilling to see the truth.

you will not believe
Here, Jesus points out the leaders' obstinate unbelief. The Greek word "pisteuo," translated as "believe," implies trust and faith, not just intellectual assent. The religious leaders' refusal to believe is not due to a lack of evidence but a willful rejection of Jesus' identity and mission. This unbelief is a fulfillment of the prophecy in Isaiah 6:9-10, where the people's hearts are described as calloused, their ears dull, and their eyes closed. In a broader theological context, this highlights the necessity of faith and the openness of heart required to truly understand and accept Jesus as the Christ. This moment serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of unbelief and the importance of seeking truth with a sincere heart.

and if I ask you
This phrase highlights the ongoing dialogue between Jesus and the religious leaders. The Greek word for "ask" here is "ἐρωτήσω" (erōtēsō), which implies a formal inquiry or questioning. In the context of Jesus' trial, this reflects the tension and the predetermined nature of the proceedings. Historically, this moment is set during Jesus' trial before the Sanhedrin, where the leaders were not genuinely seeking truth but rather looking for a reason to condemn Him. This phrase underscores Jesus' awareness of their intentions and the futility of engaging in a genuine dialogue with them.

you will not answer
The Greek word for "answer" is "ἀποκριθῆτε" (apokrithete), which means to respond or reply. This phrase indicates the obstinacy and closed-mindedness of the religious leaders. Despite Jesus' questions or teachings, they were unwilling to engage or consider His words. This reflects a broader theme in the Gospels where Jesus often encounters resistance from those who are spiritually blind or hardened in their hearts. The historical context here is crucial, as the religious leaders were more concerned with maintaining their authority and traditions than seeking the truth that Jesus embodied. This phrase serves as a poignant reminder of the importance of openness to divine truth and the dangers of spiritual pride and stubbornness.

But from now on
This phrase marks a pivotal transition in the narrative of Jesus' life and mission. The Greek word for "now" (ἄρτι, arti) indicates an immediate change in status or condition. Historically, this moment signifies the shift from Jesus' earthly ministry to His exaltation and glorification. It is a turning point where Jesus, having completed His mission on earth, is about to enter into His heavenly reign. This transition is not just temporal but also theological, as it underscores the fulfillment of messianic prophecies and the inauguration of a new covenant.

the Son of Man
The title "Son of Man" (ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, ho huios tou anthrōpou) is deeply rooted in Jewish apocalyptic literature, particularly in Daniel 7:13-14, where it describes a heavenly figure endowed with authority and dominion. Jesus frequently uses this title to refer to Himself, emphasizing both His humanity and His divine authority. In the context of Luke 22:69, it highlights Jesus' role as the prophesied Messiah who bridges the gap between God and humanity. This title also serves to remind believers of Jesus' identification with human suffering and His ultimate victory over it.

will be seated
The act of being seated (καθίζω, kathizō) is significant in biblical and historical contexts, symbolizing authority, completion, and rest. In ancient times, a king or judge would sit to render decisions, indicating their sovereign power. For Jesus, being seated signifies the completion of His redemptive work and His enthronement as King and Judge. This imagery assures believers of Christ's sovereign rule and His active intercession on their behalf.

at the right hand
The phrase "at the right hand" (ἐκ δεξιῶν, ek dexiōn) is a position of honor and authority. In biblical symbolism, the right hand is associated with power and favor. In the context of the ancient Near Eastern royal court, sitting at the right hand of a king signified a place of highest honor and shared authority. For Jesus, this position affirms His divine status and His unique relationship with the Father. It assures believers of His supreme authority over all creation and His role as the mediator between God and humanity.

of the power of God
The "power of God" (τῆς δυνάμεως τοῦ Θεοῦ, tēs dynameōs tou Theou) encapsulates the omnipotence and sovereign will of God. This phrase emphasizes that Jesus' authority is not self-derived but is granted by God the Father. It reflects the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan through Jesus Christ. Historically, this power is demonstrated through Jesus' resurrection and ascension, affirming His victory over sin and death. For believers, it is a source of hope and assurance that God's purposes will ultimately prevail, and His kingdom will be established in fullness.

So they all asked
This phrase indicates a collective inquiry from the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council. The Greek word for "asked" here is "ἐρωτάω" (erōtaō), which implies a formal questioning. This was not a casual question but a significant moment in the trial of Jesus. Historically, this reflects the intense scrutiny Jesus faced from religious leaders who were threatened by His teachings and authority.

Are You then
The phrase "Are You then" suggests a follow-up to previous questions, indicating that the council was seeking a definitive answer. The Greek word "εἶ" (ei) is a form of "to be," emphasizing existence and identity. This question is pivotal as it directly addresses Jesus' claim to divinity, a central theme in the Gospel of Luke.

the Son of God?
This title, "the Son of God," is crucial in Christian theology, affirming Jesus' divine nature. The Greek "υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ" (huios tou Theou) signifies a unique relationship with God, distinct from any other sonship. In the Jewish context, claiming to be the Son of God was seen as blasphemous unless true, which is why this question was so significant. It reflects the messianic expectations and the tension between Jesus' identity and the religious leaders' understanding.

He replied
Jesus' response is recorded with the Greek word "εἶπεν" (eipen), meaning "He said." This word choice indicates a calm and authoritative response, characteristic of Jesus throughout the Gospels. His reply is not defensive but declarative, underscoring His confidence in His identity and mission.

You say that I am
This phrase is a profound declaration. The Greek "Ὑμεῖς λέγετε ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμι" (Hymeis legete hoti egō eimi) can be understood as an affirmation of the council's words. "I am" (ἐγώ εἰμι) echoes the divine name revealed to Moses in Exodus 3:14, "I AM WHO I AM," linking Jesus to the God of Israel. This subtle yet powerful affirmation of His identity as the Son of God is both a fulfillment of prophecy and a revelation of His divine nature. Jesus acknowledges their statement, turning their question into a confession of truth, which is both a challenge and an invitation to recognize His true identity.

Why do we need any more testimony?
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the trial of Jesus before the Sanhedrin. The religious leaders, having heard Jesus' own words, conclude that no further evidence is necessary. The Greek word for "testimony" is "μαρτυρία" (martyria), which implies a legal witness or evidence. In the context of Jewish law, multiple witnesses were required to establish a matter (Deuteronomy 19:15). However, here, the leaders dismiss the need for additional testimony, indicating their determination to condemn Jesus based on His own declaration. This reflects their hardened hearts and the fulfillment of prophetic scriptures that foretold the rejection of the Messiah.

We have heard it for ourselves from His own lips
The phrase "from His own lips" underscores the directness and clarity of Jesus' confession. The Greek word for "heard" is "ἀκούω" (akouo), which means to hear or listen with understanding. The leaders claim to have comprehended Jesus' assertion of His identity. This moment is crucial as it highlights the self-revelation of Jesus as the Son of God, a truth that the religious leaders perceive as blasphemy. Historically, this accusation of blasphemy was a serious charge under Jewish law, punishable by death (Leviticus 24:16). The leaders' reaction reveals their spiritual blindness and unwillingness to accept Jesus as the fulfillment of the Messianic prophecies.