Flame of fire

Is the chosen symbol of the holiness of God (Exodus 3:2; Revelation 2:18), as indicating "the intense, all-consuming operation of his holiness in relation to sin."

1. (n.) A stream of burning vapor or gas, emitting light and heat; darting or streaming fire; a blaze; a fire.

2. (n.) Burning zeal or passion; elevated and noble enthusiasm; glowing imagination; passionate excitement or anger.

3. (n.) Ardor of affection; the passion of love.

4. (n.) A person beloved; a sweetheart.

5. (n.) To burn with a flame or blaze; to burn as gas emitted from bodies in combustion; to blaze.

6. (n.) To burst forth like flame; to break out in violence of passion; to be kindled with zeal or ardor.

7. (v. t.) To kindle; to inflame; to excite.

FLAME

flam (lahabh, and other forms from same root; phlox):

In Judges 13:20 bis; Job 41:21 Isaiah 29:6 Joel 2:5, the word is lahabh. Various other words are translated "flame"; mas'eth, "a lifting or rising up" (Judges 20:38, 40 the King James Version), the Revised Version (British and American) "cloud" (of smoke); kalil, "completeness" (Judges 20:40 b King James Version margin, "a holocaust, or offering wholly consumed by fire"; compare Leviticus 6:15); shalhebheth (Job 15:30 Songs 8:6; the American Standard Revised Version "a very flame of Yahweh," margin "or, a most vehement flame"; Ezekiel 20:47, the Revised Version (British and American) "the flaming flame"); shabhibh (Job 18:5; the Revised Version, margin); shebhibh, Aramaic (Daniel 3:22; Daniel 7:9). In Psalm 104:4 the American Standard Revised Version has "maketh. flames of fire his ministers"; the Revised Version (British and American) "flame" for "snare" (Proverbs 29:8).

Figuratively: "Flame" is used to denote excitement (Proverbs 29:8 the Revised Version (British and American)), shame, astonishment, "faces of flame" (Isaiah 13:8); in Revelation 1:14, the glorified Christ is described as having eyes "as a flame of fire," signifying their searching purity (compare Revelation 2:18; Revelation 19:12). Flame is also a symbol of God's wrath (Psalm 83:14 Isaiah 5:24; Isaiah 10:17).

See also FIRE.

W. L. Walker

SON OF GOD, THE

(ho huios theou):

1. Use of Title in the Synoptists

2. Meanings in the Old Testament

3. Sense as Applied to Jesus

4. Physical Reason

5. Alleged Equivalence to "Messiah"-Personal Sense Implied

6. Higher Use by Jesus Himself

7. The "Son" in Matthew 11:27

8. The "Son" in Mark 13:32

9. The "Son" in Matthew 28:18-20

10. Apostolic Doctrine: Deity Affirmed

11. The Fourth Gospel: Deity, Preexistence, etc.

LITERATURE

1. Use of Title in the Synoptists:

While the title "the Son of man" is always, except once, applied by Jesus to Himself, "the Son of God" is never applied by Jesus to Himself in the Synoptists. When, however, it is applied to Him by others, He accepts it in such a way as to assert His claim to it. Now and then He Himself employs the abbreviated form, "the Son," with the same intention; and He often speaks of God as "the Father" or "my Father" or "my Father who is in heaven" in such a manner as to betray the consciousness that He is the Son of God.

2. Meanings in the Old Testament:

While to the common mind "the Son of man" is a title designating the human side of our Lord's person, "the Son of God" seems as obviously to indicate the divine side. But scholarship cannot take this for granted; and, indeed, it requires only a hasty glance at the facts to bring this home even to the general reader, because in Scripture the title is bestowed on a variety of persons for a variety of reasons. First, it is applied to angels, as when in Job 2:1 it is said that "the sons of God came to present themselves before Yahweh"; they may be so called because they are the creatures of God's hands or because, as spiritual beings, they resemble God, who is a spirit. Secondly, in Luke 3:38 it is applied to the first man; and from the parable of the Prodigal Son it may be argued that it is applicable to all men. Thirdly, it is applied to the Hebrew nation, as when, in Exodus 4:22, Yahweh says to Pharaoh, "Israel is my son, my first-born," the reason being that Israel was the object of Yahweh's special love and gracious choice. Fourthly, it is applied to the kings of Israel, as representatives of the chosen nation. Thus, in 2 Samuel 7:14, Yahweh says of Solomon, "I will be his father, and he shall be my son"; and, in Psalm 2:7, the coronation of a king is announced in an oracle from heaven, which says, "Thou art my son; this day have I begotten thee." Finally, in the New Testament, the title is applied to all saints, as in John 1:12, "But as many as received him, to them gave he the right to become children of God, even to them that believe on his name." When the title has such a range of application, it is obvious that the Divinity of Christ cannot be inferred from the mere fact that it is applied to Him.

3. Sense as Applied to Jesus:

It is natural to assume that its use in application to Jesus is derived from one or other of its Old Testament uses; and the one almost universally fixed upon by modern scholarship as that from which it was derived is the fourth mentioned above-that to the Jewish kings. Indeed, it is frequently asserted that in the Jewish literature between the Old Testament and the New Testament, it is found already coined as a title for the Messianic king; but the instances quoted by Dalman and others in proof of this are far from satisfactory.

4. Physical Reason:

When we come to examine its use in the New Testament as applied by others to Jesus, the facts are far from simple, and it is not applied in a uniform sense. In Luke 1:35, the following reason for its use is given, "The Holy Spirit shall come upon thee, and the power of the Most High shall overshadow thee: wherefore also the holy thing which is begotten shall be called the Son of God." This is a physical reason, akin to that on account of which the angels or the first man received the title; but it is rather curious that this point of view does not seem to be adopted elsewhere, unless it be in the exclamation of the centurion at the foot of the cross, "Truly this was the Son of God" (Matthew 27:54). As a pagan this soldier might be thinking of Jesus as one of those heroes, born of human mothers but divine fathers, of whom the mythology of his country had so much to tell (compare the margin).

5. Alleged Equivalence to Messiah-Personal Sense Implied:

(1) Baptism, Temptation.

It has been contended, not without plausibility, that for Jesus Himself the source of the title may have been the employment of it in the voice from heaven at His Baptism, "This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased" (Matthew 3:17). By these words, it is usually assumed, He was designated as the Messiah; but in the adjective "beloved," and the words "in whom I am well pleased," there is something personal, beyond the merely official recognition. The same may be said of the voice from heaven in the scene of the Transfiguration. Milton, in Paradise Regained, makes Satan become aware of the voice from heaven at the Baptism; but this is also implied in the terms with which he approached Him in the Temptation in the wilderness, "If thou art the Son of God" (Matthew 4:3, etc.); and, if this was the sense in which the prince of devils made use of the phrase, we may conclude that in the mouths of the demoniacs who hailed Jesus by the same title it must have had the same meaning.

(2) At Caesarea Philippi.

When, at Caesarea Philippi, Jesus evoked from the Twelve their great confession, this is given by two of the synoptists in the simple form, "Thou art the Christ" (Mark 8:29 Luke 9:20); but Matthew adds, "the Son of the living God" (Matthew 16:16). It is frequently said that Hebrew parallelism compels us to regard these words as a mere equivalent for "Messiah." But this is not the nature of parallelism, which generally includes in the second of the parallel terms something in excess of what is expressed in the first; it would be quite in accordance with the nature of parallelism if the second term supplied the reason for the first. That is to say, Jesus was the Messiah because He was the Son of God.

(3) Trial before Sanhedrin.

There is another passage where it is frequently contended that "the Christ" and "the Son of God" must be exactly parallel, but a close examination suggests the reverse. In the account of the ecclesiastical trial in the Gospel of Luke, He is charged, "If thou art the Christ, tell us"; and, when He replies, "If I tell you, ye will not believe: and if I ask you, ye will not answer. But from henceforth shall the Son of man be seated at the right hand of the power of God," they all say, "Art thou then the Son of God?" and, when He replies in the affirmative, they require no further witness (Luke 22:67-71), Matthew informing us that the high priest hereupon rent his garments, and they all agreed that He had spoken blasphemy and was worthy of death (Matthew 26:65 f). The usual assumption is that the second question, "Art thou.... the Son of God?" implies no more than the first, `Art thou the Christ?'; but is not the scene much more intelligible if the boldness of His answer to the first question suggested that He was making a still higher claim than to be the Christ, and that their second question applied to this? It was when Jesus affirmed this also that their angry astonishment knew no bounds, and their sentence was immediate and capital. It may be questioned whether it was blasphemy merely to claim to be the Messiah; but it was rank and undeniable blasphemy to claim to be the Son of God. This recalls the statement in John 5:18, "The Jews sought the more to kill him, because he not only brake the sabbath, but also called God his own Father, making himself equal with God"; to which may be added (John 10:33), "The Jews answered him, For a good work we stone thee not, but for blasphemy; and because that thou, being a man, makest thyself God."

6. Higher Use by Jesus Himself:

Naturally it is with the words of Jesus Himself on this subject that we are most concerned. He speaks of God as His Father, and to the disciples He speaks of God as their Father; but He never speaks to them of God as their common Father: what He says is, "My Father and your Father" (John 20:17). H. J. Holtzmann and others have attempted to make light of this, and even to speak of the opening words of the Lord's Prayer, "Our Father who art in heaven," as if Jesus might have uttered them in company with the disciples; but the distinction is a vital one, and we do not agree with those who can believe that Jesus could have uttered, for Himself along with others, the whole of the Lord's Prayer, including the petition, "Forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors."

7. The "Son" in Matthew 11:27:

Of the passages in the Synoptists where Jesus speaks about God as "the Father" and Himself as "the Son," a peculiar solemnity attaches to Matthew 11:27 parallel Luke 10:22, "All things have been delivered unto me of my Father: and no one knoweth the Son, save the Father; neither doth any know the Father, save the Son, and he to whomsoever the Son willeth to reveal him." There is a Johannine flavor in these words, and they reveal an intimacy of the Son with the Father, as well as a power over all things, which could not have been conferred by mere official appointment, unless there had been in the background a natural position warranting the official standing. Not infrequently has the word "Messianic" been allowed by scholars to blind them to the most obvious facts. The conferring of an office on a mere man could not enable him to do things beyond the reach of human powers; yet it is frequently assumed that, if only Jesus was Messiah, He was able for anything, even when the thing in question is something for which a mere man is wholly incompetent.

8. The "Son" in Mark 13:32:

There is a saying of Jesus (Mark 13:32) about His own Sonship which may seem to refute the church doctrine on the subject, as in it He confesses ignorance of the date of His Second Coming: "Of that day or that hour knoweth no one, not even the angels in heaven, neither the Son, but the Father." Yet, while there is much in this passage fitted to produce sane and sober views as to the real manhood of Jesus, there are few sayings of His that betray a stronger consciousness of His being more than man. Four planes of being and of knowledge are specified-that of men, that of angels, that of Himself, and that of God. Evidently the Son is above not only men but angels, and, if it is confessed that He is ignorant of anything, this is mentioned as a matter of surprise.

9. The "Son" in Matthew 28:18-20:

The conclusion would seem to be that He is a being intermediate between the angels and God; but this impression is corrected by the greatest of all the sayings in which He calls Himself the Son (Matthew 28:18-20), "All authority hath been given unto me in heaven and on earth. Go ye therefore, and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit: teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I commanded you: and lo, I am with you always, even unto the end of the world." Here the Son is named along with the Father and the Holy Spirit in a way suggesting the equality of all three, an act of worship being directed to them jointly. By those who disbelieve in the Deity of Christ, the most strenuous attempts have been made to get rid of this passage, and in certain quarters it is taken for granted that it must have been an addition to the text of this Gospel. But for this there is no ground whatever; the passage is the climax of the Gospel in which it occurs, in the same way as the confession of Thomas is the climax of the Gospel of Jn; and to remove it would be an intolerable mutilation. Of course to those who disbelieve in the bodily resurrection of our Lord, this has no more substance than the other details of the Forty Days; but to those who believe in His risen glory the words appear to suit the circumstances, their greatness being congruous with the entire representation of the New Testament.

10. Apostolic Doctrine: Deity Affirmed:

Indeed, it is the Son of God, as He appears in this final scene in the First Gospel, who dominates the rest of the New Testament. Thus, in Acts 9:20, the beginning of Paul's testimony as a Christian is given in these words, "And straightway in the synagogues he proclaimed Jesus, that he is the Son of God"; and what this meant to Paul may be gathered from his own statement in the opening of Romans, "Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle, separated unto the gospel of God, which he promised afore through his prophets in the holy scriptures, concerning his Son, who was born of the seed of David according to the flesh, who was declared to be the Son of God with power, according to the spirit of holiness by the resurrection from the dead; even Jesus Christ our Lord" (Romans 1:1-4). In He the equality of the Son with the Father is theme throughout the entire book; and in Revelation 2:18, "the Son of God, who hath his eyes like a flame of fire," speaks from the right hand of power to the church.

On this subject there was no division of opinion in the apostolic church. On many other questions the followers of Jesus were divided; but on this one they were unanimous. For this the authority of Paul is often assumed to be responsible; but there was a prior and higher authority. This was the self-testimony of Jesus in the Gospel of John. Though this may not have been put in literary form till all the other books of the New Testament had been completed, it was active and influential in the church all the time, affecting Paul and the other New Testament writers.

11. The Fourth Gospel: Deity, Preexistence, etc.:

There is no real disharmony between the expression of our Lord's self-consciousness in the Synoptists and that in John; only in the latter it is far ampler and more distinct. Here Jesus is not only called "the Son of God" by others, but applies the title to Himself in its full shape, as well as in the abbreviated form of "the Son." He further calls Himself the "only begotten Son of God" (3:16, 18), that is to say, He is Son in a sense in which no others can claim the title. This seems expressly to contradict the statement, so often made, that He makes others sons of God in the same sense as Himself, or that His Sonship is ethical, not metaphysical. No doubt it is ethical-that is to say, He is like the Father in feeling, mind and will-but it does not follow that it is not at the same time metaphysical. In fact, the perfection of ethical unity depends upon that which is metaphysical. Between a dog and a man there may be deep sympathy, yet it is limited by the difference of their natures; whereas between a woman and a man there is perfect sympathy, because they are identical in nature.

Another feature of Sonship in the Fourth Gospel is preexistence, though, strange to say, this is more than once connected with the title "Son of man." But the strongest and most frequent suggestions as to what is implied in Sonship are to be found in the deeds attributed to the Son; for these are far beyond the competence of any mere man. Thus, He executes judgment (John 5:22); He has life in Himself and quickeneth whom He will (John 5:26, 21); He gives eternal life (John 10:10), and it is the will of the Father that all men should honor the Son, even as they do the Father (John 5:23). Nevertheless, the Son does nothing of Himself, but only what He hath seen the Father do (John 5:19); and only that which He hath heard of the Father does He speak (John 14:10). In short, God is not only His Father, but His God (John 20:17). To statements such as these a merely official Sonship is not adequate; the relation must be ethical and metaphysical as well; and to a perfect Sonship all three elements are essential.

LITERATURE.

Seethe books on the Theology of the New Testament by Weiss, Beyschlag, Holtzmann, Feine, Schlatter, Weinel, Bovon, Stevens, Sheldon; and on the Teaching of Jesus by Bruce, Wendt, Dalman; Gore, The Incarnation of the Son of God, Bampton Lectures, 1891, and Dissertations on Subjects Connected with the Incarnation; Robertson, Teaching of Jesus concerning God the Father; full bibliography in Stalker, Christ's Teaching concerning Himself.

James Stalker

SONS OF GOD

(Old Testament) (bene ha-'elohim, "sons of God" (Genesis 6:2, 4 Job 1:6; Job 2:1); bene 'elohim, "sons of God" (Job 38:7); bene 'elim, "ye mighty," the King James Version; "ye sons of the mighty," King James Version margin, the Revised Version (British and American); "sons of God" or "sons of the gods," the Revised Version margin (Psalm 29:1); "sons of the mighty," the King James Version and the Revised Version (British and American); "sons of God" or "sons of the gods," the Revised Version margin (Psalm 89:6 (Hebrew 7)); Septuagint huioi tou theou, hoi aggeloi tou theou (Genesis 6:2); huioi tou theou (Genesis 6:4); hoi aggeloi tou theou (Job 1:6; Job 2:1); aggeloi mou (Job 38:7); huioi theou (Psalm 29:1; Psalm 89:6; compare Daniel 3:25)):

1. Job and Psalms:

This article will deal with this phrase as it is used in the above passages. In the passages from Job and Psalms it is applied to supernatural beings or angels. In Job the "sons of God" are represented as appearing before the throne of Yahweh in heaven, ready to do Him service, and as shouting for joy at the creation of the earth, In the Psalms they are summoned to celebrate the glory of Yahweh, for there is none among them to be compared to Him. The phrase in these passages has no physical or moral reference. These heavenly beings are called "sons of God" or "sons of the 'elohim" simply as belonging to the same class or guild as the 'elohim, just as "sons of the prophets" denotes those who belong to the prophetic order (see A.B. Davidson, Commentary on Job 1:6).

2. Genesis 6:2, 4:

Different views, however, are taken of the passage in Genesis 6:2, 4: "The sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives of all that they chose..... The Nephilim were in the earth in those days, and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men."

See GIANTS; NEPHILIM.

(1) "Sons of God" is interpreted as referring to men,

(a) to sons of the nobles, who married daughters of the common people. This is the view of many Jewish authorities, who hold that it is justified by the use of 'elohim in the sense of "judges" (Exodus 21:6; Exodus 22:8, etc.). But this cannot be the meaning of 'elohim here, for when 'adham, "men," is used to denote the lower classes, it is contrasted with 'ish, as in Psalm 49:2 (Hebrew 3), not with 'elohim. When contrasted with 'elohim it signifies the human race.

(b) Some commentators hold that by "sons of God" is to be understood the pious race descended from Seth, and by "daughters of men" the daughters of worldly men. These commentators connect the passage with Genesis 4:25, where the race of Seth is characterized as the worshippers of Yahweh and is designated as a whole, a seed (compare Deuteronomy 14:1; Deuteronomy 32:5 Hosea 1:10 (Hebrew 2:1)). They consider the restricted meaning they put upon "men" as warranted by the contrast (compare Jeremiah 32:20 Isaiah 43:4), and that as the term "daughters" expresses actual descent, it is natural to understand "sons" in a similar sense. The phrase "took wives," they contend also, supports the ethical view, being always used to signify real and lasting marriages, and cannot, therefore, be applied to the higher spirits in their unholy desire after flesh. On this view Genesis 6:1-4 are an introduction to the reason for the Flood, the great wickedness of man upon the earth (6:5). It is held that nothing is said in 6:4 of a race of giants springing from the union of angels with human wives (see paragraph 2, below), and that the violence which is mentioned along with the corruption of the world (6:11) refers to the sin of the giants.

(2) Most scholars now reject this view and interpret "sons of God" as referring to supernatural beings in accordance with the meaning of the expression in the other passages. They hold that Deuteronomy 14:1, etc., cannot be regarded as supporting the ethical interpretation of the phrase in a historical narrative. The reference to Jeremiah 32:20, etc., too, is considered irrelevant, the contrast in these passages being between Israel and other nations, not, as here, between men and God. Nor can a narrower signification (daughters of worldly men) be attached to "men" in Genesis 6:2 than to "men" in 6:1, where the reference is to the human race in general. This passage (Genesis 6:1-4), therefore, which is the only one of its kind, is considered to be out of its place and to have been inserted here by the compiler as an introduction to the story of the Flood (6:5-8). The intention of the original writer, however, was to account for the rise of the giant race of antiquity by the union of demigods with human wives. This interpretation accords with Enoch chapters 6-7, etc., and with Jude 1:6, where the unnatural sin of the men of Sodom who went after "strange flesh" is compared with that of the angels (compare 2 Peter 2:4;). (See Havernick, Introduction to the Pentateuch; Hengstenberg on the Pentateuch, I, 325; Oehler, Old Testament Theology, I, 196 f; Schultz, Old Testament Theology, I, 114;; Commentary on Genesis by Delitzsch, Dillmann, and Driver.)

See ANTEDILUVIANS, 3; CHILDREN OF GOD; GIANTS; NEPHILIM; REPHAIM.

James Crichton

SONS OF GOD (NEW TESTAMENT)

1. New Testament Terms:

Two Greek words are translated "son," teknon, huios, both words indicating sonship by parentage, the former indicating that the sonship has taken place by physical descent, while the latter presents sonship more from the legal side than from the standpoint of relationship. John, who lays special emphasis on sonship by birth, uses teknon, while Paul, in emphasizing sonship from the legal side, as referring to adoption, which was current among the Romans but scarcely if at all known to, or if known, practiced by, the Jews, uses the word huios (John 1:12 Romans 8:14, 16, 19 Galatians 4:6, 7 1 John 3:1, 2).

2. New Testament Doctrine:

Men are not by nature the sons of God, at least not in the sense in which believers in Christ are so called. By nature those outside of Jesus Christ are "children of wrath" (Ephesians 2:3), "of disobedience" (Ephesians 2:2), controlled not by the Spirit of God (Romans 8:14), but by the spirit of disobedience (Ephesians 2:2-4). Men become sons of God in the regenerative and adoptive sense by the acceptance of Jesus Christ as Lord and Saviour (John 1:12 Galatians 3:26). The universal brotherhood which the New Testament teaches is that brotherhood which is based on faith in the Lord Jesus Christ as the divine and only Saviour of the world. And the same is true of the universal Fatherhood of God. It is true that all men are "his offspring" (Acts 17:28 f) in the sense that they are God's created children; but that the New Testament makes a very clear and striking distinction between sonship by virtue of creation and sonship by faith in the Lord Jesus Christ, there can be no reasonable doubt.

Sonship is the present possession of the believer in Christ (1 John 3:2). It will be completed at the second coming of our Lord (Romans 8:23), at which time the believer will throw off his incognito, by reason of which the world may not have recognized his sonship (1 John 3:1, 2), and be fully and gloriously revealed as the son of God (2 Corinthians 5:10). It doth not yet appear, it hath not yet appeared, what we shall be; the revelation of the sons of God is reserved for a coming day of manifestation.

The blessings of sonship are too numerous to mention, save in the briefest way. His sons are objects of God's peculiar love (John 17:23), and His Fatherly care (Luke 12:27-33). They have the family name (Ephesians 3:14 1 John 3:1); the family likeness (Romans 8:29); family love (John 13:35 1 John 3:14); a filial spirit (Romans 8:15 Galatians 4:6); a family service (John 14:23; John 15:8). They receive fatherly chastisement (Hebrews 12:5-11); fatherly comfort (2 Corinthians 1:4), and an inheritance (Romans 8:17 1 Peter 1:3-5).

Among the evidences of sonship are: being led by the Spirit (Romans 8:14 Galatians 5:18); having a childlike confidence in God (Galatians 4:5); having liberty of access (Ephesians 3:12); having love for the brethren (1 John 2:9-11; John 5:1), and obedience (1 John 5:1-3).

William Evans

UNKNOWN GOD

un-non', (agnostos theos): In Acts 17:23 (St. Paul's speech in Athens) the American Standard Revised Version reads: "I found also an altar with this inscription, To AN UNKNOWN GOD. What therefore ye worship in ignorance, this I set forth unto you." the King James Version and the English Revised Version margin translate "to the Unknown God," owing to the fact that in Greek certain words, of which theos is one, may drop the article when it is to be understood. In the present case the use of the article. is probably right (compare Acts 17:24). In addition, the King James Version reads "whom" and "him" in place of "what" and "this." The difference here is due to a variation in the Greek manuscripts, most of which support the King James Version. But internal probability is against the King James Version's reading, as it would have been very easy for a scribe to change neuters (referring to the divine power) into masculines after "God," but not vice versa. Hence, modern editors (except yon Soden's margin) have adopted the reading in the Revised Version (British and American).

Paul in Athens, "as he beheld the city full of idols," felt that God was truly unknown there. Hence the altar with the inscription struck him as particularly significant. Some Athenians, at any rate, felt the religious inadequacy of all known deities and were appealing to the God who they felt must exist, although they knew nothing definite about Him. No better starting-point for an address could be wished. What the inscription actually meant, however, is another question. Nothing is known about it. Altars dedicated "to unknown gods" (in the plural) seem to have been fairly common (Jerome on Titus 1:12; Pausanias, i.1, 4; Philaster, Vita Apoll., vi.3), and Blase (Commentary ad loc.) has even suggested that the words in Acts were originally in the plural. But this would spoil the whole point of the speech, and the absence of references to a single inscription among thousands that existed can cause no surprise. Those inscriptions in the plural seem to have been meant in the sense "to the other deities that may exist in addition to those already known," but an inscription in the sing. could not have this meaning. Perhaps a votive inscription is meant, where the worshipper did not know which god to thank for some benefit received. That a slur on all the other Athenian objects of worship was intended is, however, most improbable, but Paul could not of course be expected to know the technical meaning of such inscriptions.

See ATHENS.

Buston Scott Easton

5395. phlox -- a flame
... phlox. 5396 . a flame. Part of Speech: Noun, Feminine Transliteration: phlox Phonetic
Spelling: (flox) Short Definition: a flame Definition: a flame. ...
//strongsnumbers.com/greek2/5395.htm - 6k

329. anazopureo -- to kindle afresh
... Part of Speech: Verb Transliteration: anazopureo Phonetic Spelling: (an-ad-zo-poor-
eh'-o) Short Definition: I stir up the fire, fan the flame of Definition: I ...
//strongsnumbers.com/greek2/329.htm - 6k

4450. purrhos -- fiery red
... fiery red From pur; fire-like, ie (specially), flame- colored -- red. see GREEK
pur. (purros) -- 2 Occurrences. (purrou) -- 1 Occurrence. 4449, 4450. ...
//strongsnumbers.com/greek2/4450.htm - 5k

4493. rhipe -- any rapid movement, spec. a twinkling (of lights or ...
... Spelling: (hree-pay') Short Definition: a glance, twinkle (of the eye) Definition:
a glance, twinkle or flash of the eye; a rush of wind or flame; any rapid ...
//strongsnumbers.com/greek2/4493.htm - 6k

1714. empretho -- burn up.
... Word Origin see empipremi. burn up. From en and pretho (to blow a flame); to enkindle,
ie Set on fire -- burn up. see GREEK en. (enepresen) -- 1 Occurrence. ...
//strongsnumbers.com/greek2/1714.htm - 6k

4582. selene -- the moon
... Definition: the moon. Word Origin from selas (a bright flame) Definition the
moon NASB Word Usage moon (9). moon. From selas (brilliancy ...
//strongsnumbers.com/greek2/4582.htm - 6k

5188. tupho -- to raise smoke
... smoke. Apparently a primary verb; to make a smoke, ie Slowly consume without flame --
smoke. (tuphomenon) -- 1 Occurrence. 5187, 5188. tupho. 5189 . ...
//strongsnumbers.com/greek2/5188.htm - 6k

7957. shalhebeth -- flame
... 7956, 7957. shalhebeth. 7958 . flame. Transliteration: shalhebeth Phonetic
Spelling: (shal-heh'-beth) Short Definition: flame. Word ...
/hebrew/7957.htm - 6k

3852. lehabah -- flame, blade
... lehabah or lahebeth. 3853 . flame, blade. Transliteration: lehabah or lahebeth
Phonetic Spelling: (leh-aw-baw') Short Definition: flame. Word Origin fem. ...
/hebrew/3852.htm - 6k

3851. lahab -- flame, blade
... 3850b, 3851. lahab. 3852 . flame, blade. Transliteration: lahab Phonetic
Spelling: (lah'-hab) Short Definition: flame. Word Origin ...
/hebrew/3851.htm - 6k

3827. labbah -- flame
... 3826, 3827. labbah. 3828 . flame. Transliteration: labbah Phonetic Spelling:
(lab-baw') Short Definition: flame. ... flame For lehabah; flame -- flame. ...
/hebrew/3827.htm - 5k

7632. shabib -- probably a flame
... 7631, 7632. shabib. 7633 . probably a flame. Transliteration: shabib Phonetic
Spelling: (shaw-beeb') Short Definition: flame. Word ...
/hebrew/7632.htm - 6k

7631. shebib -- a flame
... shebib. 7632 . a flame. Transliteration: shebib Phonetic Spelling: (seb-eeb')
Short Definition: flames. ... flame. (Aramaic) corresponding to shabiyb -- flame. ...
/hebrew/7631.htm - 6k

217. ur -- a flame
... a flame. Transliteration: ur Phonetic Spelling: (ore) Short Definition: fire. Word
Origin from or Definition a flame NASB Word Usage fire (4), light (1). ...
/hebrew/217.htm - 6k

1514. Gacham -- perhaps "flame," a son of Nahor
... 1513, 1514. Gacham. 1515 . perhaps "flame," a son of Nahor. Transliteration:
Gacham Phonetic Spelling: (gah'-kham) Short Definition: Gaham. ...
/hebrew/1514.htm - 6k

222. Uriel -- "flame of God," two Israelites
... 221, 222. Uriel. 223 . "flame of God," two Israelites. Transliteration:
Uriel Phonetic Spelling: (oo-ree-ale') Short Definition: Uriel. ...
/hebrew/222.htm - 6k

223. Uwriyah -- "flame of Yah," the name of a Hittite and of two ...
... Uwriyah. 223a . "flame of Yah," the name of a Hittite and of two Israelites.
Transliteration: Uwriyah Phonetic Spelling: (oo-ree-yaw') Short Definition: Uriah ...
/hebrew/223.htm - 5k

July the Thirty-First the Clean Flame of Love
... JULY The Thirty-first THE CLEAN FLAME OF LOVE. 1 John 4:4-14. This aged
apostle cannot get away from the counsels of love. All his ...
/.../my daily meditation for the circling year/july the thirty-first the clean.htm

Concerning Bernice's Petition to Florus, to Spare the Jews, but in ...
... Concerning Bernice's Petition To Florus, To Spare The Jews, But In Vain; As Also
How, After The Seditious Flame Was Quenched, It Was Kindled Again By Florus. ...
/.../chapter 15 concerning bernices petition.htm

Our Forefathers have Handed Down to us the Tradition, That, after ...
... forefathers have handed down to us the tradition, that, after the Lord's ascension,
when, through the coming of the Holy Ghost, tongues of flame had settled ...
/.../2 our forefathers have handed.htm

Had the Sun Been Made one Infinite Flame it had Been Worse than it ...
... THE SECOND CENTURY 11 Had the Sun been made one infinite flame it had been
worse than it is. Had the Sun been made one infinite flame ...
/.../traherne/centuries of meditations/11 had the sun been.htm

The Meditation of the Lover in his Love: and the Forsaking of ...
... BOOK II CHAPTER V THE MEDITATION OF THE LOVER IN HIS LOVE: AND THE FORSAKING
OF FELLOWSHIP: AND HOW IN ORDER IT COMES TO THE FLAME OF LOVE. ...
//christianbookshelf.org/rolle/the fire of love/chapter v the meditation of.htm

Another Part of My Smoke' which You Frequently Laugh at is My ...
... You, of course, are a man not of smoke but of flame, or rather of lightning; you
fulminate when you speak; you cannot contain the flames which have been ...
/.../31 another part of my.htm

Fire on Earth
... be baptized with, and how am I straitened till it be accomplished.' If I might use
such an incongruous figure, the fire that is to flash and flame through the ...
/.../maclaren/expositions of holy scripture e/fire on earth.htm

Listen, My Brethren, to Death, Mocking the Evil One: that Caused ...
... people!"15. Flame be kindled on thy head, for Samson's sake: for by a woman
thou shavedst his locks, that lion of strength!"16. S ...
/.../hymns and homilies of ephraim the syrian/hymn lvii listen my brethren.htm

The Incense of Prayer
... ascended on high. All day long the incense smouldered upon the altar; twice
a day it was kindled into a bright flame. Now, if we ...
/.../maclaren/expositions of holy scripture j/the incense of prayer.htm

Prologue of Richard Rolle
... Gladly therefore I am molten into the desire of greater delight and ghostly sweetness;
the which, with that ghostly flame, has pithily [19] comforted my mind. ...
//christianbookshelf.org/rolle/the fire of love/prologue of richard rolle.htm

Flame (61 Occurrences)
... Easton's Bible Dictionary Flame of fire. ... 5. (n.) To burn with a flame or blaze;
to burn as gas emitted from bodies in combustion; to blaze. ...
/f/flame.htm - 61k

Thunder-flame (6 Occurrences)
Thunder-flame. Thundereth, Thunder-flame. Thunder-flames .
Multi-Version Concordance Thunder-flame (6 Occurrences). ...
/t/thunder-flame.htm - 8k

Flash (19 Occurrences)
... 1. (vi) To burst or break forth with a sudden and transient flood of flame and
light; as, the lighting flashes vividly; the powder flashed. ...
/f/flash.htm - 13k

Blaze (9 Occurrences)
... Noah Webster's Dictionary 1. (n.) a bright flame; a stream of gas or vapor
emitting light and heat in the process of combustion. ...
/b/blaze.htm - 10k

Kindle (25 Occurrences)
... 2. (vt) To set on fire; to cause to burn with flame; to ignite; to cause to begin
burning; to start; to light; as, to kindle a match, or shavings. ...
/k/kindle.htm - 15k

Vehement (10 Occurrences)
... carried away by the mind or force of passion, occurs twice in the Old Testament
(Songs 8:6, the King James Version "a most vehement flame" (jealousy)) as the ...
/v/vehement.htm - 11k

Blazing (27 Occurrences)
... His eyes were like a flame of fire. (See NIV). ... (See NIV). Exodus 3:2 The angel of
Yahweh appeared to him in a flame of fire out of the midst of a bush. ...
/b/blazing.htm - 14k

Ablaze (19 Occurrences)
... A flame goes forth from his mouth. ... Psalms 83:14 As the fire that burneth the forest,
And as the flame that setteth the mountains on fire, (See JPS RSV NIV). ...
/a/ablaze.htm - 11k

Vehemently (5 Occurrences)
... carried away by the mind or force of passion, occurs twice in the Old Testament
(Songs 8:6, the King James Version "a most vehement flame" (jealousy)) as the ...
/v/vehemently.htm - 9k

Consumes (21 Occurrences)
... me. (WEB NIV). Psalms 83:14 As the fire that burns the forest, as the flame
that sets the mountains on fire, (See RSV NIV). Psalms ...
/c/consumes.htm - 11k

Who was Samson in the Bible? | GotQuestions.org

What does it mean to stir up the gift (2 Timothy 1:6)? | GotQuestions.org

What is autotheism? What is an autotheist? | GotQuestions.org

Flame: Dictionary and Thesaurus | Clyx.com

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