In the first year of Darius
This phrase sets the historical context for the events described in Daniel 9. The "first year" indicates a specific time frame, which is crucial for understanding the timeline of the prophetic events in the Book of Daniel. Darius is often identified with Darius the Mede, a figure who appears in the biblical narrative as a ruler following the fall of Babylon. This period marks the transition from Babylonian to Medo-Persian rule, aligning with the historical conquest of Babylon by the Medes and Persians in 539 BC.

son of Xerxes
The identification of Darius as the "son of Xerxes" presents a challenge, as historical records do not clearly document a Darius who was the son of Xerxes and a Mede. Some scholars suggest that this may refer to a different Xerxes or that the term "son" could be used more broadly to indicate lineage or association. This phrase highlights the complexities of ancient genealogies and the potential for variations in historical records.

a Mede by descent
This emphasizes Darius's ethnic background, linking him to the Medes, an ancient Iranian people. The Medes played a significant role in the overthrow of the Babylonian Empire, and their alliance with the Persians was instrumental in establishing the Medo-Persian Empire. This detail underscores the fulfillment of earlier prophecies in Daniel, where the Medes and Persians are depicted as successors to Babylon.

who was made ruler over the kingdom of the Chaldeans—
This phrase indicates that Darius was appointed as ruler over the Chaldeans, another name for the Babylonians. The passive construction "was made ruler" suggests that his authority was granted by a higher power, possibly Cyrus the Great, who led the Persian conquest. This transition of power fulfills the prophecy in Daniel 5:28, where the kingdom is said to be divided and given to the Medes and Persians. The Chaldeans were known for their contributions to astronomy and mathematics, and their kingdom's fall marked a significant shift in the ancient Near Eastern power structure.

in the first year of his reign
This phrase refers to the first year of the reign of Darius the Mede, who took over the Babylonian kingdom after the fall of Babylon to the Medo-Persian Empire. This historical context is significant as it marks a transition of power and the fulfillment of earlier prophecies regarding the fall of Babylon (Isaiah 13:17-19). The timing is crucial as it sets the stage for the events and revelations that follow in the book of Daniel.

I, Daniel, understood from the sacred books
Daniel's reference to the "sacred books" indicates his study of the Hebrew Scriptures, particularly the writings of the prophets. This highlights the importance of Scripture in understanding God's plans and purposes. Daniel's diligent study serves as a model for believers to seek wisdom and understanding through the Word of God. It also underscores the continuity and reliability of biblical prophecy.

according to the word of the LORD to Jeremiah the prophet
This phrase points to the specific prophecy given by God through Jeremiah regarding the duration of Jerusalem's desolation. Jeremiah 25:11-12 and 29:10 explicitly mention the seventy-year period of Babylonian captivity. Daniel's recognition of Jeremiah's prophecy as the word of the LORD affirms the authority and inspiration of the prophetic writings. It also demonstrates the interconnectedness of biblical prophecy and its fulfillment.

that the desolation of Jerusalem would last seventy years
The seventy-year desolation of Jerusalem is a significant prophetic period that reflects God's judgment and mercy. This period began with the first deportation of Jews to Babylon in 605 BC and concluded with the decree of Cyrus allowing the Jews to return in 538 BC. Theologically, the seventy years symbolize a complete period of divine discipline, after which God would restore His people. This prophecy also foreshadows the ultimate restoration and redemption found in Jesus Christ, who fulfills the promises of God to restore and renew His people.

So I turned my attention to the Lord God
Daniel's decision to turn his attention to God signifies a deliberate and focused act of seeking divine guidance. This reflects a common biblical theme where individuals seek God in times of need or uncertainty (e.g., Psalm 27:8). The phrase indicates a conscious choice to prioritize communication with God, emphasizing the importance of intentionality in prayer.

to seek Him by prayer and petition
Prayer and petition are central to Daniel's approach, highlighting the dual aspects of communication with God: worship and request. Prayer is a broader term encompassing adoration, confession, and thanksgiving, while petition specifically refers to requests made to God. This reflects the biblical principle of presenting one's needs to God (Philippians 4:6) and underscores the relational aspect of faith.

with fasting
Fasting is a spiritual discipline that involves abstaining from food to focus on spiritual matters. In the biblical context, fasting is often associated with repentance, mourning, or seeking God's favor (e.g., Joel 2:12). It demonstrates humility and dependence on God, as seen in other scriptural examples like Esther 4:16 and Matthew 6:16-18.

sackcloth
Sackcloth, a coarse material made from goat's hair, was traditionally worn as a sign of mourning or repentance. Its use in the Bible often accompanies expressions of deep sorrow or contrition (e.g., Jonah 3:5-6). Wearing sackcloth symbolizes a physical manifestation of inner humility and penitence before God.

and ashes
Ashes, like sackcloth, are a symbol of mourning and repentance. Sprinkling ashes on oneself was a common practice in the ancient Near East to express grief or penitence (e.g., Job 42:6). This act signifies a recognition of human frailty and sinfulness, aligning with the biblical theme of repentance and the need for divine mercy.

And I prayed to the LORD my God and confessed
Daniel's prayer is a model of humility and repentance. The act of praying and confessing indicates a deep personal relationship with God, acknowledging His sovereignty and the need for divine intervention. This reflects the Jewish practice of prayer and confession, especially during times of distress or national crisis. Daniel's prayer is set during the Babylonian exile, a period when the Israelites were seeking restoration and forgiveness. Confession is a key theme in the Old Testament, seen in Leviticus 26:40-42, where God promises to remember His covenant if His people confess their iniquity.

O, Lord, the great and awesome God
Daniel acknowledges God's majesty and power, using titles that emphasize His transcendence and authority. The terms "great" and "awesome" are often used in the Old Testament to describe God's mighty acts and His ability to inspire reverence and fear. This echoes Deuteronomy 7:21, where God is described as "great and awesome," highlighting His role as a divine warrior and protector of Israel. The use of these titles sets the tone for a prayer of adoration and reverence.

who keeps His covenant of loving devotion
This phrase underscores God's faithfulness and steadfast love, known in Hebrew as "hesed." The covenant refers to the promises made to the patriarchs and the nation of Israel, which God remains committed to despite their unfaithfulness. This reflects the covenantal theology central to the Old Testament, where God's relationship with His people is based on promises and obligations. The idea of a covenant-keeping God is also seen in Nehemiah 1:5, reinforcing the theme of divine faithfulness.

to those who love Him and keep His commandments
This condition highlights the reciprocal nature of the covenant relationship. Love and obedience are central to the covenant, as seen in Deuteronomy 6:5, where loving God with all one's heart, soul, and strength is commanded. Obedience to God's commandments is a demonstration of love and loyalty, and it is through this obedience that the blessings of the covenant are realized. This principle is echoed in the New Testament, where Jesus states in John 14:15, "If you love Me, you will keep My commandments," linking love and obedience as evidence of true discipleship.

we have sinned and done wrong
This phrase acknowledges the collective sin of the people of Israel. In the context of Daniel 9, Daniel is interceding for his people during the Babylonian exile, a period of punishment for their disobedience to God. The confession of sin is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, seen in passages like Leviticus 26:40-42 and Nehemiah 1:6-7, where acknowledging wrongdoing is the first step toward restoration. The Hebrew words for "sinned" and "done wrong" emphasize both the moral failure and the breach of covenant with God.

We have acted wickedly and rebelled
This phrase highlights the severity of Israel's actions against God. "Wickedly" suggests intentional wrongdoing, while "rebelled" indicates a deliberate turning away from God's authority. This rebellion is reminiscent of Israel's history of idolatry and disobedience, as seen in the narratives of the Judges and Kings. The rebellion against God is a central theme in the prophetic books, where prophets like Isaiah and Jeremiah call the people back to faithfulness. This rebellion is also a type of humanity's general rebellion against God, which is ultimately addressed through the redemptive work of Jesus Christ.

We have turned away from Your commandments and ordinances
This phrase underscores the specific nature of Israel's disobedience: a failure to adhere to God's laws. The "commandments and ordinances" refer to the Torah, the law given to Moses, which was meant to guide Israel in righteousness and justice. Turning away from these laws led to social injustice, idolatry, and ultimately exile. This turning away is a recurring issue in Israel's history, as seen in the books of Kings and Chronicles. The call to return to God's commandments is echoed in the New Testament, where Jesus summarizes the law as love for God and neighbor (Matthew 22:37-40), and Paul emphasizes the law's fulfillment in Christ (Romans 8:3-4).

We have not listened to Your servants the prophets
This phrase highlights the recurring theme of Israel's disobedience and neglect of prophetic messages. Throughout the Old Testament, prophets were sent by God to guide, warn, and call the people back to righteousness (e.g., Jeremiah 25:4, Amos 3:7). The failure to heed these messages often led to judgment and exile, as seen in the Babylonian captivity. This disobedience is a reflection of the human tendency to ignore divine warnings, emphasizing the need for repentance and obedience.

who spoke in Your name
Prophets spoke with divine authority, delivering messages directly from God. Speaking "in Your name" signifies that their words carried the weight and truth of God's own voice (Deuteronomy 18:18-19). This underscores the seriousness of ignoring their messages, as it equates to disregarding God Himself. The authority of speaking in God's name is also seen in the New Testament, where Jesus and the apostles performed their ministries in the name of God (John 5:43, Acts 3:6).

to our kings, leaders, fathers
The message was directed not only to the common people but also to those in positions of authority and influence. Kings and leaders were expected to set an example of faithfulness and obedience (2 Samuel 23:3, Proverbs 29:2). The failure of these figures often led the nation astray, as seen in the reigns of kings like Manasseh and Ahab. The mention of "fathers" indicates the generational aspect of disobedience, where the sins of one generation affect the next (Exodus 20:5).

and all the people of the land
This phrase emphasizes the universal nature of the prophetic message. It was not limited to a select group but was intended for the entire nation. The inclusion of "all the people" highlights the collective responsibility of the community to adhere to God's commands. This collective accountability is a recurring theme in Scripture, where the actions of individuals and leaders impact the whole community (Joshua 7:1, Nehemiah 9:32-34). The call to repentance and obedience is thus a communal call, urging everyone to return to God.

To You, O Lord, belongs righteousness
This phrase acknowledges God's inherent righteousness, a central theme throughout the Bible. God's righteousness is His moral perfection and justice, which is consistently affirmed in scriptures such as Psalm 11:7 and Romans 3:25-26. It sets the standard against which human actions are measured and highlights the divine nature of God as the ultimate judge.

but this day we are covered with shame
The shame mentioned here is a result of sin and disobedience. In the context of Daniel, this refers to the Israelites' failure to uphold the covenant with God, leading to their exile. Shame is a recurring theme in the Bible, often associated with sin and separation from God, as seen in Genesis 3:7-10 after the fall of Adam and Eve.

the men of Judah, the people of Jerusalem, and all Israel near and far
This phrase encompasses the entire nation of Israel, both the southern kingdom of Judah and the northern kingdom of Israel. It reflects the unity of the people in their shared guilt and consequences of sin. Historically, the division of the kingdoms occurred after Solomon's reign, but in exile, their shared identity as God's people is emphasized.

in all the countries to which You have driven us
This refers to the Babylonian exile, a pivotal event in Jewish history. The exile was a direct consequence of Israel's unfaithfulness, as prophesied in Deuteronomy 28:64. The dispersion of the Israelites among various nations fulfilled God's warnings and served as a period of reflection and repentance.

because of our unfaithfulness to You
Unfaithfulness here denotes the breaking of the covenant relationship with God through idolatry and disobedience. This theme is prevalent in the prophetic books, where prophets like Jeremiah and Ezekiel call the people to repentance. The unfaithfulness of Israel is contrasted with God's faithfulness, as seen in 2 Timothy 2:13, highlighting the need for repentance and restoration.

O LORD, we are covered with shame—
This phrase reflects a deep sense of guilt and humility before God. The acknowledgment of shame is a common theme in the Old Testament, where the Israelites often express remorse for their disobedience. This shame is not just personal but communal, indicating a collective responsibility. The use of "O LORD" signifies a direct appeal to Yahweh, the covenant God of Israel, emphasizing a relationship that has been breached by sin.

our kings, our leaders, and our fathers—
Here, Daniel includes all levels of society in the confession of sin. The mention of "kings" and "leaders" highlights the failure of those in authority who were supposed to guide the people in righteousness. Historically, many of Israel's kings led the nation into idolatry and disobedience, as seen in the books of Kings and Chronicles. "Our fathers" refers to previous generations, acknowledging a pattern of sin that has persisted over time. This collective confession is reminiscent of other biblical prayers of repentance, such as Nehemiah 9 and Ezra 9.

because we have sinned against You.
The phrase underscores the nature of sin as an offense against God Himself. This is a central theme in the Bible, where sin is not merely a violation of moral or social codes but a breach in the relationship with God. The acknowledgment of sin is crucial for repentance and restoration. This confession aligns with the broader biblical narrative that emphasizes the need for atonement and forgiveness, ultimately pointing to the redemptive work of Jesus Christ, who provides the ultimate solution for sin.

To the Lord our God belong compassion and forgiveness
This phrase emphasizes the nature of God as inherently compassionate and forgiving. In the Old Testament, God's compassion is often highlighted, such as in Exodus 34:6-7, where God describes Himself as "merciful and gracious, slow to anger, and abounding in steadfast love and faithfulness." The Hebrew word for compassion, "racham," conveys a deep, tender love, akin to a parent's love for a child. Forgiveness, or "selichah" in Hebrew, is a central theme in the relationship between God and His people, as seen in passages like Psalm 103:12, where God removes transgressions as far as the east is from the west. This phrase underscores the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where despite their failures, God remains willing to forgive and restore.

even though we have rebelled against Him
This acknowledges the sinfulness and rebellion of the people against God. Rebellion here refers to a deliberate turning away from God's commandments and covenant, a recurring theme in the history of Israel. The context of Daniel 9 is Daniel's prayer of confession on behalf of the nation, recognizing their collective sin and the resulting exile. This rebellion is not just a historical account but a reflection of the human condition, as seen in Romans 3:23, "for all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God." Despite this rebellion, the passage highlights God's willingness to forgive, pointing to the ultimate fulfillment of forgiveness through Jesus Christ, who embodies God's compassion and offers redemption for all who believe.

and have not obeyed the voice of the LORD our God
This phrase highlights the central issue of disobedience to God's commands. In the context of Daniel 9, Daniel is confessing the sins of Israel, acknowledging their failure to heed God's voice. The "voice of the LORD" often refers to God's direct communication through His commandments and prophets. This disobedience is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, where Israel frequently turns away from God's instructions, leading to consequences such as exile. The concept of hearing and obeying God's voice is foundational, as seen in Deuteronomy 28, where blessings and curses are outlined based on obedience.

to walk in His laws
Walking in God's laws implies a lifestyle of consistent obedience and alignment with His commandments. The term "walk" is metaphorical, indicating a way of life or conduct. The laws refer to the Torah, the first five books of the Bible, which contain God's instructions for His people. This phrase underscores the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where adherence to His laws was a sign of faithfulness. Psalm 119 extensively praises the beauty and righteousness of God's laws, emphasizing their role in guiding the believer's life.

which He set before us
This indicates that God's laws were clearly presented and accessible to the people. The setting before them suggests a deliberate act of revelation and instruction. In historical context, this refers to the giving of the Law at Mount Sinai, where God established His covenant with Israel. The phrase implies that the people had no excuse for ignorance, as the laws were made known to them. This is echoed in Deuteronomy 30:11-14, where Moses assures the people that God's commandments are not too difficult or beyond their reach.

through His servants the prophets
The prophets served as God's messengers, delivering His words and warnings to the people. This phrase acknowledges the role of the prophets in communicating God's will and calling the nation back to obedience. Prophets like Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel were instrumental in reminding Israel of their covenant obligations and the consequences of disobedience. The prophetic tradition is crucial in the biblical narrative, as it points to both immediate and future fulfillments, including the coming of the Messiah. Jesus Christ is seen as the ultimate fulfillment of the prophetic office, as He perfectly reveals God's will and calls people to repentance and faith.

All Israel has transgressed Your law and turned away, refusing to obey Your voice;
This phrase highlights the collective sin of the nation of Israel. Historically, Israel's disobedience is a recurring theme throughout the Old Testament, as seen in the books of Judges, Kings, and Chronicles. The law referred to here is the Torah, which includes the commandments given to Moses on Mount Sinai. The phrase "refusing to obey Your voice" underscores the willful nature of Israel's rebellion, echoing the warnings given by prophets like Jeremiah and Isaiah. This disobedience is not just a failure to follow rules but a rejection of a covenant relationship with God.

so the oath and the curse written in the Law of Moses the servant of God has been poured out on us,
The "oath and the curse" refer to the blessings and curses outlined in Deuteronomy 28 and Leviticus 26. These passages detail the consequences of obedience and disobedience to God's commandments. The historical context here is crucial, as the Babylonian exile is seen as the fulfillment of these curses. Archaeological evidence, such as the Babylonian Chronicles, corroborates the events of the exile. The phrase "poured out on us" suggests a complete and overwhelming judgment, aligning with the prophetic warnings given by Moses and later prophets.

because we have sinned against You.
This admission of sin is a key element of repentance, which is a central theme in the book of Daniel. The acknowledgment of sin is necessary for restoration and forgiveness, as seen in the prayers of repentance throughout the Bible, such as in Psalm 51. Theologically, this phrase underscores the concept of sin as a breach in the relationship with God, necessitating divine intervention for reconciliation. This also points forward to the New Testament, where Jesus Christ is seen as the ultimate solution to the problem of sin, fulfilling the law and offering redemption.

You have carried out the words spoken against us and against our rulers
This phrase highlights the fulfillment of prophetic warnings given to Israel through prophets like Jeremiah and Isaiah. The "words spoken" refer to the covenant curses outlined in Deuteronomy 28, where disobedience to God's laws would lead to national calamity. The rulers, including kings and priests, were often held accountable for leading the people astray, as seen in 2 Kings 24:3-4, where the sins of King Manasseh are cited as a reason for Jerusalem's downfall.

by bringing upon us a great disaster
The "great disaster" refers to the Babylonian exile, a pivotal event in Jewish history. This disaster was not just a military defeat but a spiritual and cultural crisis, as the temple was destroyed, and the people were removed from the Promised Land. This aligns with the prophecies of Jeremiah 25:11-12, which predicted seventy years of desolation for Jerusalem.

For under all of heaven, nothing has ever been done like what has been done to Jerusalem
This hyperbolic expression emphasizes the unprecedented nature of Jerusalem's destruction. Historically, the fall of Jerusalem in 586 BC was catastrophic, leading to the loss of national identity and religious center. Theologically, it serves as a type of ultimate judgment, foreshadowing the final judgment described in Revelation. The phrase also echoes Lamentations 1:12, where the unparalleled suffering of Jerusalem is lamented.

Just as it is written in the Law of Moses
This phrase refers to the covenantal warnings found in the Torah, particularly in Leviticus 26 and Deuteronomy 28, where God outlines the blessings for obedience and curses for disobedience. The disasters that befell Israel, including exile, were consequences of breaking the covenant. This highlights the importance of the Law as a foundational document for understanding Israel's relationship with God.

all this disaster has come upon us
The disaster refers to the Babylonian exile, a pivotal event in Jewish history. This exile was a direct result of Israel's persistent idolatry and failure to uphold the covenant. The historical context includes the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BC by Nebuchadnezzar, which fulfilled the prophetic warnings given by prophets like Jeremiah.

yet we have not sought the favor of the LORD our God
Despite the calamities, the people had not genuinely repented or sought God's mercy. This reflects a recurring theme in the Old Testament where God desires repentance and a return to Him. The phrase underscores the importance of seeking God’s favor through humility and prayer, as seen in 2 Chronicles 7:14.

by turning from our iniquities
Repentance involves a conscious decision to turn away from sin. The Hebrew concept of repentance, "teshuvah," means to return to God. This turning away from sin is a prerequisite for receiving God's forgiveness and favor, as emphasized in the prophetic calls to repentance throughout the Old Testament.

and giving attention to Your truth
This phrase emphasizes the need to heed God's word and commandments. "Your truth" refers to the divine revelation given to Israel, which includes the Law, the Prophets, and the Writings. The call to give attention to God's truth is echoed in Psalm 119, which extols the virtues of God's word as a guide for righteous living.

Therefore the LORD has kept the calamity in store and brought it upon us.
This phrase reflects the fulfillment of the warnings given to Israel through the prophets, such as in Leviticus 26 and Deuteronomy 28, where God outlined the consequences of disobedience. The "calamity" refers to the Babylonian exile, a pivotal event in Jewish history. The use of "kept in store" suggests God's patience and long-suffering, as He delayed judgment to give Israel opportunities to repent. This aligns with the biblical theme of divine justice and mercy. The historical context is the fall of Jerusalem in 586 BC, a significant event that confirmed the prophetic warnings. Theologically, it underscores God's sovereignty and the certainty of His word.

For the LORD our God is righteous in all He does;
This phrase emphasizes God's inherent righteousness, a central attribute of His character. It reflects the biblical understanding that God's actions are always just and right, even when they involve judgment. This righteousness is consistent with passages like Psalm 145:17 and Romans 3:26, which affirm God's just nature. Theologically, it points to the idea that God's judgments are not arbitrary but are based on His holy standards. This righteousness is ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who embodies God's justice and mercy, as seen in 2 Corinthians 5:21.

yet we have not obeyed His voice.
This phrase highlights the persistent disobedience of Israel, despite God's clear instructions and repeated calls to repentance. It echoes the covenantal relationship established at Sinai, where obedience was a condition for blessing (Exodus 19:5). The phrase "His voice" signifies God's direct communication through the Law and the prophets. This disobedience is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, as seen in the narratives of the Judges and Kings. It serves as a reminder of human fallibility and the need for a savior, pointing to the New Testament revelation of Jesus Christ as the one who perfectly obeyed God's will on behalf of humanity (Philippians 2:8).

Now, O Lord our God
This phrase acknowledges the personal relationship between God and His people. The use of "O Lord" signifies reverence and submission, while "our God" emphasizes the covenant relationship established with Israel. This reflects the intimate connection seen throughout the Old Testament, where God is often referred to as the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

who brought Your people out of the land of Egypt with a mighty hand
This recalls the Exodus, a foundational event in Israel's history, where God delivered the Israelites from slavery in Egypt. The "mighty hand" symbolizes God's power and intervention in human affairs. This event is frequently referenced in the Old Testament as a demonstration of God's faithfulness and ability to save, serving as a type of Christ's redemptive work in the New Testament.

and who made for Yourself a name renowned to this day
The deliverance from Egypt established God's reputation among the nations as a powerful and faithful deity. This renown is not just historical but continues "to this day," indicating the enduring nature of God's glory and the lasting impact of His actions. This echoes the idea that God's works are meant to reveal His character and draw people to Him.

we have sinned; we have acted wickedly
This confession acknowledges the failure of the Israelites to uphold their covenant with God. The dual admission of sin and wickedness highlights the seriousness of their transgressions. This mirrors the broader biblical theme of human sinfulness and the need for repentance, which is central to the message of the prophets and the teachings of Jesus Christ.

O Lord, in keeping with all Your righteous acts
This phrase acknowledges God's consistent righteousness throughout history. It reflects the biblical theme that God’s actions are always just and faithful, as seen in Deuteronomy 32:4. Daniel appeals to God’s character, which is a common practice in biblical prayers, emphasizing trust in His unchanging nature.

I pray that Your anger and wrath may turn away
Daniel is interceding for the people, recognizing that divine anger is a response to sin. This reflects the covenant relationship where disobedience leads to consequences (Leviticus 26:27-28). The plea for God’s wrath to turn away is reminiscent of Moses’ intercession for Israel in Exodus 32:11-14.

from Your city Jerusalem, Your holy mountain
Jerusalem is central to Jewish identity and worship, being the location of the Temple on Mount Zion. The city is often referred to as God’s chosen place (1 Kings 11:36). The term "holy mountain" underscores its spiritual significance, as seen in Psalm 48:1-2, and highlights the desecration caused by sin.

for because of our sins and the iniquities of our fathers
Daniel acknowledges collective guilt, a concept rooted in the communal nature of Israel’s covenant with God. This confession aligns with Leviticus 26:40, where acknowledging ancestral sins is part of repentance. It reflects the biblical understanding of generational consequences of sin (Exodus 20:5).

Jerusalem and Your people are a reproach to all around us
The desolation of Jerusalem and the suffering of the Jewish people serve as a public disgrace, fulfilling the warnings of Deuteronomy 28:37. This reproach is not only a consequence of sin but also a call for God’s intervention to restore His name and people, as seen in Ezekiel 36:20-23.

So now, our God, hear the prayers and petitions of Your servant.
This phrase reflects Daniel's deep humility and dependence on God. Daniel acknowledges God as "our God," indicating a personal and communal relationship. The use of "hear the prayers and petitions" suggests a plea for divine attention and intervention, emphasizing the importance of prayer in the believer's life. Daniel's role as a servant highlights his submission and dedication to God's will, a theme consistent throughout the book of Daniel. This echoes the prayers of other biblical figures like Solomon (1 Kings 8:28) and Nehemiah (Nehemiah 1:6), who also sought God's attention in times of need.

For Your sake, O Lord,
Daniel appeals to God's own reputation and glory, rather than any merit of the people. This reflects a common biblical theme where God's actions are often for the sake of His name (Ezekiel 36:22). It underscores the idea that God's ultimate purpose is His own glory, and His actions in history are to reveal His character and power. This phrase also connects to the Lord's Prayer in the New Testament, where Jesus teaches to pray for God's name to be hallowed (Matthew 6:9).

cause Your face to shine upon Your desolate sanctuary.
The imagery of God's face shining is a metaphor for His favor and presence, reminiscent of the Aaronic blessing in Numbers 6:25. The "desolate sanctuary" refers to the temple in Jerusalem, which had been destroyed by the Babylonians. This destruction was a significant event in Jewish history, symbolizing the loss of God's dwelling place among His people. Daniel's plea is for restoration, not just of the physical temple, but of the relationship between God and His people. This request for divine favor and restoration foreshadows the ultimate restoration through Jesus Christ, who is described as the true temple (John 2:19-21) and the light of the world (John 8:12).

Incline Your ear, O my God, and hear;
This phrase is a plea for divine attention and intervention. It reflects the ancient Near Eastern practice of petitioning a deity, emphasizing the personal relationship between Daniel and God. The use of "incline Your ear" is a metaphorical expression, suggesting that God is being asked to listen attentively. This echoes other biblical prayers, such as Solomon's prayer in 1 Kings 8:28, where he asks God to hear the supplications of His people. It underscores the belief in a God who is both transcendent and immanent, capable of hearing and responding to human cries.

open Your eyes and see the desolation of the city that bears Your name.
Here, Daniel refers to Jerusalem, the city chosen by God to bear His name, as seen in 1 Kings 11:36. The "desolation" points to the destruction of Jerusalem and the temple by the Babylonians in 586 BC, a pivotal event in Jewish history. This destruction was a fulfillment of prophetic warnings given by prophets like Jeremiah (Jeremiah 25:11). The phrase highlights the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where the city represents God's dwelling place among His people. The plea for God to "see" suggests a desire for divine intervention to restore the city, reflecting the hope found in prophecies of restoration, such as those in Isaiah 44:26.

For we are not presenting our petitions before You because of our righteous acts,
Daniel acknowledges the unworthiness of the people, recognizing that their current plight is due to their sins and not because of any merit on their part. This humility is consistent with the biblical theme that human righteousness is insufficient for earning God's favor, as seen in Isaiah 64:6, which describes human righteousness as "filthy rags." This confession aligns with the broader biblical narrative of grace, where God's actions are not based on human merit but on His character.

but because of Your great compassion.
The appeal to God's "great compassion" is central to the theology of grace and mercy found throughout the Bible. This compassion is a key attribute of God, as described in Exodus 34:6, where God is proclaimed as "compassionate and gracious." Daniel's reliance on God's compassion rather than human righteousness reflects the understanding that salvation and restoration are acts of divine grace. This theme is echoed in the New Testament, where salvation is described as a gift of God's grace through faith (Ephesians 2:8-9). The emphasis on God's compassion also points to the hope of redemption and restoration, which is ultimately fulfilled in the person and work of Jesus Christ.

O Lord, listen!
This plea emphasizes the urgency and desperation in Daniel's prayer. The repetition of "O Lord" signifies a deep reverence and acknowledgment of God's sovereignty. In the context of the Babylonian exile, Daniel is interceding for his people, echoing the cries of other prophets like Jeremiah, who also called upon God to hear the pleas of His people (Jeremiah 29:12).

O Lord, forgive!
Daniel's request for forgiveness highlights the recognition of sin and the need for divine mercy. This reflects the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where forgiveness is a central theme (Leviticus 26:40-42). The call for forgiveness is a precursor to the New Testament understanding of forgiveness through Christ (Ephesians 1:7).

O Lord, hear and act!
The plea for God to not only hear but also to act underscores the belief in a God who is both attentive and powerful. This reflects the biblical theme of God as a deliverer, as seen in the Exodus narrative (Exodus 3:7-8). Daniel's faith in God's ability to intervene is a testament to his understanding of God's past actions and promises.

For Your sake, O my God, do not delay,
Daniel appeals to God's own reputation and glory, a common biblical motif where God's actions are tied to His name and honor (Psalm 106:8). The urgency ("do not delay") reflects the dire situation of the Jewish people in exile and their longing for restoration.

because Your city and Your people bear Your name.”
Jerusalem, as "Your city," holds significant theological importance as the chosen place for God's dwelling (1 Kings 11:36). The people bearing God's name signifies their identity as His chosen nation (Deuteronomy 28:10). This phrase connects to the broader biblical narrative of God's covenant with Israel and the prophetic hope for restoration and renewal (Isaiah 62:2).

While I was speaking
Daniel is in the midst of a prayer, indicating a continuous and earnest communication with God. This reflects the biblical principle of persistent prayer, as seen in 1 Thessalonians 5:17, which encourages believers to "pray without ceasing." Daniel's prayer life is a model of devotion and consistency.

praying
Prayer is a central theme in Daniel's life, demonstrating his reliance on God. This act of praying is not just a ritual but a heartfelt communication with God, aligning with the practices of other biblical figures like David (Psalm 55:17) and Jesus (Mark 1:35). It underscores the importance of prayer in maintaining a relationship with God.

confessing my sin and that of my people Israel
Daniel acknowledges both personal and corporate sin, showing humility and responsibility. This confession is reminiscent of the communal confessions found in Leviticus 26:40-42 and Nehemiah 1:6-7. It highlights the biblical principle of repentance and the need for intercession on behalf of others, as seen in the priestly role of Jesus (Hebrews 7:25).

and presenting my petition before the LORD my God
Daniel brings his requests to God, demonstrating faith in God's ability to respond. This act of petition is a key aspect of prayer, as encouraged in Philippians 4:6. It reflects the trust in God's sovereignty and willingness to hear His people's cries, as seen in the prayers of Solomon (1 Kings 8:28-30).

concerning His holy mountain—
The "holy mountain" refers to Jerusalem, specifically the Temple Mount, which holds significant religious and historical importance. It is the site of Solomon's Temple and later the Second Temple, central to Jewish worship. This phrase connects to prophecies about the restoration of Jerusalem and the coming of the Messiah, as seen in Isaiah 2:2-3 and Zechariah 8:3. The mountain symbolizes God's presence and the future hope of redemption through Christ, who is often associated with Zion (Hebrews 12:22).

while I was still praying
Daniel's prayer in this chapter is a profound intercession for his people, Israel, acknowledging their sins and seeking God's mercy. This reflects the importance of prayer in the life of a believer, emphasizing persistence and faithfulness in seeking God's will. Daniel's prayer is a model of humility and repentance, aligning with other biblical examples such as Nehemiah's prayer (Nehemiah 1:4-11) and the Lord's Prayer (Matthew 6:9-13).

Gabriel, the man I had seen in the earlier vision
Gabriel is one of the few angels named in the Bible, known for delivering messages from God. His appearance to Daniel connects to the earlier vision in Daniel 8, where he provided understanding of the vision of the ram and the goat. Gabriel's role as a messenger is consistent with his later appearance to Zechariah (Luke 1:19) and Mary (Luke 1:26-27), announcing significant events in God's redemptive plan.

came to me in swift flight
The phrase "swift flight" suggests the urgency and importance of the message Gabriel brings. It underscores the immediacy of God's response to Daniel's prayer, highlighting the divine nature of angelic beings who operate beyond human limitations. This swift action reflects God's attentiveness to the prayers of His people, as seen in other scriptures like Isaiah 65:24, where God promises to answer before they call.

about the time of the evening sacrifice
The evening sacrifice, traditionally around 3 PM, was a significant time in Jewish worship, even though the temple was no longer standing during Daniel's time in Babylon. This reference indicates Daniel's continued devotion to God and adherence to the practices of his faith, despite being in exile. The timing also foreshadows the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ, who died at the ninth hour (Mark 15:34-37), fulfilling the sacrificial system and establishing a new covenant.

He instructed me and spoke with me, saying:
This phrase indicates a direct communication from a heavenly being to Daniel. The context is a vision Daniel receives during the reign of Darius. The angel Gabriel, who is known for delivering messages from God, is the one instructing Daniel. This highlights the importance of the message, as Gabriel also appeared to Mary in the New Testament to announce the birth of Jesus (Luke 1:26-38). The act of instruction suggests a divine revelation, emphasizing the role of angels as messengers and teachers in biblical narratives.

O Daniel,
The use of Daniel's name signifies a personal and intimate communication. Daniel, whose name means "God is my judge," is a key figure in the Old Testament known for his unwavering faith and integrity. His experiences in Babylon, including interpreting dreams and surviving the lion's den, demonstrate his role as a prophet and a man of God. The personal address underscores the significance of the message and Daniel's favored status before God.

I have come now
This indicates a specific mission and timing. Gabriel's arrival is in response to Daniel's prayer and fasting, as described earlier in the chapter. The immediacy of "now" suggests the urgency and importance of the message. It also reflects the divine timing in God's plan, as seen throughout scripture where God intervenes at critical moments, such as the Exodus or the coming of Christ.

to give you insight and understanding.
The purpose of Gabriel's visit is to provide Daniel with wisdom and clarity regarding the vision he has seen. Insight and understanding are gifts from God, often associated with the Holy Spirit's work in the New Testament (1 Corinthians 2:10-16). This phrase highlights the theme of divine revelation, where God imparts knowledge to His prophets to guide His people. It also foreshadows the greater understanding that will come through Jesus Christ, who is the ultimate revelation of God (Hebrews 1:1-2).

At the beginning of your petitions
Daniel's prayer in chapter 9 is a profound intercession for his people, Israel, during their Babylonian exile. The phrase indicates that God responds to sincere prayer promptly. This reflects the biblical principle that God hears and answers the prayers of the righteous (Psalm 34:15). Daniel's prayer was characterized by confession, supplication, and a deep understanding of God's promises.

an answer went out
This suggests the immediacy of God's response to Daniel's prayer. It highlights the divine initiative in communication with humanity. The answer is delivered by the angel Gabriel, emphasizing the importance of angelic messengers in God's plan (Luke 1:19). This also underscores the theme of divine sovereignty and the fulfillment of God's purposes.

and I have come to tell you
Gabriel's role as a messenger is crucial here. His appearance to Daniel signifies the importance of the message. Gabriel is also seen in the New Testament, announcing the birth of John the Baptist and Jesus (Luke 1:11-38), linking the Old and New Testament revelations.

for you are highly precious
Daniel is described as "highly precious" or "greatly beloved," indicating his esteemed status before God. This reflects the biblical theme of God's favor towards those who are faithful and righteous (Proverbs 3:3-4). Daniel's life of integrity and devotion sets a standard for believers.

So consider the message
Gabriel urges Daniel to pay careful attention to the message, highlighting the importance of understanding divine revelation. This is a call to discernment and wisdom, which are recurring themes in the wisdom literature of the Bible (Proverbs 2:1-5).

and understand the vision
Understanding the vision is crucial for Daniel, as it pertains to the future of Israel and God's redemptive plan. This vision includes the prophecy of the seventy weeks, which is significant in eschatological studies. It points to the coming of the Messiah and the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises (Daniel 9:24-27). The call to understand echoes the biblical emphasis on seeking wisdom and insight (James 1:5).

Seventy weeks are decreed for your people and your holy city
The term "seventy weeks" is understood as seventy sets of seven years, totaling 490 years. This period is decreed specifically for the Jewish people and Jerusalem, indicating a divine timeline for significant events in Israel's history. The concept of "weeks" as years is supported by other biblical passages, such as Genesis 29:27-28, where a "week" refers to a seven-year period. This prophecy is given during the Babylonian exile, a time when the Jewish people were longing for restoration and return to their homeland.

to stop their transgression
This phrase indicates a divine intervention to halt the rebellion and disobedience of the Jewish people. The transgression refers to the collective sins that led to their exile, including idolatry and failure to uphold the covenant with God. The prophecy suggests a future time when these transgressions will be addressed and rectified, aligning with the themes of repentance and restoration found throughout the prophetic books.

to put an end to sin
The prophecy foretells a time when sin will be decisively dealt with. This can be seen as a reference to the coming of the Messiah, who, according to Christian belief, provides the ultimate solution to sin through His sacrificial death and resurrection. The end of sin is a theme echoed in the New Testament, particularly in passages like Hebrews 9:26, which speaks of Christ appearing to put away sin by the sacrifice of Himself.

to make atonement for iniquity
Atonement involves reconciliation between God and humanity, achieved through a sacrificial offering. In the Old Testament, this was symbolized by the Day of Atonement rituals. The prophecy points to a future, ultimate atonement, which Christians believe is fulfilled in Jesus Christ, whose death is seen as the final and complete atonement for humanity's sins, as described in Romans 3:25.

to bring in everlasting righteousness
This phrase suggests the establishment of a new order characterized by perpetual righteousness. It implies a transformation that goes beyond temporary or partial measures, pointing to the Messianic age when God's kingdom will be fully realized. This is consistent with prophecies in Isaiah 11:4-5 and Jeremiah 23:5-6, which speak of a righteous reign.

to seal up vision and prophecy
Sealing up vision and prophecy indicates the fulfillment and completion of prophetic revelations. It suggests that the events described will bring to fruition the promises and predictions given through the prophets. This completion is seen in the New Testament as being realized in Christ, who fulfills the Law and the Prophets (Matthew 5:17).

and to anoint the Most Holy Place
The anointing of the Most Holy Place refers to the consecration and sanctification of a sacred space. In the context of the prophecy, it could refer to the future temple or the ultimate sanctification brought about by the Messiah. In Christian theology, this is often interpreted as the anointing of Jesus as the ultimate High Priest and the establishment of a new covenant, as described in Hebrews 9:11-12.

Know and understand this:
This phrase emphasizes the importance of the prophecy and the need for discernment. It calls the reader to pay close attention, indicating that what follows is of great significance. The use of "know" and "understand" suggests that this prophecy is not just for intellectual knowledge but requires spiritual insight and discernment.

From the issuance of the decree to restore and rebuild Jerusalem:
This refers to a specific decree that would initiate the rebuilding of Jerusalem. Historically, several decrees were issued concerning Jerusalem, but the most commonly associated with this prophecy is the decree by Artaxerxes I in 445/444 BC (Nehemiah 2:1-8). This decree allowed Nehemiah to return and rebuild the city, marking the starting point of the prophetic timeline.

until the Messiah, the Prince:
The term "Messiah" refers to the anointed one, a title for Jesus Christ. "The Prince" indicates a leader or ruler, pointing to Jesus' role as the King of Kings. This prophecy is significant in that it predicts the coming of Jesus, providing a timeline from the decree to His arrival. The fulfillment of this prophecy is seen in the New Testament, where Jesus is recognized as the Messiah (John 1:41, Matthew 16:16).

there will be seven weeks and sixty-two weeks:
The "weeks" here are understood as "weeks of years," a common interpretation in biblical prophecy, meaning each "week" represents seven years. Thus, seven weeks and sixty-two weeks total 483 years. This period is calculated from the decree to the coming of the Messiah, aligning with the timeline of Jesus' ministry and crucifixion.

It will be rebuilt with streets and a trench:
This describes the physical reconstruction of Jerusalem, including its infrastructure. The mention of "streets" and a "trench" (or moat) indicates a complete restoration, not just of the temple but of the city's defenses and public works. Archaeological evidence supports the rebuilding efforts during Nehemiah's time, as recorded in the book of Nehemiah.

but in times of distress:
The rebuilding of Jerusalem was not without challenges. The books of Ezra and Nehemiah detail the opposition and difficulties faced by the Jews during this period. This phrase highlights the turbulent times, marked by external threats and internal strife, reflecting the broader historical context of the Persian Empire's control and the local adversaries' resistance.

Then after the sixty-two weeks
This phrase refers to a prophetic timeline given earlier in Daniel 9:24-25, where seventy weeks are decreed for the people of Israel. The "sixty-two weeks" follow an initial period of seven weeks, making a total of sixty-nine weeks. These weeks are understood as symbolic of years, with each week representing seven years. This period is significant in biblical prophecy, marking the time from the decree to rebuild Jerusalem to the coming of the Messiah.

the Messiah will be cut off and will have nothing
The term "cut off" is often interpreted as referring to the death of the Messiah, Jesus Christ, who was crucified. This aligns with the New Testament accounts of Jesus' crucifixion, where He was rejected by His people and died without earthly possessions or kingdom. The phrase "will have nothing" emphasizes the apparent failure of His mission from a worldly perspective, as He did not establish an earthly kingdom at that time.

Then the people of the prince who is to come will destroy the city and the sanctuary
This part of the prophecy is commonly associated with the destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple in 70 AD by the Romans. The "people of the prince who is to come" are understood to be the Roman forces under General Titus. The "prince" is often interpreted as a future ruler or antichrist figure, suggesting a dual fulfillment of prophecy.

The end will come like a flood
The imagery of a flood suggests suddenness and overwhelming destruction. This can be seen in the historical context of the Roman siege of Jerusalem, which was swift and devastating. The flood metaphor is also used in other biblical prophecies to describe judgment and destruction, such as in Isaiah 8:7-8.

and until the end there will be war; desolations have been decreed
This phrase indicates a period of ongoing conflict and devastation for Jerusalem and the Jewish people. Historically, this has been seen in the numerous conflicts and hardships faced by the Jewish nation throughout history. The term "decreed" suggests divine sovereignty and the fulfillment of God's prophetic plan, as seen in other scriptures like Isaiah 10:22-23 and Romans 9:27-28.

And he will confirm a covenant with many for one week
This phrase refers to a future leader who will establish a strong agreement or treaty with "many," often interpreted as the nation of Israel or a group of nations. The "one week" is understood as a prophetic week, representing seven years. This period is part of the seventy weeks prophecy given to Daniel, which outlines God's timeline for Israel and the coming of the Messiah. The idea of a covenant echoes other biblical covenants, such as those with Abraham and David, but this one is seen as a political or peace agreement. The identity of "he" is often debated, with interpretations ranging from a historical figure like Antiochus IV Epiphanes to a future Antichrist figure.

but in the middle of the week he will put an end to sacrifice and offering
The "middle of the week" indicates a three-and-a-half-year point within the seven-year period. This cessation of sacrifice and offering suggests a significant disruption in Jewish religious practices, likely occurring in the temple. Historically, this has been linked to events such as Antiochus IV's desecration of the Second Temple. Prophetically, it is often associated with the actions of the Antichrist during the end times, as described in the New Testament, particularly in 2 Thessalonians 2:4 and Revelation 13:5-7, where a future leader opposes and exalts himself over everything that is worshiped.

And on the wing of the temple will come the abomination that causes desolation
The "abomination that causes desolation" is a term used to describe a sacrilegious act that defiles the temple, making it desolate. This phrase is rooted in historical events, such as the desecration by Antiochus IV, who set up an altar to Zeus in the Jewish temple. Jesus references this prophecy in Matthew 24:15, indicating its future fulfillment. The "wing of the temple" suggests a specific part of the temple complex, possibly an elevated or prominent area, where this abomination will occur. This event is seen as a pivotal moment in eschatological timelines, marking a period of great tribulation.

until the decreed destruction is poured out upon him
This final phrase indicates that the perpetrator of the abomination will face divine judgment. The "decreed destruction" suggests a predetermined outcome, emphasizing God's sovereignty and justice. This aligns with biblical themes of God's ultimate victory over evil, as seen in prophecies throughout the Old and New Testaments, including the eventual defeat of the Antichrist in Revelation 19:20. The phrase assures believers that despite the temporary triumph of evil, God's plan will prevail, and justice will be served.