I revealed Myself
The Hebrew root for "revealed" is "נִדְרַשְׁתִּי" (nidrashti), which conveys the idea of being sought after or inquired of. In this context, God is taking the initiative to make Himself known, highlighting His grace and mercy. This revelation is not dependent on human effort but is a divine act of self-disclosure. Historically, this reflects God's outreach to the Gentiles, who were not originally part of the covenant community of Israel.

to those who did not ask for Me
The phrase underscores the unmerited favor of God. The people did not initiate the search for God, yet He chose to reveal Himself to them. This can be seen as a foreshadowing of the New Testament message where salvation is extended to the Gentiles, who were not actively seeking the God of Israel. It emphasizes the theme of grace, where God’s love and salvation are offered even to those who are indifferent or unaware.

I was found by those who did not seek Me
The Hebrew word for "found" is "נִמְצֵאתִי" (nimtzeiti), suggesting discovery or encounter. This phrase indicates that God’s presence and truth became apparent to those who were not actively pursuing Him. It reflects the unexpected and sovereign nature of God’s revelation, aligning with the New Testament teaching that God’s grace can reach anyone, regardless of their initial spiritual state.

To a nation that did not call My name
This phrase refers to the Gentiles, who were not part of the covenant people of Israel and did not invoke the name of Yahweh. The historical context here is significant, as it points to the expansion of God’s covenant to include all nations, a theme that is fully realized in the New Testament with the Great Commission. It highlights the inclusivity of God’s plan for salvation.

I said, ‘Here I am! Here I am!’
The repetition of "Here I am" (Hebrew: "הִנֵּנִי" - hineni) is emphatic, indicating God’s readiness and willingness to be present and accessible. This declaration is a powerful expression of God’s desire to be in relationship with humanity. It echoes the call of God throughout scripture, where He continually reaches out to His people, inviting them into fellowship with Him. This phrase is a profound reminder of God’s persistent and patient love, always available to those who turn to Him.

All day long
This phrase emphasizes God's persistent and continuous effort to reach out to His people. The Hebrew root here suggests an unending, patient endurance. Historically, this reflects God's long-suffering nature, as seen throughout the Old Testament, where He repeatedly calls Israel back to Himself despite their frequent rebellion. It is a reminder of God's grace and mercy, always available and extended to humanity.

I have held out My hands
The imagery of God holding out His hands is deeply evocative, symbolizing an invitation to relationship and reconciliation. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, open hands were a gesture of welcome and peace. This phrase underscores God's desire for His people to return to Him, highlighting His readiness to forgive and restore. It is a powerful image of divine love and openness.

to an obstinate people
The term "obstinate" refers to a stubbornness or unwillingness to change. The Hebrew word used here conveys a sense of being stiff-necked, a common biblical metaphor for rebellion against God. This reflects the historical context of Israel's repeated disobedience and idolatry, despite the prophets' warnings. It serves as a cautionary tale for believers today to remain humble and responsive to God's guidance.

who walk in the wrong path
Walking in the "wrong path" signifies a deliberate choice to pursue a life contrary to God's will. The Hebrew concept of "walking" often denotes one's way of life or conduct. This phrase highlights the moral and spiritual deviation of the people, choosing paths that lead away from God's truth. It is a call for self-examination and a return to the righteous path laid out by God.

who follow their own imaginations
This phrase points to the human tendency to prioritize personal desires and thoughts over divine wisdom. The Hebrew word for "imaginations" can also mean "plans" or "purposes," indicating a self-directed life. Historically, this reflects Israel's inclination to create idols and follow false gods, driven by their own understanding. It serves as a warning against the dangers of self-reliance and the importance of aligning one's life with God's will.

to a people who continually provoke Me to My face
This phrase highlights the audacity and persistence of the people's rebellion against God. The Hebrew word for "provoke" is "כַּעַס" (ka'as), which conveys a sense of anger and irritation. The phrase "to My face" emphasizes the directness and boldness of their defiance, suggesting a deliberate and conscious choice to oppose God. Historically, this reflects the period of Israel's history when idolatry and disobedience were rampant, despite the clear presence and commandments of God. The continual nature of their provocation indicates a habitual sin, underscoring the depth of their estrangement from God.

sacrificing in gardens
The act of "sacrificing in gardens" refers to the practice of idol worship in sacred groves or gardens, which were often associated with pagan rituals. The Hebrew word for "gardens" is "גַּנּוֹת" (gannoth), which were places of lush vegetation and often chosen for their secluded and serene environment, making them appealing for illicit worship. This practice was in direct violation of God's command to worship Him alone and in the manner He prescribed. The gardens symbolize a departure from the worship of Yahweh in the temple, representing a turning away from God's ordained place of worship.

and burning incense on altars of brick
The phrase "burning incense on altars of brick" further illustrates the people's engagement in idolatrous practices. Incense burning was a common element in worship, intended to symbolize prayers rising to the deity. However, the use of "altars of brick" is significant because, according to Exodus 20:25, God commanded that altars should be made of uncut stones, not bricks, which were man-made. The Hebrew word for "brick" is "לְבֵנִים" (lebenim), indicating a human alteration of God's instructions. This deviation from divine commandment highlights the people's preference for their own ways over God's, symbolizing a self-reliant and rebellious spirit. Historically, this reflects the syncretism that plagued Israel, as they adopted practices from surrounding nations, leading to spiritual corruption.

They sit among the graves
This phrase evokes imagery of practices associated with necromancy or seeking the dead, which were strictly forbidden in Israelite law (Deuteronomy 18:10-12). The Hebrew word for "graves" (קְבָרִים, qebarim) suggests a place of death and impurity. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, graves were often seen as places where one could commune with spirits, a practice that was an abomination to God. This highlights the spiritual decay and rebellion of the people, as they turn to forbidden practices instead of seeking the living God.

they spend the night in secret places
The Hebrew word for "secret places" (נְצוּרִים, netsurim) can imply hidden or guarded locations, often associated with idolatrous or occult activities. Spending the night in such places suggests a deliberate and prolonged engagement in these practices. Historically, this reflects the syncretism that plagued Israel, where they adopted pagan rituals and customs, forsaking their covenant with Yahweh. This behavior symbolizes a deeper spiritual infidelity and a turning away from the light of God's truth.

they eat the meat of pigs
In Levitical law, pigs were considered unclean animals (Leviticus 11:7). The consumption of pork was a direct violation of the dietary laws given to Israel. The Hebrew word for "pigs" (חֲזִירִים, chazirim) is associated with uncleanness and rebellion against God's commandments. This act of eating pork is not just a dietary choice but a symbol of the people's disregard for God's holiness and their willingness to embrace impurity.

and their pots hold broth of unclean meat
The term "broth of unclean meat" (מְרַק פִּגּוּלִים, merak piggulim) further emphasizes the consumption of what is detestable according to the law. The word "piggulim" refers to things that are abominable or defiled. This imagery of cooking and consuming unclean food signifies a complete immersion in practices that are contrary to God's instructions. It reflects a heart that is not only indifferent but also defiant towards God's standards of holiness.

They say
This phrase introduces the self-righteous attitude of the people being addressed. In the Hebrew text, the verb implies a continuous action, suggesting that this is a habitual declaration. Historically, this reflects the attitude of certain groups within Israel who believed themselves to be spiritually superior, often leading to division and exclusion within the community.

Keep to yourself
The Hebrew root here conveys a sense of separation or withdrawal. This phrase indicates an attitude of exclusivity and self-imposed isolation, which is contrary to the communal and inclusive nature of God's covenant with Israel. It reflects a misunderstanding of holiness, which is meant to draw people closer to God and each other, not push them apart.

do not come near me
This phrase further emphasizes the exclusivity and arrogance of the speaker. The historical context suggests a group that considered themselves ritually pure and others as impure. This attitude is reminiscent of the Pharisaical mindset criticized by Jesus in the New Testament, where outward piety masked inner corruption.

for I am holier than you
The claim of being "holier" is a self-assessment that lacks divine endorsement. The Hebrew word for "holy" (qadosh) is used here ironically. True holiness in the biblical sense is a reflection of God's character and is marked by humility and love, not pride and exclusion. This phrase highlights the danger of self-righteousness, which blinds individuals to their own need for grace.

These people are smoke in My nostrils
The imagery of "smoke" suggests something irritating and unpleasant. In ancient Near Eastern culture, smoke was often associated with sacrifice, but here it is used negatively. This metaphor indicates that the self-righteousness of the people is offensive to God, much like smoke that causes discomfort and displeasure.

a fire that burns all day long
The "fire" symbolizes God's anger and judgment. In the Hebrew Bible, fire often represents God's presence and purifying judgment. The continuous burning "all day long" suggests the persistent nature of the people's sin and God's ongoing displeasure. This serves as a warning that self-righteousness and hypocrisy are not overlooked by God but are subject to His righteous judgment.

Behold
The Hebrew word for "behold" is "הִנֵּה" (hinneh), which serves as a call to attention. It is often used in Scripture to emphasize the importance of what follows. In this context, it is a divine summons to recognize the certainty and seriousness of God's pronouncement. The use of "behold" underscores the immediacy and gravity of God's message, inviting the reader to pause and reflect on the divine authority and justice that is about to be declared.

it is written before Me
This phrase suggests a divine record or decree, indicating that God has a comprehensive account of human actions. The concept of something being "written" before God implies permanence and unchangeability, akin to a legal document. In the ancient Near Eastern context, written records were considered binding and authoritative. This phrase reassures believers that God is fully aware of all deeds and that His judgments are based on His perfect knowledge and justice.

I will not keep silent
The Hebrew root for "keep silent" is "חָשָׁה" (chashah), meaning to be still or quiet. Here, God declares His intention to act and speak out against sin. This is a powerful reminder that God is not indifferent to injustice or wrongdoing. His refusal to remain silent is a testament to His active involvement in the world and His commitment to righteousness. It assures believers that God will address evil and vindicate His holiness.

but I will repay
The word "repay" comes from the Hebrew "שָׁלַם" (shalam), which means to make whole or to recompense. This term is often used in the context of justice and retribution. God's promise to repay signifies His role as the ultimate judge who will ensure that justice is served. It reflects the biblical principle of sowing and reaping, where actions have consequences. For believers, this is a reminder of God's fairness and the certainty that He will address all wrongs in His perfect timing.

I will pay it back into their laps
The imagery of paying back "into their laps" is vivid and personal. In ancient times, the lap was considered a place where one received blessings or burdens. The phrase suggests an intimate and direct recompense, indicating that individuals will personally experience the consequences of their actions. This serves as a sobering reminder of personal accountability before God. It emphasizes that God's justice is not abstract but will be felt in the lives of those who have acted unjustly. For believers, it is a call to live righteously, knowing that God sees and will respond to every deed.

both your iniquities and those of your fathers
This phrase highlights the concept of generational sin and responsibility. The Hebrew word for "iniquities" is "עֲוֹנוֹת" (avonot), which refers to moral perversity or guilt. The Bible often speaks of the consequences of sin affecting multiple generations, as seen in Exodus 20:5. This underscores the importance of repentance and turning back to God, breaking the cycle of sin through divine forgiveness and grace.

says the LORD
The phrase "says the LORD" is a declaration of divine authority. The Hebrew term "יְהוָה" (YHWH) is the sacred name of God, emphasizing His eternal and unchanging nature. This statement assures the reader that the message is not from a human prophet but from God Himself, lending it ultimate authority and truth.

Because they burned sacrifices on the mountains
In ancient Israel, high places were often used for pagan worship, which was strictly forbidden by God. The act of burning sacrifices on the mountains indicates idolatry and unfaithfulness. The Hebrew word for "burned" is "קָטַר" (qatar), meaning to offer incense or sacrifices. This practice was a direct violation of God's commandments and a symbol of Israel's spiritual adultery.

and scorned Me on the hills
To "scorn" in Hebrew is "חָרַף" (charaph), meaning to reproach or defy. This phrase indicates a deliberate and contemptuous rejection of God. The hills, like the mountains, were places where illicit worship occurred. This scorn represents a heart hardened against God, choosing false gods over the true God, which is a recurring theme in the prophetic books.

I will measure into their laps full payment
The imagery of measuring into laps suggests a personal and direct recompense for actions. The Hebrew word "שָׁלַם" (shalam) means to complete or make restitution. This phrase indicates that God’s justice is precise and unavoidable. It serves as a reminder of the certainty of divine justice and the importance of living righteously.

for their former deeds
The term "former deeds" refers to past actions that have not been repented of. The Hebrew word "רִאשׁוֹנוֹת" (rishonot) means former or previous. This highlights the enduring nature of sin's consequences when left unaddressed. It calls believers to a life of continual repentance and renewal, trusting in God's mercy and grace to cleanse and restore.

This is what the LORD says
This phrase introduces a divine proclamation, emphasizing the authority and sovereignty of God. The Hebrew term for "LORD" is "YHWH," the sacred and personal name of God, which underscores His eternal and unchanging nature. This introduction sets the stage for a message of hope and assurance directly from God, highlighting His active involvement in the lives of His people.

As the new wine is found in a cluster of grapes
The imagery of "new wine" symbolizes potential and blessing. In ancient Israel, wine was a staple of daily life and a symbol of joy and prosperity. The "cluster of grapes" represents a community or group, suggesting that within the collective, there is something valuable and worth preserving. This metaphor indicates that God sees the potential for good and blessing within His people, even when they are part of a larger, flawed group.

and men say, ‘Do not destroy it, for it contains a blessing,’
This phrase reflects a common-sense approach to preservation. The recognition of a "blessing" within the grapes implies discernment and wisdom in identifying what is worth saving. Historically, this reflects the agrarian society of ancient Israel, where the harvest was crucial for survival. Spiritually, it suggests that God discerns the righteous within the unrighteous, choosing to preserve those who hold His blessing.

so I will act on behalf of My servants
Here, God declares His intention to intervene for the sake of His "servants." The term "servants" refers to those who are faithful and obedient to God. This promise of divine action underscores God's commitment to His covenant people. It reassures believers that God is attentive to their faithfulness and will act to protect and preserve them.

I will not destroy them all
This concluding phrase offers a message of hope and mercy. Despite the judgment that may come upon the unfaithful, God promises not to "destroy them all." This reflects His justice tempered with mercy, a recurring theme throughout Scripture. It assures the faithful that God’s judgment is not indiscriminate but is guided by His righteousness and compassion.

I will bring forth descendants from Jacob
This phrase highlights God's promise to bring forth a remnant from the lineage of Jacob, emphasizing His faithfulness to the covenant made with the patriarchs. The Hebrew root for "descendants" is "zera," which often refers to seed or offspring, symbolizing continuity and the fulfillment of God's promises. Historically, this reflects the survival and restoration of Israel despite their disobedience, showcasing God's grace and sovereign plan. The mention of "Jacob" ties back to the patriarch whose name was changed to Israel, representing the entire nation and God's enduring relationship with His chosen people.

and heirs of My mountains from Judah
The term "heirs" signifies those who will inherit God's promises, specifically the blessings associated with His "mountains," which can symbolize stability, divine presence, and blessing. The Hebrew word for "heirs" is "yarash," meaning to possess or inherit. "Judah" refers to the southern kingdom, known for its Davidic lineage and messianic promise. This phrase underscores the idea that God's promises are not just for the past but are actively being fulfilled through His chosen people, with a particular focus on the tribe of Judah, from which the Messiah would come.

My chosen ones will possess it
"Chosen ones" refers to those selected by God for a special purpose, highlighting the theme of divine election. The Hebrew word "bachar" means to choose or select, indicating God's sovereign choice in fulfilling His purposes. This phrase reassures the faithful that God's promises are secure and that His chosen people will indeed inherit the blessings He has prepared. It reflects the assurance of God's plan for His people, emphasizing that His promises are irrevocable and will be realized in His perfect timing.

and My servants will dwell there
The term "servants" denotes those who are devoted to God, serving Him faithfully. The Hebrew word "ebed" implies a relationship of service and loyalty. "Dwell" suggests a permanent, secure habitation, indicating a place of peace and rest. This phrase promises a future where God's faithful servants will live in His presence, enjoying the fulfillment of His promises. It paints a picture of hope and restoration, where God's people are not only restored to their land but also to a right relationship with Him, living under His protection and blessing.

Sharon
The region of Sharon, a fertile plain along the Mediterranean coast of Israel, is historically known for its beauty and productivity. In the Hebrew context, Sharon symbolizes abundance and prosperity. The mention of Sharon becoming a pasture for flocks suggests a return to peace and fruitfulness. This imagery is a promise of restoration and blessing for God's people, reflecting the divine provision and care for those who are faithful.

will become a pasture for flocks
The transformation of Sharon into a pasture signifies a shift from desolation to abundance. In biblical times, pastures were essential for sustaining livestock, which were crucial for the economy and daily life. This phrase indicates a future where God's people will experience security and sustenance. It is a metaphor for spiritual nourishment and the flourishing of those who follow God's ways.

the Valley of Achor
The Valley of Achor, meaning "trouble" in Hebrew, is historically associated with the sin of Achan (Joshua 7), where Israel faced defeat due to disobedience. However, in Isaiah 65:10, this valley is transformed into a place of hope and rest. This transformation from a place of trouble to a place of peace illustrates God's redemptive power, turning past failures into opportunities for renewal and blessing.

a resting place for herds
The concept of a resting place for herds conveys a sense of peace and security. In ancient Israel, herds were a sign of wealth and stability. This phrase suggests that God's people will find rest and safety under His care. It is a promise of divine protection and the assurance that God will provide a haven for those who seek Him.

for My people who seek Me
This phrase emphasizes the condition for receiving God's blessings: seeking Him. In the Hebrew tradition, seeking God involves a wholehearted pursuit of His presence and will. It implies a relationship built on faith, obedience, and devotion. The promise of restoration and peace is reserved for those who earnestly desire to know and follow God, highlighting the importance of a sincere and committed spiritual life.

But you who forsake the LORD
The phrase "forsake the LORD" is a powerful indictment against those who have turned away from God. The Hebrew root for "forsake" is "עזב" (azab), which means to leave, abandon, or desert. This word conveys a deep sense of betrayal and neglect. In the historical context of Isaiah, the Israelites were often tempted to abandon their covenant with Yahweh in favor of pagan practices. This forsaking is not merely a passive drifting away but an active choice to reject the relationship with God. From a conservative Christian perspective, this serves as a warning against the dangers of apostasy and the importance of remaining faithful to God.

who forget My holy mountain
The "holy mountain" refers to Mount Zion, the spiritual and physical center of worship for the Israelites, where the temple was located. The Hebrew word for "forget" is "שכח" (shakach), implying a willful neglect or disregard. Forgetting God's holy mountain symbolizes neglecting the place of God's presence and worship. Historically, this forgetfulness led to the Israelites' spiritual decline as they turned to idolatry. For Christians, this serves as a reminder to prioritize worship and the presence of God in their lives, recognizing the church as the new spiritual Zion.

who set a table for Fortune
The term "Fortune" is translated from the Hebrew word "גד" (Gad), which was a deity worshiped by some ancient Near Eastern cultures, associated with luck or destiny. Setting a table for Fortune indicates participating in idolatrous rituals, seeking favor from false gods rather than trusting in the providence of the LORD. This practice reflects a reliance on superstition and human invention rather than divine sovereignty. In a modern Christian context, this warns against placing trust in worldly systems or beliefs that detract from faith in God's provision and plan.

and fill bowls of mixed wine for Destiny
"Destiny" is translated from the Hebrew "מני" (Meni), another deity linked to fate or fortune. The act of filling bowls of mixed wine suggests a ritualistic offering, a common practice in pagan worship to appease or gain favor from the gods. This highlights the Israelites' syncretism, blending their worship of Yahweh with pagan customs. For Christians, this serves as a caution against compromising their faith by adopting secular or non-biblical practices. It emphasizes the need for purity in worship and devotion solely to God, rejecting any form of idolatry or divided allegiance.

I will destine you for the sword
This phrase indicates a divine decree of judgment. The Hebrew word for "destine" (מָנָה, manah) implies a deliberate allocation or appointment. Historically, the "sword" symbolizes warfare and destruction, a common consequence for nations that turned away from God. This reflects the seriousness of Israel's rebellion and the certainty of divine justice.

all of you will kneel down to be slaughtered
"Kneel down" (כָּרַע, kara) suggests submission or surrender, often used in contexts of defeat. The imagery of being "slaughtered" underscores the severity of the impending judgment. This phrase serves as a stark warning of the consequences of persistent disobedience, emphasizing the totality of the judgment that awaits those who reject God's call.

because I called and you did not answer
The act of calling (קָרָא, qara) signifies God's initiative in reaching out to His people. The lack of response highlights Israel's stubbornness and spiritual deafness. This reflects a recurring biblical theme where God seeks a relationship with His people, yet they often fail to respond, leading to judgment.

I spoke and you did not listen
Here, "spoke" (דָּבַר, dabar) indicates God's communication through prophets and His Word. The failure to "listen" (שָׁמַע, shama) suggests a willful disregard for divine instruction. This phrase underscores the importance of heeding God's voice, as ignoring it leads to dire consequences.

you did evil in My sight
"Evil" (רַע, ra) in this context refers to actions contrary to God's will. "In My sight" emphasizes God's omniscience and moral authority. This phrase serves as a reminder that all actions are visible to God and that He holds His people accountable for their deeds.

chose that in which I did not delight
The act of choosing (בָּחַר, bachar) reflects the exercise of free will. "In which I did not delight" indicates actions that are displeasing to God. This highlights the importance of aligning one's choices with God's desires, as choosing otherwise leads to separation from His favor and protection.

Therefore this is what the Lord GOD says
This phrase introduces a divine proclamation, emphasizing the authority and sovereignty of God. The Hebrew term for "Lord GOD" is "Adonai Yahweh," underscoring God's supreme power and covenantal relationship with Israel. Historically, this declaration comes after a series of judgments and promises, highlighting God's justice and mercy.

My servants will eat
The term "servants" refers to those who are faithful to God, often seen as the remnant of Israel who remain true to His commandments. Eating symbolizes sustenance and blessing, a promise of provision from God. In the ancient Near Eastern context, food was a sign of prosperity and divine favor.

but you will go hungry
This contrast indicates a judgment upon those who have turned away from God. Hunger represents a lack of spiritual and physical nourishment, a consequence of disobedience. Historically, this reflects the covenant curses outlined in Deuteronomy for those who forsake God's law.

My servants will drink
Drinking, like eating, signifies satisfaction and the quenching of thirst, both physically and spiritually. Water is often a metaphor for life and the Holy Spirit in Scripture, indicating that God's faithful will be refreshed and sustained.

but you will be thirsty
Thirst here symbolizes spiritual dryness and desperation, a result of rejecting God. In the arid climate of the ancient Near East, water was precious, and thirst was a severe affliction, highlighting the severity of divine judgment.

My servants will rejoice
Rejoicing is an expression of joy and gratitude, often associated with salvation and deliverance. The Hebrew root "giyl" conveys a sense of exultation and triumph, reflecting the joy of those who experience God's favor and presence.

but you will be put to shame
Shame is the opposite of honor and joy, representing disgrace and humiliation. In the biblical context, shame is often the result of sin and rebellion against God. This phrase underscores the ultimate vindication of the righteous and the downfall of the wicked.

My servants will shout for joy
This phrase highlights the profound joy and satisfaction that God's faithful followers will experience. The Hebrew word for "shout for joy" is "רָנַן" (ranan), which conveys a sense of jubilant singing or shouting. This expression of joy is not merely an emotional response but a deep, spiritual exultation rooted in the fulfillment of God's promises. Historically, this joy is contrasted with the sorrow of those who have rejected God, emphasizing the ultimate triumph and reward for those who remain steadfast in their faith.

with a glad heart
The phrase "with a glad heart" underscores the internal, heartfelt nature of the joy experienced by God's servants. The Hebrew word for "glad" is "טוֹב" (tov), often translated as "good" or "pleasant." This suggests a state of well-being and contentment that comes from being in right relationship with God. In the biblical context, the heart is the center of one's being, encompassing mind, will, and emotions. Thus, a "glad heart" signifies a holistic sense of peace and fulfillment that transcends external circumstances.

but you will cry out
Here, the contrast is drawn between the joy of the faithful and the despair of those who have turned away from God. The Hebrew word for "cry out" is "צָעַק" (tsa'aq), which often denotes a cry for help or a loud lament. This cry is one of distress and regret, highlighting the consequences of rejecting God's ways. Historically, this serves as a warning to the Israelites and, by extension, to all who hear these words, about the dangers of disobedience and the inevitable sorrow that follows.

from sorrow of heart
The phrase "from sorrow of heart" further emphasizes the depth of the anguish experienced by those who have rejected God. The Hebrew word for "sorrow" is "כְּאֵב" (ke'ev), which can mean pain or grief. This sorrow is not just an emotional state but a profound spiritual and existential distress. In the biblical narrative, the heart is the seat of one's innermost thoughts and feelings, and thus, "sorrow of heart" indicates a deep-seated anguish that affects one's entire being.

and wail with a broken spirit
The final phrase, "and wail with a broken spirit," paints a vivid picture of utter desolation. The Hebrew word for "wail" is "יָלַל" (yalal), which suggests a loud, mournful cry. A "broken spirit" refers to a state of complete dejection and hopelessness. In the biblical context, a broken spirit is often associated with the consequences of sin and separation from God. This serves as a stark reminder of the spiritual devastation that results from turning away from the Lord, contrasting sharply with the joy and gladness of those who remain faithful.

You will leave behind your name as a curse
The phrase "leave behind your name as a curse" speaks to the legacy of those who have turned away from God. In the Hebrew context, a name is more than just an identifier; it represents one's character and reputation. The idea of a name becoming a curse suggests that the memory of these individuals will serve as a warning or a negative example for future generations. Historically, this reflects the fate of those who opposed God's will, as their actions led to their downfall and disgrace. Theologically, it underscores the seriousness of rebellion against God and the lasting consequences it can have.

for My chosen ones
"My chosen ones" refers to those whom God has selected for a special purpose or relationship. In the context of Isaiah, this often points to the faithful remnant of Israel who remain true to God's covenant. Theologically, it highlights the concept of divine election, where God, in His sovereignty, chooses individuals or groups to fulfill His purposes. This phrase reassures believers of their special status and the protection and blessings that come with being part of God's chosen people.

and the Lord GOD will slay you
This phrase is a stark reminder of God's justice and the consequences of sin. The use of "Lord GOD" (Yahweh Elohim) emphasizes His authority and power to execute judgment. Historically, this reflects the fate of those who opposed God's people and His plans, often resulting in their destruction. Theologically, it serves as a warning that God's patience has limits, and persistent rebellion will ultimately lead to divine retribution.

but to His servants He will give another name
The promise of "another name" signifies a new identity and a fresh start for God's faithful servants. In biblical times, receiving a new name often symbolized a change in status or character, as seen in the cases of Abram to Abraham or Jacob to Israel. This phrase offers hope and assurance to believers that their faithfulness will be rewarded with honor and a renewed relationship with God. It also points to the transformative power of God's grace, which can redefine and elevate the lives of those who serve Him.

Whoever invokes a blessing in the land
This phrase suggests a future time of restoration and blessing for the people of Israel. The act of invoking a blessing is deeply rooted in the Hebrew tradition, where blessings are seen as powerful pronouncements that can shape reality. The Hebrew word for "blessing" is "ברכה" (berakah), which implies a divine favor or endowment. In the context of the land, it signifies a return to a state of divine favor and prosperity, reminiscent of the promises made to the patriarchs about the land flowing with milk and honey.

will do so by the God of truth
The phrase "God of truth" is significant, as it emphasizes the reliability and faithfulness of God. The Hebrew word for "truth" is "אמת" (emet), which conveys not only truth but also firmness and faithfulness. This highlights God's unchanging nature and His commitment to His promises. In a world where truth can often be subjective, invoking blessings by the God of truth underscores a return to absolute, divine standards.

and whoever swears an oath in the land
Swearing an oath in biblical times was a solemn act that invoked the divine as a witness to one's promise. The Hebrew word for "oath" is "שבועה" (shevuah), which carries the weight of a binding commitment. In the land, this act signifies a renewed covenant relationship with God, where the people are bound by their word, reflecting God's own faithfulness.

will swear by the God of truth
This repetition of "God of truth" reinforces the centrality of God's character in the lives of His people. It suggests a future where integrity and truthfulness are restored among the people, mirroring the divine nature. The act of swearing by God indicates a deep reverence and acknowledgment of His sovereignty and justice.

for the past troubles will be forgotten
This phrase offers hope and consolation, pointing to a future where past afflictions and sins are no longer remembered. The Hebrew concept of "forgetting" (שכח, shakach) in this context implies a divine act of grace, where God chooses not to hold past transgressions against His people. It is a promise of renewal and a fresh start, free from the burdens of former troubles.

and hidden from My sight
The idea of troubles being "hidden" from God's sight suggests a complete removal or obliteration of past sins and their consequences. The Hebrew word "סתר" (satar) means to hide or conceal, indicating that God will no longer regard these past issues. This is a profound assurance of forgiveness and redemption, where God, in His mercy, chooses to overlook the past and focus on the future restoration of His people. This reflects the ultimate hope of the Christian faith, where through Christ, believers are assured of forgiveness and a new beginning.

For behold
This phrase serves as an invitation to pay attention and signifies the introduction of a divine revelation. In Hebrew, the word "behold" is often translated from "הִנֵּה" (hinneh), which is used to draw the reader's or listener's focus to something significant. It is a call to witness the unfolding of God's plan, emphasizing the importance and certainty of what follows.

I will create
The Hebrew root for "create" is "בָּרָא" (bara), which is used in the Bible exclusively for divine activity. This word underscores God's sovereign power and ability to bring something entirely new into existence. It is the same word used in Genesis 1:1, highlighting the divine act of creation, suggesting a new beginning or a fresh start initiated by God Himself.

new heavens and a new earth
This phrase is rich with eschatological significance, pointing to the ultimate renewal and restoration of creation. The "new heavens and a new earth" symbolize a complete transformation and redemption of the current fallen world. In the Hebrew context, "new" (חָדָשׁ, chadash) implies something fresh and unprecedented. This promise is echoed in the New Testament, particularly in Revelation 21:1, where the Apostle John describes a vision of the new creation, free from sin, suffering, and death.

The former things
This refers to the current order of existence, marked by sin, pain, and mortality. In the prophetic literature, "former things" often denote past events or conditions that are to be replaced by God's new work. The phrase suggests a contrast between the old, corrupted world and the new, redeemed creation that God promises.

will not be remembered
The Hebrew verb "זָכַר" (zakar) means to remember or call to mind. In this context, it implies that the past sorrows and failures will be so completely overshadowed by the glory of the new creation that they will no longer occupy the thoughts of God's people. This is a promise of complete healing and restoration, where the pain of the past is utterly forgotten.

nor will they come to mind
This phrase reinforces the idea of total renewal and freedom from the burdens of the past. The Hebrew concept here suggests that the former troubles will not even arise in one's consciousness. It is a profound assurance of peace and joy in the new creation, where the redeemed will live in perfect harmony with God, free from the memories of sin and suffering.

But be glad and rejoice forever
The phrase "be glad and rejoice forever" calls believers to a perpetual state of joy and celebration. The Hebrew words for "glad" (שָׂמַח, samach) and "rejoice" (גִּיל, gil) convey a deep, exuberant joy that is not temporary but eternal. This joy is rooted in the divine promise and the fulfillment of God's creative work. Historically, this reflects the eschatological hope of Israel, where the ultimate redemption and restoration are not just momentary but everlasting. The call to rejoice "forever" emphasizes the eternal nature of God's kingdom, a theme that resonates throughout the Bible, pointing to the New Jerusalem described in Revelation.

in what I create
The phrase "in what I create" underscores God's role as the ultimate Creator. The Hebrew verb בָּרָא (bara) is used, which is often reserved for divine creation, indicating something new and unprecedented. This creation is not merely physical but also spiritual and communal, reflecting God's intention to renew and restore. Theologically, this points to the transformative power of God, who brings forth new life and order from chaos. It invites believers to trust in God's creative power and to find joy in His divine plan, which is unfolding according to His perfect will.

for I will create Jerusalem
Here, "I will create Jerusalem" signifies a divine promise of restoration and renewal for the city of Jerusalem. Historically, Jerusalem was the center of Jewish worship and identity, and its destruction was a profound loss. The promise to "create" Jerusalem anew speaks to a future hope where the city will be restored to its intended glory. This is not just a physical rebuilding but a spiritual renewal, where Jerusalem becomes a symbol of God's presence and peace. In a broader Christian context, this points to the New Jerusalem, a place of eternal communion with God, as described in Revelation 21.

to be a joy
The phrase "to be a joy" highlights the intended purpose of the new Jerusalem. The Hebrew word for "joy" (שָׂשׂוֹן, sason) conveys a sense of exultation and gladness. This joy is not just for the inhabitants of Jerusalem but for all who witness God's redemptive work. It reflects the fulfillment of God's promises and the realization of His kingdom on earth. Theologically, this joy is a foretaste of the eternal joy believers will experience in God's presence, where sorrow and pain are no more.

and its people to be a delight
Finally, "and its people to be a delight" emphasizes the transformation of the community itself. The Hebrew word for "delight" (עֲלוּזָה, aluzah) suggests a sense of pleasure and satisfaction. This transformation is not just external but internal, as the people themselves become a source of joy and delight to God and to one another. It reflects the covenant relationship between God and His people, where they are not only restored but also renewed in their identity and purpose. This vision of a harmonious and joyful community is a powerful image of the kingdom of God, where love, peace, and righteousness reign.

I will rejoice
The Hebrew root for "rejoice" is שָׂמַח (samach), which conveys a deep, exuberant joy. This word is often used in the context of festivals and celebrations, indicating a profound, divine pleasure. In the conservative Christian perspective, this joy reflects God's ultimate plan for redemption and restoration, where His joy is complete in the fulfillment of His promises to His people.

in Jerusalem
Jerusalem, or יְרוּשָׁלַיִם (Yerushalayim) in Hebrew, is not just a geographical location but a symbol of God's chosen people and His eternal covenant with them. Historically, Jerusalem has been the center of Jewish worship and the site of the Temple. In prophetic literature, it often represents the future hope of God's kingdom on earth. For Christians, it also symbolizes the New Jerusalem, the ultimate fulfillment of God's promise of a new heaven and a new earth.

and take delight
The phrase "take delight" comes from the Hebrew רָצָה (ratzah), which means to be pleased or to find favor. This indicates a personal, relational pleasure that God finds in His people. It suggests a restoration of the relationship between God and humanity, where God is pleased with His creation, reminiscent of the original harmony in the Garden of Eden.

in My people
"My people" refers to the covenant community of God, initially Israel, and by extension, through Christ, the Church. This phrase underscores the personal relationship God has with His people, emphasizing His role as a loving and faithful Father. It highlights the inclusivity of God's redemptive plan, which is open to all who believe and follow Him.

The sounds of weeping and crying
The Hebrew words for "weeping" (בְּכִי, bechi) and "crying" (זְעָקָה, zeakah) denote expressions of deep sorrow and distress. Historically, Jerusalem has been a place of much weeping due to invasions, exiles, and destruction. This promise signifies a future transformation where sorrow is replaced with joy, aligning with the eschatological hope found in Revelation 21:4, where God wipes away every tear.

will no longer be heard in her
This phrase signifies a complete and permanent change. The absence of weeping and crying indicates a new era of peace and joy. In the conservative Christian view, this is seen as the ultimate fulfillment of God's kingdom, where sin and its consequences are eradicated, and God's people live in eternal harmony with Him. This promise offers hope and assurance of God's faithfulness to bring about His perfect plan for His creation.

No longer will a nursing infant live but a few days
This phrase speaks to a future time of divine blessing and restoration. In the Hebrew context, the word for "nursing infant" (עוֹלֵל, 'olel) conveys vulnerability and dependence. The promise that such infants will not live only a few days suggests a reversal of the curse of premature death, a common fear in ancient times due to high infant mortality rates. This reflects God's ultimate plan for life and prosperity, where even the most vulnerable are protected and cherished.

nor an old man fail to live out his years
The phrase emphasizes longevity and fulfillment of life. The Hebrew word for "old man" (זָקֵן, zaqen) denotes not just age but wisdom and honor. In ancient Israel, living to an old age was seen as a sign of God's favor and blessing. This promise assures that the elderly will not die prematurely, but will experience the fullness of their years, highlighting a future where God's people enjoy the fullness of life as intended.

For the youth will die at a hundred years
Here, the term "youth" (נַעַר, na'ar) is used to describe someone who, even at a hundred years, is still considered young. This hyperbolic expression underscores the extraordinary longevity that will characterize this future era. It suggests a radical transformation of human experience, where a century of life is merely the beginning, reflecting the abundant life promised by God.

and he who fails to reach a hundred will be considered accursed
This phrase uses the concept of being "accursed" (אָרוּר, arur) to indicate that dying before a hundred years will be an anomaly, a reversal of the current human condition where early death is common. In the biblical context, a curse is often associated with disobedience or separation from God. Thus, this statement underscores the profound change in the human condition in this prophesied future, where God's blessing is so pervasive that anything less than a full life is seen as a deviation from the norm.

They will build houses
This phrase speaks to the restoration and renewal of God's people. In the historical context of Isaiah, the Israelites had experienced destruction and exile. The promise of building houses signifies stability, security, and a return to normalcy. The Hebrew word for "build" (בָּנָה, banah) implies not just physical construction but also establishing a legacy and a future. This is a vision of hope where God's people are no longer wanderers but are settled and prosperous.

and dwell in them
The act of dwelling in the houses they build emphasizes permanence and peace. In the ancient Near Eastern context, to dwell in one's own house was a sign of blessing and divine favor. The Hebrew root for "dwell" (יָשַׁב, yashab) suggests a sense of abiding presence and rest. This is a promise that God's people will not only have the opportunity to build but will also enjoy the fruits of their labor without fear of displacement.

they will plant vineyards
Vineyards are a symbol of abundance and prosperity. In biblical times, vineyards required years of cultivation before they bore fruit, representing long-term investment and hope for the future. The Hebrew word for "plant" (נָטַע, nata) conveys the idea of taking root and establishing something enduring. This phrase assures the people that their efforts will not be in vain, and they will experience the joy of a fruitful harvest.

and eat their fruit
Eating the fruit of one's labor is a recurring biblical theme that signifies satisfaction and fulfillment. In the context of Isaiah, this is a reversal of the curse where others would consume what the Israelites had sown. The Hebrew word for "eat" (אָכַל, akal) implies not just physical consumption but also enjoyment and celebration. This is a promise of divine justice and restoration, where God's people will fully enjoy the blessings of their work.

No longer will they build houses and others inhabit them
This phrase speaks to a future promise of security and stability. In the historical context of ancient Israel, the people often faced invasions and exile, leading to a loss of homes and lands. The Hebrew root for "build" (בנה, banah) implies not just physical construction but also establishing a legacy. The promise here is that the work of one's hands will not be in vain, reflecting God's justice and faithfulness. This assurance is a reversal of the curses found in Deuteronomy 28:30, where disobedience led to others inhabiting the homes Israelites built. It is a vision of restoration and divine protection.

they will not plant and others eat
Agriculture was central to the ancient Israelite economy and survival. The Hebrew word for "plant" (נטע, nata) suggests planting with the expectation of growth and harvest. Historically, foreign powers often seized crops, leaving the Israelites in famine. This promise indicates a time when the fruits of one's labor will be enjoyed by the laborer, symbolizing peace and prosperity. It echoes the blessings of obedience in Leviticus 26:5, where God promises that the people will eat their fill and dwell securely.

For as is the lifetime of a tree
Trees in the Bible often symbolize strength, longevity, and stability. The comparison to a tree's lifetime suggests a long, enduring life. The Hebrew word for "tree" (עץ, etz) is used throughout Scripture to denote not only physical trees but also a metaphor for life and growth. This imagery conveys the idea of a life deeply rooted in God's promises, flourishing and resilient. It reflects the Edenic vision of life in harmony with God's creation.

so will be the days of My people
This phrase promises a future where God's people experience the fullness of life. The Hebrew word for "days" (ימים, yamim) can refer to both the length and quality of life. In this context, it suggests a life marked by divine blessing and fulfillment. The phrase "My people" emphasizes the covenant relationship between God and Israel, highlighting His commitment to their well-being. It is a reassurance of God's eternal faithfulness and the hope of a restored creation.

and My chosen ones will fully enjoy the work of their hands
The term "chosen ones" (בחירי, bechiri) refers to those whom God has set apart for His purposes. This phrase underscores the special relationship and favor they have with God. The promise that they will "fully enjoy" their labor speaks to a future where toil is not burdensome but rewarding. It is a vision of the redeemed life, where human effort aligns with divine purpose, resulting in joy and satisfaction. This reflects the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises, where His people live in harmony with His will, experiencing the blessings of His kingdom.

They will not labor in vain
The phrase "labor in vain" speaks to the futility that often accompanies human efforts in a fallen world. The Hebrew root for "vain" is "שָׁוְא" (shav), which implies emptiness or worthlessness. In the context of Isaiah, this promise is a reversal of the curse found in Genesis 3:17-19, where labor became toilsome due to sin. Here, God assures His people that their work will be fruitful and meaningful, reflecting the restoration of creation to its intended purpose. This promise is a source of hope, emphasizing that in God's kingdom, efforts will yield lasting and fulfilling results.

nor bear children doomed to disaster
The phrase "bear children doomed to disaster" highlights the fear and uncertainty that can accompany parenthood in a world marred by sin. The Hebrew word for "disaster" is "בֶּהָלָה" (behalah), which conveys sudden terror or calamity. In ancient times, the well-being of children was often threatened by war, famine, and disease. This promise assures God's people that their offspring will not be subject to such fates. It reflects a future where God's protection and blessing extend to the next generation, offering peace and security to families.

for they will be a people blessed by the LORD
The term "blessed" comes from the Hebrew "בָּרוּךְ" (baruch), which means to be favored or endowed with divine favor. This blessing is not merely material but encompasses spiritual well-being and a harmonious relationship with God. Being "blessed by the LORD" signifies a covenant relationship where God's favor rests upon His people, ensuring their prosperity and peace. This promise is a reminder of God's faithfulness and His desire to bestow His goodness upon those who are His.

they and their descendants with them
The inclusion of "descendants" underscores the generational aspect of God's promises. The Hebrew word "זֶרַע" (zera) means seed or offspring, indicating continuity and legacy. This assurance extends beyond the immediate recipients to future generations, highlighting the enduring nature of God's covenant. It reflects the biblical theme of God's faithfulness to His promises across time, ensuring that His blessings are not only for the present but also for the future. This promise encourages believers to trust in God's provision and care for their families, knowing that His blessings are everlasting.

Before they call
This phrase emphasizes the proactive nature of God's relationship with His people. The Hebrew root for "call" is "קָרָא" (qara), which means to call out, proclaim, or summon. In the context of Isaiah, this suggests a deep, intimate connection between God and His people, where He anticipates their needs even before they express them. Historically, this reflects the covenant relationship God had with Israel, where He promised to be their God and they His people. It underscores the idea that God is always attentive and ready to respond to the needs of His faithful.

I will answer
The assurance "I will answer" highlights God's readiness and willingness to respond to His people's needs. The Hebrew word for "answer" is "עָנָה" (anah), which conveys the idea of responding or replying. This is not a passive response but an active engagement from God. In the broader scriptural context, this reflects the faithfulness of God, who is always true to His promises. It is a comforting reminder that God is not distant or indifferent but is actively involved in the lives of His people.

while they are still speaking
This phrase indicates the immediacy of God's response. The Hebrew conveys a sense of ongoing action, suggesting that even as the words are forming, God is already at work. This reflects the omniscience and omnipresence of God, who knows our thoughts and needs even before we articulate them. It is a powerful reminder of the intimate relationship between God and His people, where communication is not hindered by time or space.

I will hear
The phrase "I will hear" underscores God's attentiveness. The Hebrew root "שָׁמַע" (shama) means to hear, listen, or obey. In the biblical context, hearing is often associated with understanding and responding. This assures believers that God is not only aware of their prayers but is also actively listening and ready to act. It is a testament to God's loving nature and His desire to be involved in the lives of His people, providing comfort and assurance that their prayers do not go unnoticed.

The wolf and the lamb will feed together
This phrase paints a vivid picture of peace and harmony in the new creation. The Hebrew word for "wolf" (זְאֵב, ze'ev) and "lamb" (כֶּבֶשׂ, keves) are often used in Scripture to symbolize predators and prey, respectively. Historically, these animals are natural enemies, yet here they coexist peacefully. This imagery reflects the transformative power of God's kingdom, where natural hostilities are reconciled. It echoes earlier prophecies, such as Isaiah 11:6, and symbolizes the peace that will characterize the Messianic age.

and the lion will eat straw like the ox
The lion, a symbol of strength and ferocity, eating straw like the ox, signifies a radical change in nature. The Hebrew word for "lion" (אַרְיֵה, aryeh) and "ox" (שׁוֹר, shor) are used to contrast the predator with the domesticated animal. This transformation suggests a return to the Edenic state, where all creatures lived in harmony. It underscores the idea that in God's restored creation, even the fiercest of creatures will adopt a peaceful existence, highlighting the comprehensive scope of God's redemptive plan.

and dust will be the serpent’s food
This phrase recalls the curse in Genesis 3:14, where the serpent is condemned to eat dust. The Hebrew word for "serpent" (נָחָשׁ, nachash) is often associated with deception and sin. In this context, the continuation of the serpent's curse serves as a reminder of God's judgment on sin. It signifies that while peace and restoration are offered to creation, the consequences of sin remain for those who reject God's ways. This serves as a powerful reminder of the ultimate triumph of righteousness over evil.

They will neither harm nor destroy on all My holy mountain
The phrase "My holy mountain" refers to Zion, a symbol of God's presence and kingdom. The Hebrew word for "harm" (רָעַע, ra'a) and "destroy" (שָׁחַת, shachat) emphasize the absence of violence and destruction in God's kingdom. This promise of safety and security is a recurring theme in prophetic literature, symbolizing the peace and protection found in God's presence. It reassures believers of the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises, where His reign will bring about a world free from fear and conflict.

says the LORD
The declaration "says the LORD" (יְהוָה, Yahweh) affirms the certainty and authority of the prophecy. It is a divine assurance that the promised peace and restoration will come to pass. The use of God's covenant name, Yahweh, emphasizes His faithfulness and unchanging nature. This closing statement serves as a powerful reminder that the vision of a restored creation is not merely a hopeful wish but a guaranteed reality, grounded in the character and promises of God.