My son
This phrase is a common address in the book of Proverbs, indicating a paternal or mentoring relationship. It suggests a setting where wisdom is passed down from a father or teacher to a younger, less experienced individual. The Hebrew word "בְּנִי" (beni) conveys a sense of endearment and responsibility, emphasizing the importance of the advice that follows. In a broader spiritual context, it reflects God's relationship with His children, urging them to heed His wisdom.

if you have put up security
The phrase refers to the act of guaranteeing another person's debt or obligation. In ancient times, this was a serious commitment, often involving personal risk. The Hebrew word "עָרַב" (arab) means to pledge or guarantee, and it carries the connotation of becoming entangled or mixed with another's affairs. This act of surety is cautioned against in Proverbs, as it can lead to unforeseen consequences and financial entrapment.

for your neighbor
The term "neighbor" in Hebrew is "רֵעֶךָ" (re'eka), which can mean a friend, companion, or fellow citizen. It implies a relationship of proximity and familiarity. The verse warns against becoming financially entangled even with those close to us, highlighting the potential for relational strain and the importance of maintaining clear boundaries.

if you have struck hands in pledge
This phrase describes a formal agreement or contract, often sealed with a handshake. The Hebrew "תָּקַע כַּף" (taqa kaf) literally means to clap or strike hands, symbolizing a binding commitment. In the ancient Near Eastern culture, such gestures were as binding as written contracts are today. The wisdom here is to be cautious about entering into agreements that could lead to personal liability.

with a stranger
The word "stranger" is translated from the Hebrew "זָר" (zar), which refers to someone outside one's immediate community or family. It underscores the risk involved in making financial commitments with those who may not share the same values or level of trust. The verse advises prudence and discernment in financial dealings, especially with those who are not well-known to us.

if you have been trapped
The Hebrew word for "trapped" here is "yaqosh," which conveys the idea of being caught or ensnared, much like an animal in a hunter's trap. This imagery is powerful, suggesting that our own words can lead us into situations where we are no longer free. In a spiritual sense, this serves as a warning about the consequences of careless speech. The Bible frequently emphasizes the power of words, and this verse reminds us that they can bind us in ways we might not anticipate.

by the words of your lips
The phrase "words of your lips" underscores the personal responsibility we have for what we say. In Hebrew, "dabar" (words) is not just about spoken language but encompasses the intent and impact of communication. The lips, often seen as the gateway for speech, symbolize the outward expression of inner thoughts. This highlights the importance of aligning our speech with wisdom and integrity, as our words can have lasting effects on our lives and the lives of others.

ensnared
The term "ensnared" is translated from the Hebrew "lakad," which means to capture or seize. This word choice suggests a deeper level of entrapment, indicating that once we speak, we may become bound by our commitments or promises. Historically, in ancient Israelite culture, one's word was a binding contract, and breaking it could lead to severe social and spiritual consequences. This serves as a caution to be mindful and deliberate in our speech, ensuring that our words reflect our values and commitments.

by the words of your mouth
The repetition of "words" in this verse emphasizes the theme of verbal accountability. The "mouth" is a metaphor for the source of speech, and in biblical literature, it often represents the heart's overflow. This connection between heart and speech is crucial, as it suggests that our words are a reflection of our inner character. The Bible consistently teaches that what we say reveals who we are, and thus, we are called to cultivate a heart of wisdom and righteousness, ensuring that our speech is edifying and truthful.

then do this, my son
The phrase "my son" is a common address in the book of Proverbs, emphasizing the fatherly advice and the intimate relationship between the speaker and the listener. It reflects the wisdom tradition where the older, wiser generation imparts knowledge to the younger. The Hebrew word for "son" (בֵּן, ben) signifies not just a biological relationship but also a spiritual and educational one, where the son is a disciple or learner. This phrase sets the tone for the urgency and importance of the advice that follows.

to free yourself
The Hebrew root for "free" (נָצַל, natsal) conveys the idea of delivering or rescuing oneself from a perilous situation. In the context of Proverbs, it often implies taking proactive steps to avoid or escape from folly or danger. The use of this term underscores the personal responsibility and agency one has in rectifying a situation that could lead to bondage or entrapment.

for you have put yourself in your neighbor’s power
This phrase highlights the consequences of one's actions, specifically entering into a financial or social obligation that places one at the mercy of another. The Hebrew concept of "neighbor" (רֵעַ, rea) extends beyond mere proximity to include relationships of trust and mutual obligation. The verse warns against the imprudence of becoming overly indebted or entangled with others in a way that compromises one's autonomy.

Go, humble yourself
The call to "humble yourself" (הִתְרַפֵּס, hitrapes) involves a deliberate act of lowering oneself, both in attitude and action. In the biblical context, humility is not merely a passive state but an active choice to acknowledge one's limitations and seek reconciliation or forgiveness. This reflects a broader biblical theme where humility is a virtue that leads to wisdom and favor with God and others.

and press your plea with your neighbor
The phrase "press your plea" (רַהֵב, raheb) suggests a sense of urgency and persistence in seeking resolution. It implies a proactive approach to resolving conflicts or obligations, emphasizing the importance of communication and negotiation. In the ancient Near Eastern context, such actions were crucial for maintaining social harmony and personal integrity. The verse encourages taking immediate and decisive steps to rectify situations that could lead to long-term consequences.

Allow no sleep
The phrase "allow no sleep" is a call to urgency and diligence. In the Hebrew text, the word for "sleep" is "שֵׁנָה" (shenah), which often signifies a state of rest or inactivity. This exhortation is not a literal prohibition against physical rest but rather a metaphorical urging to remain spiritually vigilant and proactive. In the context of Proverbs, which frequently contrasts wisdom with folly, this phrase encourages the reader to avoid complacency in their spiritual and moral duties. Historically, the ancient Near Eastern cultures valued wisdom and diligence, and this proverb reflects that cultural emphasis on active engagement in one's responsibilities.

to your eyes
The "eyes" in biblical literature often symbolize perception and understanding. The Hebrew word "עֵינַיִם" (einaim) is used here, emphasizing the importance of keeping one's focus and awareness sharp. In a spiritual sense, this can be interpreted as maintaining a clear vision of God's will and purpose. The eyes are the gateway to the soul, and by keeping them open and alert, one remains receptive to divine guidance and wisdom. This aligns with the broader biblical theme of seeking God's truth and light, as seen in passages like Psalm 119:105, where God's word is described as a lamp to the feet and a light to the path.

or slumber
The term "slumber" is translated from the Hebrew "תְּנוּמָה" (tenumah), which suggests a deeper, more prolonged state of inactivity than mere sleep. This word choice underscores the danger of spiritual lethargy and the need for constant vigilance. In the ancient world, slumber could also imply a lack of awareness or preparedness, akin to the foolish virgins in Jesus' parable who were unprepared for the bridegroom's arrival (Matthew 25:1-13). The admonition here is to avoid spiritual negligence and to remain ever-ready for the tasks and challenges that God sets before us.

to your eyelids
"Eyelids" in this context, translated from the Hebrew "עַפְעַפַּיִם" (af'apayim), serve as a poetic reinforcement of the previous imagery. The eyelids are the final barrier between wakefulness and sleep, symbolizing the threshold between awareness and ignorance. By urging the reader to keep their eyelids from closing, the proverb emphasizes the importance of maintaining a state of readiness and alertness. This imagery is consistent with the biblical call to be watchful and prepared, as echoed in 1 Peter 5:8, where believers are admonished to be sober-minded and watchful because the adversary prowls like a roaring lion.

Free yourself
The Hebrew word for "free" here is "נצל" (natsal), which conveys the idea of delivering or rescuing oneself from danger. In the context of Proverbs, this is a call to action, urging the reader to take immediate and decisive steps to escape from a perilous situation. The conservative Christian perspective emphasizes personal responsibility and the importance of making wise choices to avoid spiritual and moral entrapment.

like a gazelle
The gazelle, or "צְבִי" (tsevi) in Hebrew, is known for its swiftness and agility. In ancient Near Eastern culture, the gazelle was often a symbol of beauty and grace, but also of vulnerability due to its many predators. The imagery here suggests that one must be quick and determined in escaping from danger, much like a gazelle that must constantly be on the alert to avoid being caught by hunters.

from the hand of the hunter
The "hand" (יָד, yad) in Hebrew often symbolizes power or control. The "hunter" (צַיָּד, tsayad) represents any force or influence that seeks to capture or ensnare. In a spiritual sense, this can be interpreted as the temptations and sins that seek to entrap believers. The conservative Christian view would see this as a call to vigilance against the snares of the devil, who is often depicted as a hunter of souls.

like a bird
The bird, or "צִפּוֹר" (tsippor) in Hebrew, is another creature that must constantly be wary of traps. Birds are often used in scripture to symbolize freedom and the spirit, yet they are also susceptible to snares. This duality serves as a reminder of the constant spiritual warfare believers face, where freedom in Christ must be guarded against the snares of sin.

from the snare of the fowler
The "snare" (פַּח, pach) is a trap set by the "fowler" (יָקוּשׁ, yaqosh), one who catches birds. In biblical times, fowlers were skilled in setting traps that were nearly invisible to their prey. This imagery is powerful in illustrating how sin and temptation can be subtle and deceptive. The conservative Christian interpretation would stress the importance of spiritual discernment and the need for divine wisdom to recognize and avoid these snares.

Go to the ant
The phrase "Go to the ant" is an imperative call to action. In Hebrew, the word for "go" is "לֵךְ" (lekh), which is a command to move or proceed. This directive is not merely a suggestion but a strong encouragement to observe and learn. The ant, in ancient Near Eastern cultures, was often seen as a symbol of diligence and industriousness. By directing the sluggard to the ant, the verse emphasizes the importance of seeking wisdom from God's creation, which is a recurring theme in the wisdom literature of the Bible.

O sluggard
The term "sluggard" is translated from the Hebrew word "עָצֵל" (atzel), which refers to someone who is habitually lazy or idle. In the context of Proverbs, the sluggard is often portrayed as a person who lacks motivation and discipline, leading to poverty and ruin. This admonition serves as a warning against the dangers of laziness, urging individuals to reflect on their own work ethic and to strive for a life of purpose and productivity.

consider her ways
The word "consider" comes from the Hebrew "רָאָה" (ra'ah), meaning to see, perceive, or understand. It implies a deep, thoughtful observation rather than a casual glance. "Her ways" refers to the ant's behavior and habits. Ants are known for their organized, cooperative, and tireless work ethic. By considering the ant's ways, the sluggard is encouraged to reflect on the virtues of diligence, foresight, and cooperation. This phrase invites believers to learn from the natural world, recognizing that God's wisdom is evident in all of creation.

and be wise
The phrase "and be wise" is a call to acquire wisdom, which is a central theme in the book of Proverbs. The Hebrew word for "wise" is "חָכָם" (chakam), which denotes not only knowledge but also the practical application of that knowledge in daily life. Wisdom, in the biblical sense, is living in accordance with God's will and understanding the moral order of the universe. This exhortation to be wise underscores the transformative power of learning from God's creation and applying those lessons to one's life. It is a reminder that true wisdom leads to a life of fulfillment and alignment with God's purposes.

Without a commander
The phrase "without a commander" suggests a state of self-governance and initiative. In the Hebrew context, the word for "commander" can be linked to leadership and authority. This highlights the ant's ability to function effectively without external direction, emphasizing the value of self-discipline and personal responsibility. In a spiritual sense, this can inspire believers to cultivate a disciplined life, guided by the principles of Scripture, even when not under direct supervision.

Without an overseer
The term "overseer" in Hebrew often refers to someone who watches over or inspects. This implies a level of accountability and supervision. The ant's ability to work diligently without an overseer underscores the importance of internal motivation and integrity. For Christians, this can be a call to live righteously and work diligently as if under the watchful eye of God, who sees all, even when human oversight is absent.

Or ruler
The word "ruler" denotes authority and governance. In the ancient Near Eastern context, rulers were essential for maintaining order and productivity. The ant's industriousness without a ruler serves as a metaphor for the believer's life, where Christ is the ultimate ruler. It encourages Christians to live under the lordship of Christ, who guides and directs through the Holy Spirit, fostering a life of purpose and diligence even in the absence of earthly authority.

yet it stores its provisions in summer
The phrase "yet it stores its provisions in summer" highlights the ant's diligent and foresighted behavior. The Hebrew root for "stores" is "כּוּן" (kun), which implies preparation and establishment. This word choice emphasizes the ant's proactive nature, setting an example for humans to prepare for future needs. In the ancient Near Eastern context, summer was a time of abundance, and the ant's actions serve as a metaphor for using times of plenty to prepare for times of scarcity. This principle is echoed throughout Scripture, encouraging believers to be wise stewards of their resources, as seen in the parable of the talents (Matthew 25:14-30).

and gathers its food at harvest
The phrase "and gathers its food at harvest" further illustrates the ant's industriousness. The Hebrew word for "gathers" is "אָסַף" (asaph), meaning to collect or assemble. This action signifies not only the collection of resources but also the wisdom in timing. Harvest time was crucial in ancient agrarian societies, marking the period when crops were reaped and stored for future use. The ant's behavior is a call to Christians to recognize and seize opportunities when they arise, ensuring that they are spiritually and materially prepared for the future. This aligns with the biblical principle of sowing and reaping, as found in Galatians 6:7-9, encouraging believers to persist in doing good and to trust in God's provision.

How long
This phrase calls attention to the duration of inactivity and complacency. In the Hebrew text, the word "ad" (עַד) is used, which implies a sense of ongoing time or a period that has extended beyond what is reasonable. The question is rhetorical, urging self-reflection and prompting the reader to consider the wasted time. Historically, this reflects the wisdom literature's emphasis on the brevity of life and the importance of making the most of one's time, as echoed in Psalm 90:12, "Teach us to number our days, that we may gain a heart of wisdom."

will you lie there
The Hebrew verb "shakab" (שָׁכַב) is used here, meaning to lie down or recline. This word choice suggests not just physical rest but a state of inactivity or laziness. In the context of ancient Israel, where daily labor was essential for survival, lying down during the day would be seen as neglectful. The phrase challenges the reader to rise from a state of idleness and engage in productive work, aligning with the biblical principle that diligence leads to prosperity (Proverbs 10:4).

O sluggard
The term "sluggard" translates from the Hebrew word "atsel" (עָצֵל), which characterizes a person who is habitually lazy or inactive. In the wisdom literature, the sluggard is often contrasted with the diligent and industrious, serving as a cautionary figure. The sluggard's lifestyle leads to poverty and ruin, as seen in Proverbs 24:33-34, which warns that a little sleep and folding of the hands brings poverty like a thief. This term serves as a moral exhortation to avoid laziness and embrace hard work.

When will you get up
This phrase is a call to action, urging the sluggard to rise from their state of inactivity. The Hebrew verb "qum" (קוּם) means to arise or stand up, symbolizing a transition from passivity to action. In the biblical context, rising up often signifies readiness and determination to fulfill one's duties and responsibilities. This call to action is a reminder of the biblical mandate to work diligently as unto the Lord (Colossians 3:23).

from your sleep
The word "sleep" here is translated from the Hebrew "shenah" (שֵׁנָה), which can refer to literal sleep or metaphorically to a state of spiritual or moral lethargy. In Proverbs, sleep is often used as a metaphor for neglect and lack of vigilance. The call to awaken from sleep is a recurring biblical theme, urging believers to be alert and active in their faith and daily lives. Romans 13:11 echoes this sentiment, urging believers to wake from their slumber because salvation is nearer now than when they first believed.

A little sleep
This phrase suggests a minimal amount of rest, but in the context of Proverbs, it serves as a warning against laziness and complacency. The Hebrew word for "sleep" here is "שֵׁנָה" (shenah), which can imply a state of inactivity or neglect. In the ancient Near Eastern culture, diligence and hard work were highly valued, and excessive sleep was often associated with poverty and failure. The Bible frequently contrasts the diligent with the sluggard, emphasizing the importance of seizing opportunities and being industrious.

a little slumber
The repetition of "a little" underscores the deceptive nature of small indulgences that can lead to larger consequences. "Slumber" in Hebrew is "תְּנוּמָה" (tenumah), which refers to a light or drowsy sleep. This word choice suggests a gradual slipping into inactivity, warning that even minor lapses in vigilance can lead to significant negative outcomes. Historically, the Israelites were an agrarian society, where diligence in planting and harvesting was crucial for survival, making this warning particularly poignant.

a little folding of the hands to rest
This phrase paints a vivid picture of idleness, with "folding of the hands" symbolizing a deliberate choice to cease activity. The Hebrew "חִבּוּק יָדַיִם" (chibbuq yadayim) implies a posture of relaxation and disengagement. In the scriptural context, this imagery is often used to depict laziness, which is seen as a moral failing. The Bible consistently encourages believers to be active and purposeful, reflecting God's industrious nature in creation and stewardship.

and poverty
The Hebrew word for "poverty" here is "רֵישׁ" (resh), which signifies a state of destitution or lack. In the context of Proverbs, poverty is often portrayed as a consequence of laziness or poor stewardship. The Bible consistently encourages diligence and wise management of resources as a means to avoid such a state. This phrase serves as a warning that neglecting one's responsibilities can lead to a lack of provision, emphasizing the importance of hard work and prudence.

will come upon you
The phrase "will come upon you" suggests an inevitability and suddenness. The Hebrew verb "בּוֹא" (bo) implies an arrival or coming. This reflects the idea that the consequences of one's actions, or inactions, are certain and will manifest in due time. It serves as a reminder that ignoring wisdom and discipline will lead to unavoidable outcomes, reinforcing the biblical principle of sowing and reaping.

like a robber
The imagery of a "robber" (Hebrew: "מִתְהַלֵּךְ" - mithalech) conveys the unexpected and aggressive nature of poverty's arrival. Just as a robber takes by force and without warning, so too can poverty seize those who are unprepared. This metaphor highlights the urgency of being vigilant and proactive in one's life, echoing the biblical call to be watchful and diligent in all things.

and need
The word "need" in Hebrew is "מַחְסוֹר" (machsor), which denotes a lack or deficiency. This term underscores the idea that neglecting one's duties can lead to a state of want. The Bible often contrasts need with God's provision, encouraging believers to trust in God's faithfulness while also being responsible stewards of what they have been given.

like a bandit
The term "bandit" (Hebrew: "אִישׁ מָגֵן" - ish magen) further emphasizes the sudden and forceful nature of the consequences of slothfulness. A bandit, much like a robber, acts with stealth and aggression, taking what is not theirs. This comparison serves as a stark warning that failing to heed wisdom and discipline can lead to dire and unexpected outcomes. It calls believers to be vigilant and to live lives marked by diligence and foresight.

A worthless person
The Hebrew word for "worthless" is "בְּלִיַּעַל" (belial), which conveys the idea of someone who is without value or purpose, often associated with wickedness and lawlessness. In the ancient Near Eastern context, a "worthless person" was someone who rejected the moral and social norms of the community, living in a way that was destructive both to themselves and to others. From a conservative Christian perspective, this phrase serves as a warning against living a life that is disconnected from God's purpose and righteousness. It calls believers to examine their own lives and ensure they are living in alignment with God's will, contributing positively to their communities.

A wicked man
The term "wicked" in Hebrew is "רָשָׁע" (rasha), which refers to someone who is morally wrong, guilty, or hostile to God. Historically, the wicked were those who actively opposed God's laws and engaged in behaviors that were harmful to others. In the biblical narrative, wickedness is often contrasted with righteousness, highlighting the choice each person has to follow God's path or to turn away from it. This phrase emphasizes the moral responsibility of individuals to choose righteousness over wickedness, aligning their lives with God's standards.

Walks with a perverse mouth
The phrase "walks with" suggests a habitual lifestyle or pattern of behavior. The Hebrew word for "perverse" is "עִקֵּשׁ" (iqqesh), meaning twisted or crooked. A "perverse mouth" indicates speech that is deceitful, misleading, or corrupt. In the ancient world, speech was a powerful tool, and the words one spoke were seen as a reflection of the heart's condition. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, this phrase underscores the importance of integrity in speech, as words have the power to build up or tear down. Believers are called to speak truthfully and lovingly, reflecting the character of Christ in their communication.

winking with his eye
The phrase "winking with his eye" suggests a form of non-verbal communication that is often associated with deceit or secretive intentions. In the Hebrew context, the eye is frequently symbolic of perception and insight. The act of winking, therefore, implies a deliberate attempt to convey a message that is not openly spoken, often with the intent to mislead or manipulate. Historically, this behavior is indicative of a person who is not straightforward, someone who uses subtlety and cunning to achieve their ends. In a conservative Christian perspective, this behavior is contrary to the call for honesty and transparency as taught in the Scriptures. The Bible encourages believers to be people of integrity, whose "yes" is "yes," and "no" is "no" (Matthew 5:37).

speaking with his feet
"Speaking with his feet" is a vivid metaphor that suggests actions that communicate intentions or messages. In the ancient Near Eastern culture, body language was a significant part of communication. The feet, in this context, symbolize the direction and path one chooses, often revealing one's true intentions. This phrase warns against those who use their actions deceptively, leading others astray or causing harm. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, this serves as a reminder that our actions should align with our words and beliefs. The Bible calls believers to walk in the light and truth, reflecting the character of Christ in all they do (1 John 1:7).

pointing with his fingers
The act of "pointing with his fingers" can be seen as a gesture of accusation or direction, often used to shift blame or responsibility. In the Hebrew tradition, the hand and fingers are powerful symbols of action and authority. This phrase suggests a person who uses gestures to manipulate or control situations to their advantage. In a conservative Christian context, this behavior is seen as divisive and contrary to the unity and love that should characterize the body of Christ. Believers are called to use their influence to build up and encourage one another, rather than to sow discord or manipulate (Ephesians 4:29).

With deceit in his heart
The phrase "with deceit in his heart" highlights the internal nature of wickedness. The Hebrew word for "deceit" is "mirmah," which implies treachery and falsehood. This deceit is not merely an external act but is deeply rooted in the individual's heart, indicating a premeditated and intentional disposition towards dishonesty. In the biblical context, the heart is often seen as the seat of thought and intention, suggesting that the person's very core is corrupted. This aligns with the broader scriptural teaching that sin originates from within (Mark 7:21-23). The deceitful heart is contrasted with the pure heart that God desires (Psalm 51:10), emphasizing the need for inner transformation.

he devises evil
The act of devising evil is a deliberate and calculated process. The Hebrew verb "charash" means to plot or scheme, indicating a conscious effort to plan wrongdoing. This is not a momentary lapse but a continuous and intentional crafting of malevolent plans. Historically, this reflects the wisdom literature's emphasis on the moral and ethical dimensions of human behavior. The devising of evil is condemned throughout Scripture, as it stands in stark opposition to God's righteous standards (Isaiah 32:7). The wise are called to devise good and seek peace, contrasting the wicked's schemes (Proverbs 12:20).

he continually sows discord
The phrase "he continually sows discord" speaks to the persistent and active nature of the individual's actions. The Hebrew word "shalach" means to send forth or scatter, akin to a farmer sowing seeds. However, instead of sowing seeds of peace or righteousness, this person spreads strife and division. The term "discord" (Hebrew "madon") refers to contention and conflict, which disrupts harmony and unity. This behavior is particularly abhorrent in the biblical narrative, as unity among God's people is highly valued (Psalm 133:1). The continual nature of this sowing suggests an ongoing commitment to creating division, which is antithetical to the peacemaking that Jesus commends (Matthew 5:9). The wise are called to be peacemakers, fostering unity and reconciliation rather than division.

Therefore
This word serves as a conclusion or result of the preceding verses, which describe the behaviors and characteristics of a wicked person. In the Hebrew text, the word "לָכֵן" (lakhen) is used, indicating a logical consequence. It emphasizes the certainty of the outcome for those who engage in deceit and malice. The use of "therefore" underscores the divine justice that is inherent in God's moral order.

calamity
The Hebrew word for "calamity" is "אֵיד" (ed), which conveys a sense of disaster or ruin. This term is often associated with divine judgment in the Old Testament. It reflects the inevitable downfall that comes as a result of living a life contrary to God's wisdom. The use of "calamity" here serves as a warning that the consequences of sin are severe and unavoidable.

will come upon him suddenly
The phrase "will come upon him suddenly" highlights the unexpected and swift nature of the judgment. The Hebrew word "פִּתְאֹם" (pit'om) means suddenly or unexpectedly. This suddenness is a common theme in wisdom literature, emphasizing that those who live in sin may feel secure, but their downfall can occur without warning. It serves as a reminder to live righteously and be prepared for God's judgment at any moment.

in an instant
The phrase "in an instant" further emphasizes the rapidity of the impending judgment. The Hebrew "רֶגַע" (rega) means a moment or a brief period of time. This reinforces the idea that the consequences of sin can be immediate and irreversible. It serves as a call to repentance and a life aligned with God's wisdom, as there may not be time to change once judgment begins.

he will be shattered
The word "shattered" comes from the Hebrew "שָׁבַר" (shabar), which means to break or destroy. This term conveys the totality and severity of the judgment. It suggests not just a fall, but a complete and utter destruction. The imagery of being shattered indicates that the wicked will be left in a state of ruin, unable to recover from the consequences of their actions.

beyond recovery
The phrase "beyond recovery" translates the Hebrew "וְאֵין מַרְפֵּא" (ve'ein marpe), meaning without healing or remedy. This indicates the finality of the judgment. Once the calamity has come, there is no possibility of restoration or healing. It serves as a sobering reminder of the seriousness of sin and the importance of seeking God's wisdom and forgiveness before it is too late.

There are six things
This phrase introduces a list that is both specific and significant. The number six in Hebrew culture often symbolizes imperfection or incompleteness, as it falls short of the number seven, which represents completeness or perfection. The use of "six" here sets the stage for a list of behaviors that are fundamentally flawed and contrary to God's nature.

that the LORD hates
The word "LORD" in this context is translated from the Hebrew "YHWH," the sacred and personal name of God, emphasizing His covenant relationship with His people. The term "hates" is strong, indicating not just a mild dislike but a profound moral repulsion. This reflects God's holy nature and His intolerance for sin, which disrupts the order and harmony He desires for His creation.

seven that are detestable to Him
The transition from six to seven is a literary device known as a numerical proverb, common in Hebrew poetry, which serves to emphasize the completeness of the list. The word "detestable" is translated from the Hebrew "toebah," which conveys a sense of abomination or something that is utterly loathsome. This highlights the severity of these sins in the eyes of God. The number seven, symbolizing completeness, suggests that these behaviors are a complete affront to God's holiness and righteousness.

Haughty eyes
The phrase "haughty eyes" refers to a proud or arrogant look. In Hebrew, the word for "haughty" is "רָמוֹת" (ramot), which conveys a sense of being elevated or exalted. This prideful demeanor is often associated with a heart that is lifted up against God and others. Historically, pride has been a significant issue addressed throughout the Bible, as it leads to a sense of self-sufficiency and a lack of dependence on God. In a conservative Christian perspective, haughty eyes are seen as a direct affront to the humility that Christ exemplified and taught. The eyes are often considered the windows to the soul, and when they are haughty, they reflect an inner attitude of superiority and disdain for others, which is contrary to the Christian call to love and serve.

A lying tongue
The "lying tongue" is a metaphor for deceitful speech. The Hebrew word for "lying" is "שָׁקֶר" (sheqer), which means falsehood or deception. Throughout scripture, truth is highly valued, and lying is condemned as it breaks trust and sows discord among people. In the historical context of the Bible, a person's word was their bond, and integrity in speech was crucial for maintaining social and communal relationships. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, a lying tongue is seen as a tool of the enemy, as Satan is described as the "father of lies" (John 8:44). Christians are called to speak the truth in love, reflecting the character of God, who is truth.

Hands that shed innocent blood
This phrase refers to acts of violence and murder, particularly against those who are undeserving of such treatment. The Hebrew word for "innocent" is "נָקִי" (naqi), meaning blameless or free from guilt. The shedding of innocent blood is a grave sin in the biblical narrative, as life is sacred and created in the image of God (Genesis 1:27). Historically, the prohibition against murder is one of the Ten Commandments, underscoring its seriousness. In a conservative Christian context, this phrase is a reminder of the sanctity of life and the call to protect and value all human beings. It also points to the ultimate innocent blood shed by Jesus Christ, who, though innocent, was crucified for the sins of humanity, offering redemption and reconciliation with God.

a heart that devises wicked schemes
The "heart" in Hebrew is "לֵב" (lev), which often represents the center of one's inner life, encompassing thoughts, emotions, and will. In the biblical context, the heart is not merely the seat of emotions but the core of moral and spiritual life. A heart that "devises" (from the Hebrew "חָרַשׁ" - charash) implies intentional planning or plotting. This is not a momentary lapse but a deliberate and continuous action. "Wicked schemes" (from "מַחֲשָׁבוֹת רָע" - machashavot ra) suggests plans that are morally corrupt and harmful. Historically, the wisdom literature of the Bible often contrasts the righteous and the wicked, emphasizing that God detests not just the actions but the very intentions that lead to sin. This phrase serves as a warning against allowing one's inner life to become a breeding ground for evil, urging believers to cultivate purity of heart.

feet that run swiftly to evil
"Feet" in this context symbolize the actions and paths one chooses in life. The Hebrew word "רַגְלַיִם" (raglayim) is often used metaphorically to describe one's journey or conduct. "Run swiftly" (from "מָהַר" - mahar) indicates eagerness and haste, suggesting a lack of restraint or consideration. This phrase paints a vivid picture of someone who not only chooses evil but does so with zeal and urgency. "Evil" (from "רַע" - ra) encompasses anything that is contrary to God's nature and commands. In the historical and scriptural context, this reflects the broader biblical theme of the path of righteousness versus the path of wickedness. The imagery of swift feet underscores the danger of becoming desensitized to sin, highlighting the need for vigilance and self-control. It serves as a call to believers to examine their actions and ensure they align with God's will, avoiding the allure of sin that can lead one astray.

a false witness
The term "false witness" in Hebrew is "עֵד שֶׁקֶר" (ed sheker). In the ancient context, a witness held a crucial role in the judicial system, where testimonies could determine life or death. The ninth commandment, "You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor" (Exodus 20:16), underscores the gravity of truthfulness. A false witness not only perverts justice but also undermines the societal fabric by eroding trust. In a spiritual sense, this phrase warns against the dangers of deceit and the moral decay it brings.

who gives false testimony
The act of giving "false testimony" is a deliberate act of lying or misrepresentation. The Hebrew word "יָפִיחַ" (yafiah) implies breathing out or uttering, suggesting an intentional and active role in spreading falsehoods. Historically, false testimony could lead to wrongful punishment or societal chaos. Biblically, it is seen as an affront to God's nature, as God is truth (John 14:6). This phrase serves as a reminder of the importance of integrity and the destructive power of lies.

and one who stirs up discord
The phrase "stirs up discord" comes from the Hebrew "מְשַׁלֵּחַ מְדָנִים" (meshalach medanim). The verb "מְשַׁלֵּחַ" (meshalach) means to send out or let loose, indicating an active effort to incite conflict. Discord, or "מְדָנִים" (medanim), refers to strife or contention. In the biblical context, unity among God's people is highly valued (Psalm 133:1). This phrase highlights the destructive nature of sowing division, which can fracture communities and families, contrary to the call for peace and reconciliation.

among brothers
The term "brothers" in Hebrew is "בֵּין אַחִים" (bein achim), which can refer to literal siblings or, more broadly, members of a community or nation. The familial language emphasizes the closeness and inherent bond that should exist among people of faith. Historically, the unity of the Israelite tribes was crucial for their survival and prosperity. In the New Testament, believers are called to love one another as brothers and sisters in Christ (1 John 4:21). This phrase serves as a poignant reminder of the call to foster harmony and love within the Christian community, reflecting the unity of the body of Christ.

My son
This phrase is a tender and personal address, indicating a relationship of care and authority. In Hebrew, "בְּנִי" (beni) is used, which is a term of endearment and instruction. It reflects the familial context in which wisdom is often passed down, emphasizing the importance of the family unit in the transmission of moral and spiritual values. The use of "my son" suggests a personal investment in the well-being and moral development of the listener, highlighting the relational aspect of wisdom.

keep
The Hebrew word "שָׁמַר" (shamar) means to guard, protect, or observe. It implies an active and diligent effort to preserve something valuable. In the context of this verse, it suggests that the commandments given by the father are precious and require careful attention and adherence. This word conveys the idea of vigilance and intentionality in maintaining the teachings and principles imparted by one's parents.

your father’s commandment
The term "commandment" in Hebrew is "מִצְוָה" (mitzvah), which refers to a directive or ordinance. It is often associated with divine laws and instructions, underscoring the authority and weight of the father's guidance. In a broader biblical context, this reflects the patriarchal role in spiritual leadership and the expectation that fathers impart godly wisdom and instruction to their children. The father's commandment is not merely a suggestion but a binding directive meant to guide the son in righteous living.

and do not forsake
The phrase "do not forsake" comes from the Hebrew "אַל־תִּטֹּשׁ" (al-titosh), which means to abandon or neglect. It carries a strong admonition against disregarding or turning away from something important. This phrase emphasizes the necessity of remaining steadfast and committed to the teachings received, warning against the dangers of neglect and the potential consequences of straying from wise counsel.

your mother’s teaching
The word "teaching" in Hebrew is "תוֹרָה" (torah), which is often translated as "law" or "instruction." It signifies a body of guidance or doctrine meant to direct one's life. The inclusion of the mother's teaching highlights the complementary roles of both parents in the moral and spiritual education of their children. It acknowledges the mother's influence and wisdom, affirming the value of her contributions to the child's upbringing. This phrase underscores the holistic approach to wisdom, where both paternal and maternal insights are integral to a well-rounded understanding of righteous living.

Bind them always upon your heart
The phrase "Bind them always upon your heart" calls for a deep, internal commitment to the teachings and wisdom of God. The Hebrew word for "bind" is "קָשַׁר" (qashar), which implies a strong, secure fastening. This suggests that the teachings should not be loosely held or easily discarded but should be firmly attached to one's innermost being. The "heart" in Hebrew thought is not merely the seat of emotions but the center of one's intellect, will, and moral character. By binding wisdom to the heart, the verse emphasizes the importance of internalizing God's commandments so that they influence every decision and action. Historically, the heart was seen as the core of a person's identity, and thus, this binding is a call to make God's wisdom an integral part of who we are.

tie them around your neck
The phrase "tie them around your neck" uses the Hebrew word "קָשַׁר" (qashar) again, reinforcing the idea of a secure attachment. The neck, in ancient Near Eastern culture, was often associated with one's life and breath, symbolizing vitality and the visible expression of one's inner beliefs. By instructing believers to tie wisdom around their necks, the verse suggests that God's teachings should be evident in one's outward behavior and interactions with others. This imagery evokes the idea of wearing a precious ornament or necklace, indicating that wisdom is not only to be cherished internally but also displayed externally as a testimony to others. In a historical context, wearing something around the neck was a sign of honor and status, thus highlighting the value and esteem that should be given to divine wisdom.

When you walk
The phrase "when you walk" suggests the daily journey of life, encompassing all activities and decisions. In Hebrew, the word for "walk" (הָלַךְ, halak) often implies a manner of living or conducting oneself. This indicates that the teachings and wisdom of God are not just for moments of crisis but are meant to guide us in every step we take. Historically, walking was the primary mode of transportation, symbolizing progress and movement through life. The wisdom of God is portrayed as a constant companion, providing direction and purpose.

they will guide you
The "they" refers to the commandments and teachings mentioned earlier in the chapter. The Hebrew word for "guide" (נָחָה, nachah) conveys the idea of leading or directing with care. This guidance is not forceful but gentle, akin to a shepherd leading his sheep. In a conservative Christian perspective, this underscores the belief that God's Word is a lamp unto our feet and a light unto our path (Psalm 119:105), offering divine direction in a world filled with uncertainty.

when you lie down
This phrase speaks to the times of rest and vulnerability. In ancient times, lying down was not only for sleep but also a time when one was most defenseless. The assurance here is that God's wisdom provides protection and peace even in our most unguarded moments. The Hebrew culture placed great importance on rest, and this promise of divine watchfulness would have been a source of comfort and security.

they will watch over you
The concept of being watched over implies a vigilant and protective presence. The Hebrew root for "watch over" (שָׁמַר, shamar) means to guard or keep. This is reminiscent of a watchman on a city wall, ever alert to potential dangers. For the believer, this is a reminder of God's providential care, as He neither slumbers nor sleeps (Psalm 121:4), ensuring our safety and well-being.

when you awake
Awakening signifies a new beginning, a fresh start each day. In the Hebrew mindset, waking up was a time to give thanks for renewed life and strength. This phrase suggests that God's wisdom is ready to meet us anew each morning, offering insight and understanding for the day ahead. It reflects the mercies of God that are new every morning (Lamentations 3:22-23).

they will speak to you
The idea of wisdom speaking to us is profound. The Hebrew word for "speak" (דָּבַר, dabar) implies communication that is active and engaging. This suggests that God's teachings are not static words on a page but living truths that interact with our hearts and minds. In a conservative Christian view, this aligns with the belief that the Holy Spirit uses Scripture to convict, comfort, and counsel us, making God's voice accessible and personal.

For this command
The Hebrew word for "command" is "מִצְוָה" (mitzvah), which often refers to a directive or ordinance given by God. In the context of Proverbs, it emphasizes the divine authority and moral obligation inherent in God's instructions. The "command" serves as a guiding principle, much like a lamp that illuminates the path of righteousness. Historically, the Jewish tradition holds the mitzvot in high regard, seeing them as essential to living a life that is pleasing to God.

is a lamp
The imagery of a "lamp" in ancient times is significant, as lamps were essential for providing light in the darkness. The Hebrew word "נֵר" (ner) is used here, symbolizing guidance and clarity. In a spiritual sense, the "lamp" represents the wisdom and insight that God's commandments provide, helping believers navigate the moral complexities of life. The lamp metaphor is also found in Psalm 119:105, reinforcing the idea that God's word is a source of illumination and direction.

this teaching
The term "teaching" is translated from the Hebrew "תּוֹרָה" (torah), which can mean law, instruction, or doctrine. In the broader biblical context, Torah refers to the first five books of the Bible, but here it signifies the broader scope of divine instruction. This teaching is not merely academic but is intended to transform the heart and mind, aligning the believer's life with God's will.

is a light
The word "light" in Hebrew is "אוֹר" (or), which conveys the idea of enlightenment and truth. Light dispels darkness, symbolizing the clarity and understanding that comes from adhering to God's teachings. In the New Testament, Jesus is referred to as the "light of the world" (John 8:12), drawing a parallel between the wisdom of Proverbs and the revelation of Christ.

and correction and instruction
The Hebrew words for "correction" (תּוֹכַחַת, tokhahat) and "instruction" (מוּסָר, musar) suggest discipline and guidance. Correction implies a redirection from error, while instruction involves teaching and training in righteousness. Together, they form a comprehensive approach to spiritual growth, emphasizing the importance of both learning and applying God's principles.

are the way to life
The phrase "the way to life" underscores the ultimate goal of following God's commandments and teachings. The Hebrew word for "way" is "דֶּרֶךְ" (derekh), which can mean path or journey. This suggests that living according to God's wisdom is not a static state but an ongoing journey toward spiritual vitality and eternal life. In the New Testament, Jesus refers to Himself as "the way, the truth, and the life" (John 14:6), indicating that the path to life is found in Him.

to keep you
The phrase "to keep you" suggests a protective action, indicating that wisdom serves as a safeguard. The Hebrew root for "keep" is "שָׁמַר" (shamar), which means to guard, watch over, or preserve. This implies an active vigilance, akin to a watchman on a city wall. In a spiritual sense, it underscores the importance of being alert and cautious, maintaining one's moral and spiritual integrity against potential threats.

from the evil woman
The term "evil woman" is a direct warning against moral corruption. The Hebrew word for "evil" is "רָע" (ra), which encompasses not only wickedness but also the idea of causing harm or distress. Historically, this reflects the cultural context of ancient Israel, where societal stability was closely tied to family and community purity. The "evil woman" symbolizes any influence that leads one away from God's commandments, emphasizing the need for discernment in relationships and associations.

from the smooth tongue
The "smooth tongue" refers to persuasive and deceitful speech. The Hebrew word "חָלָק" (chalak) means smooth or slippery, suggesting a form of communication that is enticing yet treacherous. This imagery warns against being swayed by flattery or seductive words that mask true intentions. In a broader scriptural context, it echoes the biblical theme of the power of words, as seen in James 3:5-6, where the tongue is described as a small part of the body that can cause great harm.

of the adulteress
The "adulteress" is a specific reference to a woman who engages in sexual immorality, violating the covenant of marriage. The Hebrew term "נָכְרִיָּה" (nokriyah) can also mean foreign or strange, indicating someone outside the covenant community. This highlights the danger of being led astray by those who do not share the same values or commitment to God's laws. In a conservative Christian perspective, this serves as a call to uphold the sanctity of marriage and to remain faithful to one's spouse, reflecting the covenant relationship between Christ and the Church as described in Ephesians 5:25-32.

Do not lust
The Hebrew word for "lust" is "חָמַד" (chamad), which means to covet or desire intensely. In the context of Proverbs, this is a warning against allowing one's desires to be controlled by physical attraction. The Bible consistently teaches that lust is a sin that begins in the heart and can lead to destructive actions. Jesus expands on this in Matthew 5:28, emphasizing that even looking at someone with lustful intent is akin to committing adultery in one's heart. This phrase serves as a call to guard one's heart and mind, aligning desires with God's will.

in your heart
The heart, or "לֵב" (lev) in Hebrew, is often seen as the center of one's being, encompassing emotions, thoughts, and will. In biblical terms, the heart is the seat of moral and spiritual life. Proverbs frequently addresses the heart, urging believers to keep it pure and aligned with wisdom. This phrase underscores the importance of internal purity, as actions are often a reflection of the heart's condition. It is a reminder that true righteousness begins internally, not just in outward behavior.

after her beauty
The Hebrew word for "beauty" is "יֹפִי" (yofi), which refers to physical attractiveness. While beauty itself is not condemned in Scripture, the undue focus on external appearance can lead to misplaced priorities and sin. The Bible encourages believers to value inner beauty and character over outward appearance, as seen in 1 Peter 3:3-4. This phrase warns against allowing physical beauty to overshadow spiritual discernment and moral integrity.

or let her captivate you
The word "captivate" comes from the Hebrew "לָקַח" (laqach), meaning to take, seize, or capture. This suggests being ensnared or entrapped by something alluring. In the context of Proverbs, it is a caution against being led astray by seductive influences. The imagery of captivity highlights the danger of losing one's freedom and moral clarity when succumbing to temptation. It serves as a call to remain vigilant and steadfast in one's commitment to God's standards.

with her eyes
Eyes, or "עֵינַיִם" (einaim) in Hebrew, are often symbolic of perception and desire. In biblical literature, eyes can represent both physical sight and spiritual insight. This phrase warns against the seductive power of a glance, which can lead to temptation and sin. The eyes are frequently mentioned in Scripture as gateways to the heart, emphasizing the need for self-control and discernment. It is a reminder to focus on what is pure and righteous, as echoed in Philippians 4:8.

For the levy of the prostitute
The word "levy" here can be understood as a cost or a price. In the Hebrew text, the word used is "כִּי" (ki), which often introduces a reason or explanation. The term "prostitute" is translated from the Hebrew "זֹנָה" (zonah), which refers to a woman who engages in sexual activity for payment. Historically, prostitution was a common practice in ancient Near Eastern cultures, often associated with pagan worship and idolatry. The "levy" implies a transactional nature, highlighting the tangible and intangible costs associated with engaging in such relationships. From a conservative Christian perspective, this phrase warns against the spiritual and moral degradation that accompanies such actions, emphasizing that the pursuit of illicit pleasures leads to spiritual poverty and a loss of integrity.

is poverty
The Hebrew word for "poverty" is "עַד־כִּכַּר־לָחֶם" (ad-kikkar-lechem), which literally translates to "a loaf of bread." This phrase metaphorically represents destitution or lack. In the context of Proverbs, it underscores the idea that engaging with a prostitute reduces a person to a state of need and want, both materially and spiritually. The imagery of a loaf of bread suggests basic sustenance, indicating that the pursuit of such sinful desires can strip one of even the most fundamental necessities. From a conservative viewpoint, this serves as a cautionary tale about the consequences of sin, urging believers to seek fulfillment in God rather than in fleeting, worldly pleasures.

and the adulteress
The term "adulteress" is derived from the Hebrew "אֵשֶׁת אִישׁ" (eshet ish), meaning "a man's wife," but in this context, it refers to a woman who engages in adultery. Adultery, in biblical times, was considered a grave sin, violating the sanctity of marriage and the covenant relationship between husband and wife. The use of "adulteress" here serves to broaden the warning from mere financial ruin to the deeper, more destructive consequences of infidelity. It reflects the biblical principle that marriage is a sacred institution ordained by God, and any violation of this covenant is not only a personal sin but an affront to divine order.

preys upon your very life
The phrase "preys upon" is translated from the Hebrew "תָּצוּד נֶפֶשׁ יָקָר" (tatzud nefesh yakar), which conveys the idea of hunting or capturing. The "very life" refers to one's soul or essence, indicating that the consequences of adultery are not merely physical or financial but deeply spiritual and existential. The imagery of a predator and prey suggests a deliberate and destructive pursuit, emphasizing the danger and severity of engaging in such sinful behavior. From a conservative Christian perspective, this serves as a stark reminder of the spiritual warfare believers face and the importance of guarding one's heart and life against the snares of sin. It calls for vigilance and reliance on God's wisdom to navigate the moral challenges of life.

Can a man
This phrase introduces a rhetorical question, a common teaching method in Hebrew wisdom literature. The Hebrew word for "man" here is "אִישׁ" (ish), which often denotes an individual with a sense of responsibility and moral agency. The question challenges the reader to consider the natural consequences of one's actions, emphasizing personal accountability.

embrace
The Hebrew root for "embrace" is "חָתַן" (chathan), which can mean to take into one's bosom or to engage closely with something. This word choice suggests an intimate and deliberate action, highlighting the foolishness of knowingly engaging with something dangerous or sinful. It serves as a metaphor for engaging in immoral behavior, particularly adultery, which is the broader context of this passage.

fire
Fire, or "אֵשׁ" (esh) in Hebrew, is a powerful symbol throughout the Bible. It represents both God's presence and judgment, as seen in the burning bush (Exodus 3:2) and the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:24). In this context, fire symbolizes the consuming and destructive nature of sin, particularly sexual immorality. The imagery of fire underscores the inevitable harm that comes from such actions.

and his clothes
Clothes, or "בֶּגֶד" (beged) in Hebrew, often symbolize one's external life and reputation. In ancient times, garments were valuable possessions, representing one's status and identity. The mention of clothes being burned suggests that engaging in sin not only affects one's internal state but also damages one's external relationships and social standing.

not be burned?
The phrase "not be burned" is a rhetorical device emphasizing the certainty of consequences. The Hebrew word for "burned" is "יִשָּׂרֵף" (yissaref), which conveys the idea of being consumed or destroyed. This question implies that just as it is impossible to touch fire without being burned, it is equally impossible to engage in sin without facing its destructive consequences. The verse serves as a stark warning against underestimating the impact of sinful actions.

Can a man
This phrase invites the reader to consider the universal nature of the question. The Hebrew word for "man" here is "אִישׁ" (ish), which often denotes a person of strength or capability. The rhetorical nature of the question suggests that no one, regardless of their strength or wisdom, is exempt from the consequences of their actions. This aligns with the broader biblical theme that all humans are subject to God's moral order.

walk on hot coals
The imagery of "hot coals" is vivid and powerful, evoking a sense of danger and inevitable harm. In the ancient Near Eastern context, fire was often associated with purification and judgment. The Hebrew word for "coals" is "גַּחֶלֶת" (gachelet), which can also refer to burning embers. This metaphor suggests that engaging in sinful or foolish behavior is akin to walking on something that is inherently harmful and destructive.

without scorching his feet
The phrase "scorching his feet" underscores the certainty of consequences. The Hebrew root for "scorching" is "כָּוָה" (kavah), which means to burn or sear. This implies not just a superficial injury but a deep, painful wound. The feet, often symbolizing one's path or way of life in biblical literature, suggest that one's journey will be marred by the consequences of their actions. This serves as a warning that sin and folly inevitably lead to suffering and damage, reinforcing the biblical principle of sowing and reaping.

So is he
This phrase serves as a direct comparison, linking the preceding verses to the consequences of adultery. In the Hebrew text, the word "כֵּן" (ken) is used, which means "thus" or "so." It emphasizes the certainty and inevitability of the outcome. The comparison is to the dangers of playing with fire, as mentioned in the previous verses, underscoring the serious nature of the sin of adultery.

who sleeps
The Hebrew word "בָּא" (ba) is used here, which means "to come" or "to enter." In this context, it is a euphemism for engaging in sexual relations. This word choice highlights the intimate and personal nature of the sin, emphasizing the violation of the marriage covenant, which is sacred and ordained by God.

with another man's wife
This phrase underscores the specific sin of adultery, which is condemned throughout Scripture. The Hebrew word for "wife" is "אֵשֶׁת" (eshet), indicating a woman who is in a covenant relationship with her husband. The act of adultery is not just a sin against the individuals involved but a violation of the divine institution of marriage, which is meant to reflect God's covenantal relationship with His people.

no one who touches her
The word "touches" in Hebrew is "נֹגֵעַ" (nogea), which can mean to physically touch or to have sexual relations. This phrase implies that even the act of approaching or engaging in an inappropriate relationship with a married woman is sinful. It serves as a warning against even the initial steps that lead to adultery, emphasizing the need for purity and self-control.

will go unpunished
The Hebrew word "יִנָּקֶה" (yinakeh) means "to be acquitted" or "to be free from guilt." This phrase assures that there are consequences for the sin of adultery. In a historical and scriptural context, this punishment could be both divine and societal. The certainty of punishment serves as a deterrent, reminding believers of God's justice and the importance of adhering to His commandments.

Men do not despise
The phrase "Men do not despise" suggests a societal understanding and empathy towards certain actions under specific circumstances. In the Hebrew context, the word for "despise" is "בּוּז" (buz), which means to hold in contempt or scorn. This indicates that while theft is generally condemned, there is a nuanced view when it comes to the motivations behind the act. Historically, this reflects a culture that recognizes human frailty and the desperate measures one might take in dire situations. It speaks to the broader biblical theme of mercy and understanding, as seen in other scriptures where God calls for compassion and justice.

the thief
The term "the thief" refers to one who takes what is not theirs. In Hebrew, the word is "גַּנָּב" (ganav), which is used throughout the Old Testament to describe someone who steals. The Bible consistently condemns theft, as seen in the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:15). However, this verse acknowledges the complexity of human behavior and the reasons behind such actions. The thief here is not a hardened criminal but someone driven by necessity, which invites readers to consider the circumstances and motivations behind actions rather than judging solely by the act itself.

if he steals
The phrase "if he steals" introduces a conditional scenario, highlighting the act of theft as a response to a specific need. The Hebrew verb "גָּנַב" (ganav) is used here, emphasizing the act of taking something unlawfully. This conditional clause suggests that while the act of stealing is wrong, the motivation behind it can alter the perception of the act. It calls for discernment and understanding, encouraging believers to look beyond the surface and consider the heart and circumstances of individuals.

to satisfy his hunger
"To satisfy his hunger" provides the motivation behind the theft, which is a basic human need. The Hebrew word for "satisfy" is "מָלֵא" (male), meaning to fill or fulfill, and "hunger" is "נֶפֶשׁ" (nephesh), often translated as soul or life, but here it refers to physical hunger. This phrase underscores the desperation that can drive a person to commit acts they would not normally consider. It reflects a biblical understanding of human needs and the importance of compassion. Throughout scripture, God shows concern for the poor and hungry, urging His people to care for those in need (Isaiah 58:7, Matthew 25:35). This verse challenges believers to respond with empathy and support rather than judgment.

Yet if caught
This phrase introduces the concept of accountability and justice. In the Hebrew context, the word for "caught" (תָּפַשׂ, taphas) implies being seized or captured, often used in legal or military contexts. It suggests that wrongdoing, though it may seem hidden or unnoticed for a time, will ultimately be exposed. This reflects a biblical principle that God sees all actions and that justice will prevail, aligning with the broader scriptural theme that sin cannot remain concealed indefinitely.

he must pay sevenfold
The number "seven" in Hebrew culture often symbolizes completeness or perfection. The requirement to pay "sevenfold" indicates a full restitution, going beyond mere compensation to a level of complete restoration. This reflects the biblical principle of justice and restitution found in the Mosaic Law, where wrongs are not only to be corrected but also to be made right in a way that fully acknowledges the harm done. It underscores the seriousness of sin and the need for thorough repentance and reparation.

he must give up all the wealth of his house
This phrase emphasizes the totality of the restitution required. The Hebrew word for "wealth" (הוֹן, hon) can refer to riches or substance, indicating that the wrongdoer must be willing to sacrifice everything to make amends. This reflects the biblical teaching that material possessions are secondary to righteousness and justice. It serves as a sobering reminder of the cost of sin and the importance of integrity, echoing Jesus' teaching in the New Testament about the value of the soul over worldly wealth. The phrase also highlights the potential consequences of sin, which can lead to the loss of all earthly security and comfort, urging believers to live in a way that honors God and respects others.

But he who commits adultery
The phrase "commits adultery" is derived from the Hebrew word "na'aph," which means to break wedlock. In the ancient Hebrew context, adultery was not merely a personal sin but a violation of a covenant, reflecting a breach of trust and faithfulness. The act of adultery was seen as a serious offense against God’s commandments, specifically the seventh commandment, "You shall not commit adultery" (Exodus 20:14). This phrase underscores the gravity of the sin, highlighting that it is not just a moral failing but a spiritual transgression that disrupts the divine order established by God for marriage.

lacks judgment
The term "lacks judgment" translates from the Hebrew "chaser-lev," which literally means "lacking heart." In Hebrew thought, the heart is the seat of wisdom and understanding. Therefore, to lack heart is to be devoid of discernment and moral insight. This phrase suggests that adultery is not only a failure of moral character but also a deficiency in wisdom. It implies that the adulterer is acting irrationally, driven by base desires rather than sound judgment. In the broader scriptural context, wisdom is highly valued, as seen in Proverbs 4:7, "Wisdom is supreme; therefore get wisdom." Thus, lacking judgment is a significant spiritual and intellectual shortcoming.

whoever does so
This phrase emphasizes the universality of the warning. It is not limited to a specific individual or group but applies to anyone who engages in adultery. The use of "whoever" indicates that the consequences of adultery are inevitable and impartial, affecting all who partake in it. This universality is a common theme in Proverbs, where wisdom and folly are presented as choices with clear outcomes for all people, regardless of status or circumstance.

destroys himself
The phrase "destroys himself" comes from the Hebrew "shachath," meaning to ruin or corrupt. This destruction is both physical and spiritual, indicating that adultery leads to self-inflicted harm. In the historical context, adultery often resulted in severe social and legal repercussions, including the breakdown of families and communities. Spiritually, it signifies a separation from God’s will and a path toward moral decay. The self-destruction mentioned here is a poignant reminder of the inherent consequences of sin, echoing the biblical principle that "the wages of sin is death" (Romans 6:23). This phrase serves as a sobering warning of the ultimate cost of unfaithfulness, urging believers to pursue righteousness and integrity.

Wounds and dishonor
The Hebrew word for "wounds" is "נֶגַע" (nega), which often refers to physical afflictions or plagues. In the context of Proverbs, it symbolizes the inevitable consequences of sin, particularly the sin of adultery, which is the broader context of this passage. "Dishonor" is translated from "קָלוֹן" (qalon), indicating shame or disgrace. Historically, in ancient Israelite society, honor was a crucial social currency, and losing it could have devastating effects on one's social standing and relationships. The verse warns that engaging in immoral behavior leads to both physical and social repercussions, emphasizing the gravity of sin and the importance of maintaining integrity.

will befall him
The phrase "will befall him" suggests an inevitability, a certainty that these consequences will occur. The Hebrew verb "מָצָא" (matsa) means to find or encounter, implying that these outcomes are not just possible but assured. This reflects the biblical principle of sowing and reaping, where one's actions inevitably lead to corresponding results. The certainty of these consequences serves as a deterrent, urging believers to adhere to God's commandments and avoid the path of sin.

and his reproach
"Reproach" comes from the Hebrew "חֶרְפָּה" (cherpah), which denotes scorn or disgrace. In the biblical context, reproach is not just a personal feeling of shame but a public state of being that affects one's reputation and standing in the community. The use of "his" personalizes the consequence, indicating that the shame is not just a general outcome but a specific, personal burden that the sinner must bear. This highlights the personal responsibility each individual has in maintaining moral conduct.

will never be wiped away
The phrase "will never be wiped away" underscores the permanence of the consequences of sin. The Hebrew "מָחָה" (machah) means to blot out or erase, often used in the context of forgiveness or removal of sin. However, in this verse, the negation indicates that the stain of this particular sin, adultery, leaves a lasting mark that cannot be easily removed. This serves as a sobering reminder of the enduring impact of our actions and the importance of living a life that aligns with God's will. The verse calls believers to consider the long-term effects of their choices and to seek a path of righteousness that avoids such irreversible consequences.

For jealousy
The Hebrew word for "jealousy" is "קִנְאָה" (qin'ah), which conveys a deep, consuming passion that can be both protective and destructive. In the context of marriage, this jealousy is a fierce guarding of the sanctity and exclusivity of the marital relationship. Historically, this reflects the cultural and religious importance placed on fidelity within the covenant of marriage, as seen throughout the Old Testament. Jealousy here is not a petty emotion but a profound response to betrayal, echoing God's own jealousy for His people when they turn to other gods.

enrages
The term "enrages" translates from the Hebrew "חֵמָה" (chemah), meaning heat, fury, or wrath. This word paints a vivid picture of the intense emotional upheaval that jealousy can provoke. In the ancient Near Eastern context, emotions were often described in terms of physical sensations, such as heat or burning, indicating the overwhelming nature of the husband's response. This rage is not merely anger but a consuming fire that demands action, reflecting the seriousness with which marital fidelity was regarded.

a husband
The word "husband" here is "אִישׁ" (ish), which can mean man or husband, depending on the context. In this verse, it specifically refers to the male partner in a marriage, highlighting the patriarchal structure of ancient Israelite society where the husband was seen as the protector and head of the household. This role carried with it the responsibility to uphold the honor and integrity of the family unit, making any threat to that unit a matter of grave concern.

and he will show no mercy
The phrase "will show no mercy" is derived from the Hebrew "לֹא־יַחְמוֹל" (lo-yachmol), indicating a complete absence of compassion or leniency. In the biblical context, mercy is often associated with God's character, yet here, the husband's response to infidelity is portrayed as devoid of such mercy. This underscores the severity of the offense and the cultural expectation of retribution. The lack of mercy is a reflection of the deep wound inflicted by betrayal, which in ancient times could lead to severe consequences.

in the day of vengeance
"Day of vengeance" translates from "בְּיוֹם נָקָם" (beyom naqam), a phrase that signifies a specific time set aside for retribution or justice. In the biblical narrative, vengeance is often associated with divine justice, where God avenges wrongs done to His people. Here, it is the husband who assumes the role of avenger, emphasizing the personal and societal implications of infidelity. This phrase also serves as a warning of the inevitable consequences of betrayal, reminding the reader of the moral and ethical standards upheld by the community.

Nor will he be appeased
The Hebrew root for "appeased" is "נָשָׂא" (nasa), which means to lift, carry, or take away. In the context of this verse, it implies that no amount of effort or compensation can lift the burden of anger or betrayal from the heart of a wronged husband. Historically, the concept of appeasement through gifts or compensation was common in ancient cultures, yet this verse underscores the depth of personal betrayal that transcends material compensation. It serves as a reminder of the profound emotional and spiritual consequences of adultery, emphasizing the sanctity of marriage and the deep-seated nature of trust.

by any ransom
The term "ransom" comes from the Hebrew "כֹּפֶר" (koper), which refers to a covering or a price paid for redemption. In biblical times, a ransom was often used to redeem a person from slavery or captivity. However, in this context, the verse highlights that no ransom, no matter how substantial, can redeem the trust and relationship broken by infidelity. This reflects the biblical principle that some things, such as trust and fidelity, are beyond monetary value and cannot be restored through material means.

or persuaded
The word "persuaded" in Hebrew is "רָצָה" (ratsa), meaning to be pleased with or accept. This suggests that the wronged party will not be swayed or convinced to forgive or forget the transgression through any form of persuasion. It emphasizes the idea that true reconciliation and forgiveness require more than just words or gifts; they require genuine repentance and a change of heart, which aligns with the broader biblical teaching on repentance and forgiveness.

by lavish gifts
The phrase "lavish gifts" translates from the Hebrew "שֹׁחַד" (shochad), which refers to a bribe or a gift intended to influence. In ancient times, gifts were often used to curry favor or influence decisions, but this verse makes it clear that such attempts are futile in the face of deep personal betrayal. The use of "lavish" underscores the extent to which one might go to try to mend the relationship, yet it remains ineffective. This serves as a powerful reminder of the limitations of material wealth and the importance of integrity and faithfulness in relationships, echoing the biblical call to value spiritual and relational wealth over material possessions.