This is what the LORD says
This phrase introduces a divine proclamation, emphasizing the authority and sovereignty of God. The Hebrew term for "LORD" here is "YHWH," the sacred and personal name of God, often rendered as Yahweh. This name signifies God's eternal existence and His covenant relationship with Israel. The phrase sets the tone for a message that is not merely prophetic but carries the weight of divine authority.

Heaven is My throne
The imagery of heaven as God's throne underscores His majesty and supreme authority over all creation. In Hebrew, "heaven" is "shamayim," which often denotes the sky or the abode of God. The concept of a throne signifies rulership and judgment, reminding believers of God's omnipotence and His rightful place as the King of Kings. This phrase invites reflection on the transcendence of God, who is not confined to earthly realms.

and the earth is My footstool
The earth being described as God's footstool conveys His dominion over the physical world. The Hebrew word for "earth" is "erets," which can mean land or the entire world. A footstool, in ancient Near Eastern culture, was a symbol of subjugation and authority. This imagery highlights the vastness of God's reign and the humility with which humanity should approach Him, recognizing that all creation is under His feet.

What kind of house will you build for Me
This rhetorical question challenges human attempts to contain or limit God within physical structures. The Hebrew word for "house" is "bayit," which can refer to a dwelling or temple. Historically, this reflects the context of the Israelites who built the Temple in Jerusalem. However, God is emphasizing that no earthly structure can encapsulate His glory. It calls believers to consider the true nature of worship, which transcends physical buildings and is rooted in spirit and truth.

or where will My place of repose be?
The phrase "place of repose" suggests a resting place or dwelling. In Hebrew, "repose" is "menuchah," which implies rest or tranquility. This question further illustrates the futility of confining God to a specific location. It points to the deeper truth that God's presence is not limited to temples made by human hands but is found wherever His people honor Him with sincere hearts. This invites believers to seek a personal relationship with God, understanding that He desires to dwell within us, making our hearts His true sanctuary.

Has not My hand made all these things
This phrase emphasizes God's sovereignty and creative power. The Hebrew word for "hand" (יָד, yad) often symbolizes power and authority. In the context of creation, it underscores that everything in the universe is a product of God's intentional design. This echoes Genesis 1, where God speaks the world into existence, affirming His role as the ultimate Creator. Historically, this would remind the Israelites of their unique relationship with God, who not only formed the world but also chose them as His people. It calls believers to recognize God's omnipotence and to respond with humility and reverence.

and so they came into being
The phrase "came into being" reflects the Hebrew verb הָיָה (hayah), which means "to become" or "to exist." This verb is foundational in the Hebrew Bible, appearing in the creation narrative of Genesis. It signifies the transition from non-existence to existence, highlighting God's ability to bring forth life and matter from nothingness. This creative act is not just a past event but a continuous reality, as God sustains all things. For the believer, it is a reminder of God's ongoing involvement in the world and in their personal lives, encouraging trust in His providential care.

declares the LORD
The use of "declares" (נְאֻם, ne'um) is a prophetic term that conveys authority and certainty. It is often used in the context of divine revelation, indicating that what follows is a direct message from God. The name "LORD" (יהוה, Yahweh) is the covenant name of God, emphasizing His eternal, self-existent nature and His faithfulness to His promises. This declaration is not merely informative but demands a response from the hearer. It calls for acknowledgment of God's supreme authority and a commitment to live in accordance with His will.

This is the one I will esteem
The word "esteem" (נָבַט, nabat) means to regard with favor or to look upon with approval. In a world where human achievements often dictate worth, this divine perspective shifts the focus to what God values. The historical context of Israel, with its emphasis on external religious practices, contrasts with God's desire for genuine devotion. This esteem is not based on status or accomplishments but on the heart's posture towards God. It challenges believers to seek God's approval above all, aligning their lives with His values and purposes.

he who is humble and contrite in spirit
The terms "humble" (עָנָו, anav) and "contrite" (נְכֵה, nakeh) describe an attitude of lowliness and repentance. "Humble" refers to a modest view of oneself, recognizing one's dependence on God. "Contrite" implies a brokenness over sin and a sincere desire for forgiveness. In the biblical narrative, these qualities are exemplified by figures like King David, who, despite his failures, sought God's mercy with a repentant heart. This phrase calls believers to cultivate a spirit of humility and repentance, acknowledging their need for God's grace and aligning themselves with His righteousness.

and who trembles at My word
To "tremble" (חָרֵד, chared) at God's word signifies a deep reverence and awe for His commands. It reflects an understanding of the weight and authority of Scripture, leading to obedience and worship. Historically, this reverence was central to Israel's identity, as they were entrusted with God's law. For contemporary believers, it underscores the importance of Scripture as the foundation for faith and practice. This trembling is not fear in a negative sense but a profound respect that compels one to live in accordance with God's revealed truth, fostering a life of holiness and devotion.

Whoever slaughters an ox
In ancient Israel, the slaughtering of an ox was a significant act of worship and sacrifice, symbolizing atonement and dedication to God. The Hebrew root for "slaughters" (שָׁחַט, shachat) implies a ritualistic killing, often associated with temple sacrifices. However, in this context, the act is compared to murder, indicating that the ritual has become meaningless due to the heart condition of the worshiper. This highlights the importance of sincerity and righteousness over mere ritualistic observance.

is like one who kills a man
This phrase starkly contrasts the intended holiness of sacrifice with the sin of murder. The Hebrew word for "kills" (נָכָה, nakah) suggests a violent act, emphasizing the gravity of the comparison. It serves as a powerful reminder that God values the heart's intent over external actions. The comparison underscores the theme that without genuine repentance and faith, religious acts are as abhorrent as grave sins.

whoever sacrifices a lamb
Sacrificing a lamb was a common practice in the Jewish sacrificial system, symbolizing innocence and purity. The Hebrew term for "sacrifices" (זָבַח, zabach) denotes an offering meant to honor God. Yet, when performed without true devotion, it becomes as detestable as breaking a dog's neck, an act considered unclean and unacceptable in Jewish law. This illustrates the futility of empty rituals devoid of heartfelt worship.

is like one who breaks a dog’s neck
Dogs were viewed as unclean animals in ancient Israel, and breaking a dog's neck would be an act of desecration. The Hebrew word for "breaks" (עָרַף, araph) implies a violent, disrespectful act. This comparison highlights the spiritual corruption of those who engage in religious practices without genuine faith, equating their offerings with acts of impurity and disrespect.

whoever presents a grain offering
The grain offering, or "minchah" (מִנְחָה), was a tribute to God, symbolizing gratitude and dependence on Him. However, when presented insincerely, it is likened to offering pig's blood, an abomination in Jewish culture. This stark contrast serves as a warning that God desires offerings from a pure heart, not mere formalities.

is like one who offers pig’s blood
Pigs were considered unclean animals, and offering their blood would be a severe violation of Jewish law. The Hebrew word for "offers" (מַקְרִיב, makriv) suggests a deliberate act of worship, yet here it is twisted into something detestable. This comparison underscores the theme that God rejects worship that is not rooted in true devotion and obedience.

whoever offers frankincense
Frankincense was a valuable and fragrant offering, symbolizing prayer and worship. The Hebrew term for "offers" (מַקְטִיר, maktir) indicates a burning or incense offering. Yet, when offered insincerely, it is equated with blessing an idol, highlighting the emptiness of worship without true allegiance to God.

is like one who blesses an idol
Idolatry was a grave sin in Israel, representing a direct violation of the first commandment. The Hebrew word for "blesses" (בָּרַךְ, barach) typically conveys a positive action, yet here it is twisted into an act of spiritual adultery. This comparison serves as a stark warning against the dangers of idolatry and the importance of exclusive devotion to God.

Indeed, they have chosen their own ways
This phrase emphasizes human agency and the deliberate choice to follow paths contrary to God's will. The Hebrew word for "chosen" (בָּחַר, bachar) implies a conscious decision, highlighting the accountability of those who reject God's ways. It serves as a reminder of the consequences of prioritizing personal desires over divine commands.

and their soul delights in their abominations
The Hebrew word for "delights" (חָפֵץ, chaphets) suggests a deep-seated pleasure or desire. This phrase indicates a willful embrace of sinful practices, described as "abominations" (תּוֹעֵבָה, to'evah), which are detestable to God. It underscores the theme of spiritual corruption and the need for genuine repentance and transformation.

so I will choose their punishments
The phrase "I will choose" indicates God's sovereign authority and active role in determining the consequences for disobedience. The Hebrew root for "choose" is "בָּחַר" (bachar), which implies a deliberate and discerning selection. This reflects God's justice and omniscience, as He knows precisely what is fitting for each situation. The term "punishments" suggests a corrective measure, not merely retribution, aligning with the biblical theme of God as a just judge who disciplines those He loves (Hebrews 12:6).

and I will bring upon them what they dread
The word "bring" comes from the Hebrew "בּוֹא" (bo), meaning to cause to come or to lead. This indicates God's active involvement in the unfolding of events. "What they dread" highlights the psychological and spiritual consequences of turning away from God. Historically, this could refer to the fears of invasion, exile, or divine abandonment that Israel faced. It serves as a reminder of the natural consequences of sin and the fear that accompanies separation from God.

Because I called, and no one answered
The act of calling signifies God's initiative in reaching out to His people, a theme prevalent throughout Scripture. The Hebrew "קָרָא" (qara) means to call out or proclaim, emphasizing God's desire for relationship and communication. The lack of response ("no one answered") underscores human stubbornness and spiritual deafness, reminiscent of the parable of the wedding banquet in Matthew 22, where many are invited, but few respond.

I spoke, and they did not listen
"Spoke" is derived from the Hebrew "דָּבַר" (dabar), which conveys the power and authority of God's word. The failure to listen ("שָׁמַע" - shama) is a recurring theme in the prophetic books, symbolizing Israel's persistent disobedience. Listening in the biblical sense involves obedience and action, not just hearing. This phrase highlights the tragic disconnect between God's revelation and human response.

but they did evil in My sight
"Evil" in Hebrew is "רַע" (ra), which encompasses moral wickedness and rebellion against God's commandments. "In My sight" indicates that nothing is hidden from God, who sees all actions and intentions. This phrase serves as a sobering reminder of God's omnipresence and the moral accountability of His people. It echoes the biblical truth that sin is ultimately an offense against God (Psalm 51:4).

and chose that in which I did not delight
The word "chose" again uses the Hebrew "בָּחַר" (bachar), emphasizing the deliberate nature of their rebellion. "In which I did not delight" reflects God's holy standards and His desire for His people to pursue righteousness. The Hebrew "חָפֵץ" (chaphets) for "delight" suggests pleasure or favor, indicating that their actions were contrary to God's will and character. This phrase calls believers to align their choices with God's desires, seeking to please Him in all things (Colossians 1:10).

Hear the word of the LORD
This phrase calls the audience to attention, emphasizing the authority and divine origin of the message. The Hebrew word for "hear" is "שְׁמַע" (shema), which implies not just listening but also obeying. This is a call to action, urging the faithful to heed God's commands. The "word of the LORD" signifies a direct communication from God, underscoring its importance and truth. In the context of Isaiah, this is a prophetic declaration, demanding reverence and response.

you who tremble at His word
The phrase "tremble at His word" refers to those who have a deep reverence and awe for God's commands. The Hebrew root "חָרֵד" (chared) conveys a sense of fear and respect, indicating a heart that is sensitive to God's will. This trembling is not out of terror but out of a profound respect and recognition of God's holiness and authority. Historically, this reflects the faithful remnant in Israel who remained devoted to God despite widespread apostasy.

Your brothers who hate you
This phrase highlights the division between those who are faithful to God and those who oppose them. "Your brothers" indicates that the opposition comes from within the community, possibly fellow Israelites who have turned away from God's commands. The use of "hate" suggests a deep-seated animosity, reflecting the tension and persecution faced by the faithful. This internal conflict is a recurring theme in the prophetic books, where true followers often face hostility from their own people.

and exclude you because of My name
Here, the faithful are being ostracized "because of My name," meaning their allegiance to God is the cause of their exclusion. The phrase "My name" represents God's character and authority. In the biblical context, bearing God's name implies living according to His statutes and being identified with Him. This exclusion is a form of persecution, where the righteous are marginalized for their commitment to God, a situation that resonates with the experiences of early Christians and remains relevant for believers today.

have said, 'Let the LORD be glorified
This ironic statement is made by those who persecute the faithful. They mockingly suggest that the LORD should be glorified, not out of genuine worship, but as a way to justify their actions. The phrase "Let the LORD be glorified" is used sarcastically, highlighting the hypocrisy of those who claim to honor God while opposing His true followers. This reflects a superficial religiosity that lacks true understanding and reverence for God.

that we may see your joy!'
The persecutors express a desire to see the joy of the faithful, again in a mocking tone. This phrase underscores their disbelief and scorn, as they do not expect the faithful to experience joy amidst persecution. However, for the true believer, joy is found in obedience to God and the hope of His promises, regardless of external circumstances. This joy is a testament to the strength and resilience of faith.

But they will be put to shame
The final phrase offers a promise of vindication for the faithful. The word "shame" in Hebrew is "בּוֹשׁ" (bosh), indicating disgrace and humiliation. This is a prophetic assurance that those who oppose God's people will ultimately face judgment and dishonor. In the biblical narrative, God's justice prevails, and the faithful are rewarded while the wicked are held accountable. This serves as an encouragement to remain steadfast in faith, trusting in God's ultimate justice and righteousness.

A voice of uproar from the city
The phrase "A voice of uproar from the city" suggests a tumultuous sound emanating from Jerusalem, the city of God. In Hebrew, the word for "uproar" is "שָׁאוֹן" (sha'on), which can denote a loud noise or tumult. This imagery evokes a scene of divine intervention or judgment, as the city is often a focal point for God's dealings with His people. Historically, Jerusalem has been the center of religious and political activity, and this uproar could symbolize the clamor of God's justice being executed.

a voice from the temple
The "voice from the temple" signifies a divine proclamation or action originating from the sacred space where God dwells among His people. The Hebrew word for "temple" is "הֵיכָל" (heikal), which refers to the holy sanctuary. This indicates that the message or action is not merely human but has divine authority. The temple, being the heart of Jewish worship and sacrifice, underscores the seriousness and sanctity of the message being conveyed.

the voice of the LORD
Here, "the voice of the LORD" is a direct reference to God's own voice, emphasizing His active presence and authority. In Hebrew, "LORD" is "יְהוָה" (YHWH), the sacred name of God, which denotes His eternal and unchanging nature. This phrase assures the reader that what follows is a direct act of God, reinforcing His sovereignty and the certainty of His promises and judgments.

dealing retribution to His enemies
The phrase "dealing retribution to His enemies" speaks of God's justice being meted out against those who oppose Him. The Hebrew root for "retribution" is "שִׁלּוּם" (shillum), which conveys the idea of recompense or repayment. This reflects the biblical principle that God is just and will ultimately vindicate His holiness by punishing wickedness. The historical context of Israel's enemies often being instruments of God's discipline, yet also facing His judgment, is a reminder of God's ultimate control over all nations and His commitment to righteousness.

Before she was in labor
This phrase introduces a miraculous event, emphasizing the ease and swiftness of the birth. In the Hebrew context, the word for "labor" (חֵבֶל, chevel) often denotes pain or travail associated with childbirth. Historically, labor is a process filled with struggle and anticipation. Here, however, the absence of labor signifies divine intervention, suggesting that God's plans can come to fruition without the expected human struggle. This can be seen as a metaphor for the sudden and effortless establishment of God's kingdom.

she gave birth
The act of giving birth without labor underscores the supernatural nature of the event. In the Hebrew tradition, birth is a powerful symbol of new beginnings and hope. The phrase suggests that what is being birthed is not only new but also divinely ordained and protected. This can be interpreted as the birth of a new era or the fulfillment of God's promises to His people, highlighting the theme of redemption and restoration.

before she was in pain
The repetition of the concept of painlessness reinforces the miraculous nature of the event. Pain in childbirth is a consequence of the Fall (Genesis 3:16), and its absence here suggests a reversal of the curse, pointing to a time of restoration and blessing. This phrase invites believers to anticipate a future where God's promises are realized without the suffering that often accompanies human endeavors.

she delivered a boy
The birth of a boy is significant in the biblical context, as sons were often seen as carriers of the family lineage and inheritors of the covenant promises. The mention of a "boy" can symbolize strength, continuity, and the fulfillment of God's covenant with His people. In a prophetic sense, this could also be seen as a reference to the coming of the Messiah, who is often depicted as a male child in prophetic literature, bringing salvation and hope to the world.

Who has ever heard of such a thing?
This phrase introduces a sense of wonder and amazement. In the Hebrew text, the word "heard" (שָׁמַע, shama) implies not just the act of hearing but also understanding and heeding. The rhetorical question emphasizes the unprecedented nature of what is about to be described. Historically, this sets the stage for a miraculous event, something beyond human experience or expectation, inviting the reader to consider the divine power and sovereignty of God.

Who has ever seen such things?
The word "seen" (רָאָה, ra'ah) in Hebrew suggests not only physical sight but also perception and insight. This phrase reinforces the extraordinary nature of the event, calling attention to the fact that it is beyond the realm of normal human experience. It challenges the reader to recognize the hand of God in the unfolding of history, encouraging faith in His ability to accomplish the impossible.

Can a country be born in a day or a nation be delivered in an instant?
The imagery of a country or nation being born in a day is a powerful metaphor for sudden and miraculous transformation. The Hebrew word for "born" (יָלַד, yalad) typically refers to the natural process of childbirth, yet here it is used to describe a supernatural event. The phrase "delivered in an instant" underscores the immediacy and divine intervention involved. Historically, this can be seen as a prophetic reference to the restoration of Israel, a theme that resonates deeply within the conservative Christian perspective, highlighting God's faithfulness to His promises.

Yet as soon as Zion was in labor, she gave birth to her children
"Zion" is a term rich with historical and theological significance, often representing the city of Jerusalem or the people of Israel. The imagery of labor and childbirth is used to convey the idea of struggle followed by joy and fulfillment. The Hebrew word for "labor" (חָבַל, chaval) suggests both pain and anticipation. The phrase "gave birth to her children" signifies the fulfillment of God's promises and the realization of His plans. In a conservative Christian context, this can be seen as a foreshadowing of the ultimate redemption and restoration through Christ, encouraging believers to trust in God's perfect timing and sovereign will.

Shall I bring a baby to the point of birth
This phrase begins with a rhetorical question posed by God, emphasizing His sovereignty and control over creation and life. The imagery of childbirth is powerful, symbolizing the culmination of a process that God Himself initiates and oversees. In Hebrew, the word for "bring" (אָבִיא, avi) suggests a deliberate action, indicating God's intentional involvement in the unfolding of His plans. Historically, childbirth was a significant event, often fraught with danger and uncertainty, yet here it is used to illustrate God's assurance and faithfulness in bringing His purposes to completion.

and not deliver it?
The continuation of the rhetorical question underscores God's faithfulness. The Hebrew root for "deliver" (יָלַד, yalad) is often used in the context of childbirth, but it also conveys the idea of bringing forth or completing something. This reflects God's promise to not abandon His people or His plans midway. In the broader scriptural context, this assurance is a reminder of God's unchanging nature and His commitment to fulfill His promises, as seen throughout the history of Israel and the unfolding narrative of redemption.

Or would I who delivers
Here, God identifies Himself as the one who delivers, reinforcing His role as the ultimate source of salvation and fulfillment. The repetition of the concept of delivery highlights the certainty and reliability of God's actions. In the Hebrew context, this is a profound declaration of God's omnipotence and His ability to bring about what He has promised. It serves as a reassurance to the faithful that God is both the initiator and the completer of His divine purposes.

shut the womb?
The imagery of shutting the womb signifies the cessation of life or the prevention of fulfillment. In ancient times, a closed womb was often seen as a sign of divine disfavor or judgment. However, in this context, the rhetorical question implies the impossibility of such an action by God. It emphasizes that God, who begins a good work, will see it through to completion. This phrase serves as a powerful reminder of God's unwavering commitment to His people and His plans, echoing the broader biblical theme of God's faithfulness and the assurance of His promises.

says your God
The closing phrase personalizes the message, reminding the audience of their relationship with God. The possessive "your" indicates a covenantal bond, emphasizing that the promises and assurances given are not abstract but are directed towards His chosen people. In the Hebrew tradition, the declaration "says your God" carries the weight of divine authority and certainty. It reassures the faithful of their unique relationship with God, who is both their Creator and Sustainer, and who will unfailingly bring His purposes to fruition. This serves as an encouragement to trust in God's timing and His perfect plan.

Rejoice with Jerusalem
The call to "rejoice" is an invitation to express joy and gladness. In Hebrew, the word used here is "שִׂמְחוּ" (simchu), which conveys a deep, exuberant joy. This joy is not just personal but communal, as it is shared "with Jerusalem." Jerusalem, the city of peace, holds a central place in biblical history as the spiritual and political heart of Israel. It is the city where God chose to place His name and where the temple stood, symbolizing God's presence among His people. The call to rejoice with Jerusalem is a prophetic vision of restoration and fulfillment of God's promises, encouraging believers to find joy in God's redemptive work.

and be glad for her
The phrase "be glad" translates from the Hebrew "גִּילוּ" (gilu), which suggests a deep-seated happiness and delight. This gladness is directed "for her," referring to Jerusalem. Historically, Jerusalem has been a city of great significance, often facing destruction and restoration. The gladness here is tied to the prophetic hope of Jerusalem's future glory and peace, a time when God's promises to His people will be fully realized. This gladness is not just for the physical city but for what it represents—the fulfillment of God's covenant and the ultimate redemption of His people.

all you who love her
The phrase "all you who love her" speaks to those who have a deep affection and commitment to Jerusalem. The Hebrew word for "love" here is "אֹהֲבֶיהָ" (oheveha), indicating a loyal and devoted love. This love is not merely emotional but is rooted in a covenantal relationship with God and His chosen city. Those who love Jerusalem are those who align themselves with God's purposes and promises, eagerly anticipating the city's restoration and the peace it symbolizes.

Rejoice greatly with her
The repetition of "rejoice" with the addition of "greatly" emphasizes the intensity and magnitude of the joy being called for. The Hebrew "שִׂישׂוּ" (sisu) suggests an overwhelming, exuberant joy. This joy is not just a personal experience but is shared "with her," indicating a communal celebration. The prophetic vision here is one of abundant joy as God's promises to Jerusalem are fulfilled, reflecting the ultimate victory and peace that God will bring to His people.

all you who mourn over her
The phrase "all you who mourn over her" acknowledges those who have grieved for Jerusalem. The Hebrew word "אָבְלִים" (avelim) refers to those who lament and sorrow. Historically, Jerusalem has been a city of both triumph and tragedy, often facing destruction and exile. Those who mourn are those who have felt the weight of Jerusalem's suffering and long for its restoration. This mourning is not without hope, as it anticipates the time when God will comfort and restore Jerusalem, turning mourning into joy. The call to rejoice is a promise that God will bring about a new era of peace and fulfillment for His people.

so that you may nurse
The imagery of nursing is deeply maternal and nurturing, symbolizing the intimate and sustaining relationship between God and His people. In Hebrew, the word for "nurse" is "יָנַק" (yanaq), which conveys the idea of drawing sustenance and life. This reflects the tender care and provision God offers, akin to a mother providing for her child. Historically, this metaphor would resonate with the Israelites, who understood the vital role of a mother in the survival and growth of a child. Spiritually, it emphasizes the necessity of relying on God for spiritual nourishment and growth.

and be satisfied
The Hebrew word for "satisfied" is "שָׂבַע" (saba), which means to be filled or to have enough. This satisfaction is not merely physical but deeply spiritual, indicating a state of contentment and fulfillment that comes from God alone. In the context of Isaiah, this satisfaction is a promise of the abundance and peace that God will provide to His people. It is a reassurance that in God's presence, there is no lack, and His provision is complete and perfect.

with her comforting breasts
The phrase "comforting breasts" uses the Hebrew word "תַּנְחוּמִים" (tanchumim), which means comfort or consolation. This imagery reinforces the idea of God as a comforting and nurturing presence. In ancient Near Eastern culture, the breast was a symbol of nourishment and life, and here it represents the comfort and sustenance that God provides. This metaphor highlights the compassionate and tender nature of God's care for His people, offering solace and strength in times of need.

you may drink deeply
The concept of drinking deeply, from the Hebrew "מָצוֹץ" (matsots), suggests an abundant and satisfying experience. It implies not just a mere taste but a full and rich participation in what is offered. This phrase invites believers to fully partake in the blessings and grace of God, to immerse themselves in His love and provision. It is an encouragement to seek God wholeheartedly and to find refreshment and renewal in His presence.

and delight yourselves
The Hebrew word "עָנַג" (anag) means to take exquisite delight or pleasure. This phrase suggests a profound joy and satisfaction that comes from being in a right relationship with God. It is an invitation to find true happiness and contentment in Him, beyond the fleeting pleasures of the world. Historically, this would remind the Israelites of the joy found in worship and obedience to God, and it calls believers today to find their ultimate delight in the Lord.

in her glorious abundance
The word "glorious" in Hebrew is "כָּבוֹד" (kavod), which denotes weightiness, honor, and splendor. "Abundance" is "זִיו" (ziv), meaning brightness or radiance. Together, they paint a picture of the overwhelming and magnificent blessings that God bestows upon His people. This abundance is not just material but spiritual, reflecting the richness of life found in God. It is a promise of the fullness of life that comes from living in harmony with God's will and experiencing His glory. This phrase reassures believers of the bountiful and radiant life that awaits those who trust in the Lord.

For this is what the LORD says
This phrase introduces a divine proclamation, emphasizing the authority and sovereignty of God. In Hebrew, "LORD" is "YHWH," the sacred name of God, which underscores His eternal and unchanging nature. This introduction sets the stage for a message of hope and restoration, reminding the reader that the words to follow are not mere human promises but divine assurances.

I will extend peace to her like a river
The imagery of peace flowing like a river suggests abundance, continuity, and life-giving sustenance. In Hebrew, "peace" is "shalom," which encompasses not just the absence of conflict but a holistic sense of well-being and harmony. Rivers in the ancient Near East were vital for survival, symbolizing prosperity and divine blessing. This promise indicates a future where Jerusalem will experience God's comprehensive peace.

and the wealth of nations like a flowing stream
Here, "wealth of nations" refers to the resources and treasures of the Gentiles being brought to Jerusalem. The phrase "flowing stream" suggests a steady and unending supply. Historically, this reflects the eschatological vision where nations recognize the God of Israel and contribute to His kingdom. It signifies the reversal of fortunes and the elevation of God's people.

you will nurse and be carried on her arm and bounced upon her knees
This tender imagery portrays Jerusalem as a nurturing mother. "Nurse" implies sustenance and care, while being "carried on her arm" and "bounced upon her knees" suggests protection, affection, and joy. In the cultural context, these actions reflect the intimate bond between a mother and child, symbolizing God's comforting and sustaining presence with His people. This metaphor reassures the faithful of God's nurturing love and the joy of being in His care.

As a mother comforts her son
This phrase draws a vivid and tender image of maternal care and compassion. The Hebrew word for "mother" here is "אֵם" (em), which signifies not just a biological relationship but an intimate, nurturing bond. In ancient Israelite culture, the mother was often the primary caregiver, embodying warmth, protection, and unconditional love. This imagery is powerful, as it conveys God's deep, personal, and nurturing love for His people. The comparison to a mother's comfort suggests a profound, instinctual care that is both gentle and strong, reflecting God's desire to provide solace and reassurance to His children.

so will I comfort you
The promise of divine comfort is central to this passage. The Hebrew word for "comfort" is "נָחַם" (nacham), which means to console, to ease grief, or to bring relief. This word is often used in the context of God's compassion and mercy throughout the Old Testament. Here, God Himself is the source of comfort, emphasizing His active role in the lives of His people. This assurance is not just a passive presence but an active engagement in alleviating distress and providing peace. It reflects God's commitment to His covenant relationship with Israel, offering hope and restoration.

and you will be comforted in Jerusalem
Jerusalem holds significant historical and spiritual importance as the center of Jewish worship and the location of the Temple. The mention of Jerusalem here is symbolic of God's promise to restore and bless His people in their homeland. The city represents not only a physical place but also a spiritual state of being in God's presence. The future tense "will be comforted" indicates a prophetic promise, pointing to a time of renewal and peace. This assurance would have been particularly meaningful to the Israelites, who faced exile and hardship, reminding them of God's faithfulness and the hope of eventual restoration and joy in their sacred city.

When you see this
This phrase invites the reader to anticipate a future event or revelation. In the Hebrew text, the word for "see" is "רָאָה" (ra'ah), which implies not just physical sight but also understanding and perception. This suggests that the event to be witnessed will be both visible and spiritually significant. Historically, the context of Isaiah speaks to the restoration and redemption of Israel, a theme that resonates with the hope of divine intervention and fulfillment of God's promises.

your heart will rejoice
The Hebrew word for "heart" is "לֵב" (lev), which in biblical terms often refers to the center of one's being, encompassing mind, will, and emotions. The promise of rejoicing indicates a profound transformation and renewal. This joy is not superficial but deeply rooted in the fulfillment of God's covenant. In a conservative Christian perspective, this joy is seen as a foretaste of the ultimate joy found in Christ's return and the establishment of His kingdom.

and you will flourish like grass
The imagery of flourishing like grass conveys growth, vitality, and renewal. The Hebrew word "פָּרַח" (parach) means to sprout or bloom, suggesting a fresh start and abundant life. Grass, in the ancient Near Eastern context, symbolizes both the transience of life and the potential for renewal. This flourishing is a metaphor for spiritual revival and prosperity, reflecting God's blessing and favor upon His people.

The hand of the LORD will be made known to His servants
The "hand of the LORD" is a powerful biblical metaphor for God's action and intervention. In Hebrew, "יָד" (yad) signifies strength and authority. This phrase assures believers of God's active presence and guidance. Historically, God's hand was evident in the deliverance of Israel from Egypt and other acts of salvation. For Christians, this is a reminder of God's sovereignty and faithfulness, manifest in both the Old and New Testaments.

but His fury will be shown to His foes
The contrast between God's favor to His servants and His fury towards His foes underscores the dual aspects of divine justice. The Hebrew word for "fury" is "זַעַם" (za'am), indicating intense anger and judgment. This serves as a warning of the consequences of opposing God. In a conservative Christian view, this reflects the ultimate judgment that awaits those who reject God's grace, emphasizing the importance of repentance and faith in Christ.

For behold, the LORD will come with fire
The phrase "For behold" serves as a call to attention, urging the reader to focus on the significant revelation that follows. The Hebrew word used here is "הִנֵּה" (hinneh), which often introduces a divine action or announcement. The phrase "the LORD will come with fire" evokes imagery of divine judgment and purification. In the Hebrew Bible, fire is frequently associated with God's presence and His purifying power (e.g., Exodus 3:2, Malachi 3:2-3). This imagery underscores the seriousness of God's impending judgment and His ability to cleanse and refine.

and His chariots are like a whirlwind
The "chariots" symbolize the swift and unstoppable nature of God's judgment. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, chariots were a powerful military asset, representing strength and speed. The comparison to a "whirlwind" (Hebrew: "סוּפָה," suphah) further emphasizes the overwhelming and uncontrollable force of God's coming. This imagery is consistent with other biblical passages where God’s presence is likened to a storm or whirlwind (e.g., Job 38:1, Nahum 1:3), highlighting His sovereignty and power over creation.

to execute His anger with fury
The phrase "to execute His anger" indicates a deliberate and purposeful action by God. The Hebrew word for "anger" is "אַף" (aph), which can also mean "nostril" or "face," suggesting the intensity of God's wrath. "With fury" (Hebrew: "בְּחֵמָה," b'chemah) conveys a sense of passionate indignation. This reflects the biblical theme of God's righteous anger against sin and injustice, emphasizing that His judgment is not arbitrary but a response to human rebellion and wickedness.

and His rebuke with flames of fire
"His rebuke" (Hebrew: "גַּעֲרָה," ga'arah) implies a verbal reprimand or correction. In the context of divine judgment, it signifies God's authoritative condemnation of sin. The "flames of fire" reinforce the purifying and consuming nature of God's judgment. Fire, in biblical symbolism, often represents both destruction and purification (e.g., 1 Corinthians 3:13, Hebrews 12:29). This dual aspect highlights the hope of redemption and renewal for those who turn to God, even as it warns of destruction for the unrepentant.

For by fire
The use of "fire" in this context is significant, as it often symbolizes God's presence, judgment, and purification throughout the Bible. In Hebrew, the word for fire is "אֵשׁ" (esh), which is frequently associated with divine judgment and the refining process. Fire represents God's holiness and His ability to purify and cleanse. In the context of Isaiah, it underscores the seriousness of God's judgment against sin and rebellion.

and by His sword
The "sword" is a metaphor for the Word of God and His power to execute judgment. In Hebrew, "חֶרֶב" (chereb) is used, which can denote a literal weapon or symbolize divine judgment. The sword signifies the authority and decisiveness of God's actions. It is a reminder of the power of God's Word, as seen in Hebrews 4:12, where the Word is described as sharper than any two-edged sword.

the LORD will execute judgment
This phrase emphasizes God's role as the ultimate judge. The Hebrew name for the LORD here is "יהוה" (Yahweh), which is the covenant name of God, highlighting His faithfulness and justice. The concept of divine judgment is central to the prophetic literature, where God holds nations and individuals accountable for their actions. It reassures believers of God's sovereignty and justice.

on all flesh
The term "all flesh" indicates the universality of God's judgment. In Hebrew, "בָּשָׂר" (basar) refers to humanity in its entirety, emphasizing that no one is exempt from God's scrutiny. This phrase serves as a reminder of the inclusivity of God's justice, which extends to all people, regardless of status or nationality.

and many will be slain by the LORD
The sobering reality of divine judgment is captured in this phrase. The Hebrew word for "slain" is "חָלַל" (chalal), which conveys the seriousness of the consequences of sin. This part of the verse serves as a warning of the ultimate outcome for those who persist in rebellion against God. It is a call to repentance and a reminder of the mercy available through faith and obedience to God.

Those who consecrate and purify themselves
This phrase refers to individuals who engage in ritualistic practices to set themselves apart for what they perceive as sacred activities. The Hebrew roots here, "qadash" (consecrate) and "taher" (purify), often denote a setting apart for holy purposes. However, in this context, it is ironic, as these individuals are preparing themselves for idolatrous practices. Historically, this reflects the syncretism that plagued Israel, where pagan rituals were often mixed with the worship of Yahweh, leading to spiritual corruption.

to enter the groves
The "groves" were often sites of pagan worship, typically associated with Asherah poles or other idolatrous symbols. The Hebrew word "gan" can mean a garden or a grove, indicating a place lush with trees, which were commonly used in Canaanite religious practices. Archaeological findings have uncovered many such sites, confirming the biblical narrative of Israel's temptation to adopt surrounding nations' idolatrous customs.

following one in the midst
This phrase suggests a leader or a central figure guiding these individuals into idolatry. The Hebrew word "tavek" (midst) implies being in the center or among a group, indicating a communal aspect to this apostasy. Historically, this could refer to a priest or a charismatic leader who led people away from the true worship of God, a recurring theme in Israel's history.

of those who eat the flesh of swine
Eating swine's flesh was strictly prohibited under the Mosaic Law (Leviticus 11:7). The consumption of pork is symbolic of defilement and rebellion against God's commandments. In the historical context, this act represents a blatant disregard for the covenantal laws that set Israel apart as God's holy people. It underscores the depth of their apostasy and the cultural assimilation into pagan practices.

and vermin and rats
These creatures are considered unclean according to Levitical law (Leviticus 11:29-30). The Hebrew words "sheqets" (vermin) and "achbar" (rats) emphasize the abominable nature of these practices. This imagery serves to highlight the spiritual degradation and impurity of those who abandon God's laws for idolatrous customs. It reflects a complete inversion of the holiness code given to Israel.

will perish together
The phrase "will perish together" is a solemn declaration of divine judgment. The Hebrew word "saphah" (perish) conveys the idea of being consumed or destroyed. This is a prophetic warning that those who engage in such idolatrous practices will face God's wrath collectively. It serves as a reminder of the consequences of turning away from God's covenant and the inevitable judgment that follows unrepentant sin.

declares the LORD
This closing phrase, "declares the LORD," underscores the authority and certainty of the prophecy. The Hebrew "ne'um Yahweh" is a formulaic expression used to affirm that the message is directly from God. It serves as a divine seal on the prophecy, emphasizing that the words spoken are not merely human warnings but the assured pronouncement of the Almighty. This reinforces the seriousness of the message and the need for repentance and faithfulness to God's covenant.

“And I”
This phrase emphasizes the personal involvement of God in the unfolding events. The Hebrew word for "I" here is "אָנֹכִי" (anokhi), which is often used to denote a personal and direct action by God. It underscores His sovereignty and active role in the affairs of humanity, reminding us that God is not distant but intimately involved in His creation.

“because of their actions and imaginations”
The Hebrew words for "actions" (מַעֲשֵׂיהֶם, ma'aseihem) and "imaginations" (מַחְשְׁבוֹתָם, machshevotam) refer to the deeds and thoughts of the people. Historically, this reflects the sinful behaviors and idolatrous practices that were prevalent among the nations and even among God's people. It serves as a reminder of the consequences of straying from God's commandments and the importance of aligning both our actions and thoughts with His will.

“am coming to gather”
The phrase "am coming" (בָּא, ba) indicates an imminent action by God. The gathering (לְקַבֵּץ, leqabetz) is a significant theme in prophetic literature, often associated with the eschatological hope of God bringing His people together. This gathering is not just a physical assembly but a spiritual unification under God's sovereignty, pointing towards the ultimate redemption and restoration.

“all nations and tongues”
This phrase highlights the universal scope of God's plan. The Hebrew words for "nations" (גּוֹיִם, goyim) and "tongues" (לְשׁוֹנוֹת, leshonot) emphasize the inclusivity of God's invitation. Historically, this was a radical concept, as Israel was often seen as God's chosen people. However, this prophecy foreshadows the New Testament revelation that salvation through Christ is available to all people, regardless of ethnicity or language.

“and they will come and see”
The act of coming and seeing (וּבָאוּ וְרָאוּ, uva'u vera'u) implies a response to God's initiative. It suggests an active participation in witnessing God's glory. This is not merely a passive observation but an invitation to experience and acknowledge the divine presence and majesty of God.

“My glory”
The term "glory" (כְּבוֹדִי, kevodi) in Hebrew is rich with meaning, often associated with God's manifest presence and divine attributes. In the biblical context, God's glory is a revelation of His holiness, power, and majesty. This promise of revealing His glory to all nations signifies the ultimate fulfillment of God's redemptive plan, where His presence will be recognized and revered by all creation.

I will establish a sign among them
This phrase speaks to God's intention to set a clear and unmistakable marker or miracle that will serve as a divine signal to His people. The Hebrew word for "sign" is "אוֹת" (oth), which often denotes a miraculous event or a symbol of God's covenant. Throughout biblical history, signs have been used by God to communicate His will and presence, such as the rainbow after the flood or the plagues in Egypt. This sign is a testament to God's ongoing relationship with His people and His desire to reveal Himself to them in a tangible way.

and I will send survivors from among them to the nations
Here, God speaks of sending a remnant, those who have been preserved through judgment, to the nations. The Hebrew word for "survivors" is "פְּלֵיטִים" (peleitim), indicating those who have escaped or been delivered. This reflects the biblical theme of a faithful remnant that God preserves to fulfill His purposes. Historically, the dispersion of the Jewish people has led to the spread of the knowledge of God among the nations, fulfilling this prophetic word.

to Tarshish, Put, and Lud, who are archers
These names refer to distant lands known in the ancient world. "Tarshish" is often associated with a distant maritime location, possibly in the western Mediterranean. "Put" and "Lud" are regions in North Africa and Asia Minor, respectively. The mention of "archers" highlights the military prowess of these nations. This indicates that God's message and His people will reach even the most remote and powerful nations, emphasizing the universal scope of His plan.

to Tubal, Javan, and the islands far away
"Javan" refers to the Greek territories, while "Tubal" is associated with regions in Asia Minor. The "islands far away" symbolize the farthest reaches of the known world. This phrase underscores the expansive reach of God's mission, transcending geographical and cultural boundaries. It reflects the Great Commission's call to take the gospel to the ends of the earth, as seen in the New Testament.

who have not heard of My fame or seen My glory
This part of the verse highlights the ignorance of these nations regarding the true God. The Hebrew word for "fame" is "שֵׁם" (shem), meaning name or reputation, while "glory" is "כָּבוֹד" (kavod), signifying God's majestic presence. The mission of the survivors is to reveal God's name and glory to those who have been spiritually blind and unaware, fulfilling the prophetic vision of God's glory covering the earth as the waters cover the sea.

So they will proclaim My glory among the nations
The ultimate purpose of sending the survivors is to declare God's glory among the nations. The Hebrew word for "proclaim" is "סָפַר" (saphar), meaning to recount or declare. This is a call to evangelism and testimony, where the knowledge of God is spread through the witness of His people. It is a reminder of the church's mission to be a light to the nations, sharing the transformative power of God's glory with the world. This verse encapsulates the heart of God's redemptive plan, to make His name known and worshiped among all peoples.

And they will bring all your brothers
This phrase speaks to the inclusivity and unity of God's people. The Hebrew word for "brothers" (אֲחֵיכֶם, 'acheikhem) implies a familial bond, suggesting that all who are brought are part of a spiritual family. Historically, this reflects the return of the exiles to Jerusalem, but prophetically, it points to the gathering of believers from all nations into the family of God. This is a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that all nations would be blessed through his seed (Genesis 22:18).

from all the nations
The phrase emphasizes the universal scope of God's salvation plan. The Hebrew word for "nations" (גּוֹיִם, goyim) often refers to Gentiles, indicating that God's redemptive work is not limited to Israel but extends to all ethnicities and cultures. This aligns with the New Testament teaching that in Christ, there is neither Jew nor Gentile (Galatians 3:28), highlighting the breaking down of barriers and the creation of one new humanity in Christ.

as a gift to the LORD
The concept of bringing people as a "gift" (מִנְחָה, minchah) to the LORD is deeply rooted in the sacrificial system of the Old Testament, where offerings were made to honor and worship God. Here, the people themselves are the offering, symbolizing their dedication and consecration to God. This reflects the New Testament idea of believers offering themselves as living sacrifices (Romans 12:1), wholly devoted to God's service.

on horses and chariots and wagons and on mules and camels
This imagery of diverse modes of transportation underscores the determination and effort involved in bringing people to God. Each mode of transport represents different social statuses and regions, indicating that people from all walks of life are included. Historically, this reflects the return of exiles using various means, but spiritually, it signifies the diverse ways God draws people to Himself.

to My holy mountain Jerusalem
The "holy mountain" is a reference to Mount Zion, the spiritual and physical center of God's presence in Jerusalem. In the Hebrew Bible, mountains often symbolize places of divine revelation and encounter. Jerusalem, as the city of God, represents the ultimate destination for God's people, both in a literal and eschatological sense. It points to the future New Jerusalem, where God will dwell with His people eternally (Revelation 21:2-3).

says the LORD
This phrase affirms the divine authority and certainty of the prophecy. The use of "LORD" (יְהוָה, Yahweh) emphasizes God's covenantal faithfulness and His sovereign power to fulfill His promises. It reassures believers that the gathering of the nations and the establishment of God's kingdom is not just a hopeful vision but a guaranteed reality decreed by God Himself.

just as the Israelites bring an offering in a clean vessel to the house of the LORD
The comparison to the Israelites' offerings highlights the purity and acceptability required in worship. The "clean vessel" (כְּלִי טָהוֹר, keli tahor) signifies the holiness and preparation necessary to approach God. This reflects the New Testament teaching that believers are to be holy and blameless, vessels of honor for God's use (2 Timothy 2:21). The "house of the LORD" refers to the temple, the dwelling place of God's presence, symbolizing the ultimate communion with God that believers will experience.

And I will select
The phrase "And I will select" indicates a divine choice and election by God. The Hebrew root for "select" is "בָּחַר" (bachar), which means to choose or elect. This choice is not arbitrary but is based on God's sovereign will and purpose. In the context of Isaiah, this selection signifies God's initiative in establishing a new order, where He calls individuals into service for His divine plan. It reflects the grace and mercy of God, who chooses people not based on their merit but on His purpose and love.

some of them
The phrase "some of them" refers to a specific group chosen from a larger population. Historically, this can be seen as a reference to the inclusion of Gentiles into the covenant community, a radical concept for the original audience. Theologically, it underscores the inclusivity of God's kingdom, where He calls people from all nations and backgrounds. This selection is a fulfillment of the promise that God's salvation would extend beyond Israel to all the nations, as seen in the broader context of Isaiah.

as priests and Levites
The roles of "priests and Levites" were traditionally reserved for the descendants of Aaron and the tribe of Levi, respectively. The Hebrew words for "priests" (כֹּהֲנִים, kohanim) and "Levites" (לְוִיִּם, levi'im) denote specific functions within the religious life of Israel. Priests were responsible for offering sacrifices and maintaining the sanctity of the temple, while Levites assisted in various temple duties. The selection of "some of them" as priests and Levites signifies a transformative shift in the understanding of worship and service to God. It points to a future where the barriers between Jew and Gentile are broken down, and all believers are called to serve as a "royal priesthood" (1 Peter 2:9). This reflects the New Testament teaching that through Christ, all believers have direct access to God and are called to serve Him in holiness and truth.

says the LORD
The phrase "says the LORD" is a declaration of divine authority and assurance. The Hebrew term for "says" (אָמַר, amar) is often used in prophetic literature to introduce a message from God. It emphasizes that the promise and action described are not human initiatives but are decreed by God Himself. This assurance from the LORD provides comfort and confidence to the believers, affirming that God's plans are certain and will come to pass. It is a reminder of God's faithfulness and the reliability of His word, encouraging believers to trust in His promises and His ultimate plan for redemption and restoration.

For as the new heavens and the new earth
This phrase draws from the Hebrew concept of cosmic renewal, echoing the promise of restoration found in earlier prophetic literature. The "new heavens and the new earth" symbolize a complete transformation and renewal of creation, as seen in Isaiah 65:17. The Hebrew word for "new" (חָדָשׁ, chadash) implies something fresh and unprecedented, pointing to God's ultimate plan for redemption and restoration. This promise is not just a return to Edenic conditions but an elevation to a state of eternal perfection, aligning with the eschatological hope found in Revelation 21:1.

that I will make
The phrase emphasizes God's sovereign role as the Creator. The Hebrew verb "make" (עָשָׂה, asah) is a common term for divine action, underscoring God's active involvement in bringing about this new creation. It reflects the biblical theme of God's creative power and authority, as seen in Genesis 1. This assurance of divine initiative provides hope and certainty to believers, affirming that the future renewal is not dependent on human effort but on God's faithful promise.

will endure before Me
The endurance "before Me" signifies permanence and divine approval. The Hebrew word for "endure" (עָמַד, amad) conveys the idea of standing firm or remaining steadfast. This suggests that the new creation will be eternal and unshakable, in contrast to the temporal and corruptible nature of the current world. The phrase "before Me" indicates God's presence and favor, highlighting the intimate relationship between the Creator and His creation. It reassures believers of their eternal place in God's presence.

declares the LORD
This declaration is a divine pronouncement, carrying the weight of God's authority and truth. The Hebrew term for "declares" (נְאֻם, neum) is often used in prophetic literature to introduce a solemn and authoritative statement from God. It serves as a reminder of the reliability and certainty of God's promises. The use of "the LORD" (יְהוָה, Yahweh) emphasizes the covenantal nature of this promise, as Yahweh is the personal name of God, associated with His faithfulness and unchanging nature.

so your descendants and your name will endure
This promise extends the hope of continuity and legacy to the people of God. The Hebrew word for "descendants" (זֶרַע, zera) often refers to offspring or seed, symbolizing future generations. The assurance that their "name" (שֵׁם, shem) will endure suggests a lasting identity and honor. In a biblical context, a name represents one's character and reputation. This promise assures the faithful that their identity and legacy will be preserved in the new creation, reflecting God's eternal covenant with His people. It offers hope and encouragement, affirming that their faithfulness will be rewarded with eternal significance.

From one New Moon to another
This phrase emphasizes the regularity and continuity of worship. In the Hebrew context, the New Moon was a significant time marker, often associated with religious observance and renewal (Numbers 28:11-15). The Hebrew word for "New Moon" is "chodesh," which signifies a new beginning or renewal. This reflects the idea of perpetual worship and the constant renewal of the believer's relationship with God. Historically, the New Moon was a time for offerings and special gatherings, symbolizing a fresh start and a reminder of God's provision and sovereignty.

and from one Sabbath to another
The Sabbath, or "Shabbat" in Hebrew, is a day of rest and worship, instituted by God in the creation narrative (Genesis 2:2-3). It serves as a weekly reminder of God's creation and His covenant with His people. The phrase underscores the importance of regular, rhythmic worship and rest, which is central to the life of faith. The Sabbath is a time set apart for reflection, community, and spiritual rejuvenation, pointing to the ultimate rest found in Christ (Hebrews 4:9-10).

all mankind
This phrase indicates the universal scope of God's plan for worship and redemption. The Hebrew term "kol basar" (all flesh) suggests inclusivity, extending beyond Israel to encompass all nations and peoples. This reflects the prophetic vision of a time when God's glory will be recognized by all humanity, fulfilling the promise that through Abraham's seed, all nations will be blessed (Genesis 12:3). It anticipates the eschatological vision of unity and peace under God's reign.

will come to worship before Me
The act of coming to worship signifies a deliberate and voluntary approach to God's presence. The Hebrew verb "bow" (to come) implies movement towards God, both physically and spiritually. Worship, in this context, is an act of reverence and submission, acknowledging God's sovereignty and holiness. This phrase highlights the relational aspect of worship, where believers draw near to God, experiencing His presence and glory.

says the LORD
The declaration "says the LORD" affirms the authority and certainty of the prophecy. The Hebrew term "Yahweh" is the covenant name of God, emphasizing His faithfulness and unchanging nature. This divine assurance underscores the reliability of God's promises and His ultimate plan for creation. It serves as a reminder that the vision of universal worship is not merely a human aspiration but a divine decree, assured by the One who is sovereign over all.

And they will go out
This phrase indicates a movement or transition from one state or place to another. In the context of Isaiah 66, it suggests a departure from the holy city or a place of judgment. The Hebrew root for "go out" is "yatsa," which often implies a purposeful action or mission. Historically, this can be seen as the faithful leaving the presence of God’s judgment, symbolizing a separation between the righteous and the wicked.

and see
The act of seeing here is not just physical sight but a deeper understanding or realization. The Hebrew word "ra'ah" can mean to perceive or consider. This implies that the observers will gain insight or comprehension of the consequences of rebellion against God. It is a moment of revelation and acknowledgment of divine justice.

the dead bodies
This phrase is stark and vivid, emphasizing the finality of judgment. The Hebrew term "peger" refers to corpses, highlighting the physical and spiritual death that results from sin. In a historical context, this imagery would resonate with the aftermath of battles or divine retribution, serving as a somber reminder of the cost of disobedience.

of those who have rebelled against Me
Rebellion against God is a central theme in the Bible, often leading to dire consequences. The Hebrew word "pasha" means to transgress or revolt. This rebellion is not just a simple act of disobedience but a willful defiance against God’s authority. Scripturally, it underscores the seriousness of turning away from God’s commandments and the inevitable judgment that follows.

for their worm will never die
This phrase is a metaphor for eternal decay and suffering. The "worm" represents the ongoing nature of judgment, drawing from the Hebrew "tola'at," which can refer to maggots or decay. It signifies a perpetual state of corruption, often interpreted as the eternal consequences of sin. This imagery is meant to evoke a sense of urgency in repentance and faithfulness.

their fire will never be quenched
Fire is a common biblical symbol for judgment and purification. The unquenchable fire, from the Hebrew "esh," signifies an eternal punishment that cannot be extinguished. This reflects the irreversible nature of divine judgment for those who persist in rebellion. It serves as a powerful warning of the seriousness of sin and the need for redemption.

and they will be a horror
The term "horror" here, from the Hebrew "dera'on," implies something detestable or abominable. It conveys the idea that the fate of the rebellious will serve as a perpetual reminder of the consequences of sin. Historically, such imagery would be a deterrent, encouraging the faithful to remain steadfast in their devotion to God.

to all mankind
This phrase universalizes the message, indicating that the judgment and its lessons are not limited to a specific group but are meant for all humanity. The Hebrew "basar" for mankind emphasizes the inclusivity of this warning. It serves as a call to all people to recognize the sovereignty of God and the importance of living in accordance with His will. This universal scope underscores the global relevance of the prophetic message and the call to repentance.