In the third year of the reign of King Belshazzar
This phrase situates the vision within a specific historical context. King Belshazzar was the last king of Babylon, and his reign marked the end of the Babylonian Empire. The third year of his reign would be around 551 BC. This period was characterized by political instability and the impending rise of the Medo-Persian Empire. The historical context is crucial as it sets the stage for the prophetic visions concerning the future empires that would follow Babylon.

a vision appeared to me, Daniel
Daniel, a Jewish exile in Babylon, is the recipient of divine visions. This emphasizes his role as a prophet and a trusted servant of God. The vision is a supernatural revelation, a common method through which God communicated His plans and purposes to His prophets. Daniel's experiences with visions and dreams are consistent with other biblical figures who received divine messages, such as Joseph and Ezekiel.

subsequent to the one that had appeared to me earlier
This indicates that Daniel had received previous visions, specifically referring to the vision in Daniel 7. The continuity of visions suggests a progressive revelation of God's plan for the future. The earlier vision in Daniel 7 introduced the concept of successive world empires, and this subsequent vision in Daniel 8 provides further details, particularly focusing on the Medo-Persian and Greek empires. This progression highlights the unfolding of God's sovereign plan over history.

And in the vision I saw myself
This phrase indicates that Daniel is experiencing a prophetic vision, a common method through which God communicated with His prophets. Visions often contain symbolic imagery and require interpretation. Daniel's role as a prophet is affirmed by his ability to receive and understand these divine messages, as seen throughout the book of Daniel.

in the citadel of Susa
Susa was an ancient city located in what is now southwestern Iran. It served as a capital of the Elamite, Persian, and Parthian empires. The mention of Susa is significant because it was a major center of power and administration in the Persian Empire. This setting foreshadows the vision's connection to future events involving the Persian Empire, which plays a crucial role in biblical prophecy.

in the province of Elam
Elam was an ancient civilization located east of Babylon, in present-day Iran. It is frequently mentioned in the Old Testament, often in relation to its interactions with Israel and other nations. The inclusion of Elam highlights the geographical and political context of the vision, emphasizing the reach and influence of the empires that would arise in this region.

I saw in the vision that I was beside the Ulai Canal
The Ulai Canal, also known as the Eulaeus River, was a significant waterway near Susa. Its mention provides a specific geographical marker, grounding the vision in a real-world location. This detail underscores the historical accuracy and authenticity of the vision. The canal's proximity to Susa, a center of power, suggests the importance of the events Daniel is about to witness, which pertain to the rise and fall of empires, as further detailed in the subsequent verses of Daniel 8.

Then I lifted up my eyes and saw
This phrase indicates a visionary experience, a common occurrence in prophetic literature. The act of lifting one's eyes often signifies a divine revelation or insight beyond the natural realm. In biblical context, visions are a means by which God communicates His plans and purposes to His prophets.

a ram with two horns standing beside the canal.
The ram represents the Medo-Persian Empire, as later clarified in Daniel 8:20. The two horns symbolize the dual nature of this empire, consisting of the Medes and the Persians. The canal, likely the Ulai Canal near Susa, situates the vision geographically, emphasizing the historical and political significance of the region during the time of the Persian Empire.

The horns were long,
Long horns signify strength and power. In ancient Near Eastern symbolism, horns often represent authority and dominion. The Medo-Persian Empire was known for its vast power and influence, which is reflected in the imagery of the long horns.

but one was longer than the other,
This detail highlights the dominance of the Persian part of the empire over the Median. Historically, the Persians, under Cyrus the Great, became more prominent and powerful than the Medes, which is depicted by the longer horn.

and the longer one grew up later.
The later growth of the longer horn indicates the rise of Persian dominance after the initial establishment of the Medo-Persian alliance. This aligns with historical accounts where the Persians, initially less prominent, eventually overshadowed the Medes in power and influence. This progression is a fulfillment of the prophetic vision, demonstrating the accuracy of biblical prophecy.

I saw the ram charging toward the west and the north and the south.
The ram in this vision represents the Medo-Persian Empire, as later clarified in Daniel 8:20. The directions—west, north, and south—indicate the expansion of this empire under the leadership of kings such as Cyrus the Great. Historically, the Medo-Persian Empire expanded westward into Lydia and Ionia, northward into Armenia, and southward into Egypt. This aligns with historical records of the empire's conquests. The absence of an eastern direction suggests that the empire's primary focus was on these other regions, which were more significant in terms of wealth and influence.

No animal could stand against him,
This phrase emphasizes the dominance and power of the Medo-Persian Empire during its peak. The imagery of no animal being able to stand against the ram suggests that no other kingdom could successfully challenge its authority at that time. This is consistent with historical accounts of the empire's military prowess and strategic alliances, which made it a formidable force in the ancient world. The use of "animal" in the vision symbolizes other nations or empires, highlighting the theme of divine sovereignty over earthly kingdoms.

and there was no deliverance from his power.
The phrase indicates the total control and unchallenged authority of the Medo-Persian Empire over its conquered territories. This reflects the historical reality of the empire's administrative efficiency and military strength, which left little room for rebellion or escape. Theologically, this can be seen as a demonstration of God's allowance for certain empires to rise and fall according to His divine plan, as seen throughout the prophetic literature in the Bible.

He did as he pleased and became great.
This statement underscores the autonomy and success of the Medo-Persian rulers, particularly Cyrus the Great, who is known for his effective governance and military conquests. The phrase "did as he pleased" suggests a level of unchecked power and authority, which is a recurring theme in the book of Daniel regarding earthly rulers. The greatness achieved by the empire is a testament to its historical significance and the fulfillment of God's prophetic word. This also serves as a reminder of the temporary nature of human power in contrast to God's eternal kingdom, a theme that is prevalent throughout the book of Daniel.

As I was contemplating all this
This phrase indicates that Daniel was deeply engaged in thought and reflection on the vision he had just seen. It suggests a moment of meditation and consideration, which is a common practice in biblical narratives when receiving divine revelations. This introspective moment sets the stage for the next part of the vision, emphasizing the importance of understanding and interpreting what is being revealed.

suddenly a goat with a prominent horn between his eyes
The goat represents the kingdom of Greece, as later explained in Daniel 8:21. The prominent horn symbolizes Alexander the Great, who was the first king of the Greek Empire. The imagery of a single, notable horn highlights Alexander's significant power and influence. Historically, Alexander is known for his rapid and expansive conquests, which aligns with the symbolism of the horn.

came out of the west
This geographical reference points to Greece, which is located to the west of the Persian Empire. The direction is significant as it indicates the origin of the new power that would challenge and eventually overthrow the Medo-Persian Empire. The westward movement of the goat aligns with the historical expansion of Alexander's empire.

crossing the surface of the entire earth
This phrase underscores the vast reach and speed of Alexander's conquests. Historically, Alexander's military campaigns extended from Greece through Asia Minor, Egypt, and into the heart of the Persian Empire, covering a significant portion of the known world at the time. The imagery of crossing the entire earth suggests a swift and unstoppable advance.

without touching the ground
This expression conveys the speed and agility of the goat, symbolizing the rapidity of Alexander's conquests. It suggests a supernatural swiftness, as if the goat is flying, which is consistent with historical accounts of Alexander's quick and decisive victories. This imagery also emphasizes the divine orchestration behind these events, as prophesied in the vision.

He came toward the two-horned ram
The "he" in this passage refers to the male goat, which represents the kingdom of Greece, specifically Alexander the Great. The "two-horned ram" symbolizes the Medo-Persian Empire, as explained earlier in the chapter. The two horns represent the dual nature of the empire, with the Medes and the Persians. This imagery is consistent with the vision in Daniel 7, where different beasts represent successive empires. The approach of the goat toward the ram signifies the impending conflict and conquest.

I had seen standing beside the canal
The canal mentioned here is likely the Ulai Canal, located in the region of Susa, an important city in the Persian Empire. This geographical detail roots the vision in a real-world location, emphasizing the historical context of the prophecy. Susa was a significant administrative center, and its mention highlights the importance of the events being foretold. The standing position of the ram suggests its established power and dominance before the arrival of the goat.

and rushed at him with furious power
The phrase "rushed at him with furious power" captures the swift and aggressive nature of Alexander the Great's military campaigns. Historically, Alexander's conquests were marked by rapid and decisive victories, which led to the swift downfall of the Persian Empire. This imagery of furious power underscores the intensity and effectiveness of his military strategy. The prophecy aligns with historical accounts of Alexander's unstoppable advance, reflecting the fulfillment of God's sovereign plan as revealed through Daniel.

I saw him approach the ram in a rage against him
This phrase describes the vision Daniel has of a goat attacking a ram. The "him" refers to the goat, which represents the kingdom of Greece, specifically Alexander the Great. The "ram" symbolizes the Medo-Persian Empire. The "rage" indicates the intense and swift military campaign Alexander led against Persia, driven by a desire for conquest and revenge for previous Persian invasions of Greece. Historically, Alexander's campaign against Persia was marked by rapid and decisive victories, reflecting the anger and determination described in the vision.

and he struck the ram and shattered his two horns
The "two horns" of the ram represent the dual kingship of the Medes and the Persians, with the Persians being the more dominant power. The act of shattering the horns signifies the complete defeat and dismantling of the Medo-Persian Empire by Alexander the Great. This aligns with historical events, as Alexander's forces decisively defeated the Persians in battles such as the Battle of Issus and the Battle of Gaugamela, leading to the fall of the Persian Empire.

The ram was powerless to stand against him
This phrase emphasizes the overwhelming power and effectiveness of Alexander's military strategy and forces. The Medo-Persian Empire, despite its size and previous dominance, was unable to withstand the onslaught of the Greek army. This reflects the historical reality of the swift and total conquest of Persia by Alexander, who was known for his tactical genius and the discipline of his troops.

and the goat threw him to the ground and trampled him
The imagery of the goat throwing the ram to the ground and trampling it further illustrates the complete and utter defeat of the Medo-Persian Empire. This act of trampling signifies not just military victory but also the humiliation and subjugation of the defeated power. In a broader biblical context, this can be seen as a fulfillment of God's sovereign plan, where empires rise and fall according to His will.

and no one could deliver the ram from his power
This final phrase underscores the totality of the Greek victory over Persia. The phrase "no one could deliver" indicates that there was no ally or force capable of rescuing the Medo-Persian Empire from its fate. This reflects the historical reality that once Alexander began his campaign, there was little that could be done to stop his advance. In a prophetic sense, this demonstrates the inevitability of God's decrees, as foretold through Daniel's visions.

Thus the goat became very great
This phrase refers to the male goat in Daniel's vision, symbolizing the Greek Empire under Alexander the Great. Historically, Alexander's conquests rapidly expanded Greek influence across the known world, fulfilling the prophecy of the goat's greatness. The imagery of the goat aligns with the swift and powerful nature of Alexander's military campaigns, which reshaped the ancient world.

but at the height of his power, his large horn was broken off
The "large horn" represents Alexander the Great himself. At the peak of his conquests, Alexander died suddenly in 323 BC at the age of 32, which is symbolized by the horn being "broken off." This abrupt end to his reign left a power vacuum and marked a significant turning point in history, as his empire was left without a strong leader.

and four prominent horns came up in its place
After Alexander's death, his empire was divided among his four generals: Cassander, Lysimachus, Seleucus, and Ptolemy. These generals, often referred to as the Diadochi, established their own kingdoms, which are symbolized by the "four prominent horns." This division of the empire fulfilled the prophecy and set the stage for future conflicts and developments in the Hellenistic world.

pointing toward the four winds of heaven
The phrase "four winds of heaven" indicates the geographical spread of the four kingdoms that emerged from Alexander's empire. Each general took control of a different region, spreading out in various directions: Cassander in Macedonia and Greece, Lysimachus in Thrace and Asia Minor, Seleucus in the Near East, and Ptolemy in Egypt. This dispersion highlights the fragmentation and reach of the Hellenistic influence across the ancient world.

From one of these horns
This phrase refers to the vision of the ram and the goat in Daniel 8, where the goat represents the kingdom of Greece, and its prominent horn symbolizes Alexander the Great. After his death, the kingdom was divided among his four generals, represented by the four horns. The "one of these horns" indicates one of these divisions, specifically the Seleucid Empire.

a little horn emerged
The "little horn" is often identified as Antiochus IV Epiphanes, a ruler of the Seleucid Empire. He is known for his persecution of the Jewish people and desecration of the Temple in Jerusalem. This figure is a type of future antichrist figures, as he embodies opposition to God and His people.

and grew extensively toward the south and the east
Antiochus IV expanded his influence and control in these directions. Historically, he campaigned in Egypt (south) and exerted influence over regions in the east, including Persia. This expansion reflects his ambition and the threat he posed to surrounding territories.

and toward the Beautiful Land
The "Beautiful Land" is a reference to Israel, specifically the land of Judah. This term highlights the land's significance in God's covenant with His people. Antiochus IV's actions in this region, including the desecration of the Temple, are seen as direct challenges to God's promises and the faith of the Jewish people. This phrase also connects to prophecies concerning the end times, where Israel remains central in God's redemptive plan.

It grew as high as the host of heaven
This phrase refers to the little horn, which represents a powerful and arrogant ruler. In the context of Daniel 8, this is often interpreted as Antiochus IV Epiphanes, a Seleucid king known for his persecution of the Jewish people. The "host of heaven" symbolizes the people of God, often depicted as stars or heavenly bodies in biblical literature (Genesis 15:5; Revelation 12:4). The imagery suggests an attempt to challenge divine authority and elevate oneself to a god-like status, reflecting the hubris of rulers who oppose God's people.

and it cast down some of the host and some of the stars to the earth
This action signifies the persecution and oppression of God's people. Historically, Antiochus IV desecrated the Jewish temple and sought to eradicate Jewish worship, fulfilling this prophecy in a literal sense. The "stars" can also symbolize leaders or prominent figures among God's people, indicating that the persecution was not only widespread but also targeted those in positions of spiritual leadership. This imagery is echoed in Revelation 12:4, where the dragon casts a third of the stars to the earth, symbolizing Satan's attack on God's people.

and trampled them
The trampling indicates severe oppression and desecration. Antiochus IV's actions, such as the abomination of desolation in the temple, are historical examples of this trampling. This phrase also foreshadows future persecutions faced by God's people, serving as a reminder of the ongoing spiritual battle between the forces of good and evil. The trampling of the host and stars can be seen as a type of the ultimate persecution faced by Christ, who was rejected and crucified, yet through His resurrection, He triumphed over all powers and authorities (Colossians 2:15).

It magnified itself
This phrase refers to the little horn, which is often interpreted as a symbol of a powerful ruler or kingdom. Historically, this is associated with Antiochus IV Epiphanes, a Seleucid king known for his arrogance and self-exaltation. The act of magnifying oneself is a common theme in Scripture, often associated with pride and rebellion against God (e.g., Isaiah 14:13-14).

even to the Prince of the host;
The "Prince of the host" is generally understood to refer to God or a divine figure, possibly the pre-incarnate Christ. This indicates a direct challenge to divine authority. In the context of Antiochus IV, this can be seen in his attempts to suppress Jewish worship and impose Hellenistic practices, directly opposing the God of Israel. This phrase also foreshadows the Antichrist, who will similarly exalt himself against God (2 Thessalonians 2:4).

it removed His daily sacrifice
The daily sacrifice refers to the continual burnt offerings that were central to Jewish worship in the temple (Exodus 29:38-42). Antiochus IV famously desecrated the temple and halted these sacrifices, an act that was seen as a profound violation of Jewish religious life. This cessation of sacrifices is a key element in the prophecy of the "abomination of desolation" (Daniel 11:31, Matthew 24:15).

and overthrew the place of His sanctuary.
The sanctuary refers to the Jewish temple in Jerusalem, the center of Jewish worship and the dwelling place of God's presence among His people. Antiochus IV's actions included the desecration of the temple, which involved setting up an altar to Zeus and sacrificing unclean animals. This historical event is a type of future desecration prophesied to occur during the end times, as seen in Revelation 13:6. The overthrowing of the sanctuary symbolizes a direct attack on God's dwelling and His covenant with Israel.

And in the rebellion
This phrase refers to a period of apostasy and defiance against God. Historically, this can be linked to the actions of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, a Seleucid king who desecrated the Jewish temple, leading to the Maccabean Revolt. The rebellion signifies a time when God's people turned away from His commandments, paralleling other biblical instances of rebellion, such as the Israelites' idolatry in the wilderness (Exodus 32).

the host and the daily sacrifice were given over to the horn
The "host" represents the people of God, and the "daily sacrifice" refers to the continual offerings made in the temple. The "horn" symbolizes a powerful ruler or kingdom, in this context, Antiochus IV, who disrupted the temple services. This event is a foreshadowing of future desecrations, including the abomination of desolation mentioned in Daniel 9:27 and referenced by Jesus in Matthew 24:15, indicating a pattern of persecution against God's worship.

and it flung truth to the ground
This phrase illustrates the suppression and distortion of God's truth. Antiochus IV attempted to eradicate Jewish religious practices and impose Hellenistic culture, symbolizing the broader spiritual warfare against divine truth. This act of casting truth to the ground is reminiscent of Satan's deception in Genesis 3 and his ongoing efforts to undermine God's word throughout history.

and prospered in whatever it did
Despite its rebellion against God, the horn experienced temporary success. This prosperity highlights the biblical theme that evil may flourish for a time, as seen in Psalm 73:3-12, where the wicked appear to thrive. However, such success is ultimately fleeting, as God's justice prevails. This serves as a reminder of the ultimate triumph of God's kingdom, as prophesied in Daniel 2:44 and Revelation 11:15.

Then I heard a holy one speaking
This phrase introduces a celestial being, likely an angel, engaging in conversation. In the context of Daniel, angels often serve as messengers or interpreters of divine visions. The presence of a "holy one" underscores the sacred nature of the vision and its interpretation. Angels are frequently depicted in Scripture as God's messengers, as seen in Daniel 9:21 and Luke 1:19.

and another holy one said to him
The dialogue between two holy ones suggests a heavenly council or discussion, emphasizing the importance of the vision. This mirrors other biblical instances where divine beings confer, such as in Job 1:6. The interaction highlights the complexity and significance of the vision, requiring divine insight for understanding.

“How long until the fulfillment of the vision
This question addresses the timing of prophetic events, a common concern in apocalyptic literature. The inquiry reflects a desire for understanding God's timeline, similar to the disciples' question in Acts 1:6. The emphasis on "fulfillment" indicates that the vision is part of God's sovereign plan, awaiting completion.

of the daily sacrifice
The daily sacrifice refers to the continual offerings made in the Jerusalem Temple, central to Jewish worship and covenant relationship with God. The interruption of these sacrifices signifies a severe disruption in religious practice, as seen during the reign of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who desecrated the Temple (1 Maccabees 1:41-64).

the rebellion that causes desolation
This phrase points to a specific act of defiance against God, resulting in desolation. Historically, this is linked to the abomination of desolation prophesied in Daniel 11:31 and referenced by Jesus in Matthew 24:15. It symbolizes profound spiritual and physical desecration, often associated with idolatry and persecution.

and the surrender of the sanctuary
The surrender of the sanctuary indicates a loss of control over the holy place, leading to its defilement. This event is historically tied to the desecration of the Second Temple by foreign powers. The sanctuary's surrender is a recurring theme in biblical prophecy, symbolizing judgment and the need for eventual restoration (Ezekiel 7:20-22).

and of the host to be trampled?”
The "host" likely refers to God's people, Israel, who suffer oppression and persecution. The imagery of trampling conveys severe affliction and subjugation, reminiscent of the oppression under Antiochus IV and later Roman persecution. This phrase echoes the trials faced by the faithful, as seen in Revelation 11:2, and points to the ultimate hope of deliverance and vindication.

He said to me
This phrase indicates a direct communication from a heavenly being to Daniel. In the context of Daniel 8, the speaker is the angel Gabriel, who is tasked with explaining the vision to Daniel. This highlights the importance of divine revelation and the role of angels as messengers in biblical narratives.

It will take 2,300 evenings and mornings
The phrase "2,300 evenings and mornings" is often interpreted as a prophetic time period. In the context of the vision, it refers to a period of desecration of the sanctuary. Some scholars interpret this as 2,300 days, while others see it as 1,150 days, considering each "evening and morning" as a single day. This period is often linked to the time of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, a Seleucid king who desecrated the Jewish temple, aligning with historical events around 167-164 BC.

then the sanctuary will be properly restored
This restoration of the sanctuary signifies the end of its desecration and the reestablishment of proper worship practices. Historically, this aligns with the Maccabean Revolt and the rededication of the temple, celebrated as Hanukkah. Theologically, it points to God's sovereignty and faithfulness in restoring His people and their worship. This restoration can also be seen as a type of Christ, who is the ultimate restorer of the true sanctuary, as referenced in the New Testament, particularly in the book of Hebrews, which speaks of Jesus as the high priest of a greater and more perfect tabernacle.

While I, Daniel, was watching the vision
Daniel, a prophet during the Babylonian exile, is known for his ability to interpret dreams and visions. This phrase indicates his active engagement and attentiveness to the vision, a common theme in prophetic literature where the prophet is both a recipient and an interpreter of divine revelation. The context of this vision is during the reign of Belshazzar, king of Babylon, which situates it historically in the 6th century BC.

and trying to understand it
This highlights Daniel's human limitation in comprehending divine mysteries, a recurring theme in the book. Despite his wisdom and previous experiences with interpreting dreams, this vision's complexity challenges him. This struggle for understanding is echoed in other biblical texts, such as in the book of Revelation, where John also seeks understanding of his visions.

there stood before me one having the appearance of a man
The figure with a human appearance is often interpreted as an angelic being, possibly Gabriel, who is later explicitly named in the chapter. Angels frequently appear in human form in biblical narratives, serving as messengers of God. This appearance signifies the importance of the message and the need for divine assistance in interpretation. The presence of an angelic figure connects to other scriptural instances, such as the angelic visitations to Mary and Joseph in the New Testament, emphasizing the continuity of divine communication throughout the Bible.

And I heard the voice of a man calling
This phrase indicates a supernatural encounter, as Daniel hears a voice that is not immediately visible. In biblical narratives, hearing a voice often signifies divine communication or revelation. This aligns with other instances in Scripture where God or His messengers communicate audibly, such as in the calling of Samuel (1 Samuel 3) or the baptism of Jesus (Matthew 3:17).

from between the banks of the Ulai:
The Ulai is a river in the region of Susa, an important city in the Persian Empire. This geographical detail situates the vision in a real historical context, as Susa was a significant administrative center during the time of the Medo-Persian Empire. The mention of the Ulai underscores the authenticity and historical grounding of the vision, as Daniel was in Susa when he received it (Daniel 8:2).

“Gabriel, explain the vision to this man.”
Gabriel is one of the few angels named in the Bible, known for delivering important messages from God. His role here is to provide understanding, highlighting the importance of divine interpretation in prophetic visions. Gabriel's involvement connects to other key biblical events, such as the announcement of John the Baptist's birth (Luke 1:19) and the annunciation to Mary (Luke 1:26-38). This emphasizes the continuity of God's plan and the role of angels as His messengers. The directive to explain the vision underscores the theme of revelation and understanding, which is central to the prophetic literature.

As he came near to where I stood
This phrase describes the approach of the angel Gabriel to Daniel. Gabriel is one of the few angels named in the Bible, indicating his importance. His role as a messenger is consistent with other appearances, such as in Luke 1:19, where he announces the birth of John the Baptist. The approach signifies the importance of the message being delivered.

I was terrified and fell facedown
Daniel's reaction is typical of encounters with divine beings, reflecting the overwhelming holiness and power of such beings. Similar reactions are seen in Ezekiel 1:28 and Revelation 1:17, where individuals fall in awe and fear before divine manifestations. This response underscores the gravity of the vision and the message being conveyed.

“Son of man,” he said to me
The term "son of man" is used frequently in the book of Ezekiel and here in Daniel to emphasize the humanity of the prophet in contrast to the divine nature of the vision. It highlights Daniel's role as a representative of humanity receiving divine revelation. This term is also significant in the New Testament, where Jesus frequently uses it to refer to Himself, emphasizing His role as the representative and redeemer of humanity.

“understand that the vision concerns the time of the end.”
This phrase indicates that the vision has eschatological significance, pointing to events that will occur in the future. The "time of the end" is a recurring theme in apocalyptic literature, including Daniel 12:4 and Revelation 22:10, where it refers to the culmination of God's plan for history. This vision is not just for Daniel's time but has implications for the ultimate fulfillment of God's purposes.

While he was speaking with me
This phrase refers to the angel Gabriel, who is delivering a vision to Daniel. Gabriel is one of the few angels named in the Bible, indicating his importance. The act of speaking signifies the communication of divine revelation, a common theme in prophetic literature. This interaction highlights the role of angels as messengers between God and humans, as seen in other scriptures like Luke 1:19, where Gabriel also appears.

I fell into a deep sleep
Daniel's deep sleep can be understood as a state of overwhelming awe and physical weakness in the presence of divine revelation. This reaction is similar to other biblical figures who encounter the divine, such as Abram in Genesis 15:12 and John in Revelation 1:17. The deep sleep signifies a transition into a visionary state, where Daniel is more receptive to the spiritual truths being revealed.

with my face to the ground
This posture is one of humility and reverence, common in biblical accounts of divine encounters. It reflects Daniel's recognition of his own human frailty in the presence of God's messenger. Similar postures are seen in Ezekiel 1:28 and Revelation 19:10, where individuals fall prostrate before divine beings, acknowledging their authority and holiness.

Then he touched me
The touch of the angel signifies divine empowerment and restoration. In biblical narratives, a touch often conveys healing, strength, or commissioning, as seen in Isaiah 6:7 and Matthew 8:3. This touch reassures Daniel, enabling him to receive and understand the vision. It underscores the personal nature of God's interaction with His prophets.

helped me to my feet
Raising Daniel to his feet symbolizes restoration and readiness to receive further revelation. This act of lifting up is a recurring biblical motif, representing God's ability to strengthen and uphold His servants. Similar instances occur in Ezekiel 2:2 and Acts 9:6, where individuals are empowered to stand and fulfill their divine missions. This phrase emphasizes God's provision of strength and clarity to those He calls.

and said,
This phrase introduces the speaker, the angel Gabriel, who is delivering a divine message to Daniel. Gabriel is one of the few angels named in the Bible, often associated with delivering important messages from God, as seen in Luke 1:19, 26-27 when he announces the births of John the Baptist and Jesus.

“Behold,
The term "behold" is used to draw attention to the importance of the message. It is a call for Daniel to pay close attention, indicating the significance and urgency of the revelation that follows.

I will make known to you
Gabriel is about to reveal divine knowledge to Daniel, emphasizing the role of prophecy in understanding God's plans. This aligns with the biblical theme that God reveals His plans to His prophets, as seen in Amos 3:7.

what will happen in the latter time of wrath,
This phrase refers to events that will occur in the future, specifically during a period of divine judgment or wrath. The "latter time" suggests an eschatological focus, pointing to the end times. This period is often associated with the tribulation described in Revelation, where God's wrath is poured out on the earth.

because it concerns the appointed time of the end.
The "appointed time" indicates that these events are part of God's sovereign plan and will occur at a specific, predetermined time. This reflects the biblical theme of God's control over history and His ability to bring His purposes to fulfillment, as seen in Ecclesiastes 3:1. The "end" refers to the culmination of history, a time when God's kingdom will be fully established, as prophesied in Daniel 2:44 and Revelation 11:15.

The two-horned ram that you saw
This phrase refers to the vision Daniel had, where he saw a ram with two horns. In biblical symbolism, animals often represent kingdoms or empires. The ram is a fitting symbol for the Medo-Persian Empire, known for its power and conquests. The two horns signify the dual nature of the empire, composed of the Medes and the Persians. Historically, the ram was a symbol associated with Persia, and Persian kings wore a ram's head as a crown during battles.

represents the kings of Media and Persia
The Medo-Persian Empire was a significant power in the ancient Near East, succeeding the Babylonian Empire. The "kings" here refer to the rulers of this dual kingdom, with Cyrus the Great being the most notable, as he united the Medes and Persians. This empire is crucial in biblical history, as it allowed the Jewish exiles to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the temple, fulfilling prophecies such as those in Isaiah 44:28 and 45:1. The Medo-Persian Empire is also depicted in Daniel 2 as the silver chest and arms of the statue, indicating its position in the succession of world empires.

The shaggy goat represents the king of Greece
The imagery of the shaggy goat is symbolic, representing the kingdom of Greece. In the context of Daniel's vision, this goat is contrasted with the ram, which symbolizes the Medo-Persian Empire. Historically, Greece rose to power after the decline of the Medo-Persian Empire, aligning with the prophetic sequence of empires in Daniel's visions. The use of a goat is significant, as goats were common in the region and often associated with strength and agility, characteristics that describe the rapid expansion of the Greek Empire under its leadership.

and the large horn between his eyes is the first king
The large horn signifies the first king of the Greek Empire, historically recognized as Alexander the Great. Alexander's conquests were swift and extensive, fulfilling the prophecy of a powerful leader who would dominate the known world. His reign marked the beginning of the Hellenistic period, which had a profound impact on culture, language, and politics in the ancient world. The imagery of the horn is consistent with biblical symbolism, where horns often represent power and authority. Alexander's untimely death led to the division of his empire, a theme further explored in subsequent verses and chapters of Daniel.

The four horns that replaced the broken one
This phrase refers to the vision Daniel had of a goat with a prominent horn that was broken, and in its place, four other horns grew. The broken horn represents the fall of a powerful leader, historically identified as Alexander the Great, whose empire was divided after his death. The four horns symbolize the four generals—Cassander, Lysimachus, Seleucus, and Ptolemy—who divided the empire among themselves. This division is consistent with historical accounts of the Hellenistic period following Alexander's death in 323 BC.

represent four kingdoms
The four kingdoms are the territories governed by the four generals. Cassander took control of Macedonia and Greece, Lysimachus ruled over Thrace and parts of Asia Minor, Seleucus established the Seleucid Empire in the Near East, and Ptolemy governed Egypt. This division is significant in biblical prophecy as it sets the stage for later events in the intertestamental period, including the rise of the Seleucid Empire, which plays a crucial role in the events leading to the Maccabean Revolt.

that will rise from that nation
The nation referred to here is the Greek Empire established by Alexander the Great. The rise of these four kingdoms from the Greek Empire is a fulfillment of the prophecy given to Daniel, demonstrating the accuracy of biblical prophecy. This division also highlights the transient nature of earthly power and the sovereignty of God in the affairs of nations, as seen throughout the biblical narrative.

but will not have the same power
The phrase indicates that these four kingdoms, though significant, did not possess the same level of power or influence as the unified empire under Alexander. Historically, this is accurate as none of the successor states achieved the same level of dominance or cohesion. This serves as a reminder of the limitations of human power and the ultimate authority of God, who raises and deposes rulers according to His divine plan. This theme is echoed in other scriptures, such as Daniel 2:21, which speaks of God's control over the rise and fall of kings.

In the latter part of their reign
This phrase refers to the period towards the end of the rule of the four kingdoms that emerged after the division of Alexander the Great's empire. Historically, these are the Hellenistic kingdoms, specifically the Seleucid Empire, which is relevant to the context of Daniel 8. The "latter part" suggests a time when these kingdoms are nearing their decline, setting the stage for significant changes and events.

when the rebellion has reached its full measure
The "rebellion" here can be interpreted as a culmination of transgressions and moral decay within these kingdoms. This phrase suggests a period of widespread apostasy and sin, which aligns with the biblical theme of God allowing certain events to unfold as a result of human rebellion. This concept is echoed in other scriptures, such as Genesis 15:16, where the iniquity of the Amorites had to reach its full measure before judgment.

an insolent king
This king is often identified as Antiochus IV Epiphanes, a ruler of the Seleucid Empire known for his arrogance and blasphemous actions against the Jewish people and their faith. His character and actions are seen as a foreshadowing of the Antichrist, a future figure in Christian eschatology who will oppose God and His people.

skilled in intrigue
Antiochus IV was known for his cunning and deceitful political maneuvers. This phrase highlights his ability to manipulate and deceive, traits that are often associated with figures who oppose God's purposes. The skill in intrigue suggests a level of intelligence and craftiness that allows him to gain power and influence through deceptive means.

will come to the throne
This indicates the rise to power of this king, which is historically accurate as Antiochus IV seized the throne through a series of political and military strategies. His ascent to power was marked by intrigue and betrayal, fitting the description provided in the prophecy. This rise is seen as part of God's sovereign plan, allowing such a ruler to come to power as a means of fulfilling divine prophecy and testing His people.

His power will be great, but it will not be his own.
This phrase suggests a ruler or entity whose authority and might are significant but derived from another source. In the context of Daniel 8, this is often interpreted as referring to Antiochus IV Epiphanes, a Seleucid king known for his persecution of the Jews. The power not being his own could imply divine allowance or satanic influence, as seen in other biblical passages where God permits certain rulers to rise for a time (e.g., Romans 13:1). This also parallels the Antichrist figure in Revelation, who receives power from the dragon (Revelation 13:2).

He will cause terrible destruction and succeed in whatever he does.
This indicates a period of significant turmoil and devastation. Historically, Antiochus IV's reign was marked by aggressive campaigns and the desecration of the Jewish temple, fulfilling this prophecy. The phrase "succeed in whatever he does" underscores the temporary triumph of evil, a theme echoed in the broader narrative of Scripture where God allows certain events to unfold for a greater purpose (e.g., Joseph's story in Genesis 50:20). This also foreshadows the end-times tribulation described in the New Testament.

He will destroy the mighty men along with the holy people.
The "mighty men" could refer to political and military leaders, while the "holy people" are likely the Jews, God's chosen people. Antiochus IV's actions against the Jews, including the Maccabean Revolt, are historical fulfillments of this prophecy. This destruction of both secular and sacred groups highlights the indiscriminate nature of evil rulers. Theologically, it reflects the ongoing spiritual battle between God's people and forces of darkness, a theme prevalent throughout the Bible, culminating in the ultimate victory of Christ (Revelation 19:11-21).

Through his craft and by his hand, he will cause deceit to prosper
This phrase highlights the cunning and manipulative nature of the figure being described, often identified as a prophetic representation of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, a Seleucid king known for his deceitful tactics. His craftiness is emblematic of the broader theme of deception in biblical prophecy, where false leaders rise through manipulation. This aligns with the biblical warning against false prophets and deceitful workers (2 Corinthians 11:13-15). The prosperity of deceit suggests a temporary success of evil, a recurring theme in Scripture where wickedness seems to thrive before divine intervention.

and in his own mind he will make himself great
This reflects the pride and self-exaltation of the figure, reminiscent of the pride of Nebuchadnezzar in Daniel 4:30 and the arrogance of the little horn in Daniel 7:8. Such self-aggrandizement is a hallmark of tyrannical rulers throughout history, who often see themselves as invincible or god-like. This self-perception is a direct challenge to God's sovereignty, echoing the pride of Lucifer in Isaiah 14:13-14. The theme of pride leading to downfall is consistent with Proverbs 16:18, "Pride goes before destruction."

In a time of peace he will destroy many
This phrase suggests a betrayal of trust, as destruction comes unexpectedly during a period of perceived safety. Historically, Antiochus IV used deceitful diplomacy to gain control, leading to the persecution of the Jewish people. This tactic of sudden destruction during peace is echoed in 1 Thessalonians 5:3, where sudden destruction comes upon those who feel secure. It serves as a warning of the false peace offered by worldly powers, contrasting with the true peace found in Christ (John 14:27).

and he will even stand against the Prince of princes
The "Prince of princes" is widely interpreted as a reference to Jesus Christ, the ultimate authority and ruler. Antiochus IV's desecration of the Jewish temple and persecution of God's people is seen as standing against God Himself. This opposition to divine authority is a type of the antichrist spirit, which opposes Christ and His kingdom (1 John 2:18). The conflict between earthly powers and divine authority is a central theme in biblical prophecy, culminating in the ultimate victory of Christ (Revelation 19:11-16).

Yet he will be broken off, but not by human hands
This indicates a divine intervention in the downfall of the oppressor, suggesting that his end will come through God's power rather than human effort. Historically, Antiochus IV died suddenly of disease, which many see as fulfillment of this prophecy. The phrase "not by human hands" emphasizes God's sovereignty and the futility of human pride against divine will. This mirrors the fate of the statue in Nebuchadnezzar's dream, which was destroyed by a stone "not cut by human hands" (Daniel 2:34), symbolizing God's ultimate authority over earthly kingdoms.

The vision of the evenings and the mornings that has been spoken is true.
This phrase refers to the vision Daniel received, which includes the prophecy of the ram and the goat, symbolizing the Medo-Persian and Greek empires. The "evenings and mornings" likely refer to the 2,300 days mentioned earlier in the chapter (Daniel 8:14). The assurance that the vision "is true" emphasizes the certainty and divine origin of the prophecy. This aligns with the biblical theme that God's word is trustworthy and will come to pass (Isaiah 55:11). The historical fulfillment of these prophecies, particularly the rise of Alexander the Great and the subsequent division of his empire, underscores the accuracy of the vision.

Now you must seal up the vision,
Sealing the vision indicates that it is to be preserved and protected for future understanding. In ancient times, sealing a document was a way to authenticate and secure it. This act suggests that the full understanding of the vision was not meant for Daniel's immediate audience but for those in the future who would witness its fulfillment. This concept is echoed in Revelation 22:10, where John is told not to seal up the prophecy because the time is near, contrasting with Daniel's instruction due to the distant nature of the events.

for it concerns the distant future.”
The phrase "distant future" indicates that the events described in the vision would not occur in Daniel's lifetime but would unfold over centuries. This points to the period of the Greek Empire and the subsequent events leading up to the time of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who desecrated the Jewish temple. The distant fulfillment also suggests a typological foreshadowing of future events, possibly relating to end-times prophecy and the Antichrist, as seen in the broader eschatological themes of the book of Daniel. This dual fulfillment perspective is common in biblical prophecy, where immediate historical events prefigure ultimate eschatological realities.

I, Daniel, was exhausted and lay ill for days.
Daniel's physical and emotional exhaustion reflects the intense nature of the visions he received. This reaction is consistent with other biblical accounts where individuals encounter divine revelations, such as Ezekiel (Ezekiel 3:15) and John in Revelation (Revelation 1:17). The overwhelming nature of the vision underscores the gravity and complexity of the prophetic message. Daniel's illness may also symbolize the burden of understanding and conveying God's future plans for His people.

Then I got up and went about the king’s business.
Despite his exhaustion, Daniel resumes his duties, demonstrating his commitment and responsibility. This phrase highlights Daniel's role in the Babylonian and Persian courts, serving under kings like Nebuchadnezzar, Belshazzar, and Darius. His ability to balance his spiritual calling with his secular responsibilities exemplifies the integration of faith and work. Daniel's faithfulness in his duties is a testament to his character and integrity, which is further emphasized in Daniel 6:4.

I was confounded by the vision; it was beyond understanding.
Daniel's confusion and inability to fully comprehend the vision indicate the complexity of prophetic revelation. This aligns with the nature of apocalyptic literature, which often contains symbolic imagery and requires divine interpretation. The vision in Daniel 8 involves the ram and the goat, representing the Medo-Persian and Greek empires, respectively. Daniel's struggle to understand foreshadows the need for divine insight, as seen when the angel Gabriel later provides interpretation (Daniel 8:16-17). This phrase also reflects the broader biblical theme that God's ways and plans are often beyond human understanding, as stated in Isaiah 55:8-9.