As Jesus looked up
This phrase sets the scene for a moment of observation and teaching by Jesus. The act of "looking up" signifies a deliberate and intentional focus. In the Greek, the word used here is "anablepō," which means to look up or to recover sight. This implies that Jesus is not merely glancing but is purposefully observing the actions of those around Him. This moment of looking up is significant as it precedes a teaching moment, highlighting the importance of being observant and aware of the actions and intentions of others.

He saw
The Greek word for "saw" is "eidō," which means to perceive or to become aware of. This is more than just a physical act of seeing; it is an understanding or insight into what is being observed. Jesus' ability to see goes beyond the surface, as He perceives the deeper spiritual realities and motivations behind the actions of the people. This insight is a reminder of Jesus' divine ability to discern the hearts and intentions of individuals.

the rich
The term "rich" refers to those who have an abundance of material wealth. In the context of first-century Judea, the rich were often seen as those blessed by God, yet Jesus frequently challenges this notion by emphasizing the spiritual dangers of wealth. The Greek word "plousios" is used here, which denotes wealth and abundance. This sets the stage for a contrast between the external appearance of wealth and the internal state of the heart, a recurring theme in Jesus' teachings.

putting their gifts
The act of "putting" suggests a deliberate action, and the word "gifts" refers to offerings or contributions. The Greek word "dōra" is used, which can mean gifts or offerings, often given as a religious duty. This phrase highlights the practice of giving to the temple treasury, a common religious obligation. However, the focus here is not just on the act of giving but on the manner and heart behind the giving, which Jesus will address in the following verses.

into the treasury
The "treasury" refers to the place in the temple where offerings were collected. The Greek word "gazophylakion" is used, which literally means "treasure chest." Historically, the temple treasury was a significant part of Jewish religious life, where people would contribute to the maintenance of the temple and the support of the priests. This setting provides a backdrop for Jesus to teach about true generosity and the value of sacrificial giving, as opposed to giving out of abundance without genuine sacrifice.

and He saw
This phrase emphasizes the omniscience and attentiveness of Jesus. In the Greek, the word for "saw" is "εἶδεν" (eiden), which implies not just a casual glance but a deep, discerning observation. Jesus sees beyond the surface, understanding the heart and intentions behind actions. This reminds us that God is always aware of our circumstances and actions, even when they seem insignificant to others.

a poor widow
The term "poor widow" is significant in the socio-economic context of the time. Widows were often among the most vulnerable in society, lacking a husband's support and often without means of income. The Greek word for "poor" is "πενιχρὰ" (penichra), indicating extreme poverty. This highlights the widow's dire situation and the depth of her faith and trust in God, as she gives out of her need rather than her abundance.

put in
The act of "putting in" her offering is a deliberate and conscious decision. The Greek word used here is "ἔβαλεν" (ebalen), which means to cast or throw. This suggests an intentional and sacrificial act of giving. It reflects the widow's commitment and devotion, as she willingly contributes to the temple treasury despite her limited means.

two small copper coins
The "two small copper coins" are referred to in Greek as "δύο λεπτά" (duo lepta). The "lepton" was the smallest and least valuable coin in circulation at the time, equivalent to a fraction of a day's wage. This detail underscores the widow's poverty and the magnitude of her sacrifice. Despite the coins' minimal monetary value, her offering is of immense spiritual worth, demonstrating that God values the heart and sacrifice behind the gift more than the amount.

Truly I tell you
This phrase is a solemn declaration by Jesus, emphasizing the truth and importance of what He is about to say. The Greek word for "truly" is "ἀληθῶς" (alēthōs), which conveys certainty and assurance. In the context of Jesus' teachings, this introduction underscores His authority and the reliability of His words. It is a call for the listener to pay close attention, as what follows is of significant spiritual and moral weight.

this poor widow
The focus on "this poor widow" highlights her specific identity and situation. In the ancient Jewish context, widows were often among the most vulnerable in society, lacking a husband's protection and financial support. The Greek word for widow, "χήρα" (chēra), evokes a sense of destitution and need. By drawing attention to her, Jesus elevates her status and dignity, recognizing her faith and devotion despite her material poverty. This reflects the biblical theme of God's special concern for the marginalized and oppressed.

has put in more
The phrase "has put in more" is paradoxical, as it contrasts the widow's small monetary contribution with the larger sums given by others. The Greek verb "ἔβαλεν" (ebalen) means "to cast" or "to put in," indicating an action of giving. Jesus redefines the concept of "more" not in terms of quantity but in terms of sacrifice and heart. This challenges the conventional understanding of generosity, emphasizing that true giving is measured by the spirit and intent behind the act, not merely by the amount.

than all the others
This concluding phrase underscores the radical nature of Jesus' teaching. The Greek word "πάντων" (pantōn) means "all," signifying the totality of the other contributions. Jesus' statement elevates the widow's offering above all others, not because of its monetary value, but because of the depth of her sacrifice and faith. This serves as a powerful reminder that God values the heart's intention over outward appearances, and that true devotion is often found in the humble and selfless acts of those who give out of their need rather than their abundance.

For they all contributed out of their surplus
This phrase highlights the contrast between the wealthy donors and the poor widow. The Greek word for "surplus" is "perisseuma," which implies an abundance or excess. Historically, the temple treasury was a place where people would give offerings, often publicly, as a demonstration of their piety. The wealthy gave from their abundance, which, while generous, did not require personal sacrifice. This reflects a broader biblical theme where God values the heart and intent behind the giving more than the amount itself. The act of giving from surplus can be seen as fulfilling a duty without impacting one's lifestyle or comfort.

but she out of her poverty
The Greek word for "poverty" is "husterēsis," indicating a state of need or deficiency. This widow's action is significant because it demonstrates her deep faith and trust in God. In the socio-economic context of the time, widows were among the most vulnerable, often lacking a stable source of income or support. Her giving, therefore, is not just an act of charity but a profound expression of reliance on God's provision. This phrase challenges believers to consider the depth of their own faith and the sincerity of their sacrifices.

has put in all she had to live on
The phrase "all she had to live on" is translated from the Greek "holon ton bion," which literally means "all the life." This indicates that the widow gave everything she had, her entire livelihood. This act of total surrender and trust is a powerful testament to her faith. In the biblical narrative, such acts of complete devotion are often highlighted as exemplary. The widow's offering is reminiscent of the biblical principle that true worship and devotion often require personal sacrifice and trust in God's provision, as seen in accounts like that of the widow of Zarephath in 1 Kings 17. Her action serves as a poignant reminder that God values the heart and the spirit of the giver more than the material value of the gift.

As some of the disciples
This phrase sets the scene with a focus on the disciples, who are followers and learners of Jesus. The Greek word for "disciples" is μαθητής (mathētēs), meaning a learner or pupil. This highlights the role of the disciples as those who are continually learning from Jesus, both in His teachings and His actions. In this context, they are observing and commenting on the physical beauty of the temple, which reflects their human tendency to be impressed by outward appearances.

were remarking
The act of remarking indicates a conversation or observation being made. The Greek word used here is λέγω (legō), which means to say or speak. This suggests that the disciples were engaged in a dialogue, possibly expressing admiration or awe. It reflects a moment of human interaction and curiosity, which Jesus often used as a teaching opportunity.

how the temple was adorned
The temple, referred to here, is the Second Temple in Jerusalem, a central place of worship for the Jewish people. The Greek word for "adorned" is κατακοσμέω (katakosmeō), meaning to decorate or embellish. This indicates the temple's grandeur and the care taken in its appearance, symbolizing the importance of the temple in Jewish religious life. Historically, the temple was a magnificent structure, and its adornment was a source of national pride.

with beautiful stones
The "beautiful stones" refer to the large, impressive stones used in the construction of the temple. The Greek word for "beautiful" is καλός (kalos), meaning good, noble, or beautiful. These stones were not only functional but also aesthetically pleasing, representing the strength and stability of the temple. Archaeological findings have confirmed the use of massive stones in the temple's construction, underscoring its architectural significance.

and consecrated gifts
Consecrated gifts, or ἀνάθημα (anathēma) in Greek, were offerings dedicated to God, often as acts of devotion or thanksgiving. These gifts adorned the temple, adding to its splendor and reflecting the piety of the people. Historically, such gifts could include gold, silver, and other valuable items, symbolizing the people's dedication and reverence for God.

He said
This phrase introduces Jesus' response, which is pivotal in the narrative. The Greek word for "said" is εἶπεν (eipen), indicating that Jesus is about to impart wisdom or a teaching. In the context of the Gospel, Jesus often uses such moments to redirect focus from the material to the spiritual, challenging His followers to look beyond the physical beauty to deeper, eternal truths. His forthcoming words will provide insight into the transient nature of earthly things and the importance of spiritual preparedness.

As for what you see here
This phrase invites the listener to focus on the present reality, specifically the grandeur of the Temple in Jerusalem. The Greek word for "see" (βλέπετε, blepete) implies not just physical sight but also perception and understanding. Jesus is urging His disciples to look beyond the physical splendor and recognize the transient nature of earthly structures. Historically, the Temple was a symbol of Jewish identity and religious life, making this statement profoundly unsettling.

the time will come
The Greek word for "time" (καιρός, kairos) refers to an appointed time or season, often used in Scripture to denote a divinely ordained moment. This phrase indicates that the events Jesus is predicting are not random but part of God's sovereign plan. It underscores the prophetic nature of Jesus' words, reminding believers of God's control over history and the fulfillment of His purposes.

when not one stone will be left on another
This vivid imagery speaks to the complete destruction that will occur. The phrase emphasizes totality, suggesting that the destruction will be so thorough that no part of the structure will remain intact. Historically, this prophecy was fulfilled in A.D. 70 when the Romans destroyed the Temple. The Greek construction here underscores the certainty and completeness of the coming devastation, serving as a sobering reminder of the impermanence of human achievements.

every one will be thrown down
The phrase "thrown down" (καταλυθήσεται, kataluthēsetai) in Greek conveys the idea of demolition or dismantling. It suggests an active force behind the destruction, pointing to the judgment of God. This serves as a warning to the listeners about the consequences of rejecting God's messengers and the coming judgment. Theologically, it also foreshadows the new covenant, where worship is not confined to a physical location but is centered on Christ Himself.

Teacher
The term "Teacher" is translated from the Greek word "Didaskalos," which signifies a respected instructor or master. In the context of the Gospels, it reflects the disciples' recognition of Jesus' authority and wisdom. This title underscores the role of Jesus as the ultimate source of divine truth and guidance, emphasizing His position as the one who imparts spiritual knowledge and understanding to His followers.

they asked
The phrase "they asked" indicates the disciples' active engagement and curiosity about the future events Jesus had been discussing. This reflects a common human desire to understand and prepare for what is to come. The disciples' inquiry shows their trust in Jesus to provide insight into God's plan, highlighting the importance of seeking divine wisdom in times of uncertainty.

when will these things happen?
This question reveals the disciples' concern about the timing of the prophesied events. The Greek word for "when" is "pote," which indicates a specific interest in the chronological aspect of future occurrences. This reflects a natural human inclination to seek certainty and control over the future, yet it also points to the need for faith and trust in God's perfect timing.

And what will be the sign
The word "sign" comes from the Greek "semeion," which refers to an indication or a miraculous event that points to a deeper reality. In biblical context, signs often serve as confirmations of God's intervention and promises. The disciples' request for a sign demonstrates their desire for assurance and clarity regarding the fulfillment of Jesus' prophecies, reminding believers of the importance of discerning God's signs in the world.

that they are about to take place?
This phrase reflects the disciples' anticipation and urgency in understanding the proximity of the foretold events. The Greek word "mello," translated as "about to," conveys a sense of imminence and expectation. This highlights the tension between the present and the future, encouraging believers to live with a sense of readiness and vigilance, always prepared for the unfolding of God's plan.

See to it
This phrase is a call to vigilance and discernment. In the Greek, the word used is "βλέπετε" (blepete), which means to look, perceive, or be aware. Jesus is urging His followers to be watchful and attentive to the signs of the times. This vigilance is not passive but active, requiring believers to be spiritually alert and discerning in a world filled with deception.

that you are not deceived
The Greek word for deceived is "πλανηθῆτε" (planēthēte), which implies being led astray or wandering from the truth. Jesus warns against false teachings and misleading claims that could divert believers from the true path. Historically, the early church faced numerous heresies and false prophets, and this warning remains relevant today as believers must guard against doctrines that contradict the core truths of Christianity.

For many will come in My name
This phrase indicates that false prophets and teachers will claim the authority of Christ. The use of "in My name" suggests a pretense of divine endorsement. Throughout history, many have falsely claimed to represent Christ, leading people away from the true Gospel. This serves as a reminder to test all teachings against the Scriptures and the character of Christ.

claiming, 'I am He,'
The declaration "I am He" echoes the divine name revealed to Moses in Exodus 3:14, "I AM WHO I AM." In the New Testament, Jesus uses "I am" statements to affirm His divinity. False messiahs will mimic this claim, attempting to usurp Christ's unique position. Believers are called to recognize the true Christ by His works, words, and fulfillment of prophecy.

and, 'The time is near.'
This phrase refers to the eschatological expectation of the end times. The Greek word "καιρός" (kairos) denotes a specific, appointed time. False teachers may exploit the anticipation of Christ's return to manipulate and control. Historically, predictions of the end times have often led to fear and confusion. Jesus advises His followers to remain steadfast and not be swayed by sensational claims.

Do not follow them
This is a direct command to reject false leaders and teachings. The Greek word "ἀκολουθεῖτε" (akoloutheite) means to follow or accompany. Jesus emphasizes the importance of discernment and loyalty to His teachings. In a world filled with spiritual counterfeits, believers must cling to the truth of the Gospel and the guidance of the Holy Spirit.

When you hear
This phrase suggests a future expectation and awareness. The Greek word for "hear" is "ἀκούω" (akouo), which implies not just the act of hearing but also understanding and perceiving. In the context of Jesus' discourse, it emphasizes the importance of being attentive to the signs of the times. Historically, the early Christians were encouraged to be vigilant and discerning, understanding that their faith would be tested amidst turmoil.

of wars and rebellions
The mention of "wars" and "rebellions" reflects the turbulent nature of human history. The Greek word for "wars" is "πόλεμος" (polemos), indicating conflicts and battles, while "rebellions" comes from "ἀκαταστασία" (akatastasia), meaning disorder or insurrection. These terms highlight the inevitable strife that characterizes the fallen world. Archaeologically, the period leading up to the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70 was marked by significant unrest, fulfilling Jesus' prophecy and serving as a reminder of the world's instability.

do not be alarmed
The instruction "do not be alarmed" is a call to maintain peace and trust in God's sovereignty. The Greek word "πτοέω" (ptoeo) means to be terrified or disturbed. Jesus reassures His followers that despite the chaos, they should not succumb to fear. This reflects a deep trust in God's ultimate plan and control over history, encouraging believers to remain steadfast in faith.

These things must happen first
This phrase underscores the necessity of these events in the divine plan. The Greek word "δεῖ" (dei) means "it is necessary," indicating that these occurrences are part of God's ordained timeline. Scripturally, this aligns with the understanding that trials and tribulations are part of the eschatological process leading to the fulfillment of God's kingdom.

but the end will not come immediately
Here, Jesus provides a crucial clarification. The Greek word "εὐθέως" (eutheos) means "immediately" or "at once." This indicates that while these events are significant, they are not the final culmination of history. Historically, this served as a warning against premature eschatological speculation. Believers are reminded to maintain a long-term perspective, understanding that God's timing is perfect and that patience and perseverance are required as they await the ultimate fulfillment of His promises.

Then He said to them
This phrase introduces the words of Jesus, emphasizing His role as a teacher and prophet. The Greek word for "said" is "εἶπεν" (eipen), which is often used in the New Testament to denote authoritative speech. Jesus is addressing His disciples, preparing them for future events with divine insight. This moment underscores the importance of listening to Christ's words, as they are not merely human opinions but divine revelations.

Nation will rise against nation
The Greek word for "nation" is "ἔθνος" (ethnos), which can refer to a group of people bound by common culture, language, or territory. Historically, this prophecy has been seen as a prediction of the conflicts that would arise among various peoples and countries. The phrase suggests a time of widespread turmoil and conflict, reflecting the fallen state of humanity and the consequences of sin. It serves as a reminder of the need for peace and reconciliation through Christ.

and kingdom against kingdom
The term "kingdom" in Greek is "βασιλεία" (basileia), which refers to a realm or domain under a sovereign's rule. This phrase indicates not only political conflicts but also spiritual battles between the forces of good and evil. Historically, it points to the many wars and power struggles that have occurred throughout history. In a spiritual sense, it reminds believers of the ongoing battle between God's kingdom and the kingdom of darkness, urging them to remain steadfast in faith.

There will be
This phrase indicates certainty and inevitability. In the Greek, "ἔσονται" (esontai) is the future tense of "to be," suggesting that these events are not merely possibilities but assured occurrences. This reflects the prophetic nature of Jesus' words, emphasizing the divine foreknowledge and sovereignty of God over future events.

great earthquakes
The Greek word for "earthquakes" is "σεισμοί" (seismoi), which can also mean commotions or upheavals. Historically, earthquakes have been seen as manifestations of divine power and judgment. The adjective "great" (μεγάλοι, megaloi) underscores the magnitude and impact of these events, suggesting that they will be significant enough to capture global attention and serve as a sign of the times.

famines
The term "λιμοί" (limoi) refers to severe shortages of food, often resulting in widespread hunger and suffering. Famines have been a recurring theme throughout biblical history, often seen as a consequence of human sin or a test of faith. In the context of this prophecy, famines are part of the broader pattern of distress that characterizes the end times.

and pestilences
"Pestilences" (λοιμοί, loimoi) are outbreaks of disease that can cause widespread death and fear. The inclusion of pestilences in this prophecy highlights the vulnerability of human life and the fragility of earthly security. Historically, plagues have been interpreted as divine judgments or calls to repentance, urging people to turn back to God.

in various places
This phrase, "κατά τόπους" (kata topous), suggests that these calamities will not be confined to a single region but will occur globally. The widespread nature of these events underscores their significance as signs of the end times, affecting people across different cultures and nations.

along with fearful sights
The Greek word for "fearful" is "φοβητρά" (phobetra), which conveys a sense of terror or dread. These sights are not merely unusual but are intended to provoke awe and fear, serving as divine warnings. The historical context of such sights often includes celestial phenomena or other extraordinary events that defy natural explanation.

and great signs from heaven
"Signs" (σημεῖα, semeia) are indicators or markers that point to a deeper reality. In biblical terms, signs from heaven often signify divine intervention or communication. The "great" (μεγάλα, megala) nature of these signs suggests that they will be unmistakable and profound, serving as clear evidence of God's active presence and the unfolding of His divine plan.

But before all this
This phrase indicates a sequence of events, suggesting that the persecution of believers will occur prior to the eschatological signs Jesus describes earlier in the chapter. The Greek word "πρὸ" (pro) implies a temporal precedence, emphasizing the immediacy and certainty of the trials that the disciples will face. Historically, this aligns with the early church's experience, as recorded in Acts, where persecution was rampant before the destruction of the Temple in AD 70.

they will seize you
The Greek verb "ἐπιβάλλω" (epiballō) conveys a sense of laying hands on someone with force, indicating arrest or capture. This reflects the physical and aggressive nature of the opposition the disciples would encounter. Archaeological findings, such as ancient Roman legal documents, reveal the commonality of such actions against perceived agitators or threats to societal order.

and persecute you
The term "διώκω" (diōkō) in Greek means to pursue or harass, often with the intent to cause harm. This persecution is not just physical but also social and psychological, as believers would be ostracized and maligned. Scripturally, this echoes Jesus' earlier teachings in the Beatitudes (Matthew 5:10-12), where He blesses those who are persecuted for righteousness' sake.

On account of My name
This phrase underscores the reason for the persecution: allegiance to Jesus Christ. The "name" in biblical terms represents the character and authority of a person. Thus, the disciples' identification with Jesus and His teachings would be the catalyst for their suffering. Historically, the early Christians were often persecuted for refusing to worship the Roman Emperor, as their primary allegiance was to Christ.

they will deliver you
The Greek word "παραδίδωμι" (paradidōmi) means to hand over or betray. This term is used in the context of judicial proceedings, indicating that the disciples would be formally accused and tried. This mirrors the experiences of early Christians like Stephen and Paul, who were brought before councils and authorities.

to synagogues and prisons
Synagogues were not only places of worship but also centers of community life and local governance. Being delivered to synagogues implies religious trials, where believers would be judged by Jewish authorities. Prisons, on the other hand, represent the civil and punitive aspect of persecution. The dual mention highlights the comprehensive nature of the opposition, both religious and secular.

and they will bring you before kings and governors
This phrase indicates that the persecution would escalate to the highest levels of political authority. The Greek "ἄγω" (agō) suggests being led or brought forcibly. Historically, figures like Paul stood before Roman governors such as Felix and Festus, and even King Agrippa, as recorded in Acts. This fulfills Jesus' prophecy and demonstrates the far-reaching impact of the Gospel, as it challenged both religious and political structures.

This will be
The phrase "This will be" indicates a future certainty. In the context of Luke 21, Jesus is speaking about the trials and persecutions that His followers will face. The Greek word used here is "ἔσται" (estai), which is a form of the verb "to be," emphasizing an assured future event. This assurance is rooted in the sovereignty of God, who orchestrates events for His divine purposes. For believers, this certainty is a reminder of God's control over history and His faithfulness to His promises.

your opportunity
The word "opportunity" is translated from the Greek "ἀφορμή" (aphormē), which can also mean a starting point or occasion. In the midst of trials, what might seem like a disadvantage or a threat is actually a divinely appointed moment for God's purposes to unfold. Historically, the early church faced severe persecution, yet these moments became pivotal for the spread of the Gospel. This perspective encourages believers to view challenges not as obstacles, but as God-given opportunities to advance His kingdom.

to serve as witnesses
The phrase "to serve as witnesses" is central to the mission of the followers of Christ. The Greek word for "witnesses" is "μάρτυρες" (martyres), from which we derive the English word "martyr." This term implies not only the act of testifying but also the willingness to suffer, and even die, for one's testimony. In the historical context of the early church, many believers indeed became martyrs, bearing witness to the truth of the Gospel through their steadfast faith in the face of persecution. Scripturally, this aligns with Acts 1:8, where Jesus commissions His disciples to be His witnesses "to the ends of the earth." This calling is both a privilege and a responsibility, as believers are entrusted with the message of salvation and the task of making it known to the world. The phrase inspires Christians to embrace their role as witnesses, understanding that their lives and testimonies are powerful tools in God's hands to reveal His truth and love to others.

So make up your mind
This phrase calls for a deliberate and conscious decision. The Greek word used here is "τίθημι" (tithēmi), which means to set, place, or establish. In the context of this verse, it implies a firm resolve or determination. Jesus is instructing His followers to establish a mindset of trust and reliance on God rather than on their own abilities. This reflects a broader biblical principle of faith over fear, encouraging believers to set their hearts and minds on God's promises and sovereignty.

not to worry beforehand
The Greek word for "worry" is "μεριμνάω" (merimnaō), which means to be anxious or troubled with cares. Jesus is addressing the natural human tendency to be anxious about future events, especially those involving persecution or trials. The phrase "beforehand" emphasizes the futility of worrying about future challenges that are beyond one's control. Historically, this teaching would have been particularly poignant for early Christians facing persecution, reminding them to trust in God's provision and timing.

how to defend yourselves
The Greek term for "defend" is "ἀπολογέομαι" (apologeomai), which means to speak in one's defense or to make a defense. This is the root of the English word "apologetics," which refers to the reasoned defense of the Christian faith. In the context of this passage, Jesus is reassuring His disciples that they need not rely on their own eloquence or wisdom when facing opposition. Instead, they are to trust that God will provide the words and wisdom needed in those moments. This reflects a broader scriptural theme of divine empowerment, where God equips His people to stand firm in their faith amidst trials.

For I will give you
This phrase emphasizes the divine source of the promise. The Greek word for "give" is "δίδωμι" (didōmi), which implies a gift or bestowal. In the context of the New Testament, this often refers to spiritual gifts or divine enablement. Here, Jesus assures His followers that He Himself will provide what is necessary for their defense. This promise is a reminder of God's sovereignty and His active role in equipping believers for the challenges they face.

speech and wisdom
The Greek words used here are "στόμα" (stoma) for "speech" and "σοφία" (sophia) for "wisdom." "Stoma" literally means "mouth," indicating the ability to articulate thoughts clearly and effectively. "Sophia" refers to a higher wisdom, often associated with divine insight and understanding. In the biblical context, wisdom is not merely intellectual knowledge but a deep, God-given understanding that guides one's actions and words. This combination of speech and wisdom suggests that believers will be empowered to communicate truth with clarity and divine insight.

that none of your adversaries
The term "adversaries" comes from the Greek "ἀντικείμενοι" (antikeimenoi), meaning those who oppose or stand against. In the early Christian context, adversaries could be religious leaders, political authorities, or anyone opposing the message of the Gospel. This phrase acknowledges the reality of opposition but also implies that such opposition is powerless against the divine provision given to believers.

will be able to resist
The Greek word "ἀντιστῆναι" (antistēnai) means to stand against or oppose. This implies a confrontation or challenge. The promise here is that the adversaries will not have the strength or ability to withstand the divinely inspired speech and wisdom given to the believers. This assurance is a source of encouragement, emphasizing that God's power is greater than any human opposition.

or contradict
The word "ἀντειπεῖν" (anteipein) means to speak against or refute. This suggests that the arguments or accusations of the adversaries will be rendered ineffective. The divine wisdom and speech given to believers will be so compelling and truthful that it cannot be successfully challenged or disproven. This highlights the ultimate triumph of truth over falsehood and the assurance that God's word will prevail.

You will be betrayed
The Greek word for "betrayed" is "παραδοθήσεσθε" (paradothēsesthe), which conveys the idea of being handed over or delivered up. This term is often used in the context of treachery or disloyalty. In the historical context of early Christianity, betrayal was a real threat as followers of Christ faced persecution. This phrase serves as a sobering reminder of the cost of discipleship and the potential for suffering in the name of faith. It calls believers to remain steadfast, even when facing the ultimate betrayal by those closest to them.

even by parents and brothers and relatives and friends
This phrase emphasizes the depth of the betrayal, highlighting that it can come from the most intimate and trusted relationships. The Greek words used here, such as "γονεῖς" (goneis) for "parents" and "ἀδελφοί" (adelphoi) for "brothers," underscore the familial bonds that are expected to be sources of support and love. Historically, this reflects the division that the message of Christ could cause within families, as some members accepted the gospel while others rejected it. This division is a fulfillment of Jesus' earlier teachings about the cost of following Him, where allegiance to Christ may supersede even family ties.

and they will put some of you to death
The phrase "put some of you to death" is a stark and literal warning of the potential consequences of following Christ. The Greek word "θανατώσουσιν" (thanatōsousin) means "to kill" or "to put to death." This reflects the historical reality faced by many early Christians who were martyred for their faith. It serves as a powerful testament to the seriousness of the call to discipleship and the ultimate sacrifice that may be required. This phrase also offers inspiration, as it points to the eternal perspective that believers are called to maintain, trusting in the promise of eternal life beyond physical death.

And you will be hated
This phrase speaks to the inevitable persecution that followers of Christ will face. The Greek word for "hated" is "μισέω" (miseō), which implies a deep-seated animosity or hostility. Historically, Christians have faced persecution from various fronts, including religious, political, and social spheres. This hatred is not merely personal but is often systemic, reflecting the world's opposition to the values and truths of the Gospel. The early church, as recorded in Acts, faced such persecution, which served to strengthen and spread the faith rather than diminish it.

by everyone
The term "everyone" here is not to be understood as every single individual but rather as a hyperbolic expression indicating widespread opposition. In the context of the early church, Christians were often marginalized and ostracized by both Jewish and Roman authorities. This phrase underscores the universality of the challenge, suggesting that believers should expect opposition from various quarters, including those who might be close to them. It is a reminder that the path of discipleship is not one of popularity but of faithfulness.

because of My name
The "name" of Jesus is central to Christian identity and mission. In the biblical context, a name is not just a label but represents the character and authority of a person. The Greek word "ὄνομα" (onoma) signifies more than just a title; it encompasses the essence and power of Jesus. To suffer "because of My name" is to suffer for the sake of Christ's mission and message. Historically, the name of Jesus has been a dividing line, as seen in the early church's proclamation of Jesus as Lord, which directly challenged the Roman declaration of Caesar as lord. This phrase calls believers to a radical allegiance to Christ, even in the face of adversity, trusting in the eternal significance of His name.

Yet
The word "yet" serves as a conjunction that introduces a contrast or exception to what has been previously stated. In the context of Luke 21, Jesus is speaking about the trials and tribulations that His followers will face. The use of "yet" here is pivotal, as it shifts the focus from the dire circumstances to a promise of divine protection. This word reassures believers that despite the challenges, there is a divine assurance that transcends earthly troubles.

not even
This phrase emphasizes the absolute nature of the promise. In Greek, the double negative used here (οὐδὲ) intensifies the assurance given by Jesus. It underscores the certainty and completeness of God's protection over His people. This is a powerful reminder that God's care is meticulous and comprehensive, leaving no room for doubt.

a hair of your head
This phrase is a metaphorical expression that signifies the smallest and seemingly most insignificant part of a person. In the cultural and historical context of the Bible, hair was often seen as a symbol of one's identity and personal care. The reference to "a hair of your head" highlights the extent of God's detailed concern for each individual. It echoes the sentiment found in Matthew 10:30, where Jesus states that even the hairs of our head are numbered, illustrating God's intimate knowledge and care for His creation.

will perish
The Greek word used here for "perish" is ἀπόλλυμι (apollymi), which means to destroy or lose. In the context of this verse, it conveys the idea of ultimate loss or destruction. Jesus assures His followers that despite the physical dangers they may face, their ultimate well-being is secure in God's hands. This promise of preservation is not necessarily about physical safety but rather about spiritual security and eternal life. It is a profound encouragement to believers that their souls are safeguarded by God, even amidst persecution and trials.

By your patient endurance
The phrase "by your patient endurance" is translated from the Greek word "hypomonē," which conveys a sense of steadfastness, perseverance, and endurance under trial. In the context of Luke 21, Jesus is speaking to His disciples about the trials and tribulations they will face. The historical context here is significant, as early Christians faced persecution and hardship. The call to "patient endurance" is a call to remain faithful and steadfast in the face of adversity, trusting in God's ultimate plan and sovereignty. This endurance is not passive but active, requiring a deep reliance on the Holy Spirit for strength and courage. It is a reminder that the Christian journey is not without challenges, but through perseverance, believers are refined and strengthened in their faith.

you will gain
The phrase "you will gain" comes from the Greek word "ktēsesthe," which means to acquire or obtain. This suggests an active process of obtaining something valuable. In the spiritual sense, it implies that through enduring faith and perseverance, believers will acquire something of eternal worth. The use of "gain" here is significant because it contrasts with worldly loss. While the world may see endurance through trials as a loss, in the spiritual realm, it is a gain of immeasurable value. This reflects the biblical principle that true gain is found not in earthly possessions or status but in spiritual growth and eternal life.

your souls
The term "your souls" is translated from the Greek word "psychē," which refers to the life force or the essence of a person. In biblical terms, the soul is often seen as the eternal part of a human being, the aspect that transcends physical death. The promise of gaining one's soul through patient endurance highlights the eternal perspective of the Christian faith. It underscores the belief that while the body may suffer and perish, the soul is preserved and ultimately redeemed through Christ. This assurance provides hope and motivation for believers to remain faithful, knowing that their ultimate reward is eternal life with God. The focus on the soul emphasizes the importance of spiritual well-being over temporal concerns, encouraging believers to prioritize their relationship with God above all else.

But when you see
This phrase indicates a future event that the audience is to witness. The Greek word for "see" is "ὁράω" (horaó), which implies not just physical sight but also understanding and perception. Jesus is urging His followers to be vigilant and discerning, recognizing the signs of the times. This call to awareness is a recurring theme in Scripture, emphasizing the importance of spiritual alertness and readiness.

Jerusalem
Jerusalem holds a central place in biblical history and prophecy. It is the city of David, the location of the Temple, and the heart of Jewish worship and identity. In the context of Luke 21, Jerusalem symbolizes both the physical city and the spiritual center of God's covenant people. Historically, Jerusalem has been a focal point of conflict and divine intervention, underscoring its significance in God's redemptive plan.

surrounded by armies
The imagery of armies encircling Jerusalem evokes a sense of impending doom and judgment. The Greek word "κυκλόω" (kukloó) means to encircle or surround completely, indicating a siege. Historically, this prophecy was fulfilled in A.D. 70 when the Roman armies besieged and destroyed Jerusalem. This event serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of rejecting God's messengers and the fulfillment of divine prophecy.

you will know
The phrase "you will know" suggests certainty and assurance. The Greek word "γινώσκω" (ginóskó) implies a deep, experiential knowledge. Jesus is providing His followers with a clear sign so that they can be certain of the coming judgment. This knowledge is not just intellectual but is meant to prompt action and preparation, reflecting the biblical principle that true understanding leads to obedience.

that her desolation
The term "desolation" comes from the Greek word "ἐρήμωσις" (erémósis), meaning devastation or ruin. This word conveys a sense of utter destruction and abandonment. In the biblical context, desolation often results from divine judgment due to persistent sin and rebellion. The desolation of Jerusalem serves as a poignant warning of the consequences of turning away from God and His covenant.

is near
The phrase "is near" indicates imminence and urgency. The Greek word "ἐγγύς" (eggus) means near in time or place. Jesus is warning His followers that the prophesied events are not distant but are approaching quickly. This sense of urgency is a call to action, encouraging believers to remain steadfast in faith and to prepare for the fulfillment of God's prophetic word. The nearness of these events also serves as a reminder of the transient nature of earthly things and the importance of focusing on eternal truths.

Then
The word "then" serves as a temporal marker, indicating a specific time when the events Jesus is describing will occur. In the Greek, the word is "τότε" (tote), which often introduces a sequence of events. This suggests a prophetic timeline, emphasizing the urgency and immediacy of the actions to follow. It connects the preceding warnings of tribulation with the necessary response, underscoring the importance of readiness and discernment in the face of impending judgment.

let those who are in Judea
"Judea" refers to the southern region of ancient Israel, a significant area in biblical history. The Greek term "Ἰουδαία" (Ioudaia) denotes not just a geographical location but also a cultural and religious center for the Jewish people. This phrase highlights the specific audience Jesus is addressing—those living in Judea, who would be directly affected by the coming destruction. Historically, Judea was the heartland of Jewish life, and its mention here underscores the gravity of the situation for the Jewish people.

flee to the mountains
The instruction to "flee to the mountains" is a call for immediate and decisive action. The Greek word "φεύγω" (pheugō) means to escape or seek safety. Mountains often symbolize refuge and protection in biblical literature, as seen in the Psalms. This directive reflects a common ancient practice of seeking shelter in the natural fortifications provided by mountainous terrain during times of invasion or disaster. It underscores the urgency and seriousness of the threat, urging believers to prioritize their spiritual and physical safety.

let those in the city get out
The phrase "let those in the city get out" emphasizes the need for those residing in urban areas to evacuate. The Greek verb "ἐκχωρέω" (ekchōreō) means to depart or leave. Cities, often seen as centers of commerce and social life, can also become places of danger during sieges or divine judgment. This instruction serves as a warning against complacency and a call to heed prophetic signs, reminding believers to remain vigilant and responsive to God's guidance.

and let those in the country stay out of the city
This final instruction, "let those in the country stay out of the city," advises those in rural areas to avoid seeking refuge in urban centers. The Greek phrase "ἐν τοῖς ἀγροῖς" (en tois agrois) refers to those dwelling in the fields or countryside. Historically, cities were often targeted during invasions, making them unsafe during times of conflict. This counsel highlights the importance of discernment and the need to trust in God's provision and protection, even when it defies conventional wisdom. It serves as a reminder that true security is found in obedience to God's word.

For these are the days
This phrase sets a definitive time frame, indicating a specific period marked by significant events. In the Greek, "ἡμέραι" (hēmerai) refers to "days," which can symbolize a period of divine intervention or judgment. Historically, this points to the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70, a pivotal moment in Jewish history. Theologically, it underscores God's sovereign control over time and history, reminding believers that God’s plans unfold in His perfect timing.

of vengeance
The Greek word "ἐκδίκησις" (ekdikēsis) translates to "vengeance" or "retribution." This term conveys the idea of divine justice being executed. In the biblical context, vengeance is not about human revenge but about God's righteous judgment against sin and rebellion. This reflects the holiness and justice of God, who must address sin to uphold His righteousness. It serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of turning away from God.

to fulfill
The Greek word "πληρωθῆναι" (plērōthēnai) means "to fulfill" or "to complete." This indicates that the events occurring are not random but are part of God's predetermined plan. The fulfillment of prophecy is a recurring theme in Scripture, demonstrating God's faithfulness to His word. It reassures believers that God is in control and that His promises and warnings will come to pass.

all that is written
This phrase emphasizes the authority and reliability of Scripture. The Greek "γεγραμμένα" (gegrammena) refers to what has been "written" or "recorded," pointing to the prophetic writings of the Old Testament. It highlights the continuity between the Old and New Testaments, showing that the events of Jesus' time were foretold by the prophets. This serves as a call to trust in the Scriptures, as they are the divinely inspired word of God, providing guidance, warning, and hope for believers.

How miserable those days will be
This phrase captures the intense suffering and hardship that will characterize the prophesied period. The Greek word for "miserable" (οὐαί, ouai) is an expression of deep lamentation and woe, often used in prophetic literature to denote impending judgment or disaster. Historically, this reflects the severe trials faced during the Roman siege of Jerusalem in 70 AD, a time of unparalleled distress for the Jewish people. The phrase serves as a solemn warning, urging believers to remain vigilant and faithful amidst tribulation.

for pregnant and nursing mothers!
The mention of "pregnant and nursing mothers" highlights the particular vulnerability of these individuals during times of crisis. In the ancient world, pregnancy and nursing were already fraught with challenges, and the added burden of societal upheaval would exacerbate their plight. The Greek term for "pregnant" (ἐν γαστρὶ ἔχουσαι, en gastri echousai) and "nursing" (θηλάζουσαι, thēlazousai) emphasize the natural, nurturing roles of women, which become sources of additional suffering in times of distress. This underscores the compassion of Jesus, who acknowledges the specific hardships faced by different groups during catastrophic events.

For there will be great distress upon the land
The "great distress" (ἀνάγκη μεγάλη, anagkē megalē) refers to the intense suffering and turmoil that will engulf the land. The term "land" (γῆ, gē) can be understood both as the physical territory of Israel and symbolically as the broader realm of human existence under divine judgment. This distress is not merely a result of human conflict but is portrayed as a divinely ordained consequence of the people's actions, reflecting the biblical theme of reaping what one sows. Historically, this aligns with the catastrophic events of the Jewish-Roman War, which brought widespread devastation to Judea.

and wrath against this people
The "wrath" (ὀργή, orgē) signifies divine anger and judgment directed towards "this people," referring specifically to the Jewish nation that rejected Jesus as the Messiah. This phrase echoes the prophetic tradition of the Old Testament, where God's wrath is often depicted as a response to covenant unfaithfulness and idolatry. The historical context of the destruction of Jerusalem serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of turning away from God's covenant. From a theological perspective, this wrath is not arbitrary but is rooted in God's holiness and justice, calling His people to repentance and faithfulness.

They will fall by the edge of the sword
This phrase vividly depicts the tragic fate awaiting those in Jerusalem. The Greek word for "fall" (πίπτω, piptō) conveys a sense of sudden and violent downfall, often used in contexts of battle or judgment. Historically, this prophecy was fulfilled during the Roman siege of Jerusalem in AD 70, when many Jews perished. The "edge of the sword" symbolizes the brutal and merciless nature of warfare, emphasizing the severity of the judgment due to the people's rejection of Christ.

and will be led captive into all the nations
The phrase "led captive" (αἰχμαλωτίζω, aichmalōtizō) refers to the forced relocation and enslavement of a conquered people. This was a common practice in ancient times, serving both as a punishment and a means of dispersing potential rebels. The dispersion "into all the nations" highlights the widespread and enduring impact of this event, as the Jewish people were scattered across the Roman Empire and beyond, fulfilling the prophecy of their diaspora.

And Jerusalem will be trodden down by the Gentiles
The term "trodden down" (πατέω, pateō) suggests a forceful and contemptuous trampling, indicating a period of subjugation and humiliation for Jerusalem. The "Gentiles" (ἔθνη, ethnē) refers to non-Jewish peoples, underscoring the loss of Jewish sovereignty over their holy city. This period of Gentile domination began with the Roman conquest and continued through various occupations, reflecting the ongoing consequences of Israel's disobedience and the broader narrative of God's redemptive plan.

until the times of the Gentiles are fulfilled
The "times of the Gentiles" (καιροὶ ἐθνῶν, kairoi ethnōn) denotes a divinely appointed period during which Gentile powers would dominate Jerusalem. The word "fulfilled" (πληρόω, plēroō) implies a completion or reaching of a predetermined end. This phrase suggests that God's sovereign plan includes a specific timeframe for Gentile rule, which will culminate in the restoration of Israel and the ultimate establishment of God's kingdom. This prophetic assurance offers hope, reminding believers of God's faithfulness and the certainty of His promises.

There will be signs
The Greek word for "signs" is "σημεῖα" (sēmeia), which often refers to miraculous events or divine indicators. In the biblical context, signs are not merely natural phenomena but are imbued with spiritual significance, pointing to God's sovereign control over the universe. These signs serve as a divine communication to humanity, urging them to recognize the unfolding of God's prophetic timeline. Historically, signs in the heavens have been interpreted as harbingers of significant events, both in biblical times and throughout church history.

in the sun and moon and stars
The celestial bodies—sun, moon, and stars—are often used in Scripture to symbolize stability and order (Genesis 1:14-18). However, their disturbance signifies a profound cosmic upheaval, indicating a shift in the divine order. The Greek words "ἥλιος" (hēlios) for sun, "σελήνη" (selēnē) for moon, and "ἀστέρες" (asteres) for stars, emphasize the universality and visibility of these signs. This imagery is reminiscent of Old Testament prophecies, such as those in Joel 2:30-31, where cosmic disturbances herald the "day of the Lord."

and on the earth dismay among the nations
"Dismay" translates from the Greek "ἀπορία" (aporia), meaning perplexity or anxiety. This reflects a state of confusion and fear among the nations, as they witness unprecedented events. The phrase "among the nations" underscores the global impact of these signs, affecting all peoples and cultures. Historically, such language is used to describe times of divine judgment or intervention, as seen in the prophetic books of the Old Testament.

bewildered by the roaring of the sea and the surging of the waves
The "roaring" and "surging" of the sea symbolize chaos and turmoil, often associated with divine judgment in biblical literature. The Greek word "ἤχος" (ēchos) for "roaring" conveys a loud, overwhelming sound, while "σάλος" (salos) for "surging" suggests a violent shaking or agitation. In ancient Near Eastern thought, the sea was a symbol of chaos and disorder, and its tumultuous behavior here signifies a world in upheaval. This imagery is consistent with apocalyptic literature, where natural disasters often accompany the end times.

men will faint
The phrase "men will faint" is derived from the Greek word "apopsychō," which means to expire or to lose heart. This expression captures the overwhelming dread and helplessness that will grip humanity. In a historical context, this reflects the human condition when faced with events beyond their control, echoing the fear experienced during times of great calamity or divine judgment. The imagery here is vivid, suggesting a collapse of courage and spirit, a theme consistent with prophetic literature that warns of the end times.

from fear and anxiety
The Greek words "phobos" (fear) and "prosmonē" (anxiety) are used here. "Phobos" is often associated with terror or reverence, depending on the context, while "prosmonē" implies a state of anxious anticipation. This duality of fear and anxiety underscores the psychological turmoil that will accompany the eschatological events. Historically, fear has been a powerful motivator and a common response to the unknown, especially in the context of divine intervention or cosmic disturbances.

over what is coming upon the earth
This phrase points to the anticipation of catastrophic events. The Greek "erchomenōn" (coming) suggests an impending arrival, emphasizing the certainty and inevitability of these occurrences. The earth, in biblical terms, often represents the realm of human existence, and the phrase indicates a global impact. This aligns with prophetic warnings found throughout Scripture, where the earth is subject to divine judgment and transformation.

for the powers of the heavens
The "powers" (Greek: "dynameis") refer to the celestial forces or heavenly bodies. In ancient cosmology, these were often seen as stable and unchanging, representing order in the universe. The mention of these powers being affected signifies a profound disruption of the natural order, a theme that resonates with apocalyptic literature where cosmic upheaval accompanies divine intervention.

will be shaken
The Greek word "saleuthēsontai" (shaken) conveys a sense of instability and disturbance. This shaking is not merely physical but also symbolic of a spiritual and cosmic realignment. In biblical prophecy, such shaking often precedes the establishment of God's kingdom, serving as a prelude to divine judgment and renewal. The imagery of shaking is consistent with the prophetic tradition, where it signifies God's active involvement in the affairs of the world, leading to a new creation.

At that time
This phrase indicates a specific moment in the eschatological timeline, a future event that Jesus is prophesying. The Greek word used here is "τότε" (tote), which often signifies a decisive moment in God's redemptive plan. In the context of Luke 21, Jesus is speaking about the end times, a period characterized by significant upheaval and divine intervention. This phrase reassures believers that God's timing is perfect and that He is sovereign over history.

they will see
The verb "see" comes from the Greek "ὄψονται" (opsontai), which implies a physical and undeniable witnessing. This is not a spiritual or metaphorical vision but a literal event that will be visible to all. The use of this word underscores the certainty and reality of Christ's return, emphasizing that it will be an event that no one can ignore or deny.

the Son of Man
This title, "ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου" (ho huios tou anthrōpou), is one of Jesus' favorite self-designations, rooted in Daniel 7:13-14, where the "Son of Man" is a messianic figure endowed with authority, glory, and sovereign power. It highlights both Jesus' humanity and His divine authority. In the context of Luke 21, it serves as a reminder of Jesus' role as the ultimate judge and king, who will return to establish His kingdom.

coming in a cloud
The imagery of "coming in a cloud" is rich with Old Testament significance. Clouds often symbolize the divine presence and glory of God, as seen in Exodus 13:21, where God leads Israel by a pillar of cloud. The Greek word "νεφέλη" (nephelē) evokes the majesty and mystery of God's presence. This phrase assures believers of the divine nature of Christ's return, echoing the theophanies of the Old Testament.

with power
The word "power" is translated from the Greek "δυνάμει" (dynamis), which denotes strength, ability, and miraculous power. This emphasizes the omnipotence of Christ at His return. Unlike His first coming, marked by humility and suffering, His second coming will be characterized by overwhelming power, demonstrating His authority over all creation.

and great glory
The term "glory" comes from the Greek "δόξα" (doxa), which refers to the splendor, honor, and majesty of God. The addition of "great" (μεγάλη, megalē) amplifies the magnificence of this event. This phrase assures believers that Christ's return will be a display of divine majesty, fulfilling the promises of Scripture and vindicating the faith of those who have trusted in Him.

When these things begin to happen
This phrase refers to the preceding signs Jesus describes in Luke 21, which include natural disasters, celestial disturbances, and societal upheavals. The Greek word for "begin" (ἄρχω, archō) implies the initiation of a sequence of events. Historically, these signs have been interpreted as precursors to the end times, a period of tribulation before Christ's return. The phrase encourages believers to be vigilant and discerning, recognizing the fulfillment of prophecy as a testament to God's sovereign plan.

stand up
The Greek word for "stand up" (ἀνακύπτω, anakyptō) conveys the idea of rising with confidence and readiness. In a historical context, standing up is a posture of alertness and preparedness, contrasting with fear or despair. This call to action is a reminder for Christians to remain steadfast in faith, embodying courage and hope amidst trials, as they anticipate the fulfillment of God's promises.

lift up your heads
The phrase "lift up your heads" is a metaphorical expression of hope and expectation. In the Greek, the word for "lift" (ἐπαίρω, epairō) suggests an upward movement, symbolizing a shift from earthly concerns to heavenly focus. Biblically, lifting one's head is associated with dignity and assurance, as seen in Psalm 24:7. This encouragement is for believers to maintain a posture of hope, looking beyond present difficulties to the glorious future God has prepared.

because your redemption
The term "redemption" (ἀπολύτρωσις, apolytrōsis) in Greek refers to the act of being set free or delivered, often used in the context of liberation from slavery or bondage. In the New Testament, it signifies the ultimate deliverance from sin and death through Jesus Christ. Historically, redemption is a central theme in Christian theology, representing the culmination of God's salvific work. This assurance of redemption is a source of profound hope for believers, affirming their eternal security in Christ.

is drawing near
The phrase "is drawing near" (ἐγγίζω, engizō) indicates the imminent approach of an event. In the biblical narrative, this nearness underscores the urgency and certainty of God's promises. Theologically, it reflects the tension between the "already" and "not yet" aspects of the Kingdom of God. For Christians, this nearness is a call to live with expectancy and readiness, knowing that God's redemptive plan is unfolding according to His perfect timing.

Then He told them a parable
This introduction to the parable is significant as it indicates Jesus' teaching method. Parables are simple accounts used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson. The Greek word for parable, "παραβολή" (parabolē), means a comparison or analogy. Jesus often used parables to convey deep truths in a way that was accessible to those who were open to understanding. This method of teaching invites listeners to engage with the account and discern its deeper meaning, reflecting the wisdom and insight of Jesus as a teacher.

Look at the fig tree
The fig tree is a common symbol in the Bible, often representing Israel or spiritual fruitfulness. In the context of this parable, the fig tree serves as a natural and relatable example for Jesus' audience. The Greek word for "look" is "ἴδετε" (idete), which is an imperative, urging the listeners to observe and consider carefully. The fig tree's seasonal changes are used to illustrate the signs of the times, encouraging believers to be attentive and discerning about spiritual realities.

and all the trees
By including "all the trees," Jesus expands the lesson beyond the fig tree alone, suggesting a universal principle. This phrase emphasizes that the signs of the times are evident in various ways, not limited to a single symbol or event. The inclusion of "all the trees" broadens the scope of the parable, indicating that God's revelation and the unfolding of His plans can be observed in multiple aspects of creation. This encourages believers to be vigilant and aware of the broader context of God's work in the world.

When they sprout leaves
This phrase refers to the natural process of growth and renewal in plants, specifically trees. In the Greek, the word for "sprout" is "προβάλλω" (proballō), which means to put forth or to project. This imagery of sprouting leaves is a metaphor for the signs of the times, indicating a period of change or the fulfillment of prophecy. In the context of Luke 21, Jesus is teaching about the signs of the end times. Just as the sprouting of leaves is a clear and visible sign of the coming summer, so too are the signs He describes clear indicators of the approaching Kingdom of God. This metaphor would have been easily understood by Jesus' audience, who lived in an agrarian society and were familiar with the cycles of nature.

you can see for yourselves
This phrase emphasizes personal observation and understanding. The Greek word "βλέπω" (blepō) means to see, perceive, or discern. Jesus is encouraging His listeners to use their own senses and judgment to recognize the signs He is describing. This is a call to vigilance and awareness, urging believers to be attentive to the unfolding of God's plan. In a broader scriptural context, this aligns with the biblical theme of watchfulness and readiness, as seen in other passages where Jesus instructs His followers to be alert and prepared for His return.

and know that summer is near
The mention of "summer" signifies a time of fruition and fulfillment. In the Greek, "θέρος" (theros) refers to the summer season, a time when the hard work of planting and tending is rewarded with harvest. This is symbolic of the culmination of God's promises and the coming of His Kingdom. Historically, summer was a time of abundance and celebration, a period when the land yielded its produce. In the prophetic context of Luke 21, the nearness of summer represents the imminent fulfillment of eschatological events. This serves as an encouragement to believers, reminding them that despite the trials and tribulations they may face, the ultimate victory and restoration promised by God are drawing near.

So also, when you see these things happening, know that the kingdom of God is near
So also
This phrase serves as a connective link, drawing a parallel between the preceding verses and the current statement. In the context of Luke 21, Jesus has been describing signs and events that will precede the end times. The Greek word "houtōs" (οὕτως) implies a comparison or analogy, suggesting that just as certain signs indicate the changing of seasons, so too do these prophetic events signal a significant spiritual shift. This phrase encourages believers to be observant and discerning, recognizing the spiritual implications of worldly events.

when you see these things happening
The phrase emphasizes the importance of vigilance and awareness. The Greek word for "see" is "eidō" (εἴδω), which means to perceive or understand. It is not merely about physical sight but involves spiritual insight and comprehension. "These things" refer to the signs Jesus mentioned earlier in the chapter, such as wars, natural disasters, and cosmic disturbances. Historically, these events have been interpreted as both literal occurrences and symbolic representations of spiritual truths. Believers are called to be attentive to the unfolding of God's plan in history.

know that
The Greek word "ginōskō" (γινώσκω) is used here, which means to know or to come to know, often implying a deeper, experiential knowledge. This is not just intellectual assent but a profound understanding that comes from faith and spiritual discernment. The use of "know" here is a call to confidence and assurance in God's promises. It suggests that believers can have certainty about God's unfolding plan, even amidst uncertainty in the world.

the kingdom of God
This phrase is central to Jesus' teaching and is a key theme throughout the Gospels. The "kingdom of God" refers to God's sovereign rule and reign, both in the present spiritual sense and in the future eschatological fulfillment. In the Greek, "basileia tou Theou" (βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ) encompasses both the present reality of God's reign in the hearts of believers and the future consummation of His kingdom at the end of the age. Historically, the concept of God's kingdom was anticipated by the Jewish people as a time of divine intervention and restoration. For Christians, it represents the hope of Christ's return and the ultimate establishment of God's justice and peace.

is near
The Greek word "engizō" (ἐγγίζω) means to draw near or to approach. This conveys a sense of imminence and urgency. The nearness of the kingdom is a recurring theme in Jesus' teachings, emphasizing that God's intervention in history is both a present reality and a future hope. Theologically, this nearness calls believers to live in a state of readiness and expectation, aligning their lives with the values and priorities of God's kingdom. Historically, this message would have been particularly poignant for the early Christian community, who lived with the expectation of Christ's imminent return. For contemporary believers, it serves as a reminder to remain faithful and vigilant, trusting in God's ultimate plan and purpose.

Truly I tell you
This phrase is a solemn affirmation used by Jesus to emphasize the truth and importance of what He is about to say. The Greek word "ἀμὴν" (amēn), translated as "truly," is a term of certainty and authority. It underscores the reliability of Jesus' words, inviting the listener to pay close attention. In the context of biblical teaching, this phrase often introduces a statement of profound significance, reflecting Jesus' divine authority and the trustworthiness of His message.

this generation
The term "generation" (Greek: "γενεά" - genea) can be understood in several ways. Historically, it has been interpreted as the people living at the time of Jesus, suggesting that some of the events He prophesied would occur within their lifetime. Alternatively, it can refer to a type of people characterized by unbelief or rebellion against God, which would persist until the fulfillment of His prophecies. This dual interpretation highlights both the immediate and the eschatological implications of Jesus' words, reminding believers of the ongoing relevance of His teachings.

will not pass away
The phrase "will not pass away" (Greek: "οὐ μὴ παρέλθῃ" - ou mē parelthē) conveys a strong negation, indicating that the events Jesus speaks of are certain to occur. This assurance reflects the unchanging nature of God's word and His sovereign control over history. The use of this phrase emphasizes the inevitability of divine prophecy, encouraging believers to trust in God's promises and remain vigilant in their faith.

until all these things have happened
This part of the verse points to the fulfillment of the prophetic events Jesus described earlier in the chapter. The phrase "all these things" encompasses the signs and occurrences leading up to the end times, as outlined in Luke 21. The certainty of these events is rooted in God's eternal plan, which unfolds according to His perfect timing. For believers, this serves as a reminder of the hope and assurance found in God's promises, urging them to live with an eternal perspective and readiness for Christ's return.

Heaven and earth
This phrase refers to the entirety of the created universe. In the biblical context, "heaven" often denotes the sky or the spiritual realm, while "earth" refers to the physical world. The Greek words used here, "ouranos" (heaven) and "ge" (earth), encompass all of creation. Historically, this phrase underscores the transient nature of the physical world, reminding believers that everything they see and know in the material realm is temporary. This aligns with the biblical theme found in passages like Isaiah 40:8, which emphasizes the enduring nature of God's word over the fleeting nature of the world.

will pass away
The Greek verb "parerchomai" is used here, meaning to pass by or to disappear. This conveys the idea that the current form of the world is not permanent. From a conservative Christian perspective, this is a reminder of the eschatological promise that the current heavens and earth will be replaced by a new creation, as described in Revelation 21:1. This transformation is part of God's redemptive plan, where the temporal gives way to the eternal.

but My words
The phrase "My words" refers to the teachings and promises of Jesus Christ. The Greek term "logos" is used for "words," which in the New Testament context often signifies not just spoken words but the divine message and truth embodied in Christ. This highlights the authority and divine nature of Jesus' teachings. In the historical context of the Gospels, Jesus' words were revolutionary, offering a new covenant and a deeper understanding of God's will.

will never pass away
The Greek phrase "ou me parelthosin" is emphatic, using a double negative to stress the impossibility of Jesus' words ever becoming obsolete or irrelevant. This assurance is foundational for conservative Christians, who hold that the Bible, as the word of God, is infallible and eternally relevant. The enduring nature of Jesus' words provides believers with a firm foundation, especially in times of uncertainty and change. This promise assures Christians that, unlike the shifting sands of human opinion and the temporary nature of the physical world, the truth of Christ remains constant and unchanging.

But watch yourselves
The phrase "watch yourselves" is a call to vigilance and self-awareness. The Greek word used here is "prosechō," which means to pay attention or be cautious. In the context of Jesus' teachings, it is a reminder to be spiritually alert and mindful of one's actions and thoughts. This vigilance is crucial for maintaining a strong faith and avoiding spiritual complacency. Historically, this call to watchfulness is consistent with the Jewish tradition of being prepared for the coming of the Lord, as seen in the practices of the Pharisees and other religious groups of the time.

or your hearts will be weighed down
The imagery of hearts being "weighed down" suggests a burden or heaviness that affects one's spiritual and emotional well-being. The Greek word "bareō" conveys the idea of being burdened or oppressed. In a biblical context, the heart is often seen as the center of one's being, encompassing emotions, thoughts, and will. A heart weighed down is one that is distracted from God and His purposes. This warning is a call to guard one's heart against influences that can lead to spiritual lethargy.

by dissipation
"Dissipation" refers to excessive indulgence in sensual pleasures, leading to a wasteful or dissolute lifestyle. The Greek word "kraipalē" implies a state of drunkenness or debauchery. In the historical context of the Roman Empire, such behaviors were common and often celebrated in society. However, Jesus warns against these practices as they can lead to moral decay and distract believers from their spiritual duties.

drunkenness
"Drunkenness" is explicitly mentioned as a vice that can weigh down the heart. The Greek word "methē" refers to intoxication, which impairs judgment and self-control. In the biblical narrative, drunkenness is often associated with moral failure and spiritual unpreparedness, as seen in the accounts of Noah and Lot. This warning serves as a reminder to maintain sobriety and self-discipline as part of one's spiritual walk.

and the worries of life
The "worries of life" encompass the anxieties and concerns that can dominate one's thoughts and distract from spiritual priorities. The Greek word "merimna" refers to cares or anxieties. In the historical context, life in first-century Judea was fraught with political instability, economic hardship, and social pressures. Jesus acknowledges these realities but cautions against allowing them to overshadow one's focus on God's kingdom.

and that day will spring upon you suddenly like a trap
The phrase "that day will spring upon you suddenly like a trap" emphasizes the unexpected and swift nature of the coming of the Lord. The Greek word "aiphnidios" means sudden or unforeseen. The imagery of a trap suggests a sense of urgency and the need for constant readiness. In the scriptural context, "that day" refers to the day of the Lord, a time of judgment and fulfillment of God's promises. This serves as a powerful reminder to live in a state of preparedness, anticipating Christ's return with faith and vigilance.

For it will come
This phrase indicates certainty and inevitability. The Greek word used here is "ἥξει" (héxei), which means "it will come" or "it will arrive." This emphasizes the assuredness of the event Jesus is speaking about. In the context of Luke 21, Jesus is discussing the end times and the coming of the Son of Man. The certainty of this event is a call for believers to be vigilant and prepared, as it is not a matter of if, but when. This reflects the prophetic nature of Jesus' teachings, where His words are not mere predictions but divine certainties.

upon all
The use of "all" underscores the universality of the event. The Greek word "πάντας" (pántas) means "all" or "everyone." This indicates that no one will be exempt from the coming event. It is a reminder of the comprehensive nature of God's plan and judgment. In a historical context, this universality can be seen as a reflection of the global reach of the Roman Empire at the time, symbolizing how the message of Christ transcends all human boundaries and distinctions.

who dwell
The phrase "who dwell" comes from the Greek "κατοικοῦντας" (katoikoúntas), meaning "those who inhabit" or "those who live." This suggests a sense of permanence or settledness. In a spiritual sense, it can be seen as a warning to those who are too comfortable or attached to the world and its ways. The call is to live as sojourners, with a focus on the eternal rather than the temporal.

on the face
The expression "on the face" is a Hebraic way of referring to the surface or the visible part of something. The Greek "πρόσωπον" (prósōpon) is often translated as "face" or "presence." This phrase can be understood as emphasizing the visibility and openness of the earth to God's scrutiny. It serves as a reminder that nothing is hidden from God, and His judgment will be as comprehensive as it is visible.

of all the earth
The phrase "of all the earth" uses the Greek "τῆς γῆς" (tēs gēs), meaning "of the earth" or "of the land." This reinforces the global scope of the prophecy. Historically, the earth was seen as the entirety of the known world, and this phrase would have been understood to mean every corner of the inhabited world. In a scriptural context, it echoes the Old Testament prophecies where God's judgment and salvation are depicted as encompassing the whole earth, highlighting the inclusivity of God's plan for humanity.

But keep watch at all times
The phrase "keep watch" is derived from the Greek word "agrupneite," which means to be sleepless or to stay awake. In the context of this verse, it emphasizes the necessity for spiritual vigilance and alertness. Historically, watchmen were crucial in ancient cities, tasked with guarding against threats. Spiritually, this calls believers to be constantly aware of the moral and spiritual challenges that can lead them astray. The phrase "at all times" underscores the continuous nature of this vigilance, suggesting that there is never a moment when a believer can afford to be spiritually complacent.

and pray
The Greek word for "pray" here is "proseuchomai," which implies a deep, earnest communication with God. Prayer is not merely a ritualistic act but a vital lifeline for believers, connecting them to divine strength and guidance. In the historical context of the early church, prayer was a cornerstone of communal and individual life, reflecting dependence on God amidst persecution and trials. This call to prayer is a reminder of the believer's need for divine assistance in maintaining spiritual vigilance.

that you may have the strength
The word "strength" comes from the Greek "katischuo," meaning to prevail or to have power. This strength is not of human origin but is divinely imparted, enabling believers to withstand trials and temptations. In the scriptural context, this strength is often associated with the Holy Spirit's empowerment, allowing Christians to live victoriously despite external pressures. It is a call to rely on God's power rather than one's own abilities.

to escape all that is about to happen
The term "escape" is translated from the Greek "ekpheugo," which means to flee out of or to avoid. This implies a proactive effort to avoid the impending trials and tribulations that Jesus prophesied. Historically, this could refer to the destruction of Jerusalem or the end times' tribulations. Theologically, it suggests that through vigilance and prayer, believers can navigate through life's challenges without succumbing to them.

and to stand before the Son of Man
"To stand" is from the Greek "stathenai," indicating a position of readiness and confidence. In biblical times, standing before a king or judge was a position of accountability and honor. "The Son of Man" is a title Jesus frequently used for Himself, drawing from Daniel 7:13-14, where the Son of Man is given authority and an everlasting kingdom. This phrase encapsulates the ultimate goal of the believer's vigilance and prayer: to be found worthy and unashamed in the presence of Christ at His return. It is a call to live in such a way that one is prepared to meet Jesus face-to-face, reflecting a life of faithfulness and devotion.

Every day
The phrase "every day" emphasizes the consistency and dedication of Jesus' ministry. In the Greek, "kath' hēmeran" suggests a habitual action, indicating that Jesus was committed to teaching daily. This reflects His unwavering mission to impart wisdom and truth to the people, demonstrating His role as the ultimate Teacher. Historically, this daily teaching would have been a significant event, drawing crowds eager to hear His words.

Jesus taught
The act of teaching, "didaskōn," is central to Jesus' ministry. In the Jewish tradition, teaching was a revered activity, often conducted by rabbis in synagogues or the temple. Jesus, however, taught with authority and insight that surpassed the traditional teachers of the law. His teachings were transformative, challenging the status quo and offering a new understanding of God's kingdom.

at the temple
The temple in Jerusalem was the heart of Jewish religious life, a place of worship, sacrifice, and teaching. By teaching "at the temple," Jesus positioned Himself at the center of Jewish faith and practice. This location underscores the significance of His message and His fulfillment of the law and the prophets. Archaeologically, the temple was a grand structure, and Jesus' presence there would have been both symbolic and confrontational, as He often challenged the religious leaders.

but every evening
The contrast introduced by "but every evening" highlights a rhythm in Jesus' life. After the public and often contentious environment of the temple, Jesus sought solitude and reflection. This pattern of retreating in the evening suggests a balance between public ministry and private communion with God, a model for spiritual leaders today.

He went out
The phrase "He went out" indicates a deliberate action. Jesus intentionally left the temple, perhaps to avoid the growing tensions with religious authorities or to find rest and renewal. This movement from the temple to a place of solitude reflects His dual nature as both fully engaged with humanity and deeply connected to the Father.

to spend the night
"To spend the night" implies a period of rest and reflection. In the Greek, "aulizomenos" suggests lodging or staying overnight. This was a time for Jesus to recharge physically and spiritually, preparing for the demands of His ministry. It also reflects His humility, as He did not seek comfort or luxury but chose simplicity and solitude.

on the Mount of Olives
The Mount of Olives holds significant biblical and prophetic importance. It was a place of prayer and prophecy, associated with the Messiah's return (Zechariah 14:4). By spending the night there, Jesus connected His ministry with the fulfillment of prophecy. The Mount of Olives was also a place of personal significance for Jesus, where He often prayed and found solace. This location underscores His role as the Messiah and His deep connection to the Father.

And early in the morning
The phrase "early in the morning" indicates a time of day that is often associated with new beginnings and fresh starts. In the Greek, the word used here is "ὄρθρου" (orthrou), which refers to the dawn or the first light of day. This suggests a sense of eagerness and anticipation among the people. In a spiritual context, seeking God early in the morning can symbolize prioritizing Him at the start of our day, reflecting a heart that longs for His presence and guidance. Historically, the early morning was a time when the city was quiet, allowing for focused teaching and learning.

all the people
The phrase "all the people" emphasizes the widespread interest and collective movement of the crowd towards Jesus. The Greek word "πᾶς" (pas) means all or every, indicating that a diverse group of individuals, regardless of social status or background, were drawn to Jesus. This reflects the universal appeal of His message and the fulfillment of prophecies that the Messiah would draw all nations to Himself. It also highlights the inclusive nature of Jesus' ministry, breaking down barriers and reaching out to every person.

would come
The phrase "would come" suggests a habitual action, indicating that this was a regular occurrence. The Greek verb "ἤρχοντο" (ērchonto) is in the imperfect tense, which often denotes repeated or continuous action in the past. This implies that the people consistently sought out Jesus, demonstrating their persistent desire to hear His teachings. It reflects the compelling nature of Jesus' words and the deep spiritual hunger of the people.

to hear Him
The phrase "to hear Him" underscores the primary purpose of the people's gathering. The Greek word "ἀκούειν" (akouein) means to hear or listen, but it also implies understanding and obedience. This suggests that the people were not merely passive listeners but were actively engaging with Jesus' teachings, seeking to comprehend and apply His words to their lives. In a broader scriptural context, hearing is often linked with faith, as "faith comes by hearing, and hearing by the word of Christ" (Romans 10:17).

at the temple
The phrase "at the temple" situates this event in a significant religious and cultural setting. The temple in Jerusalem was the center of Jewish worship and a symbol of God's presence among His people. The Greek word "ἱερῷ" (hierō) refers to the sacred precincts of the temple, where teaching and worship took place. Jesus teaching in the temple fulfills the prophetic expectation of the Messiah bringing wisdom and truth to God's people. It also signifies the transition from the old covenant, centered on temple rituals, to the new covenant, centered on Christ Himself as the true temple and mediator between God and humanity.