At that time
This phrase situates the narrative within a specific temporal context, indicating a continuation of events or teachings that Jesus was involved in. The Greek word used here, "ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ καιρῷ" (en autō tō kairō), suggests a divinely appointed time or season. In the biblical narrative, timing is often significant, as it aligns with God's sovereign plan. This phrase reminds us that Jesus' ministry was unfolding according to divine timing, emphasizing the providential nature of His mission.

some people came
The Greek term "παραγίνομαι" (paraginomai) is used here, meaning to come or arrive. This indicates that the individuals were actively seeking out Jesus to deliver news. The act of coming to Jesus reflects a recognition of His authority and wisdom. In a broader sense, it serves as a reminder for believers to bring their concerns and questions to Christ, who is the ultimate source of truth and guidance.

and told Jesus
The verb "ἀπαγγέλλω" (apangellō) means to report or announce. This action of informing Jesus suggests a level of trust and expectation that He would provide insight or a response. It highlights the role of Jesus as a teacher and a figure of authority who is expected to interpret and provide understanding of current events. For believers, this underscores the importance of seeking Jesus' perspective on the happenings of the world.

about the Galileans
The mention of "Galileans" refers to people from the region of Galilee, which was known for its distinct cultural and political identity within Judea. Galilee was often seen as a hotbed of political unrest and revolutionary activity against Roman rule. This context is crucial, as it sets the stage for understanding the political tensions and the potential implications of the events being reported to Jesus.

whose blood Pilate had mixed
This phrase is a stark and vivid description of a violent act. The Greek word "μείγνυμι" (meignymi) means to mix or mingle, suggesting a desecration of both life and religious practice. Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor, is known from historical sources as a ruler who could be ruthless and insensitive to Jewish customs. This act of mixing blood with sacrifices would have been seen as a profound sacrilege, highlighting the oppressive nature of Roman rule and the suffering of the Jewish people.

with their sacrifices
The term "θυσία" (thysia) refers to sacrifices, which were central to Jewish worship and religious life. Sacrifices were acts of devotion and atonement, and the defilement of such sacred practices by Roman authorities would have been deeply offensive and troubling to the Jewish community. This phrase underscores the tension between the Jewish religious practices and the Roman political power, setting the stage for Jesus to address issues of sin, repentance, and divine justice.

To this, Jesus replied
This phrase indicates a direct response from Jesus, emphasizing His role as a teacher and authority on spiritual matters. The Greek word for "replied" is "ἀποκρίνομαι" (apokrinomai), which means to answer or respond. This sets the stage for a teaching moment, where Jesus addresses misconceptions about sin and suffering. In the historical context, Jesus often used questions to provoke thought and challenge prevailing beliefs, demonstrating His wisdom and understanding.

Do you think
Here, Jesus is engaging His audience in self-reflection. The Greek word "δοκεῖτε" (dokeite) implies an invitation to consider or suppose. Jesus is challenging the assumptions of His listeners, encouraging them to examine their beliefs about divine justice and human suffering. This rhetorical question is a common teaching method used by Jesus to lead His followers to deeper truths.

that these Galileans
The mention of "Galileans" refers to people from the region of Galilee, known for its diverse population and sometimes rebellious spirit against Roman rule. Historically, Galilee was a hotbed of political unrest, and its inhabitants were often looked down upon by those in Judea. By referencing Galileans, Jesus is addressing a specific incident that His audience would have been familiar with, possibly involving Pilate's brutal actions against them.

were worse sinners
The phrase "worse sinners" touches on the common belief that suffering was directly correlated with sinfulness. The Greek word for "sinners" is "ἁμαρτωλοί" (hamartōloi), which means those who miss the mark or fall short of God's standards. Jesus is challenging the notion that those who suffer are necessarily more sinful, a belief that was prevalent in Jewish thought and is addressed in other scriptural contexts, such as the Book of Job.

than all the other Galileans
This comparison highlights the human tendency to rank sin and judge others based on their circumstances. Jesus is pointing out the flawed logic in assuming that those who experience tragedy are more sinful than others. This statement encourages humility and self-examination, reminding believers that all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God (Romans 3:23).

because they suffered this fate?
The word "fate" refers to the tragic events that befell the Galileans. The Greek term "παθόντες" (pathontes) means to suffer or endure hardship. Jesus is addressing the misconception that suffering is always a direct punishment for sin. This teaching moment underscores the importance of understanding God's sovereignty and the mystery of suffering, encouraging believers to trust in God's justice and mercy rather than making hasty judgments about others' spiritual conditions.

No, I tell you
This phrase begins with a strong negation, "No," which in Greek is "οὐχί" (ouchi). It is an emphatic denial, indicating that the assumption or expectation being addressed is incorrect. Jesus is directly refuting the idea that those who suffered were worse sinners than others. The phrase "I tell you" underscores the authority of Jesus' words. In the context of first-century Judea, a rabbi's teaching carried significant weight, and Jesus, as the ultimate Rabbi, speaks with divine authority. This phrase sets the tone for the urgent message that follows.

But unless you repent
The word "repent" comes from the Greek "μετανοέω" (metanoeō), which means to change one's mind or to turn around. In the biblical context, repentance involves a profound transformation of heart and mind, turning away from sin and toward God. This is not merely a superficial change but a deep, spiritual renewal. Historically, repentance was a central theme in the preaching of John the Baptist and Jesus, calling people to prepare for the Kingdom of God. The use of "unless" indicates a conditional statement, emphasizing the necessity of repentance for salvation.

you too will all perish
The phrase "you too" (Greek: "ὁμοίως" - homoios) indicates that the warning applies universally, not just to those who suffered tragic events. "All" (Greek: "πάντες" - pantes) reinforces the inclusivity of this warning, suggesting that no one is exempt from the need for repentance. The word "perish" (Greek: "ἀπολεῖσθε" - apoleisthe) implies destruction or ruin, often used in the New Testament to describe eternal separation from God. This is a sobering reminder of the consequences of unrepentance. In the historical context, Jesus is addressing a common belief that suffering was directly linked to personal sin. He redirects the focus from judging others to self-examination and the urgent need for personal repentance.

Or those eighteen
The phrase "those eighteen" refers to a specific group of individuals who suffered a tragic death. The number eighteen in biblical numerology often symbolizes bondage or oppression, which can be seen as a metaphor for the human condition under sin. This reference to a specific number of people highlights the personal nature of the tragedy and invites the audience to consider the individual lives lost, rather than viewing them as mere statistics.

who were killed
The Greek word used here for "killed" is "apokteino," which means to kill or put to death. This term is often used in the New Testament to describe violent or untimely deaths, emphasizing the suddenness and unexpected nature of the event. The use of this word underscores the fragility of life and the reality of mortality, reminding believers of the importance of being spiritually prepared at all times.

when the tower in Siloam fell on them
The "tower in Siloam" refers to a structure in the area of Siloam, a neighborhood in Jerusalem known for its pool, which is mentioned elsewhere in the Bible (John 9:7). Archaeological evidence suggests that Siloam was a significant site during the Second Temple period. The falling of the tower is a historical event that Jesus uses to illustrate a spiritual truth. It serves as a reminder that disasters can occur without warning and are not necessarily a direct result of personal sin.

do you think that they were more sinful
The phrase "more sinful" challenges the common belief that suffering is directly correlated with personal sinfulness. The Greek word for "sinful" here is "opheiletes," which can also mean debtor. This term suggests a moral or spiritual debt, implying that all humans are inherently sinful and in need of redemption. Jesus is addressing the misconception that those who suffer are being punished for their sins, urging His listeners to reflect on their own spiritual state.

than all the others living in Jerusalem
"All the others living in Jerusalem" broadens the scope of the discussion to include the entire population of the city. Jerusalem, as the spiritual and cultural center of Jewish life, represents the collective identity of God's chosen people. By comparing the victims to all the inhabitants of Jerusalem, Jesus emphasizes the universality of sin and the need for repentance among all people, not just those who experience tragedy.

No, I tell you
This phrase is a direct response from Jesus, emphasizing the certainty and authority of His statement. The Greek word for "No" is "οὐχί" (ouchi), which is a strong negation, indicating that the assumption or question posed is incorrect. Jesus is correcting a common misconception of His time—that tragedies befall people as a direct result of their sins. By using "I tell you," Jesus asserts His authority as the Son of God, whose words carry divine truth and wisdom. This phrase sets the tone for the urgency and seriousness of the message that follows.

But unless you repent
The word "repent" comes from the Greek "μετανοέω" (metanoeō), which means to change one's mind or to turn around. In a biblical context, repentance involves a profound transformation of heart and mind, turning away from sin and towards God. This is not merely a superficial change but a deep, spiritual renewal. The use of "unless" indicates a condition that must be met to avoid the consequence that follows. Jesus is calling for a personal and communal introspection, urging His listeners to recognize their own need for repentance, rather than focusing on the sins of others.

you too will all perish
The word "perish" is translated from the Greek "ἀπόλλυμι" (apollymi), which means to destroy or to lose. In this context, it refers to spiritual death or eternal separation from God, rather than just physical death. The phrase "you too" includes everyone, emphasizing the universality of the need for repentance. Jesus is warning that without repentance, the fate of His listeners will be the same as those who suffered tragic deaths, not necessarily in a physical sense, but in a spiritual and eternal sense. This serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of unrepentance and the urgency of turning to God.

Then Jesus told this parable
The use of parables by Jesus is a hallmark of His teaching method, designed to convey deep spiritual truths through simple, relatable stories. The Greek word for parable, "παραβολή" (parabolē), means a comparison or analogy. Parables were a common teaching tool in Jewish culture, allowing listeners to engage with the narrative and uncover layers of meaning. In this context, Jesus uses the parable to illustrate a spiritual lesson about repentance and divine patience.

A man had a fig tree
The fig tree is a significant symbol in the Bible, often representing Israel or God's people. In the Old Testament, the fig tree is frequently used as a metaphor for prosperity and blessing (e.g., Micah 4:4). The Greek word for fig tree, "συκῆ" (sykē), emphasizes the expectation of fruitfulness. The man in the parable represents God, who has rightful ownership and expectation of fruit from His creation.

that was planted in his vineyard
The vineyard is another rich biblical symbol, often representing the nation of Israel or the Kingdom of God (Isaiah 5:1-7). The Greek word for vineyard, "ἀμπελὼν" (ampelōn), suggests a place of cultivation and care. The planting of the fig tree in the vineyard indicates intentionality and purpose, highlighting God's investment in His people and His desire for them to bear fruit.

He went to look for fruit on it
The act of looking for fruit signifies God's rightful expectation of spiritual fruitfulness from His people. The Greek verb "ζητέω" (zēteō) means to seek or search diligently. This reflects God's active involvement in the lives of His people, seeking evidence of their faith and obedience. The expectation of fruit is a recurring theme in Scripture, symbolizing the visible manifestation of a righteous life.

but did not find any
The absence of fruit is a sobering reminder of the consequences of spiritual barrenness. The Greek phrase "οὐχ εὗρεν" (ouch heuren) indicates a thorough search that yields no results. This lack of fruitfulness can be seen as a call to repentance and self-examination. In the broader context of Jesus' ministry, it serves as a warning to those who hear His message but fail to respond with genuine faith and transformation.

So he said to the keeper of the vineyard
This phrase introduces us to a parable spoken by Jesus, where the "he" refers to the owner of the vineyard. The "keeper of the vineyard" is a figure who represents those entrusted with spiritual oversight. In the historical context of ancient Israel, vineyards were common and significant, symbolizing God's people (Isaiah 5:7). The keeper, or vinedresser, is responsible for nurturing and tending to the vineyard, much like spiritual leaders are tasked with guiding and caring for the spiritual well-being of their communities.

‘Look, for three years now
The "three years" mentioned here is significant. In Jewish law, as found in Leviticus 19:23-25, fruit from a tree was not to be eaten during the first three years. The fourth year was considered holy, and only in the fifth year could the fruit be consumed. Thus, the three years in this parable suggest a period of patience and expectation. Spiritually, it reflects God's patience and the time He gives for repentance and fruitfulness in the lives of His people.

I have come seeking fruit on this fig tree
The "fig tree" is a symbol often used in Scripture to represent Israel (Hosea 9:10, Jeremiah 24:1-10). In this parable, the owner’s search for fruit signifies God’s desire for righteousness and spiritual fruitfulness among His people. The expectation of fruit is a recurring biblical theme, emphasizing that faith should manifest in actions and character (Galatians 5:22-23).

and I haven’t found any
This phrase underscores the disappointment and judgment that comes from unfruitfulness. In the context of the parable, it reflects God's assessment of Israel's spiritual state at the time of Jesus. Despite the privileges and opportunities given, there was a lack of genuine repentance and righteousness. This serves as a warning to all believers about the consequences of spiritual barrenness.

Cut it down!
The command to "cut it down" is a stark reminder of the judgment that follows persistent unfruitfulness. In the agricultural context, a tree that does not bear fruit is seen as a waste of resources. Spiritually, it highlights the seriousness of failing to live up to God’s expectations. This echoes John the Baptist’s warning in Luke 3:9 about the axe being laid to the root of trees that do not produce good fruit.

Why should it use up the soil?’
This rhetorical question emphasizes the futility of a fruitless existence. The soil represents the resources and opportunities provided by God. In a broader sense, it challenges believers to consider how they are using the gifts and grace given to them. The expectation is that these resources should lead to growth and productivity in God’s kingdom. This phrase calls for self-examination and a commitment to living a life that honors God through fruitful service and obedience.

Sir
The term "Sir" in this context is a respectful address to the owner of the vineyard. In Greek, the word used is "κύριε" (kurie), which is often translated as "Lord" or "Master." This indicates a recognition of authority and respect. In the broader scriptural context, it reflects the relationship between God and humanity, where God is the ultimate authority and caretaker. The use of "Sir" here sets the tone for a plea or request, acknowledging the owner's right to make decisions about the vineyard.

the man replied
This phrase introduces the response of the vinedresser, who is an intermediary between the owner and the fig tree. The vinedresser's role is crucial, as he represents patience and intercession. Historically, vinedressers were skilled laborers responsible for the care and cultivation of vineyards, which required knowledge and dedication. In a spiritual sense, this can be seen as a representation of Christ or spiritual leaders who intercede on behalf of others, advocating for mercy and additional time for growth and repentance.

leave it alone
The phrase "leave it alone" is a request for patience and forbearance. In Greek, the word "ἄφες" (aphes) is used, which can mean to forgive, permit, or let be. This reflects a theme of grace and mercy, emphasizing the importance of giving opportunities for change and improvement. In the biblical narrative, it underscores God's patience with humanity, allowing time for repentance and transformation.

this year also
The mention of "this year also" indicates a specific period of grace. It suggests a limited time frame in which the fig tree is given another chance to bear fruit. This can be seen as a metaphor for the period of grace God extends to individuals, urging them to repent and produce spiritual fruit. The concept of time is significant in biblical teachings, often highlighting the urgency of repentance and the finite nature of earthly life.

until I dig around it
The action to "dig around it" implies effort and intervention. In agricultural terms, digging around a tree would aerate the soil and allow for better water and nutrient absorption. Spiritually, this can be interpreted as the work of the Holy Spirit or the church in nurturing and encouraging growth in believers. It suggests that sometimes external intervention is necessary to stimulate spiritual growth and fruitfulness.

and fertilize it
Fertilizing the tree represents the provision of necessary nutrients to promote growth. In a spiritual context, this can be seen as the teaching of the Word of God, prayer, and fellowship with other believers, which nourish and strengthen one's faith. The use of fertilizer symbolizes the means by which God provides for spiritual development, ensuring that individuals have the resources needed to grow and bear fruit in their lives.

If it bears fruit
The phrase "bears fruit" is central to understanding the parable of the barren fig tree. In the Greek, the word for "bears" is "ποιήσῃ" (poiēsē), which implies action and productivity. The concept of bearing fruit is a recurring biblical metaphor for living a life that reflects God's will and produces good works. In the context of the New Testament, fruitfulness is often associated with the evidence of a transformed life through the Holy Spirit, as seen in Galatians 5:22-23. Historically, fig trees were common in Israel and symbolized prosperity and blessing. Thus, the expectation of fruitfulness is not just agricultural but spiritual, calling believers to examine their lives for evidence of spiritual growth and maturity.

next year
The phrase "next year" indicates a period of grace and patience. In Greek, "εἰς τὸ μέλλον" (eis to mellon) suggests a future time, emphasizing the opportunity for repentance and change. This reflects God's longsuffering nature, as He provides time for individuals to turn from their ways and align with His purposes. The historical context of this parable, spoken to a Jewish audience familiar with agricultural cycles, underscores the urgency of repentance. The "next year" is a reminder that while God is patient, time is finite, and the opportunity for repentance should not be taken for granted.

fine
The word "fine" in this context is a translation of the Greek "καλῶς" (kalōs), meaning well or good. It signifies approval and satisfaction with the outcome. In the biblical narrative, this approval is not just about the physical fruit but the spiritual fruit that aligns with God's kingdom values. The use of "fine" here is a nod to the divine pleasure in seeing His creation fulfill its intended purpose, much like the joy expressed in the parable of the talents when the faithful servants are commended for their stewardship.

But if not
This phrase introduces a conditional warning. The Greek "εἰ δὲ μήγε" (ei de mēge) sets up a contrast between the desired outcome and the consequence of failure. It serves as a sobering reminder of accountability. In the broader scriptural context, God’s warnings are always coupled with His desire for repentance and restoration. The historical context of Israel's repeated cycles of disobedience and repentance highlights the seriousness of this warning. It is a call to self-examination and a reminder of the consequences of spiritual barrenness.

you can cut it down
The phrase "cut it down" is a translation of the Greek "ἐκκόψεις" (ekkopsēs), which means to cut off or remove. This action signifies judgment and the end of opportunity. In the agricultural context, a tree that does not bear fruit is seen as taking up space and resources that could be used more productively. Spiritually, this reflects the biblical principle that those who do not produce fruit in keeping with repentance will face judgment, as seen in John 15:2. The historical context of this parable, delivered to a people familiar with the consequences of unfruitfulness, underscores the urgency of responding to God's call. The imagery of cutting down is a powerful reminder of the finality of judgment and the importance of living a life that bears fruit for God's kingdom.

One Sabbath
The Sabbath, a day of rest and worship, is rooted in the creation narrative where God rested on the seventh day (Genesis 2:2-3). In Jewish tradition, the Sabbath is a sign of the covenant between God and Israel (Exodus 31:16-17). The Greek word for Sabbath, "sabbaton," reflects a time set apart for spiritual reflection and community gathering. Jesus' actions on the Sabbath often challenged prevailing interpretations, emphasizing the spirit of the law over legalistic observance.

Jesus
The central figure of the New Testament, Jesus is the Messiah, the Son of God, whose life and teachings form the foundation of Christian faith. His presence in the synagogue underscores His role as a teacher and His commitment to engaging with the Jewish community. The name "Jesus" is derived from the Hebrew "Yeshua," meaning "The Lord is salvation," highlighting His mission to bring redemption.

was teaching
Teaching was a significant aspect of Jesus' ministry. The Greek word "didasko" implies not just imparting knowledge but also guiding and nurturing spiritual growth. Jesus' teaching often involved parables and direct engagement with the Scriptures, aiming to reveal deeper truths about God's kingdom and challenge listeners to live righteously.

in one of the synagogues
Synagogues were central to Jewish religious life, serving as places of worship, learning, and community gathering. Archaeological findings reveal that synagogues were widespread in first-century Judea, providing a context for Jesus' ministry. By teaching in synagogues, Jesus connected with the Jewish tradition and reached a broad audience, emphasizing His message's continuity with the Hebrew Scriptures.

and a woman was there
This phrase introduces us to a specific individual in the narrative, emphasizing her presence in the synagogue where Jesus was teaching. The Greek word for "woman" here is "γυνή" (gynē), which is often used in the New Testament to denote a female of any age. Her presence in the synagogue suggests her faithfulness and desire for spiritual nourishment, despite her physical ailment. In a historical context, women in Jewish society were often marginalized, yet Jesus consistently acknowledged and ministered to them, highlighting their value in God's kingdom.

who had been disabled
The Greek term used here is "ἔχουσα" (echousa), meaning "having" or "possessing," combined with "ἀσθενείας" (astheneias), meaning "weakness" or "infirmity." This indicates a condition that was not merely physical but had a spiritual dimension, as the subsequent phrase reveals. The use of "disabled" underscores the severity and long-term nature of her condition, which had become a defining aspect of her life.

by a spirit
The phrase "πνεύματος" (pneumatos) refers to a spirit, indicating a supernatural influence or presence. In the conservative Christian perspective, this suggests a demonic oppression rather than mere physical illness. The Bible often distinguishes between natural ailments and those caused by spiritual forces, emphasizing the reality of spiritual warfare. This highlights the need for discernment and the power of Jesus to deliver from all forms of bondage.

for eighteen years
The specific mention of "eighteen years" (δεκαοκτὼ ἔτη, dekaoktō etē) emphasizes the prolonged suffering and endurance of the woman. In biblical numerology, the number eighteen can symbolize bondage or oppression, as seen in other scriptural contexts. This detail underscores the depth of her affliction and the miraculous nature of her impending healing, which would not only restore her physically but also spiritually and socially.

She was bent over
The Greek word "συγκύπτουσα" (sugkyptousa) describes her physical posture, literally meaning "bent together" or "completely bent." This vivid description paints a picture of her physical state, which was a visible manifestation of her spiritual oppression. Her condition would have been both painful and humiliating, affecting her ability to engage fully in daily life and worship.

and could not straighten up at all
The phrase "καὶ μὴ δυναμένη ἀνακύψαι εἰς τὸ παντελές" (kai mē dynamenē anakypsai eis to panteles) indicates her complete inability to stand upright. The word "ἀνακύψαι" (anakypsai) means "to straighten up" or "to lift oneself," and "παντελές" (panteles) means "completely" or "at all." This highlights the totality of her incapacity, underscoring the miraculous nature of her healing by Jesus. It serves as a powerful reminder of the transformative power of Christ, who can restore what seems irreparably broken.

When Jesus saw her
This phrase highlights the omniscient and compassionate nature of Jesus. The Greek word for "saw" is "εἶδεν" (eiden), which implies not just a casual glance but a deep, discerning look. Jesus' ability to see beyond the physical into the spiritual and emotional needs of individuals is a recurring theme in the Gospels. Historically, women in the first-century Jewish context often occupied a marginalized position in society. Jesus' attention to her underscores His revolutionary approach to social norms, emphasizing the value and dignity of every individual.

He called her over
The act of calling her over signifies an invitation to come into His presence, a gesture of inclusion and personal attention. The Greek word "προσφωνέω" (prosfōneō) suggests a calling out with intention and purpose. In the cultural context of the time, a rabbi addressing a woman directly in public was unconventional, further illustrating Jesus' disregard for societal barriers when it came to ministering to those in need. This action reflects the heart of the Gospel, where Jesus invites all to come to Him, regardless of their status or condition.

and said
The phrase "and said" introduces the authoritative word of Jesus. In the biblical narrative, the spoken word of Jesus carries power and authority, reminiscent of the creative word of God in Genesis. The Greek "εἶπεν" (eipen) is used here, indicating a declaration that is both personal and powerful. Jesus' words are not mere suggestions but carry the weight of divine command, capable of transforming reality.

Woman
Addressing her as "Woman" is both personal and respectful. In the Greek, "γύναι" (gynai) is a term of respect and endearment, not derogatory. Jesus often used this term in the Gospels, indicating His respect for women and His recognition of their worth. This is significant in a historical context where women were often undervalued. Jesus' use of this term elevates her status and affirms her identity beyond her infirmity.

you are set free
The phrase "you are set free" is central to the message of liberation and healing. The Greek word "ἀπολέλυσαι" (apolelysai) is in the perfect tense, indicating a completed action with ongoing effects. This signifies not just a temporary relief but a permanent release from bondage. In a broader theological context, this reflects the mission of Jesus to set captives free, as prophesied in Isaiah 61:1 and fulfilled in His ministry. It speaks to the spiritual freedom available to all who come to Christ.

from your infirmity
The term "infirmity" in Greek is "ἀσθενείας" (astheneias), which can refer to physical weakness, illness, or disability. In the scriptural context, infirmities often symbolize the broader human condition of sin and brokenness. Jesus' healing of physical ailments serves as a sign of His authority to heal spiritual infirmities as well. Historically, this healing would have restored her not only physically but also socially and spiritually, as physical ailments often led to social isolation and spiritual stigma in Jewish culture.

Then He laid His hands on her
In this phrase, we see the compassionate and personal touch of Jesus. The act of laying hands is significant in both Jewish and early Christian traditions, often associated with blessing, healing, or imparting authority. The Greek word for "laid" is "epitithēmi," which means to place upon or to impose. This action signifies Jesus' direct intervention and His willingness to engage personally with those in need. In the historical context, touching a woman, especially one considered unclean due to her ailment, would have been socially unacceptable. Yet, Jesus transcends these cultural barriers, demonstrating His authority over societal norms and His deep compassion for the suffering.

and immediately she was made straight
The word "immediately" (Greek: "parachrēma") emphasizes the instantaneous nature of the miracle. This is a hallmark of Jesus' healing ministry, showcasing His divine power and authority. The phrase "made straight" comes from the Greek "anorthōthē," which means to be restored or set upright. This not only refers to her physical healing but also symbolizes spiritual restoration and liberation from bondage. In a broader scriptural context, this act of making straight can be seen as a metaphor for the redemptive work of Christ, who came to set right what was broken by sin.

and she glorified God
The response of the woman is one of worship and gratitude. The Greek word for "glorified" is "doxazō," which means to honor or praise. Her immediate reaction to her healing is to give glory to God, acknowledging the divine source of her restoration. This reflects a common theme in the Gospels where miracles lead to the glorification of God, pointing to the ultimate purpose of Jesus' works—to reveal the glory of God and to draw people into a relationship with Him. Historically, this public act of glorifying God would have served as a powerful testimony to those present, affirming Jesus' identity and mission.

But the synagogue leader
The term "synagogue leader" refers to the official responsible for the administration and order of the synagogue services. In the Greek, this is "archisynagogos," indicating a person of significant authority and respect within the Jewish community. Historically, the synagogue was the center of Jewish religious life, especially after the destruction of the Temple. The leader's role was crucial in maintaining the traditions and teachings of Judaism.

was indignant
The Greek word used here is "aganakteo," which conveys a strong sense of displeasure or anger. This indignation arises from a perceived violation of the Sabbath law, reflecting the leader's commitment to the strict observance of the Mosaic Law. His reaction underscores the tension between Jesus' ministry and the established religious norms of the time.

that Jesus had healed on the Sabbath
The act of healing on the Sabbath was controversial because it was seen as work, which was prohibited by Jewish law. The Sabbath, or "Shabbat" in Hebrew, is a day of rest and worship, rooted in the creation narrative where God rested on the seventh day. Jesus' actions challenge the prevailing interpretation of the law, emphasizing mercy and compassion over legalistic adherence.

'There are six days for work,'
This phrase reflects the traditional Jewish understanding of the workweek, based on the commandment in Exodus 20:9-10. The leader's statement is a direct appeal to the law, which allows for labor on six days but reserves the seventh for rest. It highlights the tension between the letter of the law and the spirit of the law, a recurring theme in Jesus' teachings.

he told the crowd
The synagogue leader addresses the crowd, indicating that his concern is not just with Jesus but with the potential influence on the people. This public rebuke serves to reinforce the traditional interpretation of the law and to maintain order within the community. It also reflects the leader's authority and responsibility to guide the congregation.

'So come and be healed on those days
This part of the leader's statement suggests a compromise, allowing for healing but only within the accepted framework of the law. It reveals a rigid adherence to tradition that prioritizes legal observance over immediate human need. The leader's perspective is rooted in a long history of Jewish legal interpretation, which sought to protect the sanctity of the Sabbath.

and not on the Sabbath.'
The insistence on not performing healings on the Sabbath underscores the centrality of the Sabbath in Jewish life. It was a sign of the covenant between God and Israel, a day set apart for rest and worship. However, Jesus' actions and teachings often highlighted the deeper purpose of the law, which is to serve humanity and reflect God's love and mercy. This verse invites reflection on the balance between law and grace, a key theme in the New Testament.

You hypocrites!
The term "hypocrites" comes from the Greek word "hypokritēs," which originally referred to an actor or one who wears a mask. In the context of this passage, Jesus is addressing the religious leaders who are more concerned with outward appearances and strict adherence to the law than with the spirit of the law itself. This rebuke highlights the importance of sincerity and integrity in one's faith, urging believers to align their actions with their professed beliefs.

Does not each of you
This phrase invites the audience to reflect on their own actions and common practices. Jesus uses a rhetorical question to draw attention to the inconsistency in the behavior of the religious leaders. By doing so, He encourages self-examination and challenges the audience to consider their own understanding and application of the law.

on the Sabbath
The Sabbath, or "Shabbat" in Hebrew, is a day of rest and worship observed from Friday evening to Saturday evening. It is rooted in the creation narrative where God rested on the seventh day (Genesis 2:2-3). The Pharisees had developed an extensive list of prohibitions for the Sabbath, often missing the intended purpose of rest and spiritual renewal. Jesus' reference to the Sabbath underscores His teaching that the day should be life-giving and not burdensome.

untie his ox or donkey
The act of untying an animal is a simple, everyday task that was permitted even on the Sabbath. The Greek word "luō" means to loosen or release, symbolizing freedom and relief. Jesus uses this imagery to illustrate the necessity and compassion inherent in caring for one's animals, which should also extend to caring for people.

from the stall
The stall, or "phatnē" in Greek, refers to a place where animals are kept and fed. This setting emphasizes the basic needs of animals, which are not neglected even on the Sabbath. The mention of the stall serves as a metaphor for the constraints and limitations imposed by legalistic interpretations of the law, which Jesus seeks to liberate.

and lead it to water?
Leading an animal to water is an act of mercy and necessity. The Greek word "apagō" means to lead away or bring forth, suggesting guidance and provision. Water is essential for life, and this imagery reinforces the idea that acts of kindness and necessity should not be hindered by rigid legalism. Jesus' teaching here points to the greater principle of love and compassion that should govern all actions, even on the Sabbath.

Then should not
This phrase introduces a rhetorical question posed by Jesus, emphasizing the necessity and appropriateness of His actions. The Greek word "οὐκ" (ouk) implies a strong negation, suggesting that there is no valid reason against the healing. This reflects Jesus' authority and the moral imperative to do good, even on the Sabbath, challenging the prevailing legalistic interpretations of the law.

this daughter of Abraham
By referring to the woman as a "daughter of Abraham," Jesus affirms her identity and worth within the covenant community of Israel. The phrase underscores her rightful place as a recipient of God's promises and blessings. Historically, this designation would resonate deeply with the Jewish audience, reminding them of their shared heritage and God's covenantal faithfulness.

whom Satan has bound
This phrase highlights the spiritual dimension of the woman's affliction. The Greek word "δέω" (deo) means to bind or tie, indicating a restriction or captivity. Jesus attributes her condition to Satan, acknowledging the reality of spiritual warfare and the adversary's role in human suffering. This recognition of spiritual bondage underscores the need for divine intervention and liberation.

for eighteen long years
The specific mention of "eighteen long years" emphasizes the duration and severity of the woman's suffering. The number eighteen, while not symbolically significant in itself, serves to highlight the prolonged nature of her affliction. This detail evokes compassion and underscores the urgency of her need for healing, reinforcing the appropriateness of Jesus' actions.

be released from her bondage
The Greek word "λύω" (luo) means to loosen or set free, signifying liberation from physical and spiritual constraints. Jesus' use of this term indicates His mission to bring freedom and restoration. This act of release is a foretaste of the ultimate liberation He offers through His redemptive work, aligning with the broader biblical theme of deliverance.

on the Sabbath day?
The mention of the "Sabbath day" is central to the controversy surrounding this healing. The Sabbath, a day of rest and worship, was strictly observed by the Jewish people. However, Jesus challenges the prevailing interpretation that prohibited acts of healing, emphasizing that the Sabbath is a day for doing good and reflecting God's compassion. This perspective aligns with the original intent of the Sabbath as a gift for humanity's well-being and spiritual renewal.

When He had said this
This phrase marks the conclusion of Jesus' teaching or action, indicating a pivotal moment. The Greek word for "said" is "eipon," which implies a declaration or proclamation. In the context of Luke 13, Jesus has just healed a woman on the Sabbath, challenging the prevailing interpretations of the law. This phrase underscores the authority of Jesus' words and actions, which often left His audience in awe or indignation. Historically, Jesus' teachings frequently confronted the legalistic traditions of the Pharisees, emphasizing the spirit of the law over the letter.

all His adversaries
The term "adversaries" comes from the Greek "antikeimenoi," meaning those who oppose or are hostile. In the context of the Gospels, these adversaries often included the Pharisees and other religious leaders who felt threatened by Jesus' radical teachings and growing influence. This opposition highlights the spiritual battle between the kingdom of God and the forces of legalism and tradition that resisted the transformative message of Christ.

were humiliated
The Greek word "kataischynō" is used here, meaning to be put to shame or disgraced. This humiliation was not merely social but spiritual, as Jesus' wisdom and authority exposed the inadequacies and hypocrisies of His opponents. In a broader biblical context, this reflects the theme of God exalting the humble and bringing low the proud, as seen throughout Scripture.

and the whole crowd
The "crowd" refers to the general populace who followed Jesus, eager to hear His teachings and witness His miracles. This group often included a mix of believers, skeptics, and seekers. The Greek word "ochlos" suggests a large, diverse gathering, indicative of Jesus' widespread appeal and the magnetic nature of His ministry.

was rejoicing
The Greek word "chairo" means to be glad or to rejoice. This joy was a common response to Jesus' miracles and teachings, reflecting the hope and liberation He brought to the people. In the context of this passage, the crowd's rejoicing contrasts sharply with the humiliation of the adversaries, illustrating the joy of the Gospel triumphing over the bondage of legalism.

at all the glorious things
The phrase "glorious things" translates from the Greek "endoxos," meaning honorable or splendid. This term captures the awe-inspiring nature of Jesus' works, which revealed His divine authority and compassion. The "glorious things" include not only the miraculous healings but also the profound truths of His teachings that pointed to the coming of God's kingdom.

He was doing
The continuous tense of "was doing" (Greek "poieō") indicates ongoing action, emphasizing that Jesus' ministry was marked by a consistent pattern of miraculous and transformative acts. This ongoing work of Christ serves as a testament to His divine mission and the inbreaking of God's kingdom on earth. Historically, Jesus' actions fulfilled Old Testament prophecies and demonstrated the power and presence of God among His people.

Then Jesus asked
This phrase introduces a teaching moment from Jesus, indicating a transition in His discourse. The Greek word for "asked" is "εἶπεν" (eipen), which can also mean "said" or "spoke." This suggests a deliberate and thoughtful introduction to a parable, a common teaching method used by Jesus. In the context of first-century Judea, rabbis often used questions to engage their audience, prompting them to think deeply about spiritual truths.

What is the kingdom of God like?
The "kingdom of God" is a central theme in Jesus' teachings, representing God's sovereign rule and reign. The Greek word for "kingdom" is "βασιλεία" (basileia), which implies not just a physical realm but the authority and governance of God. In the historical context, the Jewish people were anticipating a messianic kingdom that would restore Israel. Jesus, however, redefines this expectation by emphasizing a spiritual kingdom that transcends earthly politics and power.

To what can I compare it?
This rhetorical question invites the listener to consider the nature of God's kingdom through analogy. The Greek word for "compare" is "ὁμοιόω" (homoioō), meaning to liken or make similar. Jesus often used parables to illustrate complex spiritual truths in relatable terms. This method reflects the wisdom literature of the Old Testament, where comparisons and metaphors are used to convey deeper understanding. In this context, Jesus is preparing to reveal the unexpected and transformative nature of God's kingdom, challenging conventional expectations and inviting His audience to see with spiritual insight.

It is like a mustard seed
The phrase "It is like a mustard seed" introduces a powerful metaphor used by Jesus to describe the Kingdom of God. The mustard seed, known in Greek as "σίνεπι" (sinapi), is renowned for its minuscule size yet remarkable growth potential. In the historical context of first-century Palestine, the mustard seed was a common agricultural reference, symbolizing something that starts small but grows significantly. This imagery emphasizes the humble beginnings of God's Kingdom, which, though seemingly insignificant at first, expands into something grand and influential. The mustard seed metaphor encourages believers to trust in the transformative power of God's work, even when initial signs appear modest.

that a man took
The phrase "that a man took" highlights human agency in the Kingdom's growth. The Greek word for "took" is "λαβών" (labōn), suggesting an intentional action. This implies that the Kingdom of God requires active participation and stewardship by its followers. Historically, this reflects the agrarian society of the time, where sowing seeds was a deliberate and necessary task for growth. Spiritually, it calls Christians to engage actively in spreading the Gospel and nurturing their faith, trusting that their efforts, though small, contribute to the larger work of God's Kingdom.

and planted in his garden
The phrase "and planted in his garden" signifies the deliberate placement and nurturing of the seed. The Greek word for "planted" is "ἔβαλεν" (ebalen), meaning to cast or place. The garden, or "κήπος" (kēpos), represents a cultivated space, suggesting that the Kingdom of God is not random but intentionally established in the world. This imagery evokes the idea of the Church and individual believers as gardens where the Word of God is sown and nurtured. Historically, gardens were places of sustenance and beauty, symbolizing the life-giving and transformative nature of God's Kingdom.

And it grew
The phrase "And it grew" captures the miraculous and inevitable expansion of the Kingdom. The Greek word "αὐξάνω" (auxanō) means to increase or become greater. This growth is not merely physical but spiritual, indicating the dynamic and living nature of God's Kingdom. Historically, the rapid growth of the early Church, despite persecution and challenges, exemplifies this principle. For believers, this growth is a source of hope and assurance that God's purposes will prevail, encouraging them to remain faithful and patient.

and became a tree
The phrase "and became a tree" illustrates the transformation from a small seed to a large, sturdy plant. The Greek word "δένδρον" (dendron) refers to a tree, symbolizing strength, stability, and shelter. In the biblical context, trees often represent life, prosperity, and divine blessing. This transformation signifies the Kingdom's ability to provide refuge and support to those who seek it. Historically, the image of a tree would resonate with Jesus' audience, familiar with the significance of trees in their environment and scripture. Spiritually, it reassures believers of the Kingdom's enduring presence and protective power.

so that the birds of the air
The phrase "so that the birds of the air" introduces the idea of inclusivity and hospitality within the Kingdom. The Greek word for "birds" is "πετεινά" (peteina), and "air" is "οὐρανοῦ" (ouranou), meaning sky or heaven. Birds often symbolize freedom and diversity, suggesting that the Kingdom of God is open to all, transcending cultural and social boundaries. Historically, this reflects the early Church's mission to reach all nations and peoples. For believers, it is a call to embrace diversity and extend God's love and grace to everyone.

nested in its branches
The phrase "nested in its branches" completes the parable with an image of safety and community. The Greek word "κατεσκήνωσεν" (kateskēnōsen) means to dwell or settle, indicating a sense of belonging and rest. The branches, or "κλάδοις" (kladois), represent the support and structure provided by the Kingdom. This imagery evokes the idea of the Church as a sanctuary where individuals find spiritual nourishment and fellowship. Historically, it reflects the growth of Christian communities as places of refuge and support. For believers, it is a reminder of the peace and security found in God's Kingdom, encouraging them to create welcoming and nurturing environments for others.

Again He asked
This phrase indicates a continuation of Jesus' teaching, emphasizing His persistent effort to convey the nature of the kingdom of God. The Greek word for "again" (πάλιν, palin) suggests repetition and reinforcement, highlighting the importance of the message. Jesus often used parables and questions to engage His audience, prompting them to think deeply about spiritual truths. This method of teaching was common in rabbinic tradition, where repetition served to ensure understanding and retention.

To what can I compare
Here, Jesus uses a rhetorical question to invite His listeners to ponder the nature of the kingdom of God. The Greek verb "compare" (ὁμοιόω, homoioō) means to liken or make similar, indicating that Jesus is about to use a metaphor or analogy. This approach is consistent with His use of parables, which are earthly accounts with heavenly meanings. By asking this question, Jesus encourages His audience to consider the characteristics and values of God's kingdom, contrasting them with worldly kingdoms.

the kingdom of God
This phrase is central to Jesus' teaching and mission. The "kingdom of God" (βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ, basileia tou Theou) refers to God's sovereign rule and reign, both in the present and future. It encompasses the spiritual realm where God's will is fulfilled and His authority is recognized. In the historical context, the Jewish people were anticipating a messianic kingdom that would restore Israel's national glory. However, Jesus redefined this expectation by presenting a kingdom characterized by righteousness, peace, and joy in the Holy Spirit (Romans 14:17). The kingdom of God is not limited to a physical location but is manifested wherever God's will is done, as seen in the lives of believers who submit to His lordship.

It is like yeast
The word "yeast" in this context is translated from the Greek word "ζύμη" (zymē). Yeast is a small, yet powerful agent that causes dough to rise, symbolizing transformation and growth. In the biblical context, yeast often represents influence, whether good or bad. Here, it signifies the pervasive and transformative power of the Kingdom of God. Just as yeast works invisibly yet effectively, the Kingdom of God works within the hearts of believers, transforming them from within.

that a woman took
The mention of a "woman" in this parable is significant. In the cultural and historical context of Jesus' time, women were primarily responsible for domestic tasks, including baking. By using a woman in this parable, Jesus highlights the everyday, ordinary actions through which the Kingdom of God operates. It underscores the inclusivity of the Kingdom, where both men and women play vital roles in its expansion and influence.

and mixed into
The Greek word for "mixed" is "ἐνέκρυψεν" (enekrypsen), which means to hide or conceal. This suggests that the work of the Kingdom is often hidden and not immediately visible. The process of mixing yeast into flour is thorough and intentional, symbolizing the deliberate and pervasive nature of God's work in the world. It reminds believers that the Kingdom's influence, though sometimes unseen, is always active and transformative.

three measures of flour
The "three measures of flour" is a substantial amount, approximately equivalent to 50 pounds or more, enough to feed a large group. This detail emphasizes the abundance and sufficiency of God's Kingdom. Historically, the use of three measures is reminiscent of the hospitality shown by Abraham in Genesis 18:6, where he prepares a meal for divine visitors. It signifies generosity and the expansive reach of God's grace and provision.

until all of it was leavened
The phrase "until all of it was leavened" indicates the complete and thorough transformation brought about by the Kingdom of God. The yeast's effect is comprehensive, affecting the entire batch of dough. This illustrates the ultimate triumph and fulfillment of God's Kingdom, where its influence permeates every aspect of life and creation. It serves as an assurance to believers that God's purposes will be fully realized, and His transformative power will reach every corner of the earth.

Then Jesus traveled throughout the towns and villages, teaching as He made His way toward Jerusalem
Then Jesus
This phrase marks a continuation of Jesus' ministry. The Greek word for "then" (τότε) indicates a sequence of events, suggesting that Jesus' actions are part of a divine plan. The name "Jesus" (Ἰησοῦς) is the Greek form of the Hebrew name Yeshua, meaning "The Lord is salvation." This highlights His role as the Savior, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies.

traveled throughout
The Greek word used here is διήρχετο, which implies a purposeful journey. Jesus' travels were not random; they were intentional and strategic, aimed at spreading His message. This reflects the missionary aspect of His ministry, emphasizing the importance of reaching out to different communities.

the towns and villages
This phrase underscores the inclusivity of Jesus' ministry. He did not limit His teachings to major cities or the elite but reached out to smaller, often overlooked communities. This reflects the heart of God for all people, regardless of their social or economic status.

teaching
The Greek word διδάσκων is used here, which means to instruct or impart knowledge. Jesus' teaching was authoritative and transformative, often challenging the religious norms of the day. His teachings were rooted in Scripture, fulfilling the law and the prophets, and offering a new understanding of God's kingdom.

as He made His way
This phrase indicates movement with purpose. Jesus was not merely wandering; He was on a mission. The Greek word πορευόμενος suggests a journey with a destination in mind, reflecting Jesus' determination to fulfill His Father's will.

toward Jerusalem
Jerusalem holds significant historical and theological importance. It was the center of Jewish worship and the location where Jesus would ultimately fulfill His mission through His death and resurrection. This journey to Jerusalem symbolizes His obedience to God's plan and His willingness to sacrifice Himself for humanity's salvation.

Someone asked Him
This phrase introduces a question directed at Jesus, highlighting the curiosity and concern of the people around Him. The Greek word for "asked" is "ἐρωτάω" (erōtaō), which implies a respectful inquiry. This reflects the common practice of seeking wisdom from a rabbi or teacher. In the historical context, people often approached Jesus with questions about spiritual matters, indicating His reputation as a wise and authoritative figure.

Lord
The use of "Lord" here is significant, as it acknowledges Jesus' authority and divinity. The Greek word "Κύριε" (Kyrie) is a title of respect and reverence, often used in the New Testament to address Jesus. This reflects the recognition of His divine role and the respect He commanded among His followers and even those who were merely curious about His teachings.

will only a few be saved?
This question touches on a deep theological issue concerning salvation. The Greek word for "saved" is "σῴζω" (sōzō), which means to save, deliver, or preserve. The question reflects a common concern among the Jewish people of the time, who were familiar with the concept of a remnant being saved, as seen in the Old Testament. Historically, the Jewish people believed in a future salvation for Israel, but there was uncertainty about who would be included. This question also reveals the human concern about the scope of God's mercy and the criteria for salvation.

Make every effort
The phrase "Make every effort" is translated from the Greek word "ἀγωνίζομαι" (agonizomai), which conveys the idea of striving, struggling, or contending with intense effort. This word is often used in the context of athletic competitions, suggesting a disciplined and determined pursuit. In the Christian life, this implies a call to diligent and persistent effort in seeking God's kingdom, emphasizing that spiritual growth and salvation require active participation and commitment.

to enter
The verb "to enter" comes from the Greek "εἰσέρχομαι" (eiserchomai), meaning to go into or come in. This word suggests a movement from one state or place to another, symbolizing the transition from a life of sin to one of righteousness. In the context of this verse, it underscores the necessity of taking deliberate action to move towards the kingdom of God, highlighting the personal responsibility each believer has in their spiritual journey.

through the narrow door
The "narrow door" is a metaphorical expression that signifies the challenging and exclusive path to salvation. The Greek word for "narrow" is "στενός" (stenos), which implies constriction or difficulty. This imagery is consistent with Jesus' teachings elsewhere in the Gospels, where He contrasts the narrow path leading to life with the broad road leading to destruction (Matthew 7:13-14). The narrow door represents the singular and often difficult way of following Christ, requiring self-denial, obedience, and faith.

For many, I tell you
The phrase "For many, I tell you" introduces a solemn warning from Jesus. The Greek word "πολλοί" (polloi) means "many," indicating that a significant number of people will face the reality described in the following clause. This serves as a cautionary note, urging listeners to take Jesus' words seriously and to reflect on their own spiritual condition.

will try to enter
The words "will try to enter" suggest an attempt or desire to gain access. The Greek verb "ζητέω" (zeteo) means to seek or strive for something. This implies that there will be those who, despite their efforts, will not succeed in entering the kingdom. It highlights the importance of not just effort, but the right kind of effort—one that aligns with God's will and truth.

and will not be able
The phrase "and will not be able" is a sobering conclusion to the verse. The Greek word "ἰσχύω" (ischyo) means to have strength or ability. This indicates that despite their attempts, many will lack the necessary strength or capability to enter. This inability is not due to a lack of opportunity, but rather a failure to meet the conditions set by God, such as genuine repentance, faith in Christ, and a life transformed by the Holy Spirit.

After the master of the house gets up
The "master of the house" signifies authority and ownership, representing God or Christ in this parable. The Greek word for "master" is "oikodespotēs," which combines "oikos" (house) and "despotēs" (master or lord). This term emphasizes the sovereignty and control of God over His household, which is the kingdom of God. The imagery of the master getting up suggests a decisive action, indicating a moment of judgment or transition. Historically, this reflects the Jewish understanding of God as the ultimate authority who determines the fate of His people.

and shuts the door
The act of shutting the door symbolizes the closing of an opportunity. In the context of the Gospel, it refers to the end of the period of grace and the finality of judgment. The Greek word "kleio" means to shut or close, emphasizing the irreversible nature of this action. This imagery is consistent with the eschatological themes found throughout Scripture, where there is a time when the opportunity for repentance and salvation is no longer available. It serves as a solemn warning to be prepared and responsive to God's call.

you will stand outside knocking
The phrase "stand outside knocking" conveys a sense of desperation and urgency. The Greek word "histēmi" (to stand) implies a fixed position, while "krouō" (to knock) suggests repeated action. This reflects the plight of those who have delayed or neglected their response to God's invitation. The historical context of ancient Near Eastern customs highlights the importance of hospitality and the shame associated with being left outside, underscoring the seriousness of being excluded from God's kingdom.

and saying, ‘Lord, open the door for us.’
The plea "Lord, open the door for us" reveals a recognition of authority and a desire for inclusion. The term "Lord" (Greek: "kurios") is a title of respect and acknowledgment of divine authority. This appeal indicates a last-minute realization of the need for salvation, yet it comes too late. Scripturally, this echoes the parable of the ten virgins (Matthew 25:1-13), where preparedness is essential for entry into the kingdom.

But he will reply, ‘I do not know where you are from.’
The master's response, "I do not know where you are from," signifies a lack of relationship or recognition. The Greek word "oida" (to know) implies intimate knowledge or acquaintance. This statement highlights the importance of a genuine relationship with God, rather than mere familiarity or association. Biblically, it underscores the theme that salvation is not based on heritage or external association but on a personal and transformative relationship with Christ. This serves as a sobering reminder of the necessity of true faith and repentance.

Then you will say, 'We ate and drank with you, and you taught in our streets.'
Then you will say
This phrase introduces a future dialogue, indicating a moment of realization or confrontation. The Greek word for "say" here is "ἐρεῖτε" (ereite), which is a future tense verb, suggesting a prophetic or inevitable declaration. In the context of Luke 13, Jesus is addressing the people about the urgency of repentance and the coming judgment. This phrase sets the stage for a response that is both defensive and regretful, highlighting the human tendency to rely on past associations rather than genuine faith and obedience.

We ate and drank with you
The act of eating and drinking together in ancient Jewish culture was a sign of fellowship and acceptance. The Greek words "ἐφάγομεν" (ephagomen) and "ἔπιομεν" (epiomen) denote past actions, emphasizing familiarity and shared experiences. This claim reflects a superficial relationship with Jesus, where physical proximity and social interaction are mistaken for spiritual intimacy. Historically, sharing meals was a significant part of Jesus' ministry, symbolizing the breaking of social barriers and the offer of the Kingdom to all. However, this phrase reveals a misunderstanding of what it means to truly know Christ, as mere physical presence does not equate to spiritual acceptance.

and you taught in our streets
Teaching in the streets signifies public ministry and accessibility. The Greek word "ἐδίδαξας" (edidaxas) is used here, indicating the authoritative instruction that Jesus provided. Streets, or "πλατείαις" (plateiais), were common places for public discourse and gatherings in ancient times, serving as venues for rabbis and philosophers to engage with the populace. This phrase underscores the widespread availability of Jesus' teachings and the opportunity for all to hear His message. However, it also highlights the tragedy of missed opportunities, as hearing the teachings without internalizing them leads to a superficial acknowledgment rather than transformative faith.

But he will reply
This phrase indicates a response from Jesus, emphasizing His role as the ultimate judge. The Greek word for "reply" is "ἀποκριθήσεται" (apokrithēsetai), which conveys a definitive and authoritative answer. In the context of the passage, it underscores the finality of Christ's judgment and His omniscience, knowing the hearts and true allegiance of every individual.

I do not know
The Greek word "οἶδα" (oida) is used here, which implies a deep, intimate knowledge. This statement is not about a lack of awareness but rather a lack of relational knowledge. In a conservative Christian perspective, this highlights the importance of a personal relationship with Christ, beyond mere outward appearances or actions.

where you are from
This phrase suggests an inquiry into one's origin or identity. In the biblical context, it is not about geographical origin but spiritual lineage. Jesus is emphasizing that those who are not truly His followers, regardless of their claims, are not recognized as part of His spiritual family. This aligns with the broader biblical theme that true believers are known by their fruits and their relationship with Christ.

Away from me
The Greek word "ἀπόστητε" (apostēte) is a command meaning to depart or separate. This is a solemn declaration of exclusion from the presence of Christ. It serves as a warning about the consequences of living a life apart from God's will. In a conservative Christian view, it stresses the seriousness of eternal separation from God for those who reject His lordship.

all you evildoers
The term "κακοῦργοι" (kakourgoi) refers to those who practice iniquity or lawlessness. This is a direct address to those who, despite their outward religious activities, live in contradiction to God's commandments. It reflects the biblical teaching that genuine faith is evidenced by obedience to God's word. The use of "all" indicates the comprehensive nature of this judgment, leaving no room for exceptions among those who persist in sin.

In that place
This phrase refers to a specific location of judgment and separation from God. The Greek word used here is "ἐκεῖ" (ekeí), which denotes a distinct place, often implying a place of consequence or significance. In the context of Jesus' teachings, this place is often understood as hell or a state of eternal separation from God. The imagery of a specific place underscores the reality and seriousness of divine judgment.

there will be
The phrase indicates certainty and inevitability. The Greek verb "ἔσται" (estai) is in the future tense, emphasizing that this is a prophetic declaration of what will definitely occur. It serves as a solemn warning to the listeners about the consequences of rejecting God's invitation to salvation.

weeping and gnashing of teeth
This vivid imagery is frequently used in the New Testament to describe the anguish and regret of those who are separated from God. The Greek words "κλαυθμὸς" (klauthmós) for weeping and "βρυγμὸς" (brygmós) for gnashing convey intense emotional and physical distress. Historically, gnashing of teeth was a sign of extreme anguish or anger. This phrase paints a picture of the profound sorrow and remorse experienced by those who realize too late the consequences of their choices.

when you see
The act of seeing here is significant. The Greek word "ὅταν" (hótan) implies a future event that will be witnessed. This suggests that those who are judged will have a clear and undeniable awareness of what they have lost. It highlights the painful realization and acknowledgment of the truth they previously rejected.

Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob
These patriarchs are central figures in Jewish history and faith, representing the covenantal promises of God. Their presence in the kingdom of God signifies the fulfillment of God's promises and the continuity of His plan through history. The mention of these patriarchs serves as a reminder of the faith and obedience that God honors, contrasting with the disbelief and disobedience of those who are excluded.

and all the prophets
The prophets were God's messengers, calling His people to repentance and faithfulness. Their inclusion in the kingdom of God underscores the importance of heeding God's word and the consequences of ignoring it. Historically, the prophets faced rejection and persecution, yet their faithfulness is rewarded in God's kingdom, serving as a testament to the triumph of God's truth.

in the kingdom of God
This phrase refers to the realm of God's sovereign rule, where His will is perfectly fulfilled. The Greek "βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ" (basileía toú Theoú) encompasses both a present spiritual reality and a future physical manifestation. It is a place of righteousness, peace, and joy, contrasting starkly with the place of weeping and gnashing of teeth. The kingdom of God is the ultimate hope and inheritance for believers.

but you yourselves are thrown out
The contrast here is stark and personal. The Greek "ἐκβάλλω" (ekbállō) means to cast out or expel, indicating a forceful removal. This serves as a sobering warning to those who presume upon their status or heritage without true faith and repentance. It emphasizes personal responsibility and the necessity of a genuine relationship with God. The exclusion from the kingdom is not arbitrary but a result of one's own choices and rejection of God's offer of salvation.

People will come
This phrase emphasizes the inclusivity and universality of God's kingdom. The Greek word for "people" here is "ἄνθρωποι" (anthrōpoi), which generally refers to human beings without distinction. This suggests that the invitation to God's kingdom is extended to all humanity, transcending ethnic, cultural, and social barriers. Historically, this would have been a radical concept for Jesus' Jewish audience, who often viewed themselves as God's chosen people. The phrase underscores the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that all nations would be blessed through him (Genesis 12:3).

from east and west and north and south
This geographical imagery signifies the global reach of the Gospel. The directions "east," "west," "north," and "south" are not just literal but also symbolic of the entirety of the earth. In the ancient world, these directions represented the known world, and their inclusion here indicates that the kingdom of God is not limited to a specific region or people. This echoes the prophetic vision found in Isaiah 43:5-6, where God promises to gather His people from all directions. It also prefigures the Great Commission in Matthew 28:19, where Jesus commands His disciples to make disciples of all nations.

and will recline at the table
The act of reclining at a table is a cultural reference to the practice of dining in the ancient Near East, where guests would recline on couches during a meal. This imagery is significant because it conveys a sense of intimacy, fellowship, and honor. In the context of a banquet, reclining at the table signifies acceptance and belonging. Theologically, this phrase points to the Messianic Banquet, a common Jewish eschatological image where the righteous would feast with the Messiah in the age to come. It is a powerful metaphor for the joy and communion that believers will experience in God's kingdom.

in the kingdom of God
The "kingdom of God" is a central theme in Jesus' teaching, representing God's sovereign rule and reign. The Greek word "βασιλεία" (basileia) can refer to both the reign of God and the realm over which He reigns. In this context, it signifies the eschatological reality where God's will is perfectly realized. Historically, the Jewish expectation of the kingdom was often nationalistic and political, but Jesus redefines it as a spiritual kingdom that transcends earthly boundaries. This kingdom is both a present reality, as believers live under God's rule, and a future hope, as they anticipate its full consummation. The verse invites believers to look forward to the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises and to live in light of that hope.

And indeed
This phrase serves as an emphatic introduction, underscoring the certainty and importance of the statement that follows. In the Greek, the word "ἰδοὺ" (idou) is often used to draw attention, similar to "behold" in older translations. It signals the reader to pay close attention to the profound truth Jesus is about to reveal. This emphasis suggests that what follows is a divine principle that may challenge human expectations and societal norms.

some who are last
The term "last" in Greek is "ἔσχατοι" (eschatoi), which can mean the least, the lowest in rank, or those who are considered insignificant by worldly standards. Historically, this could refer to those marginalized in society, such as the poor, the sick, or the socially outcast. In a spiritual context, it may also refer to those who are humble or who come to faith later in life. This phrase challenges the cultural and religious assumptions of Jesus' time, where status and hierarchy were often equated with divine favor.

will be first
The Greek word for "first" is "πρῶτοι" (prōtoi), indicating those who are prominent, leading, or esteemed. This reversal of roles is a common theme in Jesus' teachings, emphasizing the kingdom of God's values over worldly values. It suggests that God's judgment and reward system are based on different criteria than human systems, often valuing humility, faith, and obedience over social status or wealth.

and some who are first
Here, "first" again refers to those who are currently in positions of power, privilege, or esteem. In the context of Jesus' audience, this could include religious leaders, the wealthy, or those who are outwardly righteous. The repetition of "first" and "last" highlights the radical nature of the kingdom of God, where external appearances and human accolades do not determine one's standing before God.

will be last
The phrase "will be last" completes the reversal theme. It serves as a warning to those who rely on their status, achievements, or self-righteousness. The Greek verb tense suggests a future certainty, indicating that this reversal is part of God's ultimate plan and justice. This teaching encourages believers to adopt a posture of humility and service, trusting that God sees and rewards the heart's true intentions.

At that very hour
This phrase indicates a specific moment in time, emphasizing the immediacy and urgency of the situation. In the Greek, "ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ ὥρᾳ" (en autē tē hōra) suggests a precise point, underscoring the divine timing in Jesus' ministry. The phrase sets the stage for a pivotal interaction, reminding us that God's plans unfold in His perfect timing, often when we least expect it.

some Pharisees came
The Pharisees were a prominent Jewish sect known for their strict adherence to the Law and traditions. Historically, they often opposed Jesus, yet here they appear to warn Him. This duality highlights the complexity of human motives and the unexpected ways God can use even those who seem opposed to His purposes to further His plans.

and said to Him
This phrase indicates direct communication, suggesting a level of respect or urgency. The Greek "εἶπαν αὐτῷ" (eipan autō) implies a personal address, which can be seen as an acknowledgment of Jesus' authority. It reminds us that God often speaks to us directly through various means, urging us to listen carefully.

Leave this place
The command to "leave" suggests a sense of danger or urgency. In the context of Jesus' ministry, it reflects the constant threats He faced. The Greek "ἔξελθε" (exelthe) is an imperative, highlighting the seriousness of the warning. This serves as a reminder of the spiritual battles we face and the need for discernment in our actions.

and go elsewhere
This phrase implies a journey or mission. Jesus' ministry was characterized by movement, symbolizing the spread of the Gospel. The Greek "πορεύου ἐντεῦθεν" (poreuou enteuthen) suggests a purposeful departure, reminding us that our Christian walk is a journey guided by God's direction.

for Herod wants to kill You
Herod Antipas, the ruler of Galilee, is portrayed as a threat to Jesus. Historically, Herod was known for his political cunning and moral weakness. The Greek "Ἡρῴδης θέλει σε ἀποκτεῖναι" (Hērōdēs thelei se apokteinai) reveals the reality of opposition to God's work. This serves as a powerful reminder that following Christ often involves facing worldly powers and threats, yet we are called to trust in God's protection and sovereignty.

Go tell that fox
In this phrase, Jesus refers to Herod Antipas as "that fox." The Greek word for "fox" is "ἀλώπηξ" (alōpēx), which can imply cunning, craftiness, or slyness. In the cultural context of the time, calling someone a fox was not a compliment; it suggested deceit and a lack of noble character. Herod Antipas, the tetrarch of Galilee, was known for his political maneuvering and moral ambiguity. Jesus' use of this term highlights His awareness of Herod's intentions and character, contrasting the earthly power of Herod with the divine mission of Christ. This phrase also underscores Jesus' boldness and fearlessness in the face of political authority.

‘Behold, I will keep driving out demons and healing people today and tomorrow
Here, Jesus asserts His commitment to His mission. The Greek word for "behold" is "ἰδού" (idou), which serves as an imperative to pay attention. Jesus is emphasizing the importance of His work. The phrase "driving out demons and healing people" encapsulates His ministry's focus on spiritual and physical restoration. The use of "today and tomorrow" signifies the immediacy and continuity of His mission. It reflects Jesus' determination to fulfill His purpose despite opposition, illustrating His divine authority and the urgency of His work in the face of impending challenges.

and on the third day I will reach My goal.’
The phrase "on the third day" is significant in biblical literature, often symbolizing completion and fulfillment. In the context of Jesus' ministry, it foreshadows His resurrection, which occurs on the third day after His crucifixion. The Greek word for "goal" is "τελειόω" (teleioō), meaning to complete or perfect. Jesus is indicating that His mission will reach its culmination, pointing to the ultimate victory over sin and death through His resurrection. This statement reassures believers of the certainty of God's plan and the fulfillment of His promises, encouraging faith and perseverance in the face of trials.

In any case
This phrase introduces a sense of inevitability and determination. In the Greek, the word used is "πλὴν" (plēn), which can be translated as "nevertheless" or "but." It conveys a strong resolve and an acknowledgment of a predetermined course of action. Jesus is expressing His unwavering commitment to His mission, despite the challenges and opposition He faces. This reflects the divine purpose and the fulfillment of prophecy, emphasizing that God's plan will not be thwarted by human actions.

I must keep going
The Greek word for "must" is "δεῖ" (dei), indicating necessity or obligation. This underscores the divine imperative that Jesus feels to continue His journey. It is not merely a personal desire but a fulfillment of His Father's will. The phrase "keep going" suggests perseverance and steadfastness. Jesus is resolute in His mission to bring salvation, demonstrating His obedience to God's plan and His love for humanity.

today and tomorrow and the next day
This expression of time highlights the immediacy and continuity of Jesus' mission. It reflects the urgency and the progressive nature of His work. The repetition of days signifies the ongoing commitment and the unfolding of God's redemptive plan. Historically, this can be seen as Jesus' journey towards Jerusalem, where His ultimate sacrifice would take place. It serves as a reminder of the temporal nature of His earthly ministry and the eternal impact of His actions.

For it is not possible
The Greek word "οὐκ" (ouk) is a strong negation, emphasizing the impossibility of an alternative outcome. This phrase indicates that certain events are divinely ordained and cannot be altered. It reflects the sovereignty of God and the certainty of His plans. Jesus acknowledges that His path is set by divine decree, reinforcing the idea that His mission is part of a larger, unchangeable divine narrative.

for a prophet to perish
The term "prophet" (προφήτης, prophētēs) refers to one who speaks forth the message of God. In the biblical context, prophets often faced persecution and rejection. Jesus identifies Himself with the prophets of old, who were often martyred for their faithfulness to God's message. This connection underscores His role as the ultimate prophet, who not only speaks God's truth but embodies it. The word "perish" (ἀπόλλυμι, apollymi) implies a violent or untimely death, foreshadowing Jesus' crucifixion.

outside of Jerusalem
Jerusalem holds significant historical and theological importance as the center of Jewish worship and the location of the Temple. It is also the city where many prophets were killed, as noted in the Old Testament. By stating that a prophet cannot perish outside of Jerusalem, Jesus highlights the city's tragic history of rejecting God's messengers. This phrase serves as a poignant reminder of the city's role in salvation history and foreshadows the rejection and crucifixion of Jesus within its walls. It also emphasizes the fulfillment of prophecy and the culmination of Jesus' earthly ministry in Jerusalem.

O Jerusalem, Jerusalem
The repetition of "Jerusalem" signifies deep emotion and lament. In the Greek text, this repetition is a common Semitic expression to convey intense feeling. Jerusalem, the city of peace, is ironically the center of conflict and rejection of God's messengers. Historically, Jerusalem was the heart of Jewish worship and identity, yet it often strayed from God's path. This duality highlights the city's spiritual significance and its failure to live up to its divine calling.

who kills the prophets
This phrase underscores the tragic history of Jerusalem's resistance to God's messengers. The Greek word for "kills" (ἀποκτείνουσα) indicates a deliberate and violent rejection. Prophets were sent by God to guide and correct, yet they were often met with hostility. This reflects a broader pattern of human resistance to divine truth, emphasizing the cost of rejecting God's voice.

and stones those sent to her
Stoning was a common method of execution in ancient Israel, symbolizing communal rejection. The Greek term for "stones" (λιθοβολεῖ) conveys a sense of collective action against God's envoys. This phrase highlights the severity of Jerusalem's rejection, not just ignoring but actively persecuting those sent by God. It serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of hard-heartedness.

how often I have longed
The Greek word for "longed" (ἠθέλησα) expresses a deep, earnest desire. This longing is not a one-time feeling but a continuous yearning from Jesus. It reveals His compassionate heart and persistent desire for reconciliation and restoration. Despite repeated rejection, Jesus' love remains steadfast, illustrating the boundless nature of divine grace.

to gather your children together
The imagery of gathering is reminiscent of a shepherd collecting his flock or a hen gathering her chicks. The Greek word "gather" (ἐπισυναγαγεῖν) suggests an intentional and protective action. This metaphor speaks to Jesus' desire to bring the people of Jerusalem into a place of safety and unity under His care. It reflects God's parental love and the inclusive nature of His kingdom.

as a hen gathers her chicks under her wings
This simile draws from the natural world, portraying a hen's protective instinct. The imagery is tender and nurturing, emphasizing God's desire to shield and care for His people. In the Hebrew Scriptures, wings often symbolize refuge and divine protection (e.g., Psalm 91:4). This metaphor underscores the safety and warmth found in God's embrace, contrasting with Jerusalem's refusal to accept it.

but you were unwilling!
The phrase "you were unwilling" (οὐκ ἠθελήσατε) highlights the tragic reality of human free will. Despite Jesus' earnest desire to protect and save, the people of Jerusalem chose to reject Him. This unwillingness is a sobering reminder of the consequences of resisting God's call. It challenges believers to examine their own hearts and openness to God's will, urging a response of faith and obedience.

Look
The Greek word here is "ἰδού" (idou), which is often used to draw attention to something significant. It serves as a divine imperative, urging the listener to pay close attention to the gravity of the situation. In the context of Jesus' lament over Jerusalem, it underscores the seriousness of the impending judgment and the need for spiritual awareness.

your house
This phrase can be understood both literally and symbolically. Literally, it refers to the temple in Jerusalem, the center of Jewish worship and identity. Symbolically, it represents the nation of Israel as a whole. The use of "your" indicates possession, suggesting that the people have taken ownership of what was meant to be God's dwelling place, thus highlighting their spiritual estrangement.

is left to you desolate
The Greek word for "desolate" is "ἔρημος" (erēmos), meaning abandoned or deserted. This phrase prophetically points to the destruction of the temple in AD 70, a historical event that fulfilled Jesus' words. Spiritually, it signifies the emptiness and ruin that result from rejecting God's presence and purposes.

And I tell you
This phrase introduces a solemn declaration from Jesus, emphasizing His authority and the certainty of His words. It serves as a transition from the current state of desolation to a future hope, underscoring the prophetic nature of His message.

you will not see Me again
Here, Jesus speaks of His physical departure from Jerusalem and His eventual return. The phrase implies a period of absence, during which the people will not experience His presence. It also foreshadows His second coming, a central tenet of Christian eschatology.

until you say
The word "until" (ἕως, heōs) introduces a condition that must be met for a change to occur. It suggests a future moment of recognition and acceptance, indicating that the current state of desolation is not permanent but contingent upon the people's response.

‘Blessed is He who comes in the name of the Lord.’
This phrase is a quotation from Psalm 118:26, a messianic psalm that was traditionally sung during the Passover. It signifies the acknowledgment of Jesus as the Messiah. The use of "blessed" (εὐλογημένος, eulogēmenos) conveys a sense of divine favor and approval. This prophetic statement points to a future time when the people will welcome Jesus as their Savior and King, fulfilling God's redemptive plan.