Be imitators of God
The Greek word for "imitators" is "mimētai," which is the root of the English word "mimic." This term suggests a deliberate and conscious effort to emulate or replicate the actions and character of another. In the context of Ephesians, Paul is urging believers to actively pursue a lifestyle that reflects God's holiness and love. Historically, the concept of imitation was significant in Greco-Roman culture, where students would learn by imitating their teachers. For Christians, God is the ultimate model, and this call to imitation is a call to holiness, righteousness, and love, reflecting the divine nature in our daily lives.

therefore
This word serves as a bridge, connecting the exhortation to imitate God with the preceding context in Ephesians 4, where Paul discusses the new life in Christ. The use of "therefore" indicates that the call to imitation is a logical conclusion of the transformation that believers undergo through the Holy Spirit. It emphasizes that this imitation is not an isolated command but a continuation of the ethical and spiritual renewal that Paul has been discussing.

as beloved children
The phrase "beloved children" is rich with theological significance. The Greek word for "beloved" is "agapētoi," which denotes a deep, unconditional love. This term is often used in the New Testament to describe the love God has for His people. By referring to believers as "beloved children," Paul is reminding them of their identity in Christ. This identity is not earned but is a gift of grace, rooted in the love of God the Father. The imagery of children also implies a relationship of intimacy and dependence, suggesting that just as children naturally imitate their parents, believers are to imitate God, their heavenly Father. This familial language reinforces the idea that our ability to imitate God stems from our relationship with Him, grounded in His love and grace.

and walk in love
The phrase "and walk in love" calls believers to a continuous, active lifestyle characterized by love. The Greek word for "walk" is "peripateo," which implies a habitual way of living. This is not a passive suggestion but an imperative to embody love in every aspect of life. The concept of "love" here is "agape," a selfless, sacrificial love that seeks the best for others. Historically, this was a radical call in a Greco-Roman world often driven by self-interest and power. Christians are called to be distinct, living out the love that Christ exemplified.

just as Christ loved us
The phrase "just as Christ loved us" sets the standard for Christian love. The Greek word "kathos" means "just as" or "in the same way," indicating that Christ's love is the model for our love. This love is not abstract but demonstrated through Christ's actions. The historical context of Christ's love is His incarnation, ministry, and ultimately His sacrificial death. This love is unconditional and unmerited, emphasizing that believers are to love others in the same manner, reflecting Christ's love in their relationships and communities.

and gave Himself up for us
The phrase "and gave Himself up for us" highlights the voluntary nature of Christ's sacrifice. The Greek word "paradidomi" means "to hand over" or "to deliver up," signifying a deliberate act of self-surrender. This reflects the core of the Gospel message: Christ's willing sacrifice for humanity's redemption. Historically, this act of giving Himself up is central to the Christian faith, as it fulfilled the Old Testament prophecies and established the New Covenant. Believers are called to emulate this selflessness, prioritizing others' needs above their own.

as a fragrant sacrificial offering to God
The phrase "as a fragrant sacrificial offering to God" draws on Old Testament sacrificial imagery. The Greek word "prosphora" means "offering," and "euodia" means "fragrant" or "pleasing aroma." In the Old Testament, sacrifices were a way to atone for sin and express devotion to God. Christ's sacrifice is described as "fragrant," indicating that it was pleasing and acceptable to God, fulfilling the requirements of the Law. This imagery would resonate with early Christians familiar with Jewish sacrificial practices. It underscores the completeness and sufficiency of Christ's sacrifice, which believers are to mirror in their own lives by living sacrificially and pleasing to God.

But among you
This phrase sets a clear distinction between the behaviors expected of believers and those of the world. The Greek word "en" (ἐν) implies a sense of being within a community. Paul is addressing the church at Ephesus, emphasizing that the Christian community should be markedly different from the surrounding culture. Historically, Ephesus was a city known for its pagan practices, including the worship of Artemis, which often involved immoral acts. Thus, Paul is urging the believers to stand apart from such influences.

as is proper among the saints
The term "proper" comes from the Greek "prepo" (πρέπω), meaning fitting or suitable. "Saints" refers to those set apart for God, highlighting the believers' holy calling. In a historical context, saints were expected to live lives that reflected their dedication to God, distinct from the secular world. This phrase underscores the high moral and ethical standards expected of Christians, rooted in their identity as God's holy people.

there must not be even a hint of sexual immorality
The Greek word for "sexual immorality" is "porneia" (πορνεία), encompassing all forms of illicit sexual behavior. The phrase "not even a hint" suggests a zero-tolerance policy towards such actions, reflecting the purity God desires for His people. In the Greco-Roman world, sexual immorality was rampant, making this admonition particularly countercultural. Paul is calling the Ephesians to a radical purity that mirrors God's holiness.

or of any kind of impurity
"Impurity" is translated from the Greek "akatharsia" (ἀκαθαρσία), which refers to moral uncleanness in thought and action. This term broadens the scope beyond sexual sins to include any form of moral corruption. The historical context of Ephesus, with its various pagan rituals, often involved impure practices. Paul is urging believers to reject all forms of moral defilement, aligning their lives with God's standards.

or of greed
The Greek word "pleonexia" (πλεονεξία) is used here, meaning an insatiable desire for more, often at the expense of others. Greed is seen as idolatry in the Bible because it places material desires above God. In the context of Ephesus, a wealthy trade city, the temptation for materialism was significant. Paul warns against allowing such desires to take root, as they can lead believers away from their devotion to God.

Nor should there be obscenity
The Greek word for "obscenity" is "αἰσχρότης" (aischrotēs), which conveys a sense of shamefulness or indecency. In the context of Ephesians, Paul is addressing the moral conduct expected of believers. The early Christian community was surrounded by a culture that often indulged in immoral behavior, and Paul emphasizes that such conduct is not fitting for those who are in Christ. The call to avoid obscenity is a call to purity in speech and action, reflecting the holiness of God.

foolish talk
The term "foolish talk" comes from the Greek "μωρολογία" (morologia), which literally means "moronic speech" or "senseless conversation." This phrase warns against engaging in conversations that lack wisdom and edification. In a historical context, the Greco-Roman world valued rhetoric and eloquence, yet Paul urges believers to prioritize speech that builds up and reflects the wisdom of God, rather than engaging in trivial or nonsensical discussions.

or crude joking
"Crude joking" is translated from the Greek "εὐτραπελία" (eutrapelia), which can imply humor that is coarse or inappropriate. While humor itself is not condemned, Paul cautions against jesting that is vulgar or demeaning. The Christian life is marked by dignity and respect, and our words should reflect the grace and love of Christ. This admonition encourages believers to use their speech to uplift and encourage rather than to degrade or offend.

which are out of character
The phrase "out of character" suggests behavior that is inconsistent with the identity of a believer. The Greek word "ἀνῆκεν" (anēken) implies something that is not fitting or proper. As Christians, our identity is rooted in Christ, and our conduct should align with His teachings. This part of the verse serves as a reminder that our actions and words should be congruent with our faith and the transformative work of the Holy Spirit in our lives.

but rather thanksgiving
In contrast to negative speech, Paul advocates for "thanksgiving," translated from the Greek "εὐχαριστία" (eucharistia). Thanksgiving is a central theme in Christian worship and life, reflecting an attitude of gratitude towards God for His grace and blessings. This positive expression of speech is not only a mark of a believer's character but also a powerful testimony to the world. By cultivating a heart of gratitude, Christians can counteract the negativity and corruption of the world, shining as lights in the darkness.

For of this you can be sure
This phrase emphasizes certainty and assurance. The Greek word used here, "γινώσκετε" (ginōskete), implies a deep, experiential knowledge. Paul is not merely offering an opinion but is stating a truth that the Ephesians can confidently rely on. This certainty is rooted in the authority of apostolic teaching and the revelation of God’s will.

No immoral, impure, or greedy person
The Greek terms used here are "πόρνος" (pornos) for immoral, "ἀκάθαρτος" (akathartos) for impure, and "πλεονέκτης" (pleonektēs) for greedy. These words describe behaviors and attitudes that are contrary to the holiness expected of believers. "Pornos" refers to sexual immorality, a pervasive issue in the Greco-Roman world, which often involved temple prostitution and other practices contrary to Christian ethics. "Akathartos" denotes moral uncleanness, a state of being defiled by sin. "Pleonektēs" speaks to an insatiable desire for more, often at the expense of others, which is a form of idolatry as it places material wealth above God.

such a person is an idolater
This phrase equates immoral, impure, and greedy behaviors with idolatry. In the biblical context, idolatry is not limited to the worship of physical idols but extends to anything that takes the place of God in one's heart. The Greek word "εἰδωλολάτρης" (eidōlolatrēs) underscores the seriousness of these sins, as they reflect a heart that prioritizes self and material desires over devotion to God.

has any inheritance in the kingdom of Christ and of God
The concept of inheritance is deeply rooted in the biblical narrative, often associated with the promises given to Abraham and his descendants. In the New Testament, this inheritance is spiritual and eternal, signifying the blessings and eternal life promised to believers. The phrase "βασιλείαν τοῦ Χριστοῦ καὶ Θεοῦ" (basileian tou Christou kai Theou) highlights the divine authority and unity of Christ and God in the kingdom. Those who persist in the aforementioned sins, without repentance, are excluded from this inheritance, underscoring the necessity of a transformed life in Christ.

Let no one deceive you
The phrase "Let no one deceive you" serves as a stern warning from the Apostle Paul. The Greek word for "deceive" is "apataō," which means to lead astray or mislead. In the historical context of Ephesus, a city rife with pagan practices and false teachings, this warning was particularly pertinent. Paul urges believers to remain vigilant and discerning, recognizing that deception can come from both external sources and within the church. This call to spiritual alertness is timeless, reminding Christians to anchor their beliefs in the truth of Scripture and the teachings of Christ.

with empty words
The term "empty words" translates from the Greek "kenos," meaning void of truth or substance. In the context of Ephesus, these "empty words" likely referred to the persuasive yet hollow philosophies and doctrines that contradicted the Gospel. Paul emphasizes that such words, though they may sound appealing, lack the power and truth found in God's Word. This serves as a caution against being swayed by eloquent but spiritually bankrupt teachings, urging believers to seek wisdom and understanding through the Holy Spirit.

for because of such things
This phrase connects the deceptive words to the consequences that follow. "Such things" refers to the behaviors and attitudes that are contrary to God's will, as outlined in the preceding verses. Paul is making it clear that there is a direct correlation between embracing falsehoods and experiencing divine judgment. This serves as a sobering reminder of the seriousness with which God views sin and disobedience.

God’s wrath
"God’s wrath" is a concept that underscores the holiness and justice of God. The Greek word "orgē" denotes a settled, righteous anger against sin. In a conservative Christian perspective, this wrath is not arbitrary but is a necessary response to the violation of God's holy standards. It is a reminder of the gravity of sin and the need for repentance and redemption through Jesus Christ. God's wrath is not only punitive but also purifying, intended to lead sinners to repentance and restoration.

comes on the sons of disobedience
The phrase "sons of disobedience" is a Hebraic expression indicating those who are characterized by disobedience. The Greek word "apeitheia" implies a willful, obstinate rejection of God's authority. Historically, this term would resonate with the Ephesian believers who were surrounded by a culture steeped in idolatry and immorality. Paul is drawing a clear line between those who follow Christ and those who persist in rebellion. This serves as both a warning and a call to live in obedience to God, highlighting the transformative power of the Gospel to change lives and align them with God's will.

Therefore
The word "therefore" serves as a critical connector, linking the preceding verses to the instruction that follows. In the Greek, "διό" (dio) is used, which means "for this reason" or "consequently." This indicates that the command not to be partakers is a direct result of the truths previously discussed. In the context of Ephesians 5, Paul has been warning against the deeds of darkness, such as immorality, impurity, and greed. The use of "therefore" emphasizes the logical and moral necessity of separating from such behaviors, underscoring the transformative power of the Gospel in a believer's life.

do not be
This phrase is a direct imperative, a command that carries the weight of apostolic authority. In Greek, "γίνεσθε" (ginesthe) is used, which is a present imperative verb, suggesting a continuous action. It implies an ongoing responsibility for believers to actively choose not to engage in certain behaviors. This command reflects the call to holiness and the distinctiveness of the Christian life, which is set apart from the world.

partakers
The term "partakers" comes from the Greek word "συμμέτοχοι" (symmetochoi), which means "sharers" or "participants." This word suggests a deep level of involvement and association. In the context of Ephesians, it refers to not sharing in the sinful practices of those who live in darkness. The call is to avoid any form of complicity or partnership with sin, highlighting the importance of maintaining purity and integrity in one's walk with Christ.

with them
The phrase "with them" identifies those from whom believers are to separate themselves. In the context of Ephesians 5, "them" refers to the "sons of disobedience" mentioned in the previous verses. These are individuals who live contrary to God's will, engaging in behaviors that are antithetical to the teachings of Christ. The historical context of Ephesus, a city known for its pagan practices and idolatry, underscores the challenge faced by early Christians to remain distinct and faithful amidst a culture steeped in immorality. This call to separation is not about isolation but about maintaining a witness that is untainted by the world.

For you were once darkness
This phrase begins with a stark reminder of the believers' past state. The Greek word for "darkness" is "σκότος" (skotos), which signifies not just the absence of light but a state of moral and spiritual blindness. Historically, darkness is often associated with ignorance and evil, a condition that separated humanity from God. In the context of Ephesians, Paul is addressing Gentile converts who were once entrenched in pagan practices and devoid of the knowledge of God. This phrase serves as a humbling reminder of the transformation that has occurred through Christ.

but now you are light in the Lord
The contrast between "darkness" and "light" is profound. The Greek word for "light" is "φῶς" (phos), which represents truth, purity, and divine revelation. "In the Lord" indicates that this transformation is not of their own doing but is a result of their union with Christ. Historically, light has been a symbol of God's presence and guidance, as seen in the pillar of fire that led the Israelites. This phrase reassures believers of their new identity and the divine nature they now partake in through their relationship with Jesus.

Walk as children of light
The imperative "walk" (Greek: "περιπατέω," peripateo) suggests a continuous, habitual lifestyle. It is not merely about belief but about living out one's faith in daily actions. "Children of light" implies a familial relationship with God, who is the source of all light. In the scriptural context, this call to "walk" is an exhortation to live in a manner that reflects their new identity, characterized by righteousness, truth, and holiness. This phrase encourages believers to actively embody the virtues and values of the Kingdom of God in their everyday lives, serving as beacons of hope and truth in a world still shrouded in darkness.

for the fruit of the light
The phrase "for the fruit of the light" is a metaphorical expression that draws from agricultural imagery, common in biblical texts, to describe the visible outcomes or manifestations of living in the light of Christ. The Greek word for "fruit" (καρπός, karpos) suggests a natural product of a living organism, indicating that these virtues are the natural result of a life transformed by the light of the Gospel. The "light" here refers to the divine illumination and truth brought by Jesus Christ, contrasting with the darkness of sin and ignorance. Historically, light has been a symbol of purity, knowledge, and divine presence, as seen in the Old Testament, where God's word is described as a lamp and light (Psalm 119:105).

consists in all goodness
The word "goodness" (ἀγαθωσύνη, agathōsynē) in Greek encompasses moral excellence, kindness, and benevolence. It is a quality that reflects the character of God, who is the ultimate standard of goodness. In the context of Ephesians, Paul is urging believers to exhibit this divine attribute as evidence of their transformation. The historical context of Ephesus, a city known for its idolatry and moral corruption, highlights the radical nature of this call to goodness. Christians are to stand out as beacons of moral integrity and kindness in a world often characterized by selfishness and vice.

righteousness
"Righteousness" (δικαιοσύνη, dikaiosynē) refers to the state of being in right relationship with God and others, characterized by justice, fairness, and ethical conduct. In the biblical narrative, righteousness is not merely a legal standing but a dynamic quality that influences one's actions and relationships. Theologically, it is both imputed through faith in Christ and imparted as believers grow in holiness. In the Greco-Roman world, where Ephesus was situated, righteousness was often associated with civic duty and social order. However, Paul elevates it to a divine standard, rooted in God's own nature and revealed through Christ.

and truth
The term "truth" (ἀλήθεια, alētheia) in this context signifies more than factual accuracy; it embodies sincerity, reliability, and faithfulness. Truth is a central theme in the Johannine writings, where Jesus is described as "the way, the truth, and the life" (John 14:6). For the Ephesian believers, living in truth meant rejecting the deceit and falsehood prevalent in their society and embracing the reality of God's revelation in Christ. Historically, truth was a contested concept in the philosophical schools of the time, yet Paul anchors it in the person and work of Jesus, who embodies ultimate truth.

Test and prove
The phrase "test and prove" is translated from the Greek word "δοκιμάζω" (dokimazō), which means to examine, scrutinize, or put to the test for the purpose of approval. In the context of Ephesians, Paul is urging believers to actively discern and evaluate their actions and thoughts to ensure they align with God's will. This is not a passive suggestion but a call to intentional and continuous examination of one's life. Historically, this concept of testing was akin to the process of refining metals, where impurities are removed to reveal the pure substance. In a spiritual sense, believers are encouraged to refine their lives, removing what is impure or unworthy, to reveal a life that is pleasing to God.

what pleases the Lord
The phrase "what pleases the Lord" focuses on the ultimate goal of a believer's life: to live in a manner that is acceptable and delightful to God. The Greek word for "pleases" is "εὐάρεστος" (euarestos), which conveys the idea of being well-pleasing or fully acceptable. This is not merely about following rules but about cultivating a relationship with God that is characterized by love, obedience, and devotion. Scripturally, this aligns with the broader biblical narrative that emphasizes the importance of the heart's posture towards God, as seen in passages like Micah 6:8, which calls for justice, mercy, and humility before God. Historically, the early church faced numerous cultural and societal pressures, and Paul's exhortation would have served as a reminder to prioritize God's standards over societal norms. In a modern context, this phrase challenges believers to consider their daily choices and actions, ensuring they reflect God's character and desires.

Have no fellowship
The Greek word for "fellowship" here is "συγκοινωνεῖτε" (sugkoinōneite), which implies a sharing or partnership. In the context of Ephesians, Paul is urging believers to avoid any form of participation or partnership with actions that are contrary to the light of Christ. Historically, the early church was surrounded by pagan practices and idolatry, and this command served as a clear boundary to maintain the purity and distinctiveness of Christian living. The call is to be set apart, reflecting the holiness of God in a world that often embraces moral ambiguity.

with the fruitless deeds
The term "fruitless" translates from the Greek "ἀκάρποις" (akarpois), meaning barren or unproductive. In biblical terms, fruitfulness is often associated with the evidence of a life transformed by the Spirit, such as the fruits of the Spirit listed in Galatians 5:22-23. The "deeds" (ἔργοις, ergois) of darkness are those actions that do not produce the righteousness or goodness that God desires. Historically, this would include the immoral and unethical behaviors prevalent in the Greco-Roman world, which were often celebrated in various cultural and religious practices.

of darkness
"Darkness" (σκότους, skotous) in Scripture often symbolizes ignorance, evil, and separation from God. In the Johannine literature, for example, darkness is contrasted with light, representing the absence of God's truth and presence. Archaeologically, many ancient cities had temples and places dedicated to practices that were considered dark or evil by Christian standards. The early Christians were called to be light in these dark places, living lives that reflected the truth and love of Christ.

but rather expose them
The Greek word for "expose" is "ἐλέγχετε" (elegchete), which means to reprove, rebuke, or bring to light. This is not merely a call to criticize but to reveal the truth and offer correction. The historical context of this exhortation is significant; the early church was tasked with not only avoiding sin but also actively standing against it by living out and proclaiming the truth of the Gospel. This exposure is done through the light of Christ shining in and through believers, illuminating the darkness and offering a path to redemption and transformation.

For it is shameful
The Greek word for "shameful" is "αἰσχρόν" (aischron), which conveys a sense of disgrace or dishonor. In the cultural context of the Greco-Roman world, honor and shame were pivotal societal values. The Apostle Paul is emphasizing that certain actions are so morally reprehensible that they bring dishonor not only to the individual but also to the community of believers. This reflects a call to uphold the sanctity and purity of the Christian life, avoiding even the discussion of such acts to maintain spiritual integrity.

even to mention
The phrase "even to mention" comes from the Greek "λέγειν" (legein), meaning to speak or to say. Paul is underscoring the gravity of these sinful acts by suggesting that they are not only to be avoided in practice but also in conversation. This highlights the power of words and the importance of guarding one's speech, as words can influence thoughts and actions. The admonition serves as a reminder of the need for Christians to focus on what is pure and edifying, aligning with Philippians 4:8, which encourages believers to think on things that are true, noble, and praiseworthy.

what the disobedient do
The term "disobedient" is translated from the Greek "ἀπειθεῖς" (apeitheis), which refers to those who are unpersuaded or rebellious against God's commands. This word choice indicates a willful rejection of divine authority, contrasting with the obedience expected of believers. Historically, the early church faced numerous challenges from surrounding pagan practices, and Paul is drawing a clear line between the behaviors of those outside the faith and the expected conduct of Christians. This distinction serves to protect the community from moral corruption and to preserve its witness to the world.

in secret
The phrase "in secret" is derived from the Greek "κρυφῇ" (kryphē), meaning hidden or concealed. This suggests that the actions in question are not only sinful but also carried out away from public view, indicating a consciousness of their wrongness. The secrecy implies a level of deceit and hypocrisy, as these acts are hidden from others but not from God. This serves as a sobering reminder of God's omniscience and the futility of attempting to hide sin from Him. It calls believers to live transparently and righteously, knowing that all things will ultimately be brought to light.

But everything exposed by the light
The phrase "everything exposed by the light" suggests a transformative process initiated by divine truth. In the Greek, the word for "exposed" is "ἐλεγχόμενα" (elegchomena), which implies a revealing or conviction. This aligns with the biblical theme that God's truth, represented by light, has the power to uncover hidden sins and bring them to the surface. Historically, light has been a symbol of purity and holiness, contrasting with darkness, which represents sin and ignorance. In the context of Ephesians, Paul is urging believers to live as children of light, allowing God's truth to expose and correct their ways.

becomes visible
The Greek word for "visible" is "φανεροῦται" (phaneroutai), meaning to make manifest or clear. This suggests that once something is exposed by the light, it cannot remain hidden. In a spiritual sense, this visibility is not just about being seen but being understood and acknowledged. The historical context of Ephesians, a letter to a church in a city known for its idolatry and moral darkness, underscores the importance of living transparently before God and others. The visibility brought by the light is a call to accountability and transformation.

for everything that is illuminated
The term "illuminated" comes from the Greek "φωτιζόμενον" (photizomenon), which means to enlighten or give light to. This reflects the active role of God's truth in enlightening the hearts and minds of believers. In the scriptural context, illumination is often associated with the work of the Holy Spirit, who guides believers into all truth. The historical backdrop of Ephesus, with its mix of pagan beliefs and practices, highlights the need for divine illumination to discern truth from falsehood.

becomes a light itself
The phrase "becomes a light itself" indicates a transformation that occurs when something is illuminated by God's truth. The Greek word "φῶς" (phos) for "light" signifies not only the absence of darkness but also the presence of life and truth. In a conservative Christian perspective, this transformation is a testament to the power of the Gospel to change lives. As believers are illuminated by God's truth, they, in turn, become sources of light in a dark world, reflecting Christ's character and spreading His message. This aligns with the biblical mandate for Christians to be the light of the world, shining brightly in their conduct and witness.

Wake up, O sleeper
This phrase serves as a call to spiritual awakening and revival. The Greek word for "wake up" is "ἐγείρω" (egeirō), which means to arise or to awaken from sleep. In the context of Ephesians, Paul is urging believers to rise from spiritual lethargy and become alert to the realities of their faith. Historically, this call echoes the prophetic voices of the Old Testament, where God often called His people to awaken from their spiritual slumber and return to Him. The imagery of a "sleeper" suggests a state of inactivity or unawareness, which is contrasted with the vibrant life that comes from being awake in Christ.

rise up from the dead
The phrase "rise up from the dead" uses the Greek word "ἀνίστημι" (anistēmi), which means to stand up or to rise. This is a metaphorical call to leave behind the old life of sin, which is often equated with death in the New Testament. The imagery of resurrection is powerful here, as it points to the transformative power of Christ's resurrection, which believers are called to emulate in their own lives. Historically, this reflects the early Christian understanding of baptism as a symbolic death and resurrection, where one rises to new life in Christ.

and Christ will shine on you
The promise that "Christ will shine on you" uses the Greek word "ἐπιφαύσκω" (epiphauskō), meaning to shine upon or to illuminate. This is a beautiful depiction of the light of Christ dispelling the darkness of sin and ignorance. In the scriptural context, light is often associated with truth, purity, and divine presence. The historical backdrop of this imagery can be traced to the Old Testament, where God's presence is frequently described as light. For instance, in Isaiah 60:1, the prophet declares, "Arise, shine, for your light has come, and the glory of the LORD rises upon you." This promise assures believers that as they awaken and rise from spiritual death, they will be enveloped in the illuminating presence of Christ, guiding and transforming their lives.

Pay careful attention
The phrase "Pay careful attention" is translated from the Greek word "βλέπετε" (blepete), which means to see, discern, or perceive. This word implies a vigilant and intentional focus, urging believers to be constantly aware of their spiritual surroundings and the state of their hearts. In a world filled with distractions and temptations, this call to attentiveness is a reminder of the need for spiritual discernment. Historically, the early Christians faced numerous challenges and persecutions, making this exhortation particularly relevant as they navigated their faith amidst adversity.

then
The word "then" (Greek: οὖν, oun) serves as a conjunction that connects this verse to the preceding context. It indicates a logical conclusion or result based on what has been previously stated. In Ephesians 5, Paul has been discussing the transformation that comes from living in the light of Christ. "Then" serves as a bridge, urging believers to apply the teachings of walking in love and light to their daily conduct.

to how you walk
The phrase "to how you walk" is derived from the Greek "πῶς περιπατεῖτε" (pōs peripateite). The word "walk" (περιπατεῖτε, peripateite) is often used metaphorically in the New Testament to describe one's conduct or way of life. This imagery of walking suggests a continuous, active process of living out one's faith. In the historical context of Ephesus, a city known for its pagan practices, Christians were called to distinguish themselves by their godly conduct, reflecting the transformative power of the Gospel.

not as unwise
"Not as unwise" comes from the Greek "μὴ ὡς ἄσοφοι" (mē hōs asophoi). The term "unwise" (ἄσοφοι, asophoi) refers to those lacking wisdom or understanding. In the biblical sense, wisdom is not merely intellectual knowledge but a deep, spiritual insight that aligns with God's will. The early church was often surrounded by philosophies and teachings that contradicted the Gospel, making it crucial for believers to reject foolishness and embrace divine wisdom.

but as wise
The phrase "but as wise" is translated from "ἀλλ’ ὡς σοφοί" (all’ hōs sophoi). The word "wise" (σοφοί, sophoi) in the biblical context refers to those who possess godly wisdom, which is characterized by a fear of the Lord and a commitment to His ways. This wisdom is a gift from God, enabling believers to navigate life's complexities with discernment and righteousness. In the scriptural narrative, wisdom is often personified and highly valued, as seen in the Proverbs, where it is depicted as a guiding light for righteous living.

making the most of
The Greek word here is "ἐξαγοραζόμενοι" (exagorazomenoi), which can be translated as "redeeming" or "buying back." This term suggests a sense of urgency and intentionality. In a historical context, it evokes the image of a marketplace transaction, where one must seize the opportunity to purchase something valuable before it is gone. Spiritually, it implies that believers are called to actively and wisely use every moment for God's purposes, recognizing the fleeting nature of time and the importance of aligning our actions with God's will.

your time
The Greek word for "time" is "καιρόν" (kairon), which refers to a specific, opportune moment rather than chronological time (chronos). This distinction emphasizes the importance of recognizing and acting upon the unique opportunities God provides in our lives. In a scriptural context, it calls believers to discernment and readiness, to be attuned to God's timing and to act in ways that reflect His kingdom values. The phrase challenges Christians to evaluate how they invest their time, ensuring it is used for eternal purposes rather than temporal distractions.

because the days are evil
The word "evil" is translated from the Greek "πονηραί" (ponērai), which denotes not just moral evil but also hardship and difficulty. Historically, the early Christians faced persecution and moral decay in the Roman Empire, much like the challenges believers encounter today. This phrase serves as a reminder of the spiritual battle that exists in the world and the pervasive influence of sin. It calls Christians to vigilance and perseverance, encouraging them to stand firm in their faith and to be a light in a dark world. The acknowledgment of evil days underscores the urgency of making the most of our time, as the world is in desperate need of the hope and truth found in Christ.

Therefore
This word serves as a bridge, connecting the preceding verses with the instruction that follows. In the context of Ephesians 5, Paul has been discussing the importance of living as children of light, contrasting the behaviors of darkness with those of light. The Greek word "διὰ τοῦτο" (dia touto) implies a conclusion or result based on previous statements. It emphasizes the necessity of applying the teachings about living wisely and righteously in the light of Christ.

do not be foolish
The Greek word for "foolish" here is "ἄφρονες" (aphrones), which conveys a lack of understanding or senselessness. In the biblical context, foolishness is often associated with moral and spiritual ignorance. Proverbs frequently contrasts the wise and the foolish, with wisdom being rooted in the fear of the Lord. Paul is urging believers to avoid the pitfalls of spiritual ignorance and moral carelessness, which can lead to a life that is not aligned with God's purposes.

but understand
The Greek word "συνίετε" (syniete) means to comprehend or grasp with the mind. It implies an active, intentional effort to discern and internalize knowledge. In the biblical sense, understanding is not merely intellectual but involves a heart and mind aligned with God's truth. This call to understanding is a call to engage deeply with God's Word and His Spirit to discern His will.

what the Lord’s will is
The phrase "the Lord’s will" refers to God's desires and purposes for His people. In Greek, "τὸ θέλημα τοῦ Κυρίου" (to thelēma tou Kyriou) indicates a divine plan or intention. Understanding the Lord's will involves seeking His guidance through prayer, scripture, and the counsel of the Holy Spirit. Historically, the early church sought to discern God's will through communal prayer and the teachings of the apostles. For believers today, it involves a commitment to living in accordance with biblical principles and being sensitive to the leading of the Holy Spirit in daily life.

Do not get drunk on wine
The phrase "do not get drunk on wine" serves as a direct admonition against excessive consumption of alcohol. The Greek word for "drunk" is "methyskō," which implies a state of intoxication that impairs judgment and self-control. In the historical context of Ephesus, a city known for its pagan worship and revelry, this command would have been particularly poignant. Wine was often used in religious ceremonies, and drunkenness was associated with pagan rituals. The Apostle Paul is urging believers to distinguish themselves from the surrounding culture by exercising self-control and sobriety.

which leads to reckless indiscretion
The Greek word translated as "reckless indiscretion" is "asōtia," which conveys a sense of wastefulness and debauchery. This term suggests a lifestyle that is devoid of moral restraint and leads to destructive behavior. In the broader scriptural context, such behavior is often contrasted with the fruit of the Spirit, which includes self-control and righteousness. The warning here is clear: indulgence in alcohol can lead to a loss of moral clarity and a life that dishonors God.

Instead, be filled with the Spirit
The contrast between being drunk with wine and being filled with the Spirit is stark and intentional. The Greek word for "filled" is "plēroō," which means to be fully supplied or complete. This filling is not a one-time event but a continuous process of yielding to the Holy Spirit's influence and guidance. In the historical and scriptural context, being filled with the Spirit results in a life characterized by the fruits of the Spirit, such as love, joy, peace, and self-control (Galatians 5:22-23). This command encourages believers to seek spiritual fulfillment and empowerment rather than temporary and destructive pleasures.

Speak to one another
The phrase "speak to one another" emphasizes the communal aspect of Christian worship and fellowship. The Greek word used here is "λαλέω" (laleō), which means to talk or to communicate. This suggests an active engagement in sharing faith and encouragement among believers. Historically, early Christians gathered in homes and small groups, where communication was intimate and personal. This phrase underscores the importance of verbal encouragement and the sharing of spiritual truths within the body of Christ.

with psalms
"Psalms" refers to the sacred songs found in the Book of Psalms in the Old Testament. The Greek word "ψαλμός" (psalmos) indicates a song sung to the accompaniment of a stringed instrument. Psalms were integral to Jewish worship and were adopted by early Christians as a means of expressing worship and doctrine. They are rich in theology and emotion, providing a foundation for worship that is both deep and historical.

hymns
The term "hymns" comes from the Greek "ὕμνος" (hymnos), which denotes a song of praise directed to God. Unlike psalms, hymns were often composed by early Christians to express their faith in Christ and the new covenant. Hymns served as a way to teach doctrine and unite believers in a common confession of faith. They reflect the creativity and devotion of the early church in articulating their beliefs.

and spiritual songs
"Spiritual songs" translates from the Greek "ᾠδή πνευματική" (ōdē pneumatikē), indicating songs inspired by the Holy Spirit. These songs are characterized by their spiritual nature and are distinct from secular music. They are spontaneous expressions of worship and are often seen as a response to the work of the Holy Spirit within the believer. This phrase highlights the dynamic and living nature of Christian worship, which is not confined to formal structures but is open to the leading of the Spirit.

Sing and make music
The call to "sing and make music" is an invitation to express joy and gratitude through music. The Greek words "ᾄδω" (adō) and "ψάλλω" (psallō) suggest both vocal and instrumental music. This reflects the holistic nature of worship, engaging both the heart and the mind. Music has always been a powerful medium for worship, capable of expressing the inexpressible and drawing believers closer to God.

in your heart
The phrase "in your heart" emphasizes the internal, sincere nature of worship. The Greek "καρδία" (kardia) refers to the center of one's being, encompassing emotions, thoughts, and will. Worship is not merely an external act but a heartfelt response to God's grace and love. This internalization of worship ensures that it is genuine and not just a ritualistic performance.

to the Lord
Finally, "to the Lord" directs the focus of worship to God alone. The Greek "Κύριος" (Kyrios) is a title of respect and authority, acknowledging Jesus Christ as Lord. This phrase reminds believers that all worship is ultimately for God's glory and honor. It is a call to direct all expressions of praise and thanksgiving to the One who is worthy, ensuring that worship remains centered on God rather than on human experience or emotion.

always
The Greek word for "always" is "pantote," which signifies a continuous, unbroken practice. This word emphasizes the perpetual nature of gratitude that believers are called to maintain. In a historical context, this reflects the early Christian community's understanding of life as a constant act of worship and thanksgiving, regardless of circumstances. The call to "always" give thanks challenges believers to adopt an attitude of gratitude that transcends situational happiness, rooting their joy in the eternal and unchanging nature of God.

giving thanks
The phrase "giving thanks" comes from the Greek "eucharisteo," which is the root of the word "Eucharist," a term used for the Lord's Supper. This connection highlights the sacramental nature of thanksgiving, suggesting that gratitude is not merely a verbal expression but a profound spiritual act that aligns believers with the grace of God. Historically, thanksgiving was a central element of Jewish worship, and the early Christians adopted and expanded this practice, recognizing it as a vital response to God's grace and provision.

to God the Father
This phrase underscores the relational aspect of Christian thanksgiving. "God the Father" emphasizes the intimate and personal relationship believers have with God, who is not a distant deity but a loving parent. Theologically, this reflects the Trinitarian understanding of God, where the Father is the source of all blessings. In the historical context of Ephesus, where various deities were worshiped, this affirmation of God as Father would have been a radical declaration of monotheism and the personal nature of the Christian faith.

for everything
The Greek word "hyper panton" translates to "for everything," indicating a comprehensive scope of gratitude. This phrase challenges believers to recognize God's sovereignty and goodness in all circumstances, whether perceived as good or bad. Historically, this reflects the early Christian understanding of God's providence, where every aspect of life is seen as under God's control and worthy of thanksgiving. This perspective encourages believers to trust in God's ultimate plan and purpose, even amidst trials.

in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ
The phrase "in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ" signifies the authority and mediation of Jesus in the believer's relationship with God. The name of Jesus is central to Christian identity and practice, representing His power, presence, and redemptive work. Historically, invoking the name of Jesus was a declaration of allegiance and faith in His lordship, especially in a context where other lords and powers were acknowledged. This phrase reminds believers that their access to God and their ability to give thanks is made possible through Jesus, who reconciles them to the Father and empowers them to live lives of gratitude.

Submit to one another
The Greek word for "submit" is "hypotassō," which means to arrange under, to subordinate, or to subject oneself. In the context of Ephesians, this submission is not about inferiority but about a voluntary yielding in love. The early Christian community was counter-cultural, promoting mutual submission as a reflection of Christ's humility and service. This phrase calls believers to a lifestyle of humility and selflessness, echoing the teachings of Jesus who washed His disciples' feet (John 13:14-15). It challenges the modern reader to consider how they can serve others in their community, fostering unity and love.

out of reverence
The term "reverence" is translated from the Greek word "phobos," which can mean fear, respect, or awe. In this context, it implies a deep respect and awe for Christ. This reverence is not a fear of punishment but a profound respect for His authority and love. Historically, reverence for God was a central tenet of Jewish worship, and Paul extends this to include reverence for Christ. This phrase encourages believers to let their actions be motivated by their respect and love for Jesus, recognizing His lordship in their lives.

for Christ
The phrase "for Christ" centers the motivation for submission on the person and work of Jesus. In the Greek, "Christos" refers to the Anointed One, the Messiah. This highlights the theological foundation of Christian behavior: believers submit to one another because they are ultimately submitting to Christ. The early church understood that their relationships with one another were a reflection of their relationship with Jesus. This phrase serves as a reminder that all Christian conduct should be rooted in the example and teachings of Christ, who exemplified ultimate submission to the Father's will (Philippians 2:5-8). It calls believers to live in a way that honors and reflects the character of Jesus in every interaction.

Wives
The term "wives" in Greek is "γυναῖκες" (gynaikes), which refers to married women. In the cultural and historical context of the early church, wives were expected to manage the household and support their husbands. This role was both a cultural norm and a reflection of the order seen in creation, as described in Genesis. The call to wives here is not about inferiority but about fulfilling a God-given role within the family structure.

submit
The Greek word used here is "ὑποτάσσω" (hypotassō), which means to arrange under, to subordinate, or to subject oneself. This term is often used in military contexts to describe soldiers arranging themselves under the command of a leader. In the Christian context, submission is a voluntary and willing act of respect and support, reflecting the order and harmony God desires in relationships. It is important to note that this submission is mutual, as seen in Ephesians 5:21, which calls all believers to submit to one another out of reverence for Christ.

to your husbands
The phrase "to your husbands" specifies the relationship in which this submission is to occur. The Greek word for "husbands" is "ἀνδράσιν" (andrasin), which simply means men or husbands. This directive is not a blanket statement for all women to submit to all men but is specific to the marital relationship. The husband-wife relationship is a unique covenant that mirrors Christ's relationship with the Church.

as to the Lord
This phrase provides the motivation and model for submission. The Greek "ὡς τῷ Κυρίῳ" (hōs tō Kyriō) indicates that the submission of wives to their husbands is an act of worship and obedience to Christ. It elevates the act of submission from a mere social expectation to a spiritual discipline. Just as believers submit to Christ out of love and reverence, wives are called to submit to their husbands, reflecting their devotion to the Lord. This submission is not about control or dominance but about love, respect, and partnership in the journey of faith.

For the husband is the head of the wife
This phrase establishes a foundational principle in Christian marriage, reflecting a divinely ordained order. The Greek word for "head" is "kephalē," which implies leadership and authority. In the cultural and historical context of the Apostle Paul's time, the concept of headship was understood as a role of responsibility and care, not of domination or tyranny. The husband's headship is meant to mirror Christ's loving and sacrificial leadership over the church. This headship is not about superiority but about serving and guiding with love and humility.

as Christ is the head of the church
Here, the comparison to Christ's relationship with the church elevates the husband's role to one of spiritual significance. Christ's headship over the church is characterized by selfless love, sacrifice, and a commitment to the well-being of His people. The Greek term "Christos" refers to the Anointed One, emphasizing His divine authority and mission. This analogy calls husbands to emulate Christ's example, leading their families with grace and devotion. Historically, the church has understood this as a call to mutual respect and love within the marriage covenant.

His body
The church is described as the "body" of Christ, a metaphor that underscores unity and interdependence. The Greek word "sōma" signifies a living organism, highlighting the intimate connection between Christ and believers. Just as a body functions harmoniously with its head, so should the relationship between husband and wife be marked by unity and cooperation. This imagery also reflects the biblical teaching that believers are members of one another, called to live in harmony and support.

of which He is the Savior
This phrase emphasizes Christ's redemptive role, using the Greek word "sōtēr," meaning "Savior" or "Deliverer." It highlights the sacrificial love of Christ, who gave Himself for the church's salvation. In the context of marriage, this serves as a powerful reminder that the husband's leadership should be characterized by a willingness to sacrifice for the good of his wife, just as Christ sacrificed for the church. Historically, this has been seen as a call to husbands to prioritize their wives' spiritual and emotional well-being, reflecting the self-giving love of Christ.

Now as the church submits to Christ
This phrase sets the foundation for understanding the relationship dynamics being discussed. The Greek word for "submits" is "hypotassō," which implies a voluntary and willing submission, not out of compulsion but out of respect and love. Historically, the early church was characterized by its devotion and obedience to Christ, recognizing Him as the head and ultimate authority. This submission is not one of oppression but of alignment with Christ's teachings and mission. The church's submission to Christ is a model of unity and purpose, reflecting a deep trust in His leadership and wisdom.

so also wives should submit to their husbands
The phrase draws a parallel between the church's relationship with Christ and the marital relationship. The Greek word "hypotassō" is again used here, emphasizing a voluntary and respectful submission. In the historical context of the early church, marriage was seen as a sacred covenant, mirroring the relationship between Christ and the church. This submission is not about inequality but about order and harmony within the family unit. It is an expression of love and respect, acknowledging the husband's role as a leader within the home, much like Christ's role as the head of the church.

in everything
This phrase underscores the comprehensiveness of the submission being discussed. It suggests that the submission is not selective but encompasses all aspects of the marital relationship. However, it is crucial to understand this within the broader biblical context, where mutual love, respect, and sacrifice are emphasized. The historical and scriptural context shows that this submission is not about blind obedience but about a partnership where both husband and wife seek to honor God in their relationship. The husband's leadership is to be exercised in love and selflessness, as Christ loves the church, ensuring that the submission is nurturing and life-giving.

Husbands
The term "husbands" in this context refers to married men, specifically those who are in a covenant relationship with their wives. In the Greek, the word used is "ἀνδρές" (andres), which is a general term for men but is contextually understood here as husbands. This word sets the stage for a directive that is both specific and profound, calling men to a role of leadership and responsibility within the marriage. Historically, the role of a husband in the ancient world was often one of authority and provision, but Paul redefines this role in a Christ-centered way, emphasizing love and sacrifice over dominance.

love your wives
The Greek word for love here is "ἀγαπάω" (agapao), which is a selfless, sacrificial love that seeks the best for the other person. This is not merely a feeling or emotion but an active choice and commitment. In the cultural context of Ephesus, where marriages could often be transactional or hierarchical, this command was revolutionary. It calls husbands to mirror the love of Christ, which is unconditional and enduring. This love is not contingent on the wife's behavior or circumstances but is a steadfast commitment to her well-being and spiritual growth.

just as Christ loved the church
This phrase sets the standard for the husband's love, comparing it to the love Christ has for the church. The Greek word for "loved" is "ἠγάπησεν" (egapesen), indicating a past action with ongoing effects. Christ's love for the church is the ultimate example of sacrificial love, as He gave Himself up for her. This comparison elevates the husband's role to one of spiritual leadership and self-giving, challenging him to reflect Christ's love in every aspect of his relationship with his wife. Historically, this was a radical departure from the norms of the time, where the husband's authority was often unquestioned and his love conditional.

and gave Himself up for her
The phrase "gave Himself up" is translated from the Greek "παρέδωκεν" (paredoken), which means to hand over or deliver up. This is a direct reference to Christ's sacrificial death on the cross, where He willingly laid down His life for the church. For husbands, this means a call to self-sacrifice, putting the needs and spiritual well-being of their wives above their own desires. In the historical context, this was a profound shift from the prevailing view of marriage, emphasizing mutual submission and love rather than control and authority. This sacrificial love is the cornerstone of a Christ-centered marriage, where the husband is called to emulate Christ's humility and selflessness.

to sanctify her
The phrase "to sanctify her" refers to the process of making holy or setting apart for a sacred purpose. The Greek word for "sanctify" is "hagiazō," which means to consecrate or purify. In the context of Ephesians, this sanctification is part of the spiritual transformation that Christ performs in the Church, His bride. Historically, sanctification has been understood as both a one-time event and an ongoing process. It signifies the Church's call to holiness, reflecting God's own holiness, and is a reminder of the covenant relationship between Christ and the Church, akin to the covenant of marriage.

cleansing her
The term "cleansing her" suggests a purification process. The Greek word "katharizō" is used here, which means to make clean or purify. This cleansing is not merely external but deeply spiritual, indicating the removal of sin and impurity. In the historical context of Jewish purification rituals, cleansing was essential for approaching God. This phrase emphasizes the transformative power of Christ's sacrifice, which purifies the Church, preparing her to be presented as holy and blameless.

by the washing with water
The phrase "by the washing with water" evokes the imagery of baptism, a sacrament symbolizing the believer's identification with the death, burial, and resurrection of Christ. The Greek word "loutron" refers to a bath or washing, signifying a complete cleansing. Archaeologically, early Christian baptisteries have been discovered, underscoring the importance of baptism in the early Church. This washing is not just a physical act but represents the spiritual renewal and rebirth of the believer, aligning with the historical understanding of baptism as an initiation into the Christian faith.

through the word
The phrase "through the word" highlights the instrumental role of Scripture in the sanctification and cleansing process. The Greek term "rhema" refers to the spoken word or utterance, emphasizing the power and authority of God's word in effecting change. Scripturally, the word of God is described as living and active, capable of penetrating the heart and transforming lives. Historically, the early Church placed great emphasis on the teaching and preaching of the word as a means of spiritual growth and maturity. This phrase underscores the belief that the word of God is central to the believer's sanctification, guiding and shaping the Church into the image of Christ.

and to present her to Himself
This phrase highlights the ultimate purpose of Christ's sacrificial love for the church. The Greek word for "present" is "παραστήσῃ" (parastēsē), which implies a formal presentation or standing beside. In the context of a wedding, it evokes the image of a bride being presented to the groom. Historically, this reflects the Jewish wedding customs where the bride is prepared and presented to the bridegroom. Spiritually, it signifies Christ's desire to bring the church into a close, intimate relationship with Himself, emphasizing His role as both redeemer and bridegroom.

as a glorious church
The term "glorious" is translated from the Greek word "ἔνδοξον" (endoxon), which means splendid or honorable. This reflects the transformation that the church undergoes through Christ's sanctifying work. In a historical context, the church is seen as the body of believers who are called to reflect God's glory. Theologically, it underscores the church's future state of perfection and honor, free from the corruption of sin, as it stands in the presence of Christ.

without stain or wrinkle
The imagery of "stain" and "wrinkle" comes from the Greek words "σπίλον" (spilon) and "ῥυτίδα" (rhytida), respectively. "Stain" refers to moral blemishes or impurities, while "wrinkle" suggests signs of aging or imperfection. In the ancient world, garments were often used as metaphors for one's moral and spiritual state. This phrase emphasizes the purity and perfection that Christ imparts to the church, removing all imperfections and making it eternally youthful and vibrant in holiness.

or any such blemish
The word "blemish" is derived from the Greek "ἔλλειμμα" (elleimma), meaning defect or flaw. This phrase reinforces the idea of complete purity and perfection. In the sacrificial system of the Old Testament, offerings to God had to be without blemish, symbolizing the need for holiness. Similarly, the church, as the bride of Christ, is to be without any moral or spiritual defect, reflecting the holiness of God.

but holy and blameless
"Holy" comes from the Greek "ἅγιος" (hagios), meaning set apart or consecrated. "Blameless" is from "ἄμωμος" (amōmos), meaning without fault. Together, these terms describe the sanctified state of the church. Historically, holiness was a key attribute of God's people, called to be distinct from the world. In the New Testament, this holiness is achieved through Christ's redemptive work. The church is called to live in a manner that reflects its holy status, being set apart for God's purposes and free from accusation or guilt.

In the same way
This phrase connects the current instruction to the preceding verses, particularly Ephesians 5:25-27, where Paul discusses Christ's sacrificial love for the church. The Greek phrase "houtōs" implies a direct comparison, urging husbands to emulate Christ's selfless love. Historically, this was a radical departure from the cultural norms of the time, where women were often seen as property rather than partners. The call to love "in the same way" elevates the marital relationship to one of mutual respect and sacrificial love.

husbands ought to love
The Greek word for "ought" is "opheilō," which conveys a sense of moral obligation or duty. This is not a suggestion but a command. The word "love" here is "agapaō," which refers to a selfless, unconditional love. This is the same type of love that God shows humanity, emphasizing that a husband's love should be deep, enduring, and self-sacrificing. In a historical context, this command would have been countercultural, challenging the patriarchal norms of the Greco-Roman world.

their wives
The term "wives" in Greek is "gunaikas," which refers to a man's spouse. In the biblical context, marriage is a covenant relationship, reflecting the covenant between Christ and the church. This phrase underscores the personal and intimate nature of the relationship, highlighting that the love a husband shows should be directed specifically and uniquely towards his wife.

as their own bodies
This phrase draws a parallel between the care one naturally has for their own body and the care they should have for their spouse. The Greek word "sōmata" for "bodies" implies the physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being of a person. Historically, this reflects the Jewish understanding of marriage as two becoming one flesh (Genesis 2:24). It suggests that just as one would nourish and protect their own body, so should they care for their spouse.

He who loves his wife
The repetition of the word "loves" (agapaō) emphasizes the importance of this action. The phrase underscores the personal responsibility of the husband in the marital relationship. In the scriptural context, this love is not merely emotional but is demonstrated through actions and decisions that prioritize the wife's well-being.

loves himself
This concluding phrase ties back to the idea of unity in marriage. The Greek word "heauton" for "himself" suggests that in loving his wife, a husband is ultimately benefiting himself because of the unity and oneness of marriage. This reflects the biblical principle that in marriage, the two are one flesh, and what benefits one benefits the other. Historically, this would have been a profound statement, challenging the self-centered nature of human relationships and promoting a selfless, Christ-like love.

After all
This phrase serves as a transition, emphasizing the logical conclusion of the argument Paul is making. In Greek, the phrase is often used to introduce a self-evident truth. It suggests that what follows is a universally accepted principle, setting the stage for the analogy between human care for the body and Christ's care for the church.

no one ever hated
The Greek word for "hated" is "ἐμίσησεν" (emisēsen), which implies a strong aversion or detestation. Paul is making a rhetorical point here, suggesting that it is unnatural for someone to despise their own body. This reflects the broader biblical teaching that humans are created in the image of God (Genesis 1:27), and thus, there is an inherent value and dignity in caring for oneself.

his own body
The term "body" (σάρκα, sarka) in this context refers to the physical self. Historically, the body was seen as integral to one's identity, not merely a vessel for the soul. This aligns with the Jewish understanding of the body as part of God's good creation. Paul uses this concept to draw a parallel to the church, which is often referred to as the "body of Christ" (1 Corinthians 12:27).

but he feeds and cares for it
The Greek words "ἐκτρέφει" (ektrephei) and "θάλπει" (thalpei) are used here. "Ektrephei" means to nourish or bring up, often used in the context of raising children. "Thalpei" means to cherish or keep warm, suggesting a tender, attentive care. This dual action of feeding and caring implies a holistic approach to well-being, encompassing both physical and emotional needs. It reflects the biblical principle of stewardship, where individuals are called to responsibly manage what God has entrusted to them.

just as Christ does the church
This phrase is the crux of Paul's analogy. The care that individuals naturally extend to their own bodies is likened to the care Christ extends to the church. The Greek word for "church" is "ἐκκλησία" (ekklēsia), meaning a called-out assembly or congregation. Historically, the church is seen as the bride of Christ (Revelation 19:7), and this imagery underscores the intimate, covenantal relationship between Christ and His followers. Christ's sacrificial love and nurturing care for the church serve as the ultimate model for how believers are to treat one another and themselves. This reflects the broader biblical narrative of redemption and restoration, where Christ's love transforms and sustains His people.

For
The word "For" serves as a conjunction that connects this verse to the preceding context. It indicates a reason or explanation for what has been previously stated. In Ephesians 5, Paul discusses the relationship between Christ and the Church, using the metaphor of marriage. The use of "For" here emphasizes the unity and intimate connection between believers and Christ, which is foundational to understanding the nature of the Church.

we are
This phrase emphasizes the collective identity of believers. The Greek word "ἐσμέν" (esmen) is a present indicative verb, highlighting the current and ongoing state of being. It underscores the reality that believers, at this very moment, share in a profound spiritual union with Christ. This is not a future hope but a present reality, affirming the believer's secure position in Christ.

members
The term "members" comes from the Greek word "μέλη" (melē), which refers to parts of a body. In the context of the Church, it signifies that each believer is an integral part of the whole, contributing to the function and health of the body. This imagery is rich with meaning, suggesting interdependence, diversity, and unity among believers. Historically, this concept would have resonated with early Christians who understood the importance of community and mutual support.

of His body
The phrase "of His body" is central to understanding the mystical union between Christ and the Church. The Greek word for "body" is "σώματος" (sōmatos), which in this context refers to the Church as the living, active presence of Christ on earth. This metaphor illustrates the intimate and organic connection between Christ and believers, where Christ is the head, and the Church is His body. Scripturally, this aligns with Paul's teachings in 1 Corinthians 12 and Romans 12, where he elaborates on the Church as a body with many parts, each with unique functions but all essential to the whole.

For this reason
This phrase indicates a purpose or cause, pointing back to the preceding verses where Paul discusses the profound mystery of Christ and the church. The Greek word used here, "ἀντὶ τούτου" (anti toutou), suggests a direct correlation between the divine design for marriage and the relationship between Christ and His church. Historically, this reflects the Jewish understanding of marriage as a covenant, a sacred bond that mirrors God's covenant with His people.

a man will leave
The Greek verb "καταλείψει" (kataleipsei) means to leave behind or forsake. This implies a significant shift in priorities and loyalties. In the ancient Near Eastern context, leaving one's family was a radical step, emphasizing the establishment of a new, primary relationship. This act of leaving signifies maturity and readiness to form a new family unit, reflecting the biblical principle of cleaving to one's spouse.

his father and mother
This phrase underscores the traditional family structure, which was central to Jewish and early Christian life. The mention of both father and mother highlights the completeness of the parental unit, which the man is called to leave. This departure is not a rejection but a reordering of relationships, where the marital bond takes precedence. It reflects the Genesis creation narrative, emphasizing the foundational role of marriage in God's design.

and be united to his wife
The Greek word "προσκολληθήσεται" (proskollēthēsetai) means to be glued or joined closely. This denotes an inseparable bond, a deep, intimate connection that is both physical and spiritual. In the historical context, this union was not merely contractual but covenantal, reflecting God's unbreakable commitment to His people. The unity of husband and wife serves as a living illustration of Christ's union with the church.

and the two will become one flesh
This phrase, "καὶ ἔσονται οἱ δύο εἰς σάρκα μίαν" (kai esontai hoi duo eis sarka mian), is a direct quotation from Genesis 2:24, emphasizing the divine intention for marriage. The concept of "one flesh" signifies more than physical union; it encompasses emotional, spiritual, and relational oneness. In the biblical worldview, this unity is sacred and inviolable, reflecting the holistic nature of God's covenant with humanity. The historical and scriptural context underscores the sanctity and exclusivity of the marital relationship, which is to be a reflection of the unity and love within the Godhead and between Christ and His church.

This mystery
The word "mystery" in Greek is "mysterion," which refers to something that was once hidden but is now revealed. In the context of Ephesians, Paul often uses "mystery" to describe the divine truths that were previously unknown but have been made known through Christ. This particular mystery is profound, indicating its deep spiritual significance. Historically, the concept of mystery in the Greco-Roman world often related to secret religious rites, but Paul redefines it to mean the revealed truth of God's plan for humanity.

is profound
The Greek word for "profound" is "mega," which means great or large. This emphasizes the magnitude and importance of the mystery Paul is discussing. The profound nature of this mystery suggests that it is not only significant but also transformative, affecting the very core of Christian understanding and living. In the historical context of the early church, this profound mystery would have been a source of awe and reverence, encouraging believers to delve deeper into their faith.

but I am speaking
Paul uses the Greek word "lego," meaning to speak or say, which indicates that he is actively communicating a truth. This phrase underscores Paul's role as an apostle and teacher, entrusted with the responsibility of conveying divine revelations to the church. His speaking is authoritative, rooted in his apostolic calling and the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. In the scriptural context, Paul's words are not merely his own but are seen as divinely inspired teachings for the church.

about Christ and the church
This phrase reveals the heart of the mystery: the relationship between Christ and the church. In Greek, "Christos" refers to the Anointed One, the Messiah, while "ekklesia" means the assembly or congregation, referring to the body of believers. The relationship between Christ and the church is likened to a marriage, symbolizing unity, love, and commitment. Historically, this was a radical concept, as it elevated the status of the church to that of a beloved bride, cherished and sanctified by Christ. Scripturally, this relationship is foundational, illustrating the depth of Christ's love and the calling of the church to live in faithful response.

Nevertheless
This word serves as a transition, indicating a conclusion or summary of the preceding discussion. In the context of Ephesians 5, Paul has been discussing the relationship between Christ and the Church, using it as a model for marriage. "Nevertheless" signals a shift from the broader theological discussion to practical application for individual believers. It underscores the importance of the instructions that follow, emphasizing that despite the profound mystery of Christ and the Church, there are clear, actionable steps for husbands and wives.

Each one of you
This phrase personalizes the command, making it clear that the instructions are not just for a select few but for every believer. The Greek word "hekastos" implies an individual responsibility, highlighting that each husband is personally accountable for his actions towards his wife. This universality underscores the importance of the command and its applicability to all Christian marriages.

Must love
The Greek word used here is "agapao," which refers to a selfless, sacrificial love. This is the same type of love that Christ has for the Church, as described earlier in the chapter. It is not merely a feeling but an active choice to seek the best for one's spouse. This command elevates the husband's role to one of service and sacrifice, mirroring Christ's love.

His wife
The focus here is on the marital relationship, specifically the husband's duty towards his wife. In the cultural context of the time, this was a radical command, as women were often seen as property rather than partners. By instructing husbands to love their wives, Paul is affirming the value and dignity of women, elevating the marriage relationship to one of mutual respect and care.

As he loves himself
This phrase draws on the natural human tendency to care for oneself, using it as a benchmark for how husbands should treat their wives. It echoes the second greatest commandment, "Love your neighbor as yourself" (Matthew 22:39), applying it specifically to marriage. This comparison implies that a husband's love for his wife should be as instinctive and comprehensive as his care for his own well-being.

And the wife
This part of the verse shifts the focus to the wife's role in the marriage. It acknowledges that both partners have responsibilities, emphasizing the mutual nature of the marital relationship. The inclusion of both husband and wife in the command underscores the partnership and equality inherent in a Christian marriage.

Must respect
The Greek word "phobeo" is used here, which can mean to fear, but in this context, it is better understood as "respect" or "reverence." This respect is not about subservience but about honoring and valuing the husband. It complements the husband's call to love, creating a dynamic of mutual honor and support within the marriage.

Her husband
The focus returns to the marital relationship, specifically the wife's attitude towards her husband. In the cultural context of the time, this respect was a counter-cultural command, as it called for a voluntary, loving respect rather than one enforced by societal norms. It highlights the transformative nature of Christian marriage, where both partners are called to love and honor each other in a way that reflects Christ's relationship with the Church.