Rid yourselves
The Greek word used here is "ἀποτίθημι" (apotithēmi), which means to lay aside or cast off. This term suggests a deliberate and conscious action, akin to removing a garment. In the context of Christian living, it implies an intentional rejection of behaviors and attitudes that are contrary to the new life in Christ. The imagery of casting off is powerful, indicating that these negative traits are not inherent to our new identity in Christ and must be actively discarded.

therefore
This word connects the exhortation to what has been previously discussed. In the preceding chapter, Peter speaks of the enduring word of God and the call to holiness. "Therefore" serves as a bridge, indicating that because believers are born again through the living and enduring word of God, they must now live in a manner that reflects this transformation. It is a call to action based on the theological truths previously established.

of all malice
"Malice" translates from the Greek "κακία" (kakia), which refers to wickedness or ill-will. It encompasses a desire to harm others or to see them suffer. In the Christian context, malice is antithetical to the love and compassion that believers are called to exhibit. The use of "all" emphasizes the totality of the rejection; no form of malice is acceptable in the life of a believer.

deceit
The Greek word "δόλος" (dolos) means trickery or cunning. Deceit involves misleading others through falsehoods or half-truths. In a historical context, deceit was often used in trade and politics, but Peter calls Christians to a higher standard of honesty and integrity. Deceit undermines trust and community, which are foundational to the body of Christ.

hypocrisy
Derived from the Greek "ὑπόκρισις" (hypokrisis), this term originally referred to acting or playing a part. In a spiritual sense, hypocrisy is pretending to be something one is not, particularly in terms of righteousness or piety. Jesus frequently condemned the Pharisees for their hypocrisy, and Peter echoes this sentiment, urging believers to be genuine in their faith and actions.

envy
The Greek "φθόνος" (phthonos) denotes a feeling of discontent or covetousness towards another's advantages, success, or possessions. Envy is destructive, leading to resentment and division within the community. In the scriptural context, envy is often contrasted with contentment and gratitude, virtues that believers are encouraged to cultivate.

and slander
"Slander" comes from the Greek "καταλαλιά" (katalalia), meaning evil speaking or defamation. It involves speaking ill of others, damaging their reputation. Slander is a serious offense in the Christian community, as it not only harms individuals but also disrupts unity and fellowship. The call to rid oneself of slander is a call to speak truth in love and to build up rather than tear down.

Like newborn infants
This phrase draws a vivid analogy between new believers and newborn babies. In the Greek, the word for "newborn" (ἀρτιγέννητα) emphasizes the freshness and newness of life. Just as infants are entirely dependent on their mothers for nourishment, new Christians are called to depend on God for spiritual sustenance. Historically, the early church was a burgeoning community, much like a newborn, requiring foundational teachings and guidance to grow in faith. This imagery underscores the purity and innocence expected of believers, encouraging them to approach their faith with the same eagerness and need as a newborn.

Crave
The Greek word here is "ἐπιποθέω," which conveys an intense longing or desire. This is not a passive wish but an active, earnest yearning. In the context of the early church, this craving reflects the deep hunger for spiritual truth and growth that characterized the early Christians. It is a call to prioritize spiritual nourishment above all else, much like the Psalmist's longing for God as a deer pants for water (Psalm 42:1). This craving is essential for spiritual vitality and maturity.

Pure spiritual milk
The term "pure" (ἄδολον) suggests something unadulterated and genuine. In the ancient world, milk was a staple of nourishment, symbolizing the basic, essential teachings of the faith. The "spiritual milk" refers to the foundational truths of the Gospel, which are necessary for growth and development in the Christian life. This phrase emphasizes the importance of returning to the basics of faith, ensuring that one's spiritual diet is free from false teachings or impurities that could stunt growth.

So that by it you may grow up
The purpose of craving pure spiritual milk is growth. The Greek word for "grow" (αὐξάνω) implies a process of increasing and maturing. In the historical context of the early church, growth was not just individual but communal, as believers were called to mature together in their understanding and practice of the faith. This growth is not merely intellectual but transformative, affecting every aspect of a believer's life.

In your salvation
The phrase "in your salvation" highlights the ultimate goal of spiritual growth. Salvation, in the Greek "σωτηρία," encompasses not just the initial act of being saved but the ongoing process of being sanctified and made more like Christ. This reflects the conservative Christian perspective that salvation is both a moment and a journey, requiring continual growth and development. The early church understood salvation as a holistic transformation, impacting both the individual and the community, as believers lived out their faith in a world that often opposed them.

now that
This phrase indicates a transition or a condition that has been fulfilled. In the context of 1 Peter, it suggests a progression in the spiritual journey of the believers. The Greek word used here, "εἰ," often introduces a condition that is assumed to be true. It implies that the readers have already experienced something significant, setting the stage for the exhortations that follow. This phrase connects the previous encouragements to crave pure spiritual milk with the realization of God's goodness.

you have tasted
The verb "tasted" comes from the Greek "γεύομαι" (geuomai), which means to experience or perceive. This is not merely a superficial or intellectual acknowledgment but a deep, personal experience. In the biblical context, tasting is often used metaphorically to describe experiencing something fully. Psalm 34:8, which Peter likely alludes to, invites believers to "taste and see that the LORD is good." This tasting is an invitation to a deeper relationship with God, moving beyond mere knowledge to a heartfelt encounter with His grace and mercy.

that the Lord
The term "the Lord" refers to Jesus Christ, affirming His divinity and central role in the believer's life. In the New Testament, "Lord" (Greek: "Κύριος," Kyrios) is a title of authority and reverence, acknowledging Jesus as sovereign and divine. This acknowledgment is crucial for the early Christians, who faced persecution and needed to affirm their faith in Christ as the ultimate authority over their lives. Recognizing Jesus as Lord is foundational to Christian identity and practice.

is good
The word "good" translates from the Greek "χρηστός" (chrestos), which means kind, benevolent, or gracious. This goodness is not just moral uprightness but encompasses the kindness and mercy of God. The goodness of the Lord is a recurring theme in Scripture, emphasizing His loving nature and the blessings He bestows upon His people. In the historical context of Peter's audience, who were likely experiencing trials and suffering, this affirmation of God's goodness serves as a source of comfort and hope. It reassures believers that despite their circumstances, God's nature is unchangingly good, and His intentions towards them are always for their ultimate benefit.

As you come to Him
This phrase invites believers into a continuous, active relationship with Christ. The Greek word for "come" (προσέρχομαι, proserchomai) implies drawing near with a sense of purpose and reverence. Historically, this reflects the Jewish tradition of approaching God in the temple, but now, through Christ, believers have direct access. This approach is not a one-time event but a continual journey of faith and communion with Jesus.

the living stone
The term "living stone" is a profound metaphor. In Greek, "living" (ζῶντα, zonta) emphasizes vitality and life, contrasting with inanimate stones. Christ as the "stone" (λίθος, lithos) draws from Old Testament imagery, particularly Isaiah 28:16, where God lays a cornerstone in Zion. This cornerstone is foundational, essential for the structure of the spiritual house God is building. The "living stone" signifies Christ's resurrection and eternal life, making Him the source of spiritual life for believers.

rejected by men
This phrase acknowledges the historical and ongoing rejection of Christ by humanity. The Greek word for "rejected" (ἀποδοκιμάζω, apodokimazo) means to disapprove or deem unworthy. This rejection was evident in Christ's crucifixion and continues as people deny His lordship. Yet, this rejection fulfills prophecy and highlights the contrast between human judgment and divine approval.

but chosen and precious in God’s sight
Here, the contrast is stark. Despite human rejection, Christ is "chosen" (ἐκλεκτός, eklektos) by God, indicating divine selection and purpose. The word "precious" (ἔντιμος, entimos) conveys honor and value, underscoring Christ's worth in God's eyes. This divine perspective assures believers of Christ's ultimate authority and the futility of human rejection. It also reassures Christians of their own value and purpose, as they are united with Christ, the chosen and precious cornerstone.

you also
This phrase emphasizes the inclusion of the readers, who are primarily Gentile believers, into the spiritual heritage of Israel. The Greek word "kai" (also) signifies a continuation and connection to the previous verse, where Christ is described as the living stone. This inclusion reflects the unity of believers in Christ, transcending ethnic and cultural boundaries, and highlights the universal call to holiness and service.

like living stones
The imagery of "living stones" is rich with meaning. In Greek, "lithoi zōntes" suggests stones that are not inert but vibrant and full of life. This metaphor draws from the Old Testament, where stones were used to build altars and temples. Here, believers are likened to stones that are alive, signifying their active role in the spiritual edifice God is constructing. This concept challenges believers to see themselves as integral parts of God's ongoing work, contributing to the spiritual vitality of the Church.

are being built
The passive voice in the Greek "oikodomeisthe" indicates that this building process is God's work. Believers are not constructing themselves but are being shaped and placed by God into His divine architecture. This ongoing process reflects the sanctification journey, where God continually molds and refines His people, fitting them perfectly into His spiritual house.

into a spiritual house
The term "spiritual house" (Greek: "oikos pneumatikos") contrasts with the physical temple of the Old Testament. This new temple is not made of bricks and mortar but is a living, dynamic community of believers indwelt by the Holy Spirit. This concept underscores the shift from a localized, physical worship space to a global, spiritual community where God's presence dwells among His people.

to be a holy priesthood
The phrase "holy priesthood" (Greek: "hierateuma hagion") evokes the Old Testament priesthood, which was set apart for service to God. In Christ, all believers are called to this priestly role, offering themselves in service and worship. This priesthood is characterized by holiness, a life set apart for God's purposes, reflecting His character and mediating His presence to the world.

offering spiritual sacrifices
"Spiritual sacrifices" (Greek: "thusias pneumatikas") refers to offerings that are not physical but are acts of worship and service inspired by the Holy Spirit. These sacrifices include praise, prayer, acts of love, and obedience. They are the fruit of a life transformed by the Spirit, pleasing to God and reflective of Christ's ultimate sacrifice.

acceptable to God
The Greek word "euprosdektos" means well-pleasing or acceptable. This acceptance is not based on human merit but on the work of Christ. Believers' sacrifices are made acceptable through their relationship with Jesus, who sanctifies and perfects their offerings. This assurance encourages believers to live lives of worship, knowing their efforts are valued by God.

through Jesus Christ
This phrase underscores the centrality of Christ in the believer's life and worship. It is through Jesus, the mediator of the new covenant, that believers have access to God and their sacrifices are made acceptable. This highlights the grace and sufficiency of Christ's work, reminding believers that their spiritual life and service are rooted in His redemptive work.

For it stands in Scripture
This phrase emphasizes the authority and permanence of the Word of God. The Greek word for "stands" (ἵστημι, histēmi) conveys the idea of something being firmly established or set in place. In a historical context, this reflects the Jewish tradition of viewing Scripture as the unchanging foundation of truth. The phrase underscores the reliability and eternal nature of God's promises, encouraging believers to trust in the divine revelation.

See, I lay in Zion
The word "See" (ἰδοὺ, idou) is a call to attention, urging the reader to behold something significant. "I lay" (τίθημι, tithēmi) suggests intentionality and purpose, indicating God's deliberate action. "Zion" refers to Jerusalem, the spiritual center of Israel, symbolizing God's presence and covenant with His people. Historically, Zion was the site of the Temple, representing God's dwelling among His people. This phrase highlights God's sovereign plan and His active role in establishing a foundation for salvation.

a stone, a chosen and precious cornerstone
The "stone" (λίθος, lithos) is a metaphor for Christ, drawing from Old Testament imagery. In ancient architecture, a cornerstone was the principal stone, ensuring the stability and alignment of the entire structure. "Chosen" (ἐκλεκτός, eklektos) signifies being selected by God for a special purpose, while "precious" (ἔντιμος, entimos) denotes great value and honor. This phrase affirms Christ's unique role as the foundation of the Church, chosen by God and esteemed above all.

and the one who believes in Him
"Believes" (πιστεύων, pisteuōn) involves trust and reliance, not merely intellectual assent. In the Greek, it conveys a continuous action, suggesting an ongoing relationship of faith. "In Him" points directly to Christ as the object of faith. This phrase emphasizes the personal nature of salvation, inviting individuals to place their trust in Jesus as the cornerstone of their lives.

will never be put to shame
The phrase "will never be put to shame" (οὐ μὴ καταισχυνθῇ, ou mē kataischynthē) is a strong negation in Greek, indicating absolute certainty. "Put to shame" refers to experiencing disgrace or disappointment. In a biblical context, it assures believers of their secure standing before God. Historically, shame was a significant social and spiritual concern, but this promise guarantees that those who trust in Christ will not face ultimate disgrace. This assurance inspires confidence and hope, affirming the believer's eternal security in Christ.

To you who believe
This phrase addresses the believers, those who have placed their faith in Jesus Christ. The Greek word for "believe" is "pisteuō," which implies trust and reliance, not just intellectual assent. In the context of 1 Peter, believers are those who have accepted Jesus as the Messiah and are part of the spiritual house being built by God. Historically, the early Christians faced persecution, and Peter's words served as an encouragement, affirming their faith and the value of their belief in Christ.

this stone is precious
The "stone" refers to Jesus Christ, drawing from the imagery of a cornerstone, which is foundational and essential in construction. The Greek word for "precious" is "timē," indicating honor, value, and worth. For believers, Jesus is not just a part of their faith; He is the most valuable and honored part. This reflects the high esteem in which Christ is held by those who recognize His role in salvation and His position as the foundation of their spiritual lives.

But to those who do not believe
This phrase contrasts believers with non-believers, highlighting a division based on faith. The Greek word for "not believe" is "apisteuō," which means to disbelieve or to be unfaithful. In the historical context, this refers to those who rejected Jesus during His earthly ministry and continue to reject Him. The rejection of Christ is a recurring theme in the New Testament, often associated with the Jewish leaders and others who did not accept Jesus as the Messiah.

The stone the builders rejected
This part of the verse is a quotation from Psalm 118:22, a prophetic reference to the Messiah. The "builders" symbolize the religious leaders and authorities who, in their spiritual blindness, rejected Jesus. The Greek word for "rejected" is "apodokimazō," meaning to disapprove or repudiate. This rejection was not just a passive dismissal but an active decision against Christ, which is a significant theme in the Gospels.

has become the cornerstone
Despite being rejected, Jesus has become the "cornerstone," the most crucial stone in a building's foundation. The Greek word for "cornerstone" is "kephalē gōnias," indicating the head or chief stone. This transformation from rejection to exaltation is central to the Christian message, emphasizing God's sovereignty and the fulfillment of His redemptive plan. Historically, the cornerstone was vital for aligning the entire structure, symbolizing Christ's role in aligning and holding together the Church. This imagery reassures believers of their secure foundation in Christ, despite opposition or rejection by the world.

and, 'A stone of stumbling'
This phrase refers to Jesus Christ as a "stone" that causes people to stumble. The Greek word for "stone" is "λίθος" (lithos), which is often used metaphorically in Scripture to represent strength, foundation, or a cornerstone. In the context of 1 Peter, it draws from Isaiah 8:14, where God Himself is described as a sanctuary and a stone of offense. Historically, the Jewish leaders and many of the people stumbled over Jesus because He did not meet their expectations of the Messiah. Instead of a political liberator, He came as a suffering servant. This stumbling is not just a physical tripping but a spiritual failure to recognize and accept Jesus as the Messiah.

and a rock of offense
The term "rock" in Greek is "πέτρα" (petra), which signifies a large mass of rock, more substantial than a mere stone. This imagery emphasizes the magnitude of the offense taken by those who reject Christ. The "offense" comes from the Greek word "σκάνδαλον" (skandalon), meaning a trap or snare. In a spiritual sense, Jesus becomes a "rock of offense" to those who refuse to believe, as His teachings and His very nature challenge human pride and self-reliance. Historically, this was evident in the rejection of Jesus by the religious authorities of His time, who saw His claims as blasphemous and His teachings as a threat to their power.

They stumble because they disobey the word
The act of stumbling is directly linked to disobedience. The Greek word for "disobey" is "ἀπειθέω" (apeitheo), which means to refuse to be persuaded or to willfully disbelieve. This disobedience is not merely a passive lack of understanding but an active choice to reject the truth of the Gospel. The "word" here refers to the message of Christ, the Gospel, which calls for repentance and faith. Historically, this disobedience was seen in the Jewish leaders' rejection of Jesus, despite the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies in His life and work.

to which they were appointed
This phrase can be challenging, as it touches on the theological concept of divine sovereignty and human responsibility. The Greek word for "appointed" is "τίθημι" (tithēmi), meaning to set, place, or lay down. In a conservative Christian perspective, this does not imply that God predestines individuals to disobedience but rather that God, in His foreknowledge, knows who will reject Him. This appointment is not to disobedience itself but to the consequences of that disobedience—stumbling over the cornerstone, Jesus Christ. Historically, this reflects the broader biblical narrative where God’s chosen people, Israel, often turned away from Him, leading to judgment and exile, yet always with a remnant preserved by grace.

But you are a chosen people
The phrase "chosen people" is deeply rooted in the concept of divine election, a theme prevalent throughout the Bible. The Greek word for "chosen" is "eklektos," which signifies being selected or picked out by God for a special purpose. This echoes the Old Testament idea of Israel as God's chosen nation (Deuteronomy 7:6). In the New Testament context, this extends to all believers, emphasizing that Christians are selected by God's grace, not by their merit, to be His representatives on earth.

a royal priesthood
The term "royal priesthood" combines two significant roles: royalty and priesthood. The Greek word "basileios" means royal or kingly, while "hierateuma" refers to a priestly order. This dual identity reflects the believer's access to God and authority in His kingdom. Historically, priests mediated between God and people, and kings ruled with authority. In Christ, believers are granted both privileges, serving as intermediaries who bring others to God and exercising spiritual authority in His name.

a holy nation
The phrase "holy nation" draws from the Greek "ethnos hagion," where "ethnos" means nation or people group, and "hagion" means holy or set apart. This concept is reminiscent of Israel's calling to be a distinct people (Exodus 19:6). For Christians, it signifies being set apart for God's purposes, living in a way that reflects His holiness. This holiness is not inherent but is imparted through Christ's righteousness, calling believers to live lives that honor God.

a people for God’s own possession
The phrase "a people for God’s own possession" translates the Greek "laos eis peripoiēsis," indicating a people acquired or purchased by God. This reflects the idea of redemption, where believers are bought with a price, the blood of Christ (1 Corinthians 6:20). Historically, this echoes the covenant relationship God had with Israel, now extended to all who are in Christ. It underscores the intimate relationship between God and His people, who are treasured and valued by Him.

to proclaim the virtues of Him
The purpose of being chosen, royal, holy, and possessed by God is "to proclaim the virtues of Him." The Greek word "aretas" refers to moral excellence or virtues. Believers are called to declare God's excellencies, His attributes, and deeds. This proclamation is both verbal and through the testimony of a transformed life. It is a call to evangelism and witness, sharing the goodness and greatness of God with the world.

who called you out of darkness
The phrase "who called you out of darkness" uses the Greek "kalesantos," meaning to call or summon. Darkness symbolizes ignorance, sin, and separation from God. This calling is an invitation to leave behind a life of sin and enter into a relationship with God. It reflects the transformative power of the Gospel, which brings individuals from spiritual blindness into the light of truth and salvation.

into His marvelous light
Finally, "into His marvelous light" contrasts the previous state of darkness. The Greek word "thaumastos" means wonderful or extraordinary. Light represents truth, purity, and the presence of God. This imagery is rich in biblical symbolism, where God is often associated with light (John 8:12). Believers are called to live in this light, experiencing the fullness of life in Christ and reflecting His glory to the world. This transformation is both a present reality and a future hope, as believers anticipate the fullness of God's kingdom.

Once you were not a people
This phrase draws from the Old Testament, specifically Hosea 1:9-10, where God speaks to Israel about their identity and relationship with Him. The Greek word for "people" here is "laos," which signifies a group bound by common identity or purpose. Historically, Peter addresses Gentile believers who were once outside the covenant community of Israel. This highlights the transformative power of the Gospel, which unites all believers into a new spiritual family, transcending ethnic and cultural boundaries.

but now you are the people of God
The transition from "not a people" to "the people of God" signifies a profound change in status and identity. The Greek word "nun" (now) emphasizes the present reality of this new identity. Through Christ, believers are grafted into the spiritual lineage of Israel, becoming part of God's chosen people. This reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that all nations would be blessed through his seed (Genesis 12:3). It underscores the inclusivity of the Gospel and the unity of the Church as the body of Christ.

once you had not received mercy
The concept of mercy, "eleos" in Greek, is central to understanding God's character and His dealings with humanity. In the Old Testament, mercy is often associated with God's covenantal love and faithfulness. Before coming to faith, Gentiles were outside the covenant and thus did not experience the covenantal mercy extended to Israel. This phrase highlights the spiritual alienation and separation from God that existed prior to the redemptive work of Christ.

but now you have received mercy
The shift from not receiving to receiving mercy marks the transformative impact of Christ's atoning sacrifice. The Greek verb "eleeō" (have received mercy) indicates a completed action with ongoing effects. Through Christ, believers experience God's mercy, which is not merely a passive feeling but an active intervention in their lives. This mercy is a gift of grace, unearned and freely given, reflecting God's love and compassion. It serves as a foundation for the believer's new identity and relationship with God, encouraging a life of gratitude and service.

Beloved
The term "beloved" (Greek: ἀγαπητοί, agapetoi) is a deeply affectionate address, indicating the close relationship between Peter and his readers. It reflects the love of God for His people and the love that should exist within the Christian community. This word sets the tone for the exhortation, reminding believers of their identity as cherished members of God's family.

I urge you
The Greek word for "urge" (παρακαλῶ, parakalō) carries the sense of a strong appeal or exhortation. It is not merely a suggestion but a heartfelt plea from Peter, emphasizing the importance and urgency of the message. This reflects the pastoral concern Peter has for the spiritual well-being of his readers.

as foreigners and exiles
The phrase "foreigners and exiles" (Greek: παροίκους καὶ παρεπιδήμους, paroikous kai parepidēmous) highlights the temporary and transient nature of the Christian's life on earth. Historically, this reflects the status of early Christians who often faced social and political marginalization. Spiritually, it underscores the believer's true citizenship in heaven, as echoed in Philippians 3:20.

to abstain from the desires of the flesh
The call "to abstain" (Greek: ἀπέχεσθαι, apechesthai) is a command to maintain a distance from sinful desires. "Desires of the flesh" (Greek: σαρκικῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν, sarkikōn epithymiōn) refers to the sinful inclinations and passions that are contrary to God's will. This echoes the biblical theme of sanctification, where believers are called to live holy lives, set apart for God.

which war against your soul
The imagery of war (Greek: στρατεύονται, strateuontai) conveys the intense and ongoing battle between the sinful nature and the spiritual life of a believer. The "soul" (Greek: ψυχάς, psychas) represents the whole person, emphasizing that these desires threaten one's spiritual health and relationship with God. This metaphor serves as a sobering reminder of the vigilance required in the Christian life to resist temptation and pursue righteousness.

Conduct yourselves with such honor
The Greek word for "conduct" is "anastrophē," which refers to one's way of life or behavior. In the context of the early Christian community, this was a call to live in a manner that reflects the teachings of Christ. "Honor" translates from the Greek "kalos," meaning good, noble, or beautiful. This phrase encourages believers to live in a way that is visibly commendable and morally upright, setting a standard that transcends cultural norms and reflects the transformative power of the Gospel.

among the Gentiles
The term "Gentiles" (Greek: "ethnē") refers to non-Jews, often seen as outsiders to the covenant community of Israel. In the early church, this term also came to represent those outside the Christian faith. The historical context here is significant, as the early Christians were a minority often misunderstood and maligned by the surrounding pagan cultures. Peter's exhortation is for Christians to live exemplary lives that bear witness to their faith, even amidst those who do not share their beliefs.

that, though they slander you as evildoers
"Slander" comes from the Greek "katalaleō," meaning to speak against or defame. Early Christians were often accused of subverting social norms and were misunderstood due to their distinct lifestyle and refusal to participate in pagan rituals. The term "evildoers" (Greek: "kakopoios") suggests accusations of wrongdoing or criminal behavior. This phrase acknowledges the reality of false accusations and societal prejudice against Christians, urging them to respond not with retaliation but with integrity.

they may see your good deeds
The phrase "good deeds" translates from the Greek "kalos ergon," emphasizing actions that are not only morally good but also visibly beneficial and beautiful. This reflects the biblical principle that faith is demonstrated through action (James 2:18). The historical context suggests that these deeds were meant to be a testimony to the transformative power of the Gospel, serving as a silent yet powerful witness to the truth of Christianity.

and glorify God
"Glorify" (Greek: "doxazō") means to honor or praise. The ultimate goal of Christian conduct is not self-promotion but the glorification of God. This reflects the biblical theme that all of life is to be lived for God's glory (1 Corinthians 10:31). The hope is that through observing the good deeds of Christians, even those who initially oppose them might come to recognize the truth and beauty of the Gospel, leading to the worship of God.

on the day He visits us
The phrase "the day He visits us" refers to a time of divine intervention or judgment. The Greek word "episkopē" can mean visitation, oversight, or inspection. In a biblical context, this often refers to God's coming in judgment or blessing. This eschatological perspective reminds believers that their conduct has eternal significance and that God will ultimately vindicate His people. The hope is that through their witness, others might come to faith before this day arrives.

Submit yourselves
The Greek word used here is "hypotassō," which means to arrange under, to subordinate, or to subject oneself. This term is often used in military contexts, indicating a voluntary and willing alignment under authority. In the Christian life, submission is not about coercion but a conscious decision to honor God by respecting the structures He has allowed to exist. This submission is an act of humility and obedience, reflecting Christ's own submission to the Father's will.

for the Lord’s sake
This phrase emphasizes the motivation behind the submission. It is not merely for the sake of social order or personal benefit but is an act of worship and obedience to God. The believer's ultimate allegiance is to the Lord, and thus, their actions should reflect His character and commands. This perspective transforms submission from a burdensome duty to a joyful expression of faith and trust in God's sovereignty.

to every human institution
The Greek term "ktisis" is used here, which can mean creation or institution. In this context, it refers to the structures and authorities established among people. This includes governments, legal systems, and other societal frameworks. The call to submit to these institutions acknowledges that God, in His providence, has allowed them to exist for the purpose of order and justice. It is a recognition of God's overarching authority over all human affairs.

whether to the king
The term "king" here refers to the highest ruling authority in a given context. In Peter's time, this would have been the Roman Emperor. The instruction to submit to the king underscores the importance of respecting and honoring those in positions of leadership, regardless of their personal character or the believer's agreement with their policies. It is a call to trust in God's ultimate control over earthly rulers.

as the supreme authority
The phrase "supreme authority" highlights the position of the king as the highest human authority in the land. The Greek word "hyperechō" is used, meaning to hold above or to be superior. This does not imply that the king's authority is absolute or that it supersedes God's authority. Instead, it acknowledges the role of government as a God-ordained institution for maintaining order and justice. Believers are reminded that their submission to earthly authorities is ultimately an act of submission to God, who is the supreme ruler over all.

or to governors
The term "governors" in this context refers to local or regional authorities who were appointed by the Roman Empire to maintain order and enforce laws. The Greek word used here is "ἡγεμών" (hēgemōn), which can denote a leader or ruler. Historically, these governors had significant power and were responsible for the administration of justice. From a conservative Christian perspective, this phrase underscores the importance of respecting and submitting to earthly authorities as part of God's ordained structure for societal order.

as those sent by him
The phrase "sent by him" indicates that these governors are appointed by God. The Greek word "πέμπω" (pempō) means to send or dispatch. This reflects the biblical principle that all authority is established by God, as seen in Romans 13:1. It emphasizes the divine sovereignty over human institutions and the belief that God uses these authorities to fulfill His purposes on earth.

to punish those who do wrong
The role of governors includes the responsibility "to punish those who do wrong." The Greek word for "punish" is "ἐκδικέω" (ekdikeō), which means to execute justice or vengeance. This phrase highlights the biblical view of justice, where wrongdoing is met with appropriate consequences. It serves as a deterrent against evil and maintains societal order, reflecting God's justice and righteousness.

and to praise those who do right
Conversely, governors are also tasked "to praise those who do right." The Greek word "ἐπαινέω" (epaineō) means to commend or approve. This phrase suggests that good behavior should be recognized and encouraged by authorities. It aligns with the biblical principle that righteousness should be exalted and serves as an incentive for moral and ethical living. From a conservative Christian perspective, this reflects the dual role of government in both restraining evil and promoting good.

For it is God’s will
This phrase emphasizes the divine purpose and intention behind the actions of believers. The Greek word for "will" is "θέλημα" (thelēma), which denotes a deliberate design or plan. In the context of 1 Peter, this underscores the sovereignty of God in guiding the moral and ethical behavior of Christians. Historically, the early church faced persecution and misunderstanding, and Peter reassures believers that their conduct aligns with God's overarching plan.

that by doing good
The phrase "doing good" is translated from the Greek "ἀγαθοποιέω" (agathopoieō), which means to perform acts of kindness and righteousness. This is not merely passive goodness but active engagement in virtuous deeds. In the historical context of the early church, Christians were often accused of subverting social norms. By actively doing good, they could demonstrate the transformative power of the Gospel and counteract false accusations.

you should silence
The Greek word "φιμόω" (phimoō) is used here, meaning to muzzle or make speechless. This term conveys the idea of rendering opponents unable to speak against the truth of the Christian witness. In a world where Christians were often maligned, their consistent good works served as a powerful testimony that left critics without a basis for their accusations.

the ignorance
"Ignorance" comes from the Greek "ἄγνοια" (agnoia), referring to a lack of knowledge or understanding. In the scriptural context, this ignorance is not just intellectual but spiritual, reflecting a blindness to the truth of God’s revelation. The early Christians faced a society that often misunderstood or misrepresented their beliefs, and Peter encourages them to respond with integrity and wisdom.

of foolish men
The term "foolish" is derived from the Greek "ἄφρων" (aphron), which means senseless or lacking in wisdom. Biblically, foolishness is often associated with moral and spiritual deficiency rather than mere lack of intelligence. In the conservative Christian perspective, this highlights the contrast between the wisdom of God and the folly of those who reject His truth. The historical context of Peter's audience involved dealing with slander and false accusations, and this verse reassures them that their righteous conduct would ultimately reveal the folly of their detractors.

Live in freedom
The Greek word for "freedom" here is "ἐλευθερία" (eleutheria), which signifies a state of liberty or freedom from bondage. In the context of 1 Peter, this freedom is not merely political or social but spiritual, emphasizing the liberation from sin and the law's condemnation through Christ. Historically, the early Christians were often under Roman rule, which did not afford them much political freedom. However, Peter reminds them that their true freedom is found in Christ, transcending earthly circumstances. This freedom is a call to live in the liberty of the Spirit, not bound by the chains of sin or legalism.

but do not use your freedom as a cover-up for evil
The phrase "cover-up" translates from the Greek "ἐπικάλυμμα" (epikalymma), meaning a veil or pretext. Peter warns against using Christian liberty as a pretext for sinful behavior. This echoes Paul's teachings in Galatians 5:13, where believers are cautioned not to indulge the flesh under the guise of freedom. The historical context reveals that some early Christians misunderstood grace, thinking it permitted immoral living. Peter corrects this by emphasizing that true freedom in Christ leads to holiness, not licentiousness.

live as servants of God
The term "servants" comes from the Greek "δοῦλοι" (douloi), meaning slaves or bondservants. This paradoxical statement highlights that true freedom in Christ involves willing submission to God. In the Roman world, slaves had no rights, yet Peter elevates this status by associating it with service to God, the highest calling. Scripturally, this reflects Jesus' teaching that greatness in God's kingdom comes through servanthood (Mark 10:43-45). Thus, believers are called to use their freedom to serve God and others, reflecting Christ's humility and love. This servitude is not burdensome but a joyful response to God's grace, aligning with the biblical theme of being set free to serve.

Honor everyone
The Greek word for "honor" is "τιμάω" (timao), which means to value, respect, or revere. In the context of 1 Peter, this command is a call to recognize the inherent worth and dignity of every individual as created in the image of God (Genesis 1:27). This respect transcends social status, race, or creed, reflecting the Christian principle of universal love and respect. Historically, this was a radical idea in a stratified Roman society, where honor was typically reserved for those of higher status. The call to honor everyone challenges believers to live counter-culturally, embodying Christ's love in all interactions.

Love the brotherhood
The term "brotherhood" comes from the Greek "ἀδελφότης" (adelphotēs), referring to the community of believers. This phrase emphasizes the special bond among Christians, akin to a family relationship. The early church was characterized by deep fellowship and mutual support, as seen in Acts 2:42-47. This love is not merely an emotion but an active commitment to the well-being of fellow believers, reflecting Jesus' command to love one another as He loved us (John 13:34-35). In a world often marked by division, this call to love the brotherhood serves as a powerful testimony to the unity and transformative power of the Gospel.

Fear God
The Greek word for "fear" is "φοβέομαι" (phobeomai), which can mean to be afraid, but in this context, it denotes reverence and awe. This fear is not about terror but about a profound respect for God's holiness and authority. Proverbs 9:10 states, "The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom," highlighting that a proper understanding of God's majesty and power is foundational to a life of faith. In a society where many gods were worshiped, Peter's exhortation to fear God alone underscores the exclusivity and supremacy of the Christian God, calling believers to live in a way that honors Him above all else.

Honor the king
The word "king" here is "βασιλεύς" (basileus), referring to the ruling authority, which, at the time of Peter's writing, would have been the Roman Emperor. Despite the often oppressive and unjust nature of Roman rule, Christians are called to show respect to governing authorities (Romans 13:1-7). This does not imply blind obedience, especially when such authorities contradict God's commands, but it does call for a posture of respect and submission to the extent that it aligns with God's will. This instruction reflects a broader biblical principle of respecting authority while ultimately recognizing God's sovereignty over all earthly powers.

Servants
The Greek word used here is "οἰκέται" (oiketai), which refers to household servants or slaves. In the historical context of the Roman Empire, slavery was a common institution, and many early Christians found themselves in servitude. This term reminds us of the humility and service that Christ exemplified, encouraging believers to serve faithfully regardless of their earthly status.

Submit yourselves
The Greek word "ὑποτάσσω" (hypotassō) means to arrange under, to subordinate, or to subject oneself. This submission is not about inferiority but about willingly placing oneself under authority, reflecting the order and harmony God desires in relationships. It echoes Christ's own submission to the Father's will, even unto death.

to your masters
The term "δεσπόταις" (despotais) refers to masters or lords, indicating those who have authority over the servants. In a broader sense, it can apply to any authority figure in our lives. The call to submit to masters is a call to respect the structures of authority that God has allowed, trusting in His ultimate sovereignty.

with all respect
The phrase "ἐν παντὶ φόβῳ" (en panti phobō) translates to "with all fear" or reverence. This is not a fear of man, but a reverent respect that acknowledges God's order and the dignity of the position of authority. It is a reminder that our ultimate allegiance is to God, and our respect for earthly authorities is an extension of our reverence for Him.

not only to those who are good and gentle
The Greek words "ἀγαθοῖς καὶ ἐπιεικέσιν" (agathois kai epieikesin) describe masters who are kind and considerate. It is easy to submit to those who treat us well, and this phrase acknowledges the natural human inclination to respond positively to kindness.

but even to those who are unreasonable
The word "σκολιοῖς" (skoliois) means crooked or perverse. This is a challenging call to submit even to those who are harsh or unjust. It reflects the radical nature of Christian love and submission, which is not dependent on the worthiness of the recipient but on the believer's commitment to Christ-like behavior.

For if anyone endures
The phrase "endures" comes from the Greek word "hypomenō," which means to remain steadfast or to persevere under trial. In the context of early Christianity, believers often faced persecution and hardship. The call to endure is a reminder of the steadfastness required in the Christian faith, echoing the endurance of Christ Himself. This endurance is not passive but an active, faithful perseverance in the face of adversity.

the pain of unjust suffering
"Unjust suffering" refers to the Greek "adikos paschō," which means suffering wrongfully or undeservedly. In the Roman Empire, Christians were often marginalized and persecuted for their beliefs, facing social and legal injustices. This phrase highlights the reality that believers may suffer not because of wrongdoing but because of their faith. It calls Christians to recognize that suffering for righteousness is part of their calling, aligning with the experiences of the prophets and Christ.

because he is conscious of God
The phrase "conscious of God" translates from the Greek "dia syneidēsin Theou," meaning an awareness or mindfulness of God. This consciousness is not merely intellectual but a deep, relational awareness that influences one's actions and responses. It suggests that the believer's endurance is motivated by a desire to honor God, reflecting a life lived in reverence and obedience to Him. This consciousness is a guiding principle, providing strength and purpose amidst trials.

this is to be commended
The word "commended" comes from the Greek "charis," often translated as grace or favor. In this context, it implies that enduring unjust suffering with a God-conscious mindset is praiseworthy and finds favor with God. This commendation is not from human accolades but divine approval, emphasizing that God sees and values the faithful endurance of His people. It reassures believers that their suffering is not in vain but is recognized and honored by God, encouraging them to remain steadfast in their faith.

But if you suffer
The Greek word for "suffer" here is "πάσχω" (paschō), which implies experiencing pain or hardship. In the context of early Christianity, suffering was a common experience due to persecution. Historically, Christians faced hostility from both Jewish authorities and the Roman Empire. This suffering is not just physical but can also be emotional or social, as believers were often ostracized. The phrase sets the stage for understanding that suffering is not inherently negative when it is for a righteous cause.

for doing good
The phrase "doing good" translates from the Greek "ἀγαθοποιέω" (agathopoieō), meaning to act rightly or benevolently. This reflects the Christian calling to live out the teachings of Christ, embodying love, kindness, and righteousness. In a historical context, early Christians were known for their charitable acts and moral integrity, which often set them apart from the surrounding culture. This phrase emphasizes that the suffering in question is not due to wrongdoing but rather as a consequence of living out one's faith.

and you endure it
The word "endure" comes from the Greek "ὑπομένω" (hypomenō), which means to remain steadfast or to persevere. This endurance is not passive but an active, faithful perseverance in the face of trials. The early Christians were encouraged to remain faithful despite persecution, drawing strength from their hope in Christ. This endurance is a testament to their faith and trust in God's ultimate justice and reward.

this is commendable
The Greek word "χάρις" (charis) is used here, often translated as "grace" or "favor." In this context, it implies something that is praiseworthy or pleasing. The idea is that enduring suffering for righteousness is not only recognized by God but is also a reflection of His grace working within the believer. This commendation is not from human standards but from a divine perspective, highlighting the eternal value of such endurance.

before God
The phrase "before God" underscores the ultimate audience and judge of our actions. The Greek "παρά" (para) with "θεός" (theos) indicates being in the presence of or in the sight of God. This reminds believers that their lives are lived coram Deo, before the face of God, and that His approval is what truly matters. Historically, this would have been a source of great comfort and motivation for early Christians, who often faced misunderstanding and hostility from the world around them.

For to this you were called
This phrase emphasizes the divine calling of believers. The Greek word for "called" is "καλέω" (kaleō), which implies a summons or invitation. In the context of 1 Peter, this calling is not just to salvation but to a life that mirrors Christ's own. Historically, early Christians understood their faith as a call to live counter-culturally, often facing persecution. This calling is a reminder of the purpose and mission bestowed upon believers, to live a life that reflects the values and character of Christ.

because Christ also suffered for you
The suffering of Christ is central to Christian theology. The Greek word for "suffered" is "πάσχω" (paschō), which denotes enduring pain or hardship. This suffering was not just physical but also spiritual and emotional, as Christ bore the sins of humanity. Historically, the early church faced significant persecution, and Peter's audience would have found solace in knowing that their Savior also endured suffering. This phrase underscores the sacrificial nature of Christ's mission and His empathy with human suffering.

leaving you an example
The word "example" in Greek is "ὑπογραμμός" (hypogrammos), which refers to a pattern or model to be followed. In ancient times, this term was used to describe a writing copy for students to imitate. Christ's life serves as the ultimate template for Christian conduct. This concept is deeply rooted in the idea of discipleship, where followers of Christ are called to emulate His actions, attitudes, and responses to life's challenges.

that you should follow in His footsteps
The imagery of "footsteps" suggests a path or journey. The Greek word "ἐπακολουθέω" (epakoloutheō) means to follow closely or to accompany. This phrase invites believers to walk the same path as Christ, embracing His teachings and lifestyle. Historically, this was a radical call, as it meant prioritizing Christ's example over societal norms. The call to follow in His footsteps is an invitation to a transformative journey, where believers grow in holiness and reflect Christ's love and righteousness in their daily lives.

He committed no sin
This phrase speaks to the sinless nature of Jesus Christ. The Greek word for "sin" here is "hamartia," which means missing the mark or falling short of God's standard. In the context of the New Testament, it emphasizes moral failure or wrongdoing. The assertion that Jesus "committed no sin" is foundational to Christian theology, affirming His role as the perfect, unblemished sacrifice for humanity's sins. Historically, this claim sets Jesus apart from all other figures, as even the most revered prophets and leaders in the Bible acknowledged their own sinfulness. This sinlessness is crucial for His role as the mediator between God and man, as only a sinless being could atone for the sins of others.

and no deceit was found in His mouth
The phrase "no deceit" comes from the Greek word "dolos," which means guile, trickery, or craftiness. This highlights the purity and truthfulness of Jesus' speech and actions. In a historical context, deceit was often used by leaders and teachers to manipulate or control. However, Jesus' ministry was marked by transparency and truth, fulfilling the prophecy from Isaiah 53:9, which speaks of the suffering servant who would be without deceit. This characteristic of Jesus underscores His divine nature and His commitment to truth, serving as a model for believers to emulate in their own lives. The absence of deceit in His mouth signifies the integrity and trustworthiness of His teachings, which are foundational to the Christian faith.

When they heaped abuse on Him
This phrase refers to the verbal and physical abuse that Jesus endured during His trial and crucifixion. The Greek word for "abuse" is "loidoreō," which means to revile or insult. Historically, this reflects the intense mockery and scorn Jesus faced from the Roman soldiers, Jewish leaders, and the crowd. In a conservative Christian perspective, this highlights the fulfillment of Isaiah 53:7, where the Suffering Servant is described as being oppressed and afflicted yet not opening His mouth. It serves as a model for believers to endure persecution with patience and grace.

He did not retaliate
The Greek word "antapodidōmi" means to repay or give back in return. Jesus' choice not to retaliate is a profound demonstration of His divine nature and His commitment to His mission of redemption. In the historical context, retaliation was a common response to injustice, yet Jesus exemplified a higher standard of love and forgiveness. This teaches Christians to follow His example by responding to personal attacks with humility and restraint, trusting in God's ultimate justice.

when He suffered
The suffering of Christ is central to the Christian faith, encompassing both physical pain and emotional anguish. The Greek word "paschō" indicates a deep, enduring suffering. This suffering was prophesied in the Old Testament and is a cornerstone of the New Testament narrative. For believers, it underscores the depth of Christ's love and the extent of His sacrifice, encouraging them to endure their own trials with faith and perseverance.

He made no threats
Despite having the power to call down legions of angels or to speak words of condemnation, Jesus chose silence. The Greek word "apeileō" means to threaten or warn. His restraint is a testament to His meekness and strength, fulfilling prophecies like Isaiah 53:9, which speaks of His innocence and lack of deceit. This aspect of Christ's character challenges Christians to refrain from responding to hostility with threats or anger, embodying a spirit of peace and trust in God's plan.

but entrusted Himself
The Greek word "paradidōmi" means to hand over or commit. Jesus' act of entrusting Himself to God the Father is an ultimate expression of faith and submission. It reflects His unwavering confidence in God's righteous judgment and His willingness to surrender to the divine will. For believers, this is a call to place their trust in God amidst trials, knowing that He is sovereign and just.

to Him who judges justly
This phrase emphasizes God's role as the righteous judge. The Greek word "krinō" means to judge or decide. In a world where justice is often flawed, this assurance of divine justice provides comfort and hope. It reminds Christians that while earthly judgments may be imperfect, God's judgment is perfect and fair. This encourages believers to live righteously, trusting that God will ultimately vindicate them and bring about true justice.

He Himself
This phrase emphasizes the personal and voluntary nature of Christ's sacrifice. In the Greek, "He Himself" (αὐτὸς) underscores that Jesus was not coerced or forced into His role as the Redeemer. It was a deliberate act of love and obedience to the Father. This highlights the personal involvement of Jesus in the salvation process, affirming His divinity and His willingness to fulfill the Father's plan.

bore our sins
The Greek word for "bore" (ἀνήνεγκεν) is a term used in the context of carrying a burden or offering a sacrifice. This reflects the Old Testament sacrificial system where sins were symbolically placed on a scapegoat or a sacrificial animal. Jesus, as the ultimate sacrificial Lamb, took upon Himself the sins of humanity, fulfilling the prophecies and typologies of the Old Testament sacrifices. This act signifies the transfer of our guilt onto Christ, who bore the weight of our sins on the cross.

in His body
The phrase "in His body" (ἐν τῷ σώματι αὐτοῦ) emphasizes the physical reality of Christ's suffering. It was not merely a spiritual or symbolic act; Jesus physically endured pain and death. This counters early heresies that denied the physical suffering of Christ. The incarnation, where God took on human flesh, is central to understanding the significance of Jesus' sacrifice. His bodily suffering underscores the reality of His humanity and the extent of His love.

on the tree
The term "tree" (ξύλον) is a reference to the cross, drawing from Deuteronomy 21:23, which states that anyone hung on a tree is under God's curse. By using this term, Peter connects Jesus' crucifixion to the curse of the law, indicating that Christ became a curse for us (Galatians 3:13). This highlights the redemptive purpose of the cross, where Jesus took upon Himself the curse of sin, providing a way for humanity to be reconciled with God.

so that we might die to sin
The purpose of Christ's sacrifice is articulated here. The phrase "die to sin" (ἀπογενόμενοι ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις) suggests a decisive break from the power and penalty of sin. Through Christ's atoning work, believers are called to a new life, free from the dominion of sin. This reflects the transformative power of the Gospel, where believers are not only forgiven but also empowered to live righteously.

and live to righteousness
The Greek word for "live" (ζήσωμεν) indicates a continuous, active state of living. This new life is characterized by righteousness, a state of being in right relationship with God. Righteousness here is not merely moral behavior but a reflection of the believer's new identity in Christ. This transformation is made possible through the indwelling of the Holy Spirit, who enables believers to live according to God's will.

By His stripes
The term "stripes" (μώλωπι) refers to the wounds and scourging that Jesus endured before His crucifixion. This imagery is drawn from Isaiah 53:5, which prophesies the suffering of the Messiah. The physical suffering of Christ is directly linked to the healing and restoration of humanity. It is through His wounds that believers find spiritual healing and wholeness.

you are healed
The healing mentioned here (ἰάθητε) is comprehensive, encompassing spiritual, emotional, and ultimately physical restoration. While the immediate context emphasizes spiritual healing from sin, the broader biblical narrative assures believers of complete restoration in the eschaton. This promise of healing is a source of hope and encouragement, affirming the sufficiency of Christ's sacrifice for all aspects of human brokenness.

For you were like sheep going astray
This phrase draws from the imagery of sheep, which is a common biblical metaphor for God's people. In the Greek, "going astray" (πλανώμενοι, planōmenoi) suggests a wandering or being led away from the right path. Historically, sheep are known for their tendency to wander and become lost without a shepherd's guidance. This reflects the human condition of sin and separation from God, as seen in Isaiah 53:6, "We all, like sheep, have gone astray." The use of this metaphor emphasizes the vulnerability and need for divine guidance in the believer's life.

but now you have returned
The Greek word for "returned" (ἐπεστράφητε, epestraphēte) implies a turning back or conversion. This signifies a pivotal transformation in the believer's life, moving from a state of lostness to one of being found. Theologically, this return is not merely a physical or emotional change but a spiritual reorientation towards God. It highlights the grace and mercy of God in accepting those who turn back to Him, reminiscent of the parable of the Prodigal Son in Luke 15.

to the Shepherd
The term "Shepherd" (ποιμένα, poimena) is rich with Old Testament connotations, where God is often depicted as the Shepherd of Israel (e.g., Psalm 23:1, "The LORD is my shepherd"). In the New Testament, Jesus identifies Himself as the "Good Shepherd" (John 10:11), who lays down His life for the sheep. This title underscores the protective, guiding, and sacrificial role of Christ in the believer's life. It assures Christians of His constant care and leadership.

and Overseer
The word "Overseer" (ἐπίσκοπον, episkopon) is translated from the Greek, which can also mean "guardian" or "bishop." This term conveys authority and responsibility, indicating that Christ not only guides but also watches over and protects the souls of believers. In the early church, overseers were leaders who ensured the spiritual well-being of the community. Here, it emphasizes Christ's ultimate authority and care over His followers, ensuring their spiritual growth and safety.

of your souls
The Greek word for "souls" (ψυχῶν, psychōn) refers to the entire being of a person, encompassing both the physical and spiritual aspects. This phrase highlights the depth of Christ's care, extending beyond mere physical needs to the eternal and spiritual well-being of believers. It reassures Christians that their innermost being is under the watchful care of Christ, who is both Shepherd and Overseer, providing comfort and security in their faith journey.