Six days before the Passover
This phrase sets the chronological context for the events that follow. The Passover is a significant Jewish festival commemorating the Israelites' deliverance from Egyptian bondage, as described in Exodus 12. The timing here is crucial, as it places Jesus' arrival in Bethany just before His final Passover, leading to His crucifixion. The mention of "six days" emphasizes the impending fulfillment of Jesus' mission as the sacrificial Lamb of God, a theme deeply rooted in the typology of the Passover lamb.

Jesus came to Bethany
Bethany is a small village located about two miles east of Jerusalem, on the southeastern slope of the Mount of Olives. It is significant as the home of Mary, Martha, and Lazarus, who were close friends of Jesus. The name "Bethany" is thought to mean "house of affliction" or "house of figs," reflecting its humble status. Jesus' choice to come to Bethany highlights His preference for intimate fellowship and His connection with those who love Him, contrasting with the hostility He faced in Jerusalem.

where Lazarus was
Lazarus, the brother of Mary and Martha, is a central figure in the preceding chapter, where Jesus performs the miraculous act of raising him from the dead (John 11). This miracle not only demonstrates Jesus' power over death but also foreshadows His own resurrection. The presence of Lazarus in Bethany serves as a living testimony to Jesus' divine authority and the hope of eternal life He offers to believers.

whom Jesus had raised from the dead
This phrase underscores the miraculous nature of Jesus' ministry and His authority over life and death. The Greek word for "raised" (ἐγείρω, egeirō) conveys the idea of awakening or lifting up, symbolizing both physical resurrection and spiritual renewal. Lazarus' resurrection is a precursor to the ultimate victory over death that Jesus will achieve through His own resurrection. It also serves as a powerful witness to the truth of Jesus' identity as the Son of God, strengthening the faith of His followers and challenging the unbelief of His opponents.

So they prepared a dinner for Jesus there
This phrase sets the scene for a significant event in the life of Jesus. The Greek word for "prepared" (ἐποίησαν) implies a deliberate and thoughtful action, indicating the importance of this gathering. The dinner is not merely a meal but a celebration of Jesus' presence and His miraculous works, particularly the raising of Lazarus from the dead. The location, "there," refers to Bethany, a village near Jerusalem, which was a place of refuge and friendship for Jesus. This setting underscores the intimate and personal relationship Jesus had with His followers.

Martha served
Martha's role in serving highlights her character and dedication. The Greek word for "served" (διηκόνει) is the same root used for "deacon," indicating a form of ministry. Martha's service is an act of worship and devotion, reflecting her love and gratitude towards Jesus. Her actions remind us of the importance of serving others as a demonstration of our faith. Historically, Martha is often seen as a symbol of active service, complementing her sister Mary's contemplative nature.

and Lazarus was among those reclining at the table with Him
Lazarus, who had been raised from the dead by Jesus, is now "reclining at the table," a position of honor and fellowship. The Greek word for "reclining" (ἀνακειμένων) suggests a relaxed and intimate setting, typical of a banquet in the ancient Near East. This image of Lazarus, once dead and now alive, sitting with Jesus, serves as a powerful testament to Jesus' divine authority over life and death. It also foreshadows the resurrection life promised to all believers. The presence of Lazarus at the table is a living testimony to the transformative power of Christ, encouraging believers to trust in His promises.

Then Mary took about a pint of expensive perfume
The act of Mary taking the perfume signifies a deliberate and intentional act of worship. The Greek word for "took" (ἔλαβεν, elaben) implies a purposeful action. Mary’s choice to use "expensive perfume" highlights the sacrificial nature of her worship. The perfume, identified as "nard," was a costly ointment imported from the Himalayas, indicating the depth of her devotion and the value she placed on honoring Jesus.

made of pure nard
"Nard" (νάρδου, nardou) refers to a fragrant oil derived from the spikenard plant. The term "pure" (πιστικῆς, pistikēs) suggests authenticity and unadulterated quality, emphasizing the sincerity and purity of Mary’s offering. In a historical context, nard was often used in burial practices, foreshadowing Jesus’ impending death and burial, and symbolizing the preparation for His ultimate sacrifice.

She anointed Jesus’ feet
The act of anointing (ἤλειψεν, ēleipsen) in biblical times was a sign of honor, consecration, and blessing. By anointing Jesus’ feet, Mary demonstrates humility and reverence, acknowledging His lordship. Feet, in the cultural context, were considered the dirtiest part of the body, and her willingness to anoint them signifies her deep love and submission to Christ.

and wiped them with her hair
In Jewish culture, a woman’s hair was considered her glory (1 Corinthians 11:15). By using her hair to wipe Jesus’ feet, Mary lays down her own glory in service to the Lord. This act of devotion and humility is a powerful expression of her love and dedication, illustrating the call for believers to lay down their own pride and status in service to Christ.

And the house was filled with the fragrance of the perfume
The "fragrance" (ὀσμὴ, osmē) filling the house symbolizes the far-reaching impact of true worship and devotion. Just as the scent permeated the entire space, so does genuine worship influence and bless those around it. This imagery also reflects the spiritual truth that the aroma of Christ’s sacrifice is pleasing to God and spreads through the lives of His followers (2 Corinthians 2:15).

But one of His disciples
This phrase introduces a contrast, highlighting that among the followers of Jesus, there was one who stood apart in his intentions. The Greek word for "disciples" is μαθητής (mathētēs), meaning a learner or pupil. Discipleship in the first-century Jewish context involved a deep commitment to follow and emulate the teacher. This phrase sets the stage for the tension between true discipleship and betrayal.

Judas Iscariot
Judas is identified by name, and his surname "Iscariot" is often thought to mean "man of Kerioth," a town in Judea, suggesting his Judean origin. This distinguishes him from the other disciples, who were primarily Galilean. Historically, Judas has been a figure of intrigue and infamy, representing the ultimate betrayal. His name has become synonymous with treachery, and his actions are pivotal in the Passion narrative.

who was going to betray Him
This phrase foreshadows the impending betrayal, a critical event in the Gospel narrative. The Greek word for "betray" is παραδίδωμι (paradidōmi), which means to hand over or deliver up. This term is used throughout the New Testament to describe the act of delivering Jesus to the authorities. The phrase underscores the gravity of Judas's actions and the fulfillment of prophetic scripture, as seen in Psalm 41:9, which speaks of betrayal by a close friend.

asked
The act of asking here is significant. The Greek word used is λέγω (legō), which means to say or speak. In this context, it implies a questioning or challenging attitude. Judas's question, which follows in the subsequent verses, reveals his inner conflict and foreshadows his ultimate decision to betray Jesus. This moment is a turning point, illustrating the tension between outward appearances and inner intentions.

Why wasn’t
This phrase introduces a question that reflects a critical attitude. In the context of John 12, Judas Iscariot is the one posing this question. The Greek word for "why" (διὰ τί, dia ti) often introduces questions that challenge or seek justification. This reflects Judas's underlying motives and his misunderstanding of Jesus' mission. It is a reminder of the human tendency to question divine actions and priorities, often from a place of self-interest or misunderstanding.

this perfume
The "perfume" refers to the expensive ointment of pure nard used by Mary to anoint Jesus. In the ancient world, nard was a luxury item, imported from the Himalayas, and used for anointing and burial purposes. Its mention here highlights the sacrificial nature of Mary's act, symbolizing devotion and worship. The use of such a costly item for Jesus underscores His worthiness and foreshadows His impending death and burial.

sold for three hundred denarii
A "denarius" was a day's wage for a laborer in the Roman Empire. Therefore, "three hundred denarii" represents nearly a year's salary, indicating the immense value of the perfume. This detail emphasizes the magnitude of Mary's sacrifice and contrasts with Judas's materialistic mindset. It challenges believers to consider the value they place on material wealth versus spiritual devotion.

and the money given to the poor?
This phrase appears to advocate for charity, a value deeply rooted in Jewish law and Christian teaching. However, Judas's suggestion is insincere, as revealed in the following verses. Historically, giving to the poor was a common practice, especially during Passover. This context highlights the tension between genuine acts of charity and those motivated by self-interest. It serves as a call for Christians to examine their motives in service and giving, ensuring they align with Christ's teachings of selfless love and sacrifice.

He said this
This phrase refers to Judas Iscariot, one of Jesus' twelve disciples, who is speaking in the context of the preceding verses. The Greek word for "said" is "eipen," which is a common term used throughout the New Testament to denote speech or declaration. In this context, it highlights Judas's outward expression of concern, which is later revealed to be disingenuous. Historically, Judas is known for his eventual betrayal of Jesus, and this moment foreshadows his duplicitous nature.

not because he cared about the poor
The phrase reveals Judas's true intentions. The Greek word for "cared" is "emelen," which implies a deep concern or interest. However, the text explicitly states that Judas's concern was not genuine. This serves as a moral lesson about the importance of sincerity in our actions and intentions. The historical context of the early Christian community emphasized caring for the poor, making Judas's hypocrisy even more pronounced.

but because he was a thief
Here, Judas's character is further exposed. The Greek word for "thief" is "kleptes," which denotes someone who steals, often secretly or deceitfully. This term is used to describe Judas's habitual behavior, not just a one-time act. Theologically, this highlights the danger of unchecked sin and the way it can corrupt an individual's character over time.

As keeper of the money bag
This phrase indicates Judas's role among the disciples. The Greek term "glossokomon" refers to a box or bag used for holding money. Judas was entrusted with the group's finances, which was a position of responsibility and trust. This detail underscores the gravity of his betrayal, as he abused his position for personal gain.

he used to help himself to what was put into it
This final phrase reveals Judas's ongoing theft. The Greek verb "ebastazen" means "to carry" or "to bear," implying that Judas regularly took from the communal funds. This habitual sin is a stark warning against the love of money and the way it can lead to greater moral failings. Scripturally, it serves as a reminder of the importance of integrity and stewardship in all areas of life.

Leave her alone
In this phrase, Jesus is addressing those who criticized Mary for anointing Him with expensive perfume. The Greek word for "leave" is "ἄφες" (aphes), which can also mean "forgive" or "permit." This indicates a command to cease judgment or interference. Jesus' defense of Mary highlights His authority and the importance of her act. Historically, this moment underscores the cultural norms of the time, where women were often marginalized, yet Jesus elevates Mary's actions, showing His counter-cultural respect and honor for women.

Jesus replied
The Greek word for "replied" is "εἶπεν" (eipen), which is a simple past tense verb meaning "said." This indicates a direct and authoritative response from Jesus. In the context of the Gospel of John, Jesus' words often carry deep theological significance, revealing His divine insight and purpose. His reply here is not just a defense of Mary but a profound revelation of His impending death and burial, which He fully understands and embraces.

She was intended to keep this perfume
The phrase "was intended" comes from the Greek "ἵνα" (hina), often translated as "in order that" or "so that," indicating purpose or divine intention. The perfume, "μύρον" (myron), was a costly ointment, symbolizing honor and sacrifice. In the historical context, anointing with perfume was a sign of respect and preparation for burial. Jesus acknowledges that Mary's act was divinely purposed, foreshadowing His death and burial, and aligning with the prophetic tradition of anointing.

to prepare for the day of My burial
The word "prepare" in Greek is "τηρήσῃ" (tērēsē), meaning "to keep" or "to preserve." This suggests that Mary's act was not just spontaneous devotion but a fulfillment of a divine plan. The "day of My burial" refers to Jesus' imminent crucifixion and burial, which He predicts multiple times throughout the Gospels. This phrase connects to the Jewish burial customs of the time, where bodies were anointed with spices and perfumes. Jesus' acknowledgment of His burial signifies His acceptance of His sacrificial role as the Lamb of God, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies and foreshadowing His resurrection.

The poor you will always have with you
This phrase echoes Deuteronomy 15:11, where God acknowledges the perpetual presence of poverty in the world. The Greek word for "poor" is "ptōchos," which refers to those who are economically disadvantaged and often marginalized in society. Historically, the Jewish community was instructed to care for the poor, emphasizing the importance of charity and justice. This statement by Jesus highlights the enduring nature of poverty, reminding believers of their ongoing responsibility to care for those in need. It serves as a call to action, urging Christians to embody compassion and generosity as a reflection of God's love.

but you will not always have Me
In this phrase, Jesus is speaking to His disciples about the limited time they have with Him physically present on earth. The Greek word "me" (ἐμέ) is emphatic, underscoring the significance of His presence. This statement is set within the context of Jesus' impending crucifixion, a pivotal moment in Christian theology. Historically, this was a time of great tension and anticipation, as Jesus prepared His followers for His departure. The phrase serves as a poignant reminder of the unique and irreplaceable nature of Christ's earthly ministry. It calls believers to prioritize their relationship with Jesus, recognizing the urgency and preciousness of His presence in their lives. This is an invitation to deepen one's faith and commitment, understanding that while Jesus' physical presence was temporary, His spiritual presence remains eternal and transformative.

Meanwhile a large crowd of Jews
The phrase "a large crowd of Jews" indicates the significant interest and attention Jesus was garnering at this point in His ministry. The Greek word for "crowd" (ὄχλος, ochlos) often refers to a multitude or a throng, suggesting that Jesus' actions and teachings were drawing considerable public interest. Historically, this period was marked by heightened messianic expectations among the Jewish people, who were eagerly anticipating the arrival of a deliverer. The mention of "Jews" here is significant, as it underscores the cultural and religious context of Jesus' ministry, which was deeply rooted in Jewish tradition and prophecy.

learned that Jesus was there
The word "learned" (ἔγνω, egnō) implies more than just hearing; it suggests an understanding or realization. This indicates that the news of Jesus' presence was spreading rapidly and was of great interest to the people. The location, Bethany, was near Jerusalem, making it a strategic place for Jesus to be during the Passover season, a time when many Jews would be traveling to Jerusalem. This context highlights the growing tension and anticipation surrounding Jesus' actions and the fulfillment of His mission.

and they came
The phrase "and they came" reflects the active response of the people to the news of Jesus' presence. The Greek verb (ἦλθον, ēlthon) denotes movement and intention, suggesting that the crowd was motivated by a desire to witness Jesus firsthand. This movement towards Jesus is emblematic of the spiritual hunger and curiosity that characterized many of His followers and onlookers. It also foreshadows the gathering of people that would soon occur during His triumphal entry into Jerusalem.

not only for Jesus
This phrase indicates that while Jesus was the primary attraction, there was another compelling reason for the crowd's interest. The dual focus on Jesus and Lazarus underscores the miraculous nature of Jesus' ministry and the tangible evidence of His divine power. It also highlights the human tendency to seek signs and wonders, which Jesus often used to point people towards deeper spiritual truths.

but also to see Lazarus
Lazarus, whom Jesus had raised from the dead, was a living testament to Jesus' power over life and death. The Greek name Lazarus (Λάζαρος, Lazaros) is derived from the Hebrew Eleazar, meaning "God has helped." This miracle was a pivotal moment in Jesus' ministry, serving as a powerful sign of His identity as the resurrection and the life. The presence of Lazarus was a tangible, undeniable proof of Jesus' miraculous power, drawing people not only to witness the miracle but to consider the implications of Jesus' claim to divinity.

whom He had raised from the dead
The phrase "whom He had raised from the dead" is a direct reference to the miracle recorded in John 11, where Jesus calls Lazarus out of the tomb after four days. The Greek verb for "raised" (ἤγειρεν, ēgeiren) is often used in the New Testament to describe resurrection, emphasizing Jesus' authority over death. This act was not only a demonstration of Jesus' compassion and power but also a foreshadowing of His own resurrection. It served as a catalyst for belief among many and intensified the opposition from those who felt threatened by His growing influence. This miracle, therefore, stands as a testament to Jesus' divine mission and the hope of eternal life He offers to all who believe.

So the chief priests
The term "chief priests" refers to the leading priests in the Jewish religious hierarchy, primarily from the Sadducees, who were responsible for temple rituals and maintaining order. Historically, the chief priests held significant power and influence, both religiously and politically, during the time of Jesus. Their authority was recognized by the Roman government, which allowed them to maintain control over Jewish religious matters. The Greek term used here, "ἀρχιερεῖς" (archiereis), indicates their high-ranking status. This group was often in opposition to Jesus, as His teachings and miracles challenged their authority and threatened their control over the people.

made plans
The phrase "made plans" suggests a deliberate and calculated decision. The Greek word "βουλεύω" (bouleuō) implies a council or consultation, indicating that this was not a spontaneous decision but rather a strategic move. This reflects the growing tension and desperation among the religious leaders to maintain their power and suppress the burgeoning influence of Jesus. Their plotting against Lazarus reveals the extent of their fear and hostility towards anything that validated Jesus' ministry.

to kill Lazarus
Lazarus, whom Jesus had raised from the dead, became a living testimony to Jesus' divine power. The Greek word for "kill" is "ἀποκτείνω" (apokteinō), which means to put to death or destroy. The chief priests' decision to kill Lazarus underscores their moral and spiritual blindness. Instead of acknowledging the miracle as a sign of God's work, they chose to eliminate the evidence. Lazarus' resurrection was a pivotal event that drew many to believe in Jesus, thus threatening the religious leaders' authority and prompting their drastic measures.

as well
The phrase "as well" indicates that Lazarus was not the only target; Jesus was already in their sights. This addition highlights the extent of their conspiracy and the lengths to which they were willing to go to protect their interests. It underscores the pervasive corruption and moral decay within the religious leadership, who prioritized their positions over truth and righteousness. The inclusion of Lazarus in their plot reveals the depth of their animosity and the threat they perceived from the growing belief in Jesus as the Messiah.

for on account of him
This phrase refers to Lazarus, whom Jesus had raised from the dead. The Greek word for "account" is "δι' αὐτόν" (di' auton), indicating a causal relationship. Lazarus' resurrection was a powerful testimony to Jesus' divine authority and power over life and death. Historically, this miracle was a pivotal event that drew significant attention to Jesus, as it was a public demonstration of His messianic identity. The miracle served as a catalyst for many to reconsider their understanding of Jesus, moving from skepticism to faith.

many of the Jews
The term "Jews" in this context refers to the Jewish people living in and around Jerusalem. The Greek word used is "Ἰουδαῖοι" (Ioudaioi), which can denote either the Jewish people in general or specifically the Jewish leaders. Here, it likely refers to the general populace who were witnesses to or heard of Lazarus' resurrection. This event occurred during a time of heightened messianic expectation, and the Jewish people were eagerly looking for signs of the promised Messiah. The miracle of Lazarus was a significant sign that led many to believe in Jesus as the Christ.

were going over to Jesus
The phrase "going over" is translated from the Greek "ὑπῆγον" (hupēgon), which implies a movement or transition. This suggests not just a physical movement towards Jesus but also a spiritual and ideological shift. The people were leaving behind their previous beliefs and allegiances, moving towards a new understanding and acceptance of Jesus as the Messiah. This movement was significant in the context of first-century Judaism, where allegiance to religious leaders and traditions was deeply ingrained.

and believing in Him
The Greek word for "believing" is "πιστεύοντες" (pisteuontes), which denotes a deep, abiding faith and trust. This belief was not merely intellectual assent but a transformative faith that acknowledged Jesus as the Son of God. In the scriptural context, belief in Jesus is consistently portrayed as the pathway to eternal life. The act of believing in Him was a radical departure from the prevailing religious norms and required a personal commitment to follow Jesus, often at great personal cost. This belief was the fulfillment of the purpose of John's Gospel, as stated in John 20:31, "But these are written that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that by believing you may have life in His name."

The next day
This phrase situates the events within a specific timeline, emphasizing the continuity of the narrative. In the context of the Gospel of John, this "next day" follows the anointing of Jesus by Mary in Bethany. The timing is significant as it leads into the events of the Passion Week. The phrase underscores the unfolding of divine providence, as each day brings Jesus closer to His crucifixion and ultimate victory over sin and death.

the great crowd
The Greek word for "crowd" here is "ὄχλος" (ochlos), which often refers to a large, diverse group of people. This crowd is described as "great," indicating not only its size but also its significance. Historically, this crowd would have been composed of Jewish pilgrims who had traveled to Jerusalem for the Passover feast. Their presence fulfills the prophetic anticipation of the Messiah's public recognition and foreshadows the universal call of the Gospel.

that had come to the feast
The "feast" refers to the Passover, one of the most important Jewish festivals, commemorating the Israelites' deliverance from Egyptian bondage. This context is crucial, as it highlights the symbolic nature of Jesus' entry into Jerusalem. Just as the Passover lamb was sacrificed for the deliverance of God's people, Jesus is entering Jerusalem to become the ultimate Passover Lamb, whose sacrifice would bring salvation to all who believe.

heard that Jesus was coming
The verb "heard" (Greek: ἀκούω, akouo) implies that the news of Jesus' approach was spreading rapidly among the people. This hearing is not just physical but carries a deeper spiritual significance. It suggests an awakening or realization among the people about Jesus' identity and mission. The anticipation of His coming stirs the hearts of the crowd, reflecting the messianic expectations prevalent at the time.

to Jerusalem
Jerusalem, the city of David, holds profound theological and historical significance. It is the center of Jewish worship and the location of the Temple. Jesus' entry into Jerusalem is laden with messianic symbolism, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies such as Zechariah 9:9, which speaks of a king coming to Zion. This journey to Jerusalem marks the culmination of Jesus' earthly ministry and sets the stage for His sacrificial death and resurrection, which would redefine the spiritual landscape for all humanity.

They took palm branches
The use of "palm branches" is deeply symbolic and rooted in Jewish tradition. In ancient Israel, palm branches were a symbol of victory and triumph. During the Feast of Tabernacles, Jews would use palm branches as part of their worship (Leviticus 23:40). The Greek word for palm is "phoinix," which also signifies victory and peace. By taking palm branches, the people were acknowledging Jesus as a victorious king, a fulfillment of messianic prophecies, and expressing their hope for deliverance from Roman oppression.

and went out to meet Him
The act of going out to meet Jesus signifies a public acknowledgment and acceptance of His authority and messianic role. In the cultural context of the time, going out to meet someone was a gesture of honor and respect, often reserved for royalty or dignitaries. This action reflects the people's anticipation and excitement, recognizing Jesus as someone worthy of such honor.

shouting 'Hosanna!'
The word "Hosanna" is derived from the Hebrew phrase "hoshi'a na," which means "save, please" or "save now." It is both a cry for salvation and an expression of praise. In the context of the Passover festival, it was a plea for deliverance, echoing the cries of the Israelites for liberation. By shouting "Hosanna," the crowd was acknowledging Jesus as the one who could bring salvation, both spiritually and politically.

'Blessed is He who comes in the name of the Lord!'
This phrase is a direct quotation from Psalm 118:26, a messianic psalm that was traditionally sung during the Passover. The use of "Blessed is He who comes" indicates recognition of Jesus as the Messiah, the anointed one sent by God. The phrase "in the name of the Lord" signifies divine authority and mission. The crowd is proclaiming Jesus as the one sent by God to fulfill His promises to Israel.

'Blessed is the King of Israel!'
By declaring Jesus as the "King of Israel", the people were acknowledging His royal and messianic status. This title reflects the Jewish expectation of a Davidic king who would restore Israel's glory and independence. The crowd's proclamation is both a recognition of Jesus' rightful place as their spiritual leader and a political statement against Roman rule. This declaration aligns with Old Testament prophecies about the coming of a king from the line of David who would reign over Israel (2 Samuel 7:12-16).

Finding a young donkey
The phrase "finding a young donkey" is significant in its fulfillment of prophecy and the humility it represents. The Greek word for "finding" (εὑρίσκω, heuriskō) implies a deliberate action, suggesting that Jesus intentionally sought out the donkey to fulfill the prophecy. The "young donkey" (ὀνάριον, onarion) is a symbol of peace, contrasting with a horse, which would symbolize war. In the historical context of ancient Israel, a donkey was a common beast of burden, used by those of humble means. This choice underscores Jesus' role as the Prince of Peace, entering Jerusalem not as a conquering king on a warhorse, but as a humble servant.

Jesus sat on it
The act of Jesus sitting on the donkey is rich with symbolic meaning. The Greek verb "sat" (ἐκάθισεν, ekathisen) indicates a settled position, suggesting authority and fulfillment. In the cultural and historical context, a king or ruler would sit on an animal to signify his authority and right to rule. By sitting on the donkey, Jesus is making a public declaration of His messianic identity, fulfilling the Old Testament prophecy found in Zechariah 9:9. This act is a deliberate fulfillment of Scripture, demonstrating Jesus' awareness of His mission and His submission to the Father's will.

as it is written
This phrase, "as it is written" (καθὼς ἐστιν γεγραμμένον, kathōs estin gegrammenon), is a common formula in the New Testament used to reference the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy. It underscores the divine inspiration and authority of Scripture. The use of this phrase indicates that Jesus' actions are in direct fulfillment of God's prophetic word, specifically pointing to Zechariah 9:9, which foretells the coming of the King of Zion, humble and riding on a donkey. This connection to prophecy highlights the continuity of God's redemptive plan throughout history and the reliability of His promises. It serves as a reminder to believers of the faithfulness of God and the certainty of His word.

Do not be afraid
This phrase is a common biblical exhortation, often used by God or His messengers to reassure His people. The Greek word for "afraid" is "phobeo," which means to fear or be alarmed. In the context of John 12:15, it is a call to the people of Jerusalem to trust in God's plan and not to fear the unfolding events. Historically, this reassurance is significant as it addresses the anticipation and anxiety of the Jewish people under Roman occupation, longing for deliverance.

O daughter of Zion
"Daughter of Zion" is a poetic term used in the Old Testament to refer to the inhabitants of Jerusalem or the city itself. The term "Zion" originally referred to the Jebusite fortress that David conquered, which later became synonymous with Jerusalem. In prophetic literature, "daughter of Zion" often symbolizes the people of God. This phrase connects the New Testament narrative to Old Testament prophecies, emphasizing continuity in God's redemptive plan.

See, your King is coming
This phrase is a direct fulfillment of the prophecy found in Zechariah 9:9. The Greek word for "see" is "idou," an imperative that means "behold" or "look," drawing attention to the significance of the event. The "King" refers to Jesus, the Messiah, whose coming was foretold by the prophets. This declaration is a pivotal moment, highlighting Jesus' messianic identity and His role as the promised deliverer.

seated on the colt of a donkey
The imagery of a king riding on a donkey is rich with historical and cultural significance. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, a donkey was a symbol of peace, as opposed to a horse, which was associated with war. The Greek word for "colt" is "polos," indicating a young donkey. This act fulfills the prophecy of Zechariah 9:9, which describes the Messiah as humble and peaceful. Jesus' choice to enter Jerusalem in this manner underscores His mission as the Prince of Peace, contrasting with the expectations of a militant messiah. This humble entry invites reflection on the nature of Christ's kingdom, which is not of this world but is characterized by peace, humility, and servanthood.

At first
The phrase "at first" indicates a temporal context, suggesting an initial lack of understanding or insight. In the Greek, the word used is "πρῶτον" (prōton), which can mean first in time, place, order, or importance. This sets the stage for a transformation in understanding that the disciples will experience. It reflects the common human experience of gradual revelation and learning, especially in spiritual matters.

His disciples
The term "disciples" refers to the followers of Jesus, specifically the twelve apostles in this context. The Greek word "μαθηταί" (mathētai) means learners or students. This highlights their role as those who are in a process of learning from Jesus, the Teacher. Historically, discipleship involved close companionship and imitation of the teacher, which is central to the Christian life.

did not understand
The phrase "did not understand" comes from the Greek "οὐκ ἔγνωσαν" (ouk egnōsan), meaning they did not know or perceive. This lack of understanding is significant, as it shows that even those closest to Jesus struggled to grasp the full meaning of His actions and words. It underscores the mystery of divine revelation and the need for spiritual enlightenment.

these things
"These things" refers to the events surrounding Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem, as well as the fulfillment of prophecy. The Greek "ταῦτα" (tauta) is a demonstrative pronoun pointing to specific events or teachings. This phrase invites readers to consider the broader narrative of Jesus' mission and the unfolding of God's plan.

at first
Reiterating the initial phrase, "at first" emphasizes the progression from ignorance to understanding. It suggests a journey of faith and comprehension that the disciples undergo, which is a common theme in the Christian walk.

However
The word "however" introduces a contrast or change in the narrative. In Greek, "ἀλλὰ" (alla) is often used to denote a strong adversative, indicating a significant shift. This marks the turning point in the disciples' understanding, highlighting the transformative power of the Holy Spirit and the resurrection.

when Jesus was glorified
This phrase refers to the resurrection and ascension of Jesus, marking the completion of His earthly mission. The Greek "ἐδοξάσθη" (edoxasthē) means to be glorified or honored. In the biblical context, Jesus' glorification is the ultimate revelation of His divine nature and mission, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies and affirming His identity as the Son of God.

then
"Then" indicates a subsequent time, following Jesus' glorification. The Greek "τότε" (tote) is a temporal adverb, showing the sequence of events. This word underscores the idea that understanding and revelation often come after significant spiritual events or experiences.

they remembered
The act of remembering, "ἐμνήσθησαν" (emnēsthēsan), is crucial in the biblical narrative. It implies a recalling or bringing to mind of past teachings and events. This remembrance is often attributed to the work of the Holy Spirit, who helps believers recall and understand the truths of God.

that these things had been written about Him
This phrase highlights the fulfillment of prophecy concerning Jesus. The Greek "γεγραμμένα" (gegrammena) means written, indicating the Scriptures. It emphasizes the divine orchestration of events and the reliability of God's Word, as the disciples recognize the connection between Jesus' life and the prophetic writings.

and that they had done these things to Him
The final phrase, "and that they had done these things to Him," reflects on the actions taken by the people in response to Jesus. The Greek "ἐποίησαν" (epoiēsan) means they did or made, indicating the fulfillment of actions foretold in Scripture. This realization brings a deeper understanding of the role of human agency in God's redemptive plan, as well as the fulfillment of divine prophecy through human actions.

Meanwhile
This word serves as a transitional term, indicating that the events being described are occurring concurrently with other significant happenings. In the context of John 12, this suggests a bustling atmosphere filled with anticipation and excitement. The Greek word used here, "οὖν" (oun), often connects thoughts or actions, emphasizing the continuity of the narrative. It reminds us that the testimony of Jesus' miracles was spreading rapidly, influencing the unfolding events of His final week before the crucifixion.

many people
The phrase highlights the large number of witnesses to Jesus' miraculous works. The Greek term "ὄχλος" (ochlos) refers to a crowd or multitude, indicating that Jesus' actions were not done in secret but were witnessed by a significant number of people. This multitude plays a crucial role in the spread of Jesus' fame and the validation of His miracles, underscoring the public nature of His ministry and the widespread impact of His actions.

continued to testify
The act of testifying, from the Greek "μαρτυρέω" (martyreō), implies bearing witness or giving evidence. This ongoing testimony suggests a persistent and active sharing of what they had seen, reinforcing the truth of the miracle. The continuous nature of their testimony indicates that the impact of Jesus' miracle was not fleeting but had a lasting effect on those who witnessed it, contributing to the growing belief in Jesus as the Messiah.

that they had been with Jesus
This phrase emphasizes the personal experience and direct witness of the individuals. Being "with Jesus" implies a close proximity and personal encounter with the divine, which adds credibility to their testimony. The Greek preposition "μετά" (meta) suggests accompaniment and association, highlighting the intimate connection between Jesus and His followers. This personal witness is crucial in the spread of the Gospel, as it is based on firsthand experience rather than hearsay.

when He called Lazarus from the tomb
This specific miracle, the raising of Lazarus, is one of the most significant signs in the Gospel of John. The act of calling Lazarus, using the Greek verb "φωνέω" (phoneō), signifies Jesus' authoritative command over life and death. The tomb, "μνημεῖον" (mnēmeion), represents death and decay, yet Jesus' voice pierces through, bringing life. This miracle serves as a powerful testament to Jesus' divine authority and foreshadows His own resurrection.

and raised him from the dead
The phrase captures the essence of the miracle, with "raised" translating the Greek "ἐγείρω" (egeirō), meaning to awaken or lift up. This act of raising Lazarus is a profound demonstration of Jesus' power over death, affirming His identity as the Resurrection and the Life. It is a pivotal moment that not only confirms Jesus' divine nature but also prefigures the hope of eternal life for all believers. The resurrection of Lazarus becomes a catalyst for belief and a central theme in the Christian faith, symbolizing victory over death through Christ.

That is also why
This phrase connects the current verse to the preceding narrative, emphasizing the cause-and-effect relationship. The Greek word "διὰ τοῦτο" (dia touto) is used here, which means "because of this" or "for this reason." It highlights the logical sequence of events, showing that the actions of the crowd were a direct response to something significant. In the broader context of John 12, this refers to the raising of Lazarus from the dead, a miraculous sign that stirred public interest and excitement.

the crowd
The Greek word "ὄχλος" (ochlos) refers to a large group of people, often a multitude. In the context of first-century Judea, crowds were common around Jesus due to His growing reputation as a teacher and miracle worker. This particular crowd was likely composed of pilgrims who had come to Jerusalem for the Passover festival, as well as local residents who had heard of Jesus' miraculous deeds.

went out to meet Him
The phrase "went out" (ἐξῆλθεν, exēlthen) suggests a deliberate action, indicating that the crowd actively sought Jesus. The act of "meeting" (ὑπάντησις, hypantēsis) Him implies a welcoming or greeting, often used in the context of receiving a dignitary or important person. This reflects the crowd's recognition of Jesus' significance and their eagerness to see Him, possibly with expectations of witnessing further miracles or hearing His teachings.

because they heard
The Greek word "ἀκούω" (akouō) means "to hear" or "to listen." This indicates that the crowd's motivation was based on reports or testimonies they had received. In the ancient world, oral communication was the primary means of spreading news, and the miraculous raising of Lazarus would have been a sensational account that traveled quickly among the people.

that He had performed
The verb "πεποίηκεν" (pepoiēken) is in the perfect tense, indicating a completed action with ongoing effects. This suggests that the miracle Jesus performed was not only a past event but continued to have a significant impact on those who heard about it. The use of this tense underscores the lasting impression of Jesus' miraculous works on the public consciousness.

this sign
The term "σημεῖον" (sēmeion) is often used in the Gospel of John to denote a miraculous act that serves as a sign pointing to a deeper spiritual truth. In this context, the "sign" refers to the raising of Lazarus, which was not merely a display of power but a revelation of Jesus' divine authority and identity as the Son of God. This miracle was a pivotal moment in Jesus' ministry, foreshadowing His own resurrection and affirming His claim to be the resurrection and the life.

So the Pharisees said to one another
This phrase introduces us to the internal dialogue among the Pharisees, a group of Jewish religious leaders known for their strict adherence to the Law and traditions. The Greek word for "Pharisees" is "Φαρισαῖοι" (Pharisaioi), which historically refers to a sect that emerged during the Second Temple period. They were influential in the Sanhedrin and often depicted in the Gospels as opponents of Jesus. This moment captures their frustration and growing desperation as they witness Jesus' increasing influence.

You see that you are accomplishing nothing
The phrase "accomplishing nothing" reflects the Pharisees' realization that their efforts to undermine Jesus have been ineffective. The Greek word "ὠφελεῖτε" (opheleite) means to benefit or profit. Despite their attempts to discredit Jesus, His popularity continues to rise. This acknowledgment of failure highlights the futility of opposing God's plan, a theme echoed throughout Scripture, where human efforts against divine will are ultimately in vain.

Look, the whole world has gone after Him!
The hyperbolic expression "the whole world" underscores the widespread impact of Jesus' ministry. The Greek word "κόσμος" (kosmos) is used here, often translated as "world," and can refer to humanity or the created order. This statement, though exaggerated, captures the essence of the moment: Jesus' message and miracles have reached far beyond the local Jewish community, drawing diverse crowds. Historically, this foreshadows the global spread of Christianity, fulfilling prophecies about the Messiah's universal reign. The Pharisees' exasperation is prophetic, as the Gospel would indeed reach the ends of the earth, transforming countless lives across generations.

Now there were some Greeks
The phrase "some Greeks" refers to non-Jews, or Gentiles, who were present in Jerusalem. The Greek word used here is "Ἕλληνες" (Hellenes), which typically denotes Greek-speaking people or those influenced by Greek culture. This is significant because it highlights the universal appeal of Jesus' message, transcending ethnic and cultural boundaries. Historically, the presence of Greeks in Jerusalem during the feast indicates the widespread influence of Hellenistic culture and the openness of the Jewish religious festivals to God-fearing Gentiles. This moment foreshadows the later mission to the Gentiles, as seen in the Acts of the Apostles, and underscores the inclusivity of the Gospel.

among those who went up to worship
The phrase "went up to worship" suggests a pilgrimage, as Jerusalem is situated on a hill, and going there for worship was often described as "going up." The Greek word for "worship" here is "προσκυνέω" (proskyneō), which means to bow down or show reverence. This indicates that these Greeks were likely "God-fearers," Gentiles who revered the God of Israel and participated in Jewish religious practices without fully converting to Judaism. Their presence at the feast demonstrates their spiritual hunger and desire to connect with the God of Israel, reflecting the broader spiritual search that Jesus came to fulfill.

at the feast
The "feast" mentioned here is the Passover, one of the major Jewish festivals that commemorates the Israelites' deliverance from Egypt. The Passover was a time when Jews from all over the world would gather in Jerusalem to celebrate. The Greek word for "feast" is "ἑορτή" (heortē), which signifies a festival or holy day. The presence of Greeks at this Jewish feast underscores the magnetic draw of the Jewish faith and its festivals, even to those outside the covenant community. It also sets the stage for Jesus' impending crucifixion, which would occur during this Passover, symbolizing the ultimate deliverance from sin for all humanity, Jew and Gentile alike. This context enriches the understanding of Jesus as the Lamb of God, whose sacrifice would bring salvation to the entire world.

So they came to Philip
The phrase indicates a deliberate action by the individuals seeking Jesus. The Greek word for "came" (ἔρχομαι, erchomai) suggests an intentional approach, highlighting the earnestness of their desire. Philip, one of the twelve apostles, is specifically mentioned, which may indicate his role as a mediator or someone approachable. Historically, Philip's Greek name might have made him more accessible to the Greek-speaking individuals who approached him.

who was from Bethsaida in Galilee
Bethsaida, a town in Galilee, is significant as it was a place where Jesus performed miracles (e.g., healing the blind man in Mark 8:22-26). The mention of Bethsaida roots Philip in a specific cultural and geographical context, emphasizing the diverse backgrounds of Jesus' followers. Galilee was a region known for its mixed population, including Jews and Gentiles, which may have made Philip a suitable intermediary for the Greeks.

and requested of him
The act of requesting (αἰτέω, aiteo) implies a respectful and earnest petition. This reflects the seekers' recognition of Philip's potential influence or connection to Jesus. In a broader scriptural context, this request mirrors the human longing for divine encounter and understanding, a theme prevalent throughout the Gospels.

Sir, we want to see Jesus
The address "Sir" (κύριε, kyrie) denotes respect and acknowledges Philip's authority or position. The phrase "we want to see Jesus" reveals a deep desire not just for a physical sighting but for an encounter with the Messiah. The Greek word for "see" (ὁράω, horao) can imply understanding or perceiving, suggesting that the seekers were looking for more than a mere visual experience; they sought insight into Jesus' teachings and personhood. This request encapsulates the universal human quest for truth and connection with the divine, a central theme in Christian theology.

Philip
The name "Philip" is of Greek origin, meaning "lover of horses." Philip was one of the twelve apostles, and his Greek name suggests a possible Hellenistic background, which may have made him more approachable to the Greeks who sought Jesus. His role in this passage highlights the importance of being a bridge for others to encounter Christ, reflecting the missionary call to bring diverse peoples to Jesus.

relayed this appeal
The act of relaying an appeal indicates a chain of communication and a sense of order among the disciples. The Greek word for "relayed" can imply a sense of duty and responsibility. This phrase underscores the importance of community and collaboration in ministry, as well as the humility required to seek assistance from others in fulfilling God's work.

to Andrew
Andrew, another of the twelve apostles, was known for bringing people to Jesus, as seen earlier in the Gospel when he brought his brother Peter to Christ. His name means "manly" or "courageous" in Greek. Andrew's involvement here signifies the role of discipleship in guiding others to Jesus, emphasizing the courage needed to step out in faith and introduce others to the Savior.

and both of them went
The phrase "both of them went" illustrates the unity and partnership in ministry. The Greek text suggests a deliberate and purposeful action. This highlights the importance of working together in the body of Christ, where two or more are gathered in His name, reinforcing the strength found in Christian fellowship and shared mission.

and told Jesus
The act of telling Jesus signifies the disciples' recognition of His authority and their dependence on Him for guidance. The Greek word for "told" can also mean to declare or announce, indicating a formal presentation of the request. This phrase reminds believers of the importance of bringing all matters to Christ in prayer, trusting in His wisdom and timing to address the needs and desires of those seeking Him.

Jesus replied
This phrase introduces the response of Jesus, indicating a direct communication from Him. The Greek word used here is "ἀποκρίνομαι" (apokrinomai), which means to answer or reply. This sets the stage for a significant teaching moment. In the context of the Gospel of John, Jesus often uses such replies to reveal deeper spiritual truths. His responses are not merely answers to questions but are profound revelations of His mission and the nature of God's kingdom.

The hour has come
The phrase "The hour has come" is pivotal in the Gospel of John. The Greek word for "hour" is "ὥρα" (hōra), which signifies a specific, divinely appointed time. Throughout John’s Gospel, Jesus refers to His "hour" as the time of His glorification through crucifixion and resurrection. This moment marks the culmination of His earthly ministry and the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan. Historically, this signifies the transition from Jesus' public ministry to the events leading to His passion.

for the Son of Man
"Son of Man" is a title Jesus frequently uses for Himself, rooted in the Hebrew Scriptures, particularly in Daniel 7:13-14. In the Jewish context, it denotes both humanity and a messianic figure endowed with authority and glory. By using this title, Jesus identifies Himself with humanity while also asserting His divine mission and authority. It is a profound declaration of His identity as both fully human and fully divine.

to be glorified
The term "glorified" comes from the Greek "δοξάζω" (doxazō), meaning to honor, magnify, or make glorious. In the context of John’s Gospel, Jesus’ glorification is paradoxically achieved through His suffering and death on the cross, followed by His resurrection and ascension. This concept challenges worldly notions of glory, emphasizing that true glory in God’s kingdom is found in self-sacrifice and obedience to the Father’s will. Historically, this reflects the early Christian understanding of the cross as a symbol of victory and divine love.

Truly, truly
The repetition of "truly" (Greek: "ἀμὴν ἀμὴν," amen amen) is a solemn affirmation used by Jesus to emphasize the importance and truth of His statement. In the Jewish tradition, "amen" is a declaration of affirmation, and its double use underscores the certainty and significance of what follows. This phrase invites the listener to pay close attention, as Jesus is about to reveal a profound spiritual truth.

I tell you
This phrase indicates a direct and personal communication from Jesus to His audience. It emphasizes His authority as the Son of God, who speaks with divine insight and wisdom. Jesus often uses this phrase to introduce teachings that challenge conventional understanding and call for deeper reflection.

unless a kernel of wheat
The "kernel of wheat" serves as a metaphor for life and potential. In the agrarian society of Jesus' time, wheat was a staple crop, essential for sustenance. The kernel represents the beginning of a process that leads to growth and abundance. Spiritually, it symbolizes the potential within each believer to produce spiritual fruit.

falls to the ground
The act of falling to the ground signifies humility and surrender. In the natural world, a seed must be buried in the earth to begin the process of germination. Spiritually, this represents the necessity of dying to oneself, letting go of personal ambitions and desires to embrace God's will. It is a call to humility and submission to God's greater plan.

and dies
Death, in this context, is not an end but a transformation. The Greek word "ἀποθάνῃ" (apothanei) implies a necessary transition. For the seed, death is the precursor to new life. Similarly, Jesus foreshadows His own death and resurrection, illustrating that through His sacrifice, new life and salvation will be made available to all. For believers, it is a call to die to sin and self, embracing the new life in Christ.

it remains only a seed
Without the process of dying, the seed remains alone and unproductive. This highlights the futility of a life lived solely for oneself. In the Christian context, it underscores the importance of self-sacrifice and the willingness to let go of earthly attachments to achieve spiritual growth and fulfillment.

but if it dies
The conditional "if" introduces the possibility of transformation and fruitfulness. It suggests that the act of dying is a choice, a deliberate act of faith and obedience. For Jesus, it was the choice to lay down His life for humanity. For believers, it is the choice to follow His example, trusting in the promise of resurrection and eternal life.

it bears much fruit
The result of the seed's death is abundant fruitfulness. The Greek word "καρπὸν" (karpon) refers to the produce or harvest that comes from the seed. This is a powerful image of the impact of Jesus' sacrifice, leading to the salvation of many. For Christians, it is a promise that self-denial and faithfulness will lead to spiritual growth and the expansion of God's kingdom. The fruit represents the virtues, good works, and souls won for Christ through a life dedicated to Him.

Whoever loves his life
The Greek word for "loves" here is "φιλέω" (phileō), which implies a deep affection or attachment. In the context of this verse, it suggests an excessive attachment to one's earthly life, prioritizing personal desires and comforts over spiritual commitments. Historically, this reflects the human tendency to cling to worldly possessions and status, often at the expense of spiritual growth. Jesus challenges His followers to reconsider their priorities, emphasizing that true discipleship requires a willingness to let go of earthly attachments.

will lose it
The Greek term "ἀπολλύω" (apollyō) is used for "lose," meaning to destroy or perish. This is a paradoxical statement that underscores a spiritual truth: clinging to one's life in a self-centered way ultimately leads to spiritual ruin. The historical context of early Christianity, where believers often faced persecution, highlights the reality that physical life is transient, and true life is found in Christ.

but whoever hates his life
The word "hates" is translated from the Greek "μισέω" (miseō), which can mean to love less or to disregard in favor of something greater. This phrase does not advocate self-loathing but rather prioritizing spiritual values over earthly ones. In the scriptural context, it calls for a radical reorientation of values, where allegiance to Christ surpasses all else. This reflects the teachings of Jesus, who often spoke of the cost of discipleship and the need to take up one's cross.

in this world
The Greek "κόσμος" (kosmos) refers to the world system, often characterized by values and practices contrary to God's kingdom. This phrase emphasizes the temporal nature of worldly life and its values. Historically, the early Christians lived in a world that was often hostile to their faith, and this teaching encouraged them to focus on eternal realities rather than temporary circumstances.

will keep it for eternal life
The word "keep" comes from the Greek "φυλάσσω" (phylassō), meaning to guard or preserve. This implies an active effort to maintain one's spiritual integrity and focus. "Eternal life" (ζωὴ αἰώνιος, zōē aiōnios) is a central theme in John's Gospel, representing not just unending existence but a quality of life in communion with God. This promise of eternal life is a cornerstone of Christian hope, offering assurance that sacrifices made for the sake of Christ are not in vain but lead to a deeper, everlasting relationship with God.

If anyone serves Me
The Greek word for "serves" here is "diakonei," which implies a form of service that is active and devoted. In the historical context of the New Testament, service was not merely about performing tasks but was deeply connected to loyalty and allegiance. Serving Christ means dedicating one's life to His teachings and mission. This phrase invites believers to a life of commitment, echoing the call to discipleship that is central to the Christian faith.

he must follow Me
The term "follow" is translated from the Greek "akolouthei," which means to accompany or to be in the same way with. This is not a passive following but an active pursuit of Christ's path. Historically, following a rabbi meant living in close proximity to learn and emulate their way of life. For Christians, this means aligning one's life with the teachings and example of Jesus, embracing His values and mission.

and where I am
This phrase speaks to the intimate relationship between Jesus and His followers. The Greek "hopou eimi" suggests a presence that is both physical and spiritual. In the scriptural context, Jesus often spoke of His unity with the Father and His heavenly origin. For believers, this implies a promise of eternal presence with Christ, both in this life and the life to come.

My servant will be as well
The word "servant" here is "diakonos," which is closely related to "diakonei" used earlier. It emphasizes the role of a servant as one who is actively engaged in the work of their master. The promise that the servant will be where Jesus is highlights the reward of faithful service—being in the presence of Christ. This reflects the biblical theme of abiding in Christ, as seen in John 15:4.

If anyone serves Me, the Father will honor him
The Greek word for "honor" is "timēsei," which conveys a sense of value and esteem. In the cultural context of the time, honor was a highly prized attribute, often associated with social status and recognition. Here, Jesus assures that those who serve Him will receive honor from God the Father, a profound promise that transcends earthly recognition. This assurance encourages believers to seek divine approval over human accolades, aligning with the biblical principle of living for God's glory.

Now My soul is troubled
The phrase "My soul is troubled" reveals the deep emotional and spiritual anguish Jesus is experiencing. The Greek word for "troubled" is "tetaraktai," which conveys a sense of being stirred or agitated. This reflects the humanity of Jesus, who, though divine, fully experiences human emotions. Theologically, this moment underscores the reality of the Incarnation—God becoming flesh and experiencing the full range of human suffering. Historically, this moment is set just before Jesus' crucifixion, a time of intense anticipation and dread.

and what shall I say?
This rhetorical question highlights Jesus' internal struggle and deliberation. It is a moment of introspection, where Jesus considers the gravity of His mission. The question is not one of doubt but of contemplation, showing His awareness of the impending sacrifice. In the broader scriptural context, it echoes the Psalms, where the psalmists often express their struggles and seek God's guidance.

‘Father, save Me from this hour’?
Here, Jesus contemplates the possibility of asking the Father to deliver Him from the suffering that awaits. The phrase "this hour" is significant, as it refers to the appointed time of His crucifixion and the fulfillment of His redemptive mission. Theologically, this moment reflects the tension between Jesus' human desire to avoid suffering and His divine commitment to fulfill God's will. It is reminiscent of the Garden of Gethsemane, where Jesus prays for the cup to pass from Him, yet submits to the Father's will.

No, it was for this very reason I came to this hour
This declaration affirms Jesus' resolute commitment to His mission. The phrase "for this very reason" indicates purpose and destiny. Jesus acknowledges that His entire life and ministry have been leading to this pivotal moment. Theologically, this underscores the doctrine of atonement—Jesus' sacrificial death as the means of reconciling humanity to God. Historically, it reflects the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies concerning the Messiah's suffering and redemption. This statement is a powerful testament to Jesus' obedience and love, serving as an inspiration for believers to embrace their own God-given purposes with courage and faith.

Father
The term "Father" in this context is translated from the Greek word "Pater," which signifies a deep, intimate relationship between Jesus and God. This invocation of "Father" reflects Jesus' submission and reverence, acknowledging God as the ultimate authority and source of all glory. In the historical context of Jewish tradition, addressing God as "Father" was a profound expression of trust and familial bond, emphasizing the unique sonship of Jesus.

glorify
The Greek word for "glorify" is "doxazo," which means to honor, praise, or magnify. In this plea, Jesus is asking God to reveal His divine nature and majesty through the events that are about to unfold, particularly His crucifixion and resurrection. This request underscores the purpose of Jesus' mission on earth—to bring glory to God through His obedience and sacrifice.

Your name
In biblical terms, a "name" represents the essence and character of a person. Here, "Your name" refers to God's nature, His holiness, and His divine attributes. Jesus' desire for God's name to be glorified indicates His commitment to making God's character known to the world, fulfilling the divine plan of salvation.

Then a voice came from heaven
This phrase signifies a divine intervention and affirmation from God. The voice from heaven is a rare and significant event in the Bible, symbolizing God's direct communication and approval. It serves as a testament to Jesus' identity as the Son of God and the authenticity of His mission.

I have glorified it
God's response, "I have glorified it," reflects the past actions through which He has already revealed His glory, such as through the creation, the covenants with Israel, and the life and ministry of Jesus up to this point. It is a reminder of God's faithfulness and the continuous revelation of His glory throughout history.

and I will glorify it again
This promise points to the future glorification through Jesus' impending death and resurrection. It assures that God's glory will be further manifested in the ultimate act of redemption. This statement is a prophetic assurance that God's plan will be fulfilled, and His glory will be made known to all nations.

The crowd standing there
This phrase sets the scene, indicating that a multitude of people were present. In the context of first-century Judea, crowds often gathered around Jesus, drawn by His teachings and miracles. The Greek word for "crowd" (ὄχλος, ochlos) suggests a large, diverse group, possibly including both followers and skeptics. This diversity in the crowd's composition is crucial for understanding the varied reactions to the divine voice.

heard it
The act of hearing in this context is significant. The Greek word used here is ἤκουσαν (ēkousan), which implies not just the physical act of hearing but also the potential for understanding or perceiving. This highlights the spiritual truth that not everyone who hears the word of God truly understands or accepts it, a theme prevalent throughout the Gospels.

and said that it had thundered
The response of some in the crowd to the divine voice is to rationalize it as a natural phenomenon. The Greek word for "thundered" (βεβροντηκέναι, bebrontēkenai) reflects a common human tendency to explain away the supernatural with natural explanations. This reaction underscores the spiritual blindness and hardness of heart that Jesus often encountered.

Others said that an angel had spoken to Him
This phrase reveals a different interpretation by some in the crowd, who attribute the voice to an angelic messenger. In Jewish tradition, angels were often seen as intermediaries between God and humans. The Greek word for "angel" (ἄγγελος, angelos) means "messenger," and this interpretation shows a recognition of the divine but still falls short of understanding the full revelation of God in Christ.

Jesus replied
The phrase "Jesus replied" indicates a direct response from Jesus, emphasizing His role as a teacher and communicator of divine truth. In the Greek, the word for "replied" is "ἀπεκρίθη" (apekrithē), which is often used in the New Testament to denote a thoughtful and authoritative answer. This highlights Jesus' intentional engagement with His audience, ensuring that His teachings are clear and purposeful. Historically, Jesus' responses often served to clarify misunderstandings and reveal deeper spiritual truths, as seen throughout the Gospels.

This voice
The term "voice" refers to the audible manifestation of God's presence, which had just occurred in the preceding verses. In the Greek, "φωνή" (phōnē) can mean sound or voice, and it is used in the New Testament to describe divine communication. This particular voice was a heavenly affirmation of Jesus' mission, reminiscent of God's voice at Jesus' baptism and transfiguration. Theologically, it underscores the divine approval and authority of Jesus' ministry, serving as a testament to His identity as the Son of God.

was not for My benefit
Here, Jesus clarifies that the divine voice was not for His own sake. The Greek word "ἐμοῦ" (emou) for "My" emphasizes the personal nature of the statement. Jesus, being in perfect communion with the Father, did not require external affirmation. This phrase highlights His self-awareness and divine confidence, as He was fully assured of His mission and identity. Historically, this reflects the consistent theme in the Gospels where Jesus seeks to direct attention away from Himself and towards the Father’s will and the benefit of others.

but yours
The phrase "but yours" shifts the focus to the audience, indicating that the divine voice was intended for their understanding and edification. The Greek "ὑμῶν" (humōn) for "yours" is plural, addressing the collective group present. This emphasizes the inclusive nature of Jesus' ministry, which was aimed at enlightening and guiding all who would listen. Scripturally, this aligns with the broader narrative of the Gospel of John, where signs and wonders are performed so that people might believe and have life in His name (John 20:31). Theologically, it underscores the grace and patience of God, who continually reaches out to humanity to reveal His truth and love.

Now
The word "now" signifies a pivotal moment in the narrative of the Gospel of John. It marks a transition point, indicating the immediacy and urgency of the events that are unfolding. In the Greek, the word used is "νῦν" (nun), which emphasizes the present time. This immediacy is crucial as it underscores the significance of the events leading to Jesus' crucifixion and the subsequent impact on the world. Theologically, it highlights the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan in real-time, inviting believers to recognize the present reality of Christ's victory.

is the time for judgment
This phrase indicates a decisive moment of divine action. The Greek word for "judgment" is "κρίσις" (krisis), which can mean a decision or a verdict. In the context of John 12:31, it refers to the impending judgment of the world through the death and resurrection of Jesus. Historically, this judgment is not just punitive but also redemptive, offering salvation to those who believe. It reflects the dual nature of Christ's mission: to save and to judge, separating light from darkness.

on this world
The term "world" in Greek is "κόσμος" (kosmos), which often refers to the fallen human system opposed to God. In John's Gospel, the "world" is frequently depicted as being in darkness and in need of salvation. This phrase indicates that the judgment is not just on individuals but on the entire system of sin and rebellion against God. It is a reminder of the pervasive nature of sin and the comprehensive scope of Christ's redemptive work.

Now the prince of this world
The "prince of this world" refers to Satan, the adversary of God and His people. The Greek word "ἄρχων" (archon) denotes a ruler or authority figure. In the biblical context, Satan is seen as having temporary dominion over the world due to humanity's fall into sin. This phrase acknowledges the reality of spiritual warfare and the influence of evil in the world, yet it also foreshadows the defeat of this "prince" through Christ's sacrificial death.

will be driven out
The phrase "will be driven out" speaks to the ultimate defeat and expulsion of Satan's power. The Greek verb "ἐκβληθήσεται" (ekblēthēsetai) suggests a forceful removal or casting out. This is a prophetic declaration of victory, indicating that through Jesus' death and resurrection, the power and authority of Satan are decisively broken. It is a message of hope and assurance for believers, affirming that evil will not have the final word and that Christ's victory is complete and eternal.

And I
This phrase emphasizes the personal role of Jesus Christ in the divine plan of salvation. The Greek word for "I" is "ἐγώ" (egō), which is used emphatically here to highlight Jesus' unique authority and identity as the Son of God. In the context of the Gospel of John, Jesus frequently uses "I" statements to reveal His divine nature and mission, such as in the "I am" statements that echo God's self-revelation in the Old Testament (Exodus 3:14).

when I am lifted up
The phrase "lifted up" comes from the Greek word "ὑψόω" (hypsoō), which can mean both a physical lifting and an exaltation. Historically, this refers to Jesus' crucifixion, where He was literally lifted up on the cross. However, it also signifies His glorification and the fulfillment of His redemptive work. In the broader scriptural context, this dual meaning reflects the paradox of the cross: a moment of apparent defeat that becomes the ultimate victory over sin and death.

from the earth
This phrase underscores the physical reality of Jesus' crucifixion. The earth, in biblical symbolism, often represents the realm of human existence and sin. Jesus being lifted "from the earth" signifies His separation from the world of sin and His role as the bridge between humanity and God. It also foreshadows His resurrection and ascension, where He transcends earthly limitations.

will draw
The Greek word "ἑλκύω" (helkyō) means to attract or pull towards oneself. This indicates the powerful, irresistible nature of Christ's love and sacrifice. Historically, the crucifixion has been a central point of attraction for believers throughout the ages, drawing people from all walks of life to the message of the Gospel. Theologically, it speaks to the work of the Holy Spirit in drawing individuals to faith in Christ.

all men
The phrase "all men" (Greek: "πάντας" - pantas) reflects the universal scope of Jesus' redemptive work. It emphasizes that the offer of salvation through Christ is available to every person, regardless of race, gender, or social status. This inclusivity is a recurring theme in the New Testament, highlighting the breaking down of barriers and the formation of a new, united people of God.

to Myself
The phrase "to Myself" indicates the personal relationship that Jesus offers to each believer. The Greek "ἐμαυτόν" (emauton) emphasizes the intimate connection between Christ and those who come to Him. This reflects the heart of the Gospel message: that through Jesus' sacrifice, individuals are not only saved from sin but are also brought into a personal, transformative relationship with Him. In the broader biblical narrative, this points to the ultimate reconciliation and unity of all things in Christ (Ephesians 1:10).

He said this
This phrase refers to Jesus' intentional communication. In the Greek, "He said" is "εἶπεν" (eipen), which is a simple past tense verb indicating a definitive statement. Jesus often spoke with authority and purpose, and this instance is no different. His words are not casual but are meant to convey a deeper truth about His mission and the fulfillment of prophecy. In the context of the Gospel of John, Jesus frequently uses His words to reveal His identity and the divine plan.

to indicate
The Greek word used here is "σημαίνων" (sēmainōn), which means to signify or to make known. This is not merely a prediction but a revelation of divine intent. Jesus is not just foretelling an event; He is unveiling the significance of His impending death. This aligns with the prophetic nature of His ministry, where His actions and words consistently point to the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan.

the kind of death
The phrase "the kind of death" is crucial as it points to the specific manner in which Jesus would die. The Greek term "ποῖος" (poios) implies a particular quality or nature. Historically, crucifixion was a Roman method of execution reserved for the most heinous criminals and was considered a curse under Jewish law (Deuteronomy 21:23). By indicating this, Jesus is highlighting the shame and suffering He would endure, fulfilling the prophecies of a suffering Messiah (Isaiah 53).

He was going to die
This phrase underscores the certainty and purpose of Jesus' death. The Greek "ἤμελλεν" (ēmellen) suggests something that is destined or bound to happen. Jesus' death was not an accident or a mere consequence of His actions; it was a predetermined part of God's salvific plan. The use of "to die" (ἀποθνῄσκειν, apothnēskein) emphasizes the physical reality of His sacrifice, which is central to Christian theology. His death was necessary for the atonement of sin and the reconciliation of humanity with God.

The crowd replied
The phrase "the crowd replied" indicates a collective response from those who were present. In the context of the Gospel of John, the "crowd" often represents a diverse group of people, including both believers and skeptics. The Greek word for "crowd" is "ochlos," which can imply a multitude or a throng, often with mixed intentions and understanding. This sets the stage for a dialogue that reveals the crowd's limited understanding of Jesus' mission and identity.

We have heard from the Law
The reference to "the Law" here is significant. In Jewish tradition, "the Law" often refers to the Torah, the first five books of the Old Testament, but it can also encompass the entire Hebrew Scriptures. The crowd's statement reflects their reliance on traditional interpretations of Scripture, which they believe promise a Messiah who will establish an eternal kingdom. This highlights the tension between Jesus' teachings and the prevailing messianic expectations of the time.

that the Christ will remain forever
The expectation that "the Christ will remain forever" is rooted in various Old Testament prophecies, such as those found in Isaiah and Daniel, which speak of an everlasting kingdom. The term "Christ" is the Greek equivalent of "Messiah," meaning "Anointed One." The crowd's understanding is based on a literal interpretation of these prophecies, expecting a political and earthly reign. This expectation contrasts with Jesus' mission, which is spiritual and eternal in nature.

So how can You say
This phrase introduces the crowd's confusion and challenge to Jesus' statement. It reflects a common theme in the Gospels where Jesus' teachings are misunderstood or questioned. The Greek word "lego," translated as "say," implies not just speaking but conveying a message or teaching. The crowd struggles to reconcile Jesus' words with their preconceived notions of the Messiah.

that the Son of Man must be lifted up?
The term "Son of Man" is a title Jesus frequently uses for Himself, drawing from Daniel 7:13-14, where it describes a heavenly figure with authority and glory. The phrase "must be lifted up" is a reference to Jesus' crucifixion, as well as His exaltation and ascension. The Greek word "hypsōthēnai," translated as "lifted up," carries a dual meaning of both physical elevation and exaltation. This concept challenges the crowd's understanding of the Messiah's role and destiny.

Who is this Son of Man?
The question "Who is this Son of Man?" reveals the crowd's uncertainty and lack of recognition of Jesus' true identity. Despite witnessing His miracles and hearing His teachings, they struggle to comprehend His divine nature and mission. This question invites readers to reflect on their own understanding of Jesus and challenges them to seek a deeper revelation of His identity as both the suffering servant and the exalted King.

Then Jesus told them
This phrase indicates a direct communication from Jesus, emphasizing His role as a teacher and guide. The Greek word for "told" (λέγει, legei) suggests a continuous action, implying that Jesus is persistently instructing His followers. This reflects the urgency and importance of His message, as He prepares His disciples for His impending departure.

The light will be with you a little while longer
"Light" (φῶς, phōs) in the Greek context often symbolizes truth, purity, and divine revelation. Jesus, as the "light of the world" (John 8:12), embodies these qualities. The phrase "a little while longer" underscores the limited time the disciples have to learn directly from Jesus before His crucifixion. Historically, this period is crucial as it marks the transition from Jesus' earthly ministry to the establishment of the Church.

Walk while you have the light
"Walk" (περιπατεῖτε, peripateite) in the Greek implies living or conducting one's life. It is an exhortation to live in accordance with the teachings and example of Jesus. The phrase suggests an active, ongoing engagement with the truth, urging believers to seize the opportunity to grow in faith and understanding while Jesus is present.

so that darkness will not overtake you
"Darkness" (σκότος, skotos) represents ignorance, evil, and separation from God. The warning that darkness can "overtake" (καταλάβῃ, katalabē) implies a forceful and sudden capture, highlighting the dangers of spiritual complacency. Historically, this reflects the challenges the early Church faced in maintaining the purity of the Gospel amidst persecution and false teachings.

The one who walks in the darkness does not know where he is going
This phrase contrasts the clarity and direction provided by the light with the confusion and aimlessness of living in darkness. The Greek word for "know" (οἶδεν, oiden) suggests an intimate understanding, which is absent in those who reject the light. Scripturally, this serves as a warning against spiritual blindness and the importance of remaining in the truth to avoid losing one's way.

While you have the light
This phrase emphasizes the urgency and immediacy of responding to Jesus, who is the "light of the world" (John 8:12). The Greek word for "light" is "phōs," which signifies not only physical light but also spiritual illumination and truth. In the historical context, Jesus is speaking to a Jewish audience familiar with the concept of light as a symbol of God's presence and guidance, as seen in the Old Testament (e.g., Psalm 27:1). The urgency is a call to recognize and accept Jesus' divine revelation before it is too late.

believe in the light
Here, "believe" is translated from the Greek word "pisteuō," which means to have faith or trust. This is not merely intellectual assent but a deep, personal trust in Jesus as the Messiah. The call to "believe in the light" is an invitation to embrace Jesus' teachings and to live in accordance with His truth. Historically, this belief was counter-cultural, as it required a shift from traditional Jewish expectations of the Messiah to accepting Jesus' radical message of salvation.

so that you may become sons of light
The phrase "sons of light" is a Hebraic expression indicating those who belong to or are characterized by light. In the Greek, "sons" (huioi) implies a close relationship and likeness. This transformation into "sons of light" suggests a profound change in identity and purpose, aligning believers with God's kingdom. Scripturally, this echoes themes from the Dead Sea Scrolls, where the community saw themselves as "sons of light" in opposition to the "sons of darkness." It signifies a life transformed by Christ, marked by righteousness and truth.

These things Jesus spoke
This phrase underscores the authority and intentionality of Jesus' words. The Greek verb "laleō" (spoke) indicates a deliberate act of communication. Jesus' teachings are not random but purposeful, aimed at revealing divine truth and calling people to faith. Historically, Jesus' public ministry was a time of direct teaching and revelation, where His words carried the weight of divine authority.

and then He went away and was hidden from them
The act of Jesus going away and being "hidden" (Greek: "kryptō") signifies a shift in His ministry. This withdrawal can be seen as a symbolic act, indicating that the opportunity to respond to His message is limited. It also foreshadows the coming events of His passion, where He would be physically removed from His followers. Historically, this reflects the increasing opposition Jesus faced, leading to His crucifixion. Theologically, it serves as a reminder of the transient nature of earthly opportunities to respond to God's call.

Although He had performed so many signs in their presence
This phrase highlights the numerous miracles and wonders Jesus performed during His ministry. The Greek word for "signs" is "σημεῖα" (sēmeia), which refers to miraculous acts that point to a deeper spiritual truth. These signs were not just displays of power but were meant to reveal Jesus' divine nature and authority. Historically, these miracles included healing the sick, raising the dead, and feeding thousands, all of which were witnessed by many. The phrase underscores the abundance of evidence provided to the people, emphasizing that their disbelief was not due to a lack of signs but rather a hardness of heart.

they still did not believe in Him
This part of the verse speaks to the persistent unbelief of the people despite the clear evidence of Jesus' divine mission. The Greek word for "believe" is "πιστεύω" (pisteuō), which means to have faith or trust. In the context of the Gospel of John, belief is not merely intellectual assent but involves a deep, personal trust in Jesus as the Messiah. The historical context here is significant; many Jews of the time were expecting a political Messiah who would liberate them from Roman rule, and Jesus' spiritual kingdom did not meet their expectations. This disbelief fulfills the prophecy of Isaiah, highlighting the spiritual blindness and resistance to the truth that Jesus encountered.

in their presence
The phrase "in their presence" indicates that these signs were performed openly and publicly. The Greek word "ἐνώπιον" (enōpion) means "before" or "in the sight of." This suggests that the miracles were not hidden or secretive but were done in full view of the people, providing them with ample opportunity to witness and respond to Jesus' divine authority. The public nature of these signs serves to remove any excuse for unbelief, as the evidence of Jesus' identity was made manifest to all who were present.

This was to fulfill
This phrase indicates the purpose or reason behind the events described. In the context of John 12:38, it underscores the divine orchestration of events to fulfill prophecy. The Greek word for "fulfill" is "plēroō," which means to complete or bring to realization. This highlights the sovereignty of God in ensuring that His word, spoken through the prophets, comes to pass. It reassures believers of the reliability and truth of Scripture, as God's plans are always accomplished.

the word of Isaiah the prophet
Isaiah, one of the major prophets in the Old Testament, is frequently quoted in the New Testament. His writings, particularly the "Servant Songs," are seen as messianic prophecies pointing to Jesus Christ. The reference to Isaiah here connects the ministry and rejection of Jesus to the ancient prophecies, showing continuity in God's redemptive plan. It emphasizes the importance of the Old Testament as foundational to understanding the New Testament.

Lord, who has believed our message?
This is a direct quotation from Isaiah 53:1. The rhetorical question highlights the widespread unbelief and rejection of the message of salvation. The Greek word for "believed" is "pisteuō," which means to have faith or trust. This phrase reflects the struggle of the prophets and Jesus Himself in conveying God's message to a resistant audience. It serves as a reminder of the human tendency to doubt and the need for divine intervention to open hearts to the truth.

And to whom has the arm of the Lord been revealed?
The "arm of the Lord" is a metaphor for God's power and salvation. In the Hebrew context, the "arm" signifies strength and might. This phrase questions who has truly perceived and understood God's saving power. It implies that spiritual insight is a gift from God, not merely a human achievement. The revelation of God's power is often hidden from those who are spiritually blind, emphasizing the need for spiritual awakening and enlightenment.

For this reason
This phrase indicates a causal relationship, pointing back to the preceding verses where John discusses the unbelief of the people despite witnessing Jesus' miracles. The Greek phrase "διὰ τοῦτο" (dia touto) suggests a divine purpose or plan. In the broader scriptural context, it emphasizes the sovereignty of God in the unfolding of His redemptive plan. Historically, this reflects the Jewish expectation of signs and wonders as validation of divine authority, yet their hearts remained hardened.

they were unable to believe
The Greek word "δύναμαι" (dynamai) means "to be able" or "to have power." Here, it is used in the negative, indicating an inability. This inability is not merely intellectual but spiritual, highlighting the condition of the human heart apart from divine intervention. Theologically, this speaks to the doctrine of total depravity, where sin affects every part of human nature, rendering individuals incapable of coming to faith without God's grace.

because Isaiah
Isaiah, the prophet, is frequently quoted in the New Testament, especially in relation to the Messiah. His writings are foundational for understanding the messianic prophecies and the spiritual condition of Israel. The reference to Isaiah here underscores the continuity of God's revelation and the fulfillment of prophecy in Jesus Christ. Historically, Isaiah's ministry occurred during a time of great political turmoil, yet his prophecies pointed to a future hope and redemption.

said again
The word "again" indicates that this is not the first time Isaiah's words are being referenced. It suggests a pattern or recurring theme in Isaiah's prophecies concerning the hardness of heart and the rejection of God's message. This repetition serves to reinforce the authority and reliability of Scripture, as well as the persistent nature of unbelief throughout history.

He has blinded their eyes
This phrase refers to a divine action where God allows a spiritual blindness to occur. The Greek word for "blinded" is "τυφλόω" (typhloō), which means to obscure or make blind. In the context of John 12:40, this blindness is not merely physical but spiritual, indicating a lack of understanding or perception of divine truth. Historically, this reflects the fulfillment of Isaiah's prophecy (Isaiah 6:10), where the people's persistent unbelief leads to a judicial hardening by God. This serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of rejecting God's revelation.

and hardened their hearts
The Greek word for "hardened" is "πωρόω" (pōroō), which means to make callous or unfeeling. This hardening of the heart is a spiritual condition where individuals become resistant to God's truth and grace. In the biblical narrative, a hardened heart often leads to a refusal to repent and believe. This phrase echoes the Old Testament accounts, such as Pharaoh's hardened heart in Exodus, illustrating a pattern where persistent unbelief results in divine judgment. It underscores the importance of remaining open and responsive to God's word.

so that they cannot see with their eyes
The inability to "see with their eyes" signifies a lack of spiritual insight or discernment. The Greek word "ὁράω" (horaō) means to see or perceive. In this context, it implies an incapacity to recognize or understand spiritual truths. This blindness is not due to a lack of evidence but a willful rejection of the truth. The historical context of Jesus' ministry shows that despite witnessing miracles and hearing His teachings, many still failed to recognize Him as the Messiah. This serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of spiritual insensitivity.

and understand with their hearts
The phrase "understand with their hearts" involves the Greek word "νοέω" (noeō), which means to perceive or comprehend. Biblically, the heart is the center of thought, emotion, and will. Understanding with the heart implies a deep, internal grasp of spiritual truths that leads to transformation. The failure to understand is not intellectual but moral and spiritual, highlighting the necessity of a receptive heart to truly comprehend God's message. This reflects the biblical theme that true understanding is a gift from God, requiring humility and openness.

and turn
The word "turn" is translated from the Greek "ἐπιστρέφω" (epistrephō), meaning to turn back or return. In a spiritual sense, it signifies repentance—a turning away from sin and toward God. This turning is essential for salvation and is a recurring theme throughout Scripture. The call to turn is an invitation to change one's mind and direction, aligning with God's will. Historically, the prophets called Israel to turn back to God, and this call is echoed in the New Testament as a fundamental aspect of the gospel message.

and I would heal them
The promise of healing is derived from the Greek word "ἰάομαι" (iaomai), which means to heal or make whole. This healing is not merely physical but encompasses spiritual restoration and salvation. In the biblical context, healing is often associated with forgiveness and reconciliation with God. The historical ministry of Jesus was marked by acts of healing, symbolizing the greater spiritual healing He offers. This phrase assures believers of God's readiness to restore those who turn to Him, emphasizing His grace and mercy.

Isaiah said these things
This phrase refers to the prophet Isaiah, one of the major prophets in the Old Testament. The "things" mentioned are the prophecies and visions recorded in the book of Isaiah, particularly those that speak of the coming Messiah and the suffering servant. Isaiah's prophecies are often seen as a bridge between the Old and New Testaments, providing a foundation for understanding the life and mission of Jesus Christ. The Greek word for "said" (εἶπεν, eipen) indicates a definitive statement, underscoring the authority and divine inspiration behind Isaiah's words.

because he saw
The phrase "he saw" suggests a visionary experience, where Isaiah was granted a glimpse into the divine realm. The Greek word for "saw" (εἶδεν, eiden) implies not just physical sight but a deeper, spiritual insight. This aligns with Isaiah 6, where Isaiah describes his vision of the Lord seated on a throne, high and exalted. This vision is not merely a historical recounting but a profound spiritual revelation that transcends time, allowing Isaiah to perceive the glory of Christ centuries before His incarnation.

Jesus’ glory
The term "glory" (δόξα, doxa) in the Greek context refers to the divine majesty and splendor that belong to God alone. In the Hebrew Scriptures, the glory of God is often associated with His presence, as seen in the Shekinah glory that filled the temple. By stating that Isaiah saw "Jesus’ glory," the text affirms the pre-existence and divinity of Christ, equating Him with the God of Israel. This is a powerful testament to the continuity of God's revelation from the Old Testament to the New Testament, highlighting Jesus as the fulfillment of the prophetic vision.

and spoke about Him
The phrase "spoke about Him" indicates that Isaiah's prophecies were not just about future events but were specifically centered on the person of Jesus Christ. The Greek word for "spoke" (ἐλάλησεν, elalesen) suggests a proclamation or declaration, emphasizing the prophetic role of Isaiah as a mouthpiece for God. This underscores the belief that all Scripture ultimately points to Christ, as He is the culmination of God's redemptive plan. Isaiah's prophecies, therefore, are not just historical predictions but living words that reveal the character and mission of Jesus as the Savior of the world.

Nevertheless
This word serves as a transition, indicating a contrast or exception to what has been previously stated. In the context of John 12, it highlights the surprising reality that despite the widespread unbelief and rejection of Jesus, there were still those among the Jewish leaders who believed in Him. The Greek word "ὅμως" (homōs) underscores the persistence of faith even in adverse conditions, reminding us that God's truth can penetrate even the hardest of hearts.

many of the leaders
The term "leaders" refers to the Jewish authorities, likely members of the Sanhedrin or other influential figures within the religious community. Historically, these leaders were expected to uphold and protect Jewish traditions. Their belief in Jesus signifies a significant internal conflict, as they were torn between their positions of power and the truth they recognized in Christ. This phrase challenges us to consider the cost of discipleship and the courage required to follow Jesus, even when it contradicts societal or institutional expectations.

believed in Him
The Greek word for "believed" is "ἐπίστευσαν" (episteusan), derived from "πιστεύω" (pisteuō), meaning to have faith or trust. This belief was not merely intellectual assent but a deep-seated conviction about Jesus' identity and mission. In the Gospel of John, belief is a central theme, emphasizing a personal and transformative relationship with Christ. This phrase invites reflection on the nature of true belief, which goes beyond acknowledgment to a life-changing commitment.

but because of the Pharisees
The Pharisees were a prominent religious sect known for their strict adherence to the Law and traditions. Their influence was significant, and they often opposed Jesus, perceiving Him as a threat to their authority. The phrase highlights the social and religious pressure faced by those who believed in Jesus. It serves as a reminder of the challenges believers may encounter when their faith conflicts with established norms or authorities.

they did not confess Him
To "confess" in Greek is "ὡμολόγουν" (hōmologoun), meaning to declare openly or profess. The leaders' reluctance to confess Jesus publicly reveals the tension between private belief and public declaration. This phrase underscores the importance of openly acknowledging one's faith, as true belief naturally seeks expression. It challenges believers to consider the implications of their faith and the courage required to stand for Christ in the face of opposition.

for fear that they would be put out of the synagogue
Being "put out of the synagogue" was a form of excommunication, resulting in social and religious isolation. The synagogue was central to Jewish community life, and exclusion from it meant losing one's place in society. This fear reflects the significant cost associated with following Jesus, as believers risked losing their status, relationships, and community. The phrase calls us to examine what we value most and to prioritize our allegiance to Christ above all else, trusting in His provision and community.

for they loved
The Greek word used here is "ἠγάπησαν" (ēgapēsan), which is derived from "agapao," meaning to love in a social or moral sense. This word often implies a deep, committed love, suggesting that the individuals in question had a strong, perhaps misplaced, affection or preference. In the context of John 12:43, this love is directed towards something other than God, indicating a misalignment of priorities. Historically, this reflects the human tendency to prioritize worldly approval over divine approval, a theme prevalent throughout Scripture.

praise from men
The phrase "praise from men" is translated from the Greek "τὴν δόξαν τῶν ἀνθρώπων" (tēn doxan tōn anthrōpōn). "Doxa" means glory or honor, and in this context, it refers to the approval or commendation that comes from human beings. This phrase highlights the societal and cultural pressures that can lead individuals to seek validation from their peers rather than from God. In the historical context of the New Testament, religious leaders and individuals often sought public recognition and status, which could lead to compromising their faith and values.

more than
The Greek word "μᾶλλον" (mallon) is used here, meaning "more" or "rather." This comparative term indicates a preference or greater inclination towards one thing over another. In this verse, it underscores the choice being made between two sources of approval: human and divine. The use of "more than" suggests a conscious decision to prioritize one over the other, reflecting a common spiritual struggle.

praise from God
The phrase "praise from God" is translated from the Greek "τὴν δόξαν τοῦ Θεοῦ" (tēn doxan tou Theou). Here, "doxa" again refers to glory or honor, but this time it is associated with God. This phrase emphasizes the ultimate source of approval that believers should seek. In the biblical context, seeking God's praise involves living a life of faithfulness and obedience to His commandments. The contrast between human and divine praise serves as a reminder of the eternal significance of God's approval over temporary human accolades.

Then Jesus cried out
The phrase "cried out" is translated from the Greek word "ἐκράξεν" (ekraxen), which implies a loud, emphatic declaration. This is not a casual statement but a passionate proclamation. In the context of Jesus' ministry, this moment is significant as it underscores the urgency and importance of His message. Historically, Jesus often spoke to large crowds, and His crying out here indicates a deep desire for His audience to understand the gravity of His words. This is a pivotal moment where Jesus is making a public declaration about His divine mission and identity.

Whoever believes in Me
The word "believes" comes from the Greek "πιστεύων" (pisteuōn), which means to have faith or trust. In the conservative Christian perspective, belief is not merely intellectual assent but involves a deep, personal trust and reliance on Jesus. The phrase "in Me" emphasizes the object of this faith—Jesus Himself. This is a call to a personal relationship with Christ, which is central to Christian doctrine. The use of "whoever" indicates the universal offer of salvation, transcending cultural, ethnic, and social boundaries.

does not believe in Me alone
This phrase highlights the interconnectedness of belief in Jesus with belief in God the Father. Theologically, this underscores the unity of the Trinity. Jesus is not acting independently but is in perfect harmony with the Father. This is a profound statement about the nature of Jesus' mission and His divine authority. In the historical context of first-century Judaism, this would have been a radical claim, as it directly ties Jesus to the God of Israel.

but in the One who sent Me
The "One who sent Me" refers to God the Father. The Greek word for "sent" is "πέμψαντά" (pempsanta), which conveys the idea of being commissioned or dispatched with a purpose. This highlights the divine mission of Jesus as being sent by the Father to accomplish the work of salvation. In the scriptural context, this aligns with the numerous instances in the Gospel of John where Jesus speaks of being sent by the Father (e.g., John 3:17, 5:24). This phrase reinforces the divine authority and purpose behind Jesus' ministry, affirming His role as the Messiah and the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies.

And whoever
This phrase opens the verse with an inclusive invitation, emphasizing the universality of Jesus' message. The Greek word for "whoever" is "ὁ" (ho), which is often used to denote anyone or everyone. This indicates that the message of Jesus is not limited to a specific group but is available to all who are willing to see and believe. Historically, this inclusivity was radical, as it broke down barriers between Jews and Gentiles, offering salvation to all humanity.

sees Me
The act of seeing in this context goes beyond physical sight. The Greek word "θεωρέω" (theōreō) implies a deeper perception or understanding. It suggests an invitation to perceive Jesus not just as a man, but as the embodiment of divine truth and revelation. In the historical context of Jesus' ministry, many saw Him physically, but only those with spiritual insight recognized His true identity as the Messiah.

sees the One
This phrase refers to God the Father. The Greek word "ὁ" (ho) is used again here, emphasizing the direct connection between Jesus and God. In the Jewish tradition, God was often seen as distant and unapproachable. Jesus' statement here is revolutionary, as it presents God as accessible and knowable through Him. This aligns with the conservative Christian belief in the Trinity, where Jesus is fully God and fully man, revealing the Father to humanity.

who sent Me
The concept of being sent is crucial in understanding Jesus' mission. The Greek word "πέμπω" (pempō) means to send with a purpose or commission. This highlights the divine authority and intentionality behind Jesus' earthly ministry. In the historical context, prophets were often sent by God, but Jesus is unique as the Son sent to fulfill the ultimate plan of redemption. This underscores the conservative Christian view of Jesus as the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies and the mediator between God and man.

I have come
This phrase signifies the intentionality and purpose of Jesus' mission. The Greek verb "ἥκω" (hēkō) implies arrival with a purpose. Jesus' coming was not accidental or incidental; it was a divine mission planned from the foundation of the world. This reflects the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, such as Isaiah 9:2, which speaks of a great light coming to those in darkness.

into the world
The term "world" (Greek: κόσμος, kosmos) often refers to the fallen human system opposed to God. Jesus entering the world signifies His incarnation—God becoming flesh to dwell among us (John 1:14). This highlights the profound mystery of the Incarnation, where the divine intersects with the human to bring redemption.

as a light
Light (Greek: φῶς, phōs) is a powerful biblical metaphor for truth, holiness, and divine revelation. In the ancient world, light was essential for life and safety, dispelling darkness and chaos. Jesus as the light signifies His role in revealing God’s truth and providing spiritual illumination. This echoes the creation narrative where God’s first act was to create light (Genesis 1:3), symbolizing order and life.

so that no one
This phrase underscores the universality of Jesus' mission. The Greek "ἵνα" (hina) introduces a purpose clause, indicating that Jesus' coming as light is intended for all people. It reflects God’s desire for all to be saved and come to the knowledge of the truth (1 Timothy 2:4).

who believes in Me
Belief (Greek: πιστεύω, pisteuō) is more than intellectual assent; it involves trust and reliance on Jesus. In the biblical context, belief is a relational term, implying a commitment to follow and obey. This phrase emphasizes the necessity of faith in Christ for salvation, aligning with John 3:16.

should remain
The Greek word "μένω" (menō) means to stay or abide. It suggests a state of being or condition. Jesus' mission is to transform our state from darkness to light, from death to life. This transformation is not temporary but a permanent change in status for those who believe.

in darkness
Darkness (Greek: σκοτία, skotia) symbolizes ignorance, sin, and separation from God. In the biblical narrative, darkness is often associated with evil and judgment. Jesus’ mission is to rescue humanity from this state, offering a path to spiritual enlightenment and reconciliation with God. This reflects the Johannine theme of light versus darkness, where Jesus is the ultimate source of spiritual truth and life.

As for anyone who hears My words
The phrase "hears My words" emphasizes the act of listening to the teachings of Jesus. In the Greek, the word for "hears" is "ἀκούω" (akouo), which implies not just hearing but understanding and considering. This suggests an invitation to engage deeply with Jesus' message. Historically, Jesus spoke to diverse audiences, including those who were skeptical or hostile. The call to hear His words is a call to openness and receptivity, a theme that resonates throughout the Gospels.

and does not keep them
The phrase "does not keep them" refers to the failure to obey or adhere to Jesus' teachings. The Greek word "τηρέω" (tēreō) means to guard, observe, or keep. This implies a conscious decision to either follow or disregard His teachings. In a historical context, this reflects the reality of Jesus' ministry, where many heard His words but chose not to follow Him. The call to keep His words is a call to discipleship and commitment.

I do not judge him
Here, "I do not judge him" reflects Jesus' mission during His earthly ministry. The Greek word "κρίνω" (krinō) means to judge or condemn. Jesus emphasizes that His purpose is not to bring immediate judgment. This aligns with the broader scriptural narrative of Jesus as the Savior, not the judge, during His first coming. It highlights the grace and patience of God, offering time for repentance and faith.

For I have not come to judge the world
The phrase "I have not come to judge the world" reiterates Jesus' mission of salvation rather than condemnation. The term "world" (κόσμος, kosmos) refers to humanity in its fallen state. Jesus' first coming was characterized by a mission of mercy and redemption. This reflects the heart of the Gospel message, where Jesus offers salvation to all, regardless of their initial response to His words.

but to save the world
Finally, "but to save the world" encapsulates the purpose of Jesus' incarnation. The Greek word "σῴζω" (sōzō) means to save, deliver, or make whole. This salvation is comprehensive, addressing spiritual, physical, and eternal needs. Historically, this mission was fulfilled through Jesus' death and resurrection, providing a way for humanity to be reconciled with God. The phrase underscores the hope and promise of the Gospel, inviting all to receive the gift of salvation through faith in Christ.

There is a judge
The phrase "There is a judge" introduces the concept of divine judgment, a theme prevalent throughout Scripture. In the Greek, the word for "judge" is "κριτής" (kritēs), which refers to one who has the authority to make decisions and pass judgment. This highlights the certainty and inevitability of divine judgment. In a historical context, judges were respected figures who maintained order and justice, reflecting God's ultimate authority and righteousness.

for the one who rejects Me
The word "rejects" comes from the Greek "ἀθετέω" (atheteō), meaning to set aside or disregard. This rejection is not merely passive but an active decision to turn away from Christ. In the conservative Christian perspective, rejecting Christ is seen as a grave decision with eternal consequences. Historically, this rejection was evident in the religious leaders of Jesus' time, who refused to accept His messianic claims.

and does not receive My words
The phrase "does not receive" uses the Greek "λαμβάνω" (lambanō), which means to take hold of or accept. This implies a conscious choice to ignore or dismiss the teachings of Jesus. The "words" of Christ are not just mere sayings but are life-giving truths. In the scriptural context, receiving His words is equated with accepting the gospel and the path to salvation.

the word that I have spoken
Here, "the word" is "λόγος" (logos) in Greek, a term rich with meaning. It signifies not only spoken words but also the divine reason and creative order. In John’s Gospel, "logos" is used to describe Jesus Himself as the Word made flesh (John 1:14). Thus, the words Jesus speaks carry divine authority and power, underscoring their significance in the judgment.

will judge him
The future tense "will judge" indicates a definitive event yet to come. The Greek "κρίνω" (krinō) means to separate, distinguish, or decide. This judgment is not arbitrary but based on the response to Jesus' words. In a conservative Christian view, this emphasizes personal responsibility and the importance of aligning one's life with Christ's teachings.

on the last day
The "last day" refers to eschatological events, the culmination of history when final judgment occurs. In Greek, "ἡ ἐσχάτη ἡμέρα" (hē eschatē hēmera) points to the end times, a concept deeply rooted in Jewish apocalyptic literature and Christian eschatology. This day is characterized by the return of Christ and the final assessment of humanity. For believers, it is a day of hope and fulfillment, while for those who reject Christ, it is a day of reckoning.

For I have not spoken on My own, but the Father who sent Me has commanded Me what to say and how to say it
For I have not spoken on My own
This phrase emphasizes the divine authority and origin of Jesus' teachings. The Greek word for "spoken" is "laleō," which implies not just speaking but communicating a message. Jesus is asserting that His teachings are not self-derived but are divinely inspired. This reflects the consistent theme in the Gospel of John that Jesus is the Word made flesh (John 1:14), and His words are the words of God. Historically, this underscores the Jewish understanding of a prophet as one who speaks the words of God, not their own.

but the Father who sent Me
Here, Jesus identifies God the Father as the source of His mission and message. The Greek word for "sent" is "apostellō," which is the root of the word "apostle," meaning one who is sent with a commission. This highlights the divine mission of Jesus, sent by the Father to fulfill a specific purpose. In the historical context of the Jewish people, being sent by God was a mark of true prophetic authority, distinguishing Jesus from false prophets.

has commanded Me
The word "commanded" in Greek is "entellomai," which means to give orders or instructions. This indicates that Jesus' teachings are not suggestions but divine mandates. This reflects the authority of God in the life and ministry of Jesus, showing that His words carry the weight of divine law. In the scriptural context, this aligns with the Old Testament prophets who received direct commands from God, reinforcing Jesus' role as the ultimate prophet.

what to say and how to say it
This phrase underscores the precision and intentionality of Jesus' message. The Greek words "ti eipō" (what to say) and "ti lalēsō" (how to say it) suggest that both the content and the manner of Jesus' speech are divinely guided. This highlights the perfect obedience of Jesus to the Father's will, a central theme in the Gospel of John. It also reflects the belief that every word of Jesus is purposeful and authoritative, providing a model for Christian communication that is both truthful and loving.

I know
The phrase "I know" reflects the Greek word "οἶδα" (oida), which implies a deep, intuitive knowledge. This is not mere intellectual understanding but a profound certainty. Jesus, being one with the Father, possesses an intimate awareness of divine truths. This knowledge is not speculative but assured, emphasizing the divine authority and reliability of His teachings. In a conservative Christian perspective, this underscores the trustworthiness of Jesus' words as the ultimate revelation of God's will.

that His command
The term "command" comes from the Greek "ἐντολή" (entolē), which signifies an authoritative order or directive. In the context of Jesus' ministry, it refers to the divine instructions given by God the Father. This highlights the unity and harmony between the Father and the Son, as Jesus faithfully communicates the Father's will. Historically, commands from God were seen as life-giving and protective, guiding believers in righteousness.

leads to eternal life
"Eternal life" in Greek is "ζωὴ αἰώνιος" (zōē aiōnios), denoting not just unending existence but a quality of life that is rich, full, and in communion with God. This life begins now and extends into eternity. The conservative Christian view emphasizes that eternal life is a gift from God, accessed through faith in Jesus Christ. The command of God, as revealed by Jesus, is the pathway to this abundant life, contrasting with the temporal and fleeting nature of earthly pursuits.

So I speak
The phrase "I speak" is derived from the Greek "λαλέω" (laleō), which means to utter or proclaim. Jesus' speaking is not random or self-originated; it is purposeful and divinely inspired. This reflects the prophetic tradition where God's messengers spoke His words to the people. Jesus, as the ultimate prophet, priest, and king, speaks with authority, delivering the message of salvation and truth.

exactly what the Father has told Me to say
The precision in "exactly" underscores the faithfulness and obedience of Jesus to the Father's will. The Greek "καθώς" (kathōs) implies conformity and exactness. Jesus' mission was to reveal the Father, and He did so without deviation. This phrase highlights the perfect unity and submission within the Trinity, serving as a model for believers to seek alignment with God's will. In a conservative Christian context, it affirms the inerrancy and divine origin of Jesus' teachings, encouraging believers to adhere closely to the Word of God as revealed in Scripture.