Honor your father and your mother
The Hebrew word for "honor" is "כַּבֵּד" (kabbed), which carries the connotation of giving weight or significance to someone. In the ancient Near Eastern context, this commandment underscores the importance of family structure and respect for parental authority. The family was the primary unit of society, and honoring parents was seen as foundational to maintaining social order and stability. This commandment is not merely about obedience but involves a deep respect and care for one's parents, acknowledging their role and sacrifices. In a broader sense, it reflects the respect due to God, as parents are seen as His representatives in the family.

so that your days may be long
This phrase suggests a promise of longevity and well-being as a result of honoring one's parents. In the Hebrew culture, long life was considered a blessing from God, often associated with righteousness and obedience to His commandments. The promise here is not just individual but communal, implying that a society that respects and honors its elders will thrive and endure. This reflects the biblical principle that obedience to God's commandments brings blessings, both spiritual and material.

in the land
The "land" refers to the Promised Land, Canaan, which God was giving to the Israelites. This land was not just a physical territory but a place of divine promise and blessing. The Israelites' possession and enjoyment of the land were contingent upon their obedience to God's laws, including the honoring of parents. This phrase emphasizes the connection between spiritual obedience and physical blessings, a recurring theme in the Old Testament.

that the LORD your God is giving you
This phrase highlights the sovereignty and grace of God in providing the land to the Israelites. The use of "LORD" (YHWH) underscores the covenant relationship between God and His people. It is a reminder that the land is a gift from God, not something earned by the Israelites' own efforts. This divine gift comes with responsibilities, including the command to honor one's parents. The phrase also serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness to His promises, as He fulfills His covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob by giving their descendants the land.

(12) Honour thy father and thy mother.--It is not a matter of much importance how we divide the commandments; nor is it historically certain how they were originally distributed between the two tables. But, practically, the view that the fifth commandment begins the second table, which lays down our duty towards our neighbours, is to be preferred for its convenience, though it trenches upon symmetrical arrangement. Of all our duties to our fellow-men, the first and most fundamental is our duty towards our parents, which lies at the root of all our social relations, and is the first of which we naturally become conscious. Honour, reverence, and obedience are due to parents from the position in which they stand to their children :--(1) As, in a certain sense, the authors of their being; (2) as their shelterers and nourishers; (3) as their protectors and educators, from whom they derive the foundation of their moral training and the first elements of their knowledge. Even among savages the obligations of children towards their parents are felt and acknowledged to a greater or a less extent; and there has never been a civilised community of whose moral code they have not formed an important part. In Egypt the duty of filial piety was strictly inculcated from a very early date (Lenormant, Histoire Ancienne, vol. i., pp. 342, 343), and a bad son forfeited the prospect of happiness in another life (ibid., pp. 513, 514). Confucianism bases all morality upon the parental and filial relation, and requires the most complete subjection, even of the grown-up son, to his father and mother. Greek ethics taught that the relation of children to their parents was parallel to that of men to God (Aristot. Eth. Nic. 8:12, ? 5); and Rome made the absolute authority of the father the basis of its entire State system. The Divine legislation of Sinai is in full accord, here as elsewhere, with the voice of reason and conscience, affirming broadly the principles of parental authority and filial submission, but leaving the mode in which the principles should be carried out to the discretion of individuals or communities.

That thy days may be long upon the land.--The fifth commandment (as all allow) is "the first commandment with promise" (Ephesians 6:2); but the promise may be understood in two quite different senses. (1) It may be taken as guaranteeing national permanence to the people among whom filial respect and obedience is generally practised; or (2) it may be understood in the simpler and more literal sense of a pledge that obedient children shall, as a general rule, receive for their reward the blessing of long life. In favour of the former view have been urged the facts of Roman and Chinese permanence, together with the probability that Israel forfeited its possession of Canaan in consequence of persisting in the breach of this commandment. In favour of the latter may be adduced the application of the text by St. Paul (Ephesians 6:3), which is purely personal and not ethnic; and the exegesis of the Son of Sirach (Wisdom Of Solomon 3:6), which is similar. It is also worthy of note that an Egyptian sage, who wrote long before Moses, declared it as the result of his experience that obedient sons did attain to a good old age in Egypt, and laid down the principle broadly, that "the son who attends to the words of his father will grow old in consequence" (Lenormant, Histoire Ancienne, vol. i., p. 342).

Verse 12. - Honor thy father and thy mother. The obligation of filial respect, love, and reverence is so instinctively' felt by all, that the duty has naturally found a place in every moral code. In the maxims of Ptah-hotep, an Egyptian author who lived probably before Abraham, "the duty of filial piety is strictly inculcated" (Birch, Egypt from the Earliest Times, p. 49). Confucius, in China, based his moral system wholly upon the principle of parental authority; and in Rome it may be regarded as the main foundation of the political edifice. In the Decalogue, the position of this duty, at the head of our duties towards our neighbour, marks its importance; which is further shown by this being "the first commandment with promise" (Ephesians 6:2). It is curious that the long life here specially attached to the observance of this obligation, was also believed to accompany it by the Egyptians. "The son," says Ptah-hotep, "who accepts the words of his father, will grow old in consequence of so doing;" and again - "The obedient son will be happy by reason of his obedience; he will grow old; he will come to favour." Modern commentators generally assume that the promise was not personal, but national - the nation's days were to be "long upon the land," if the citizens generally were obedient children. But this explanation cannot apply to Ephesians 6:1-3. And if obedience to parents is to be rewarded with long life under the new covenant, there can be no reason why it should not have been so rewarded under the old. The objection that good sons are not always long-lived is futile. God governs the universe by general, not by universal laws.

Parallel Commentaries ...


Honor
כַּבֵּ֥ד (kab·bêḏ)
Verb - Piel - Imperative - masculine singular
Strong's 3513: To be heavy, weighty, or burdensome

your father
אָבִ֖יךָ (’ā·ḇî·ḵā)
Noun - masculine singular construct | second person masculine singular
Strong's 1: Father

and mother,
אִמֶּ֑ךָ (’im·me·ḵā)
Noun - feminine singular construct | second person masculine singular
Strong's 517: A mother, )

so that
לְמַ֙עַן֙ (lə·ma·‘an)
Conjunction
Strong's 4616: Purpose -- intent

your days
יָמֶ֔יךָ (yā·me·ḵā)
Noun - masculine plural construct | second person masculine singular
Strong's 3117: A day

may be long
יַאֲרִכ֣וּן (ya·’ă·ri·ḵūn)
Verb - Hifil - Imperfect - third person masculine plural | Paragogic nun
Strong's 748: To be, long

in
עַ֚ל (‘al)
Preposition
Strong's 5921: Above, over, upon, against

the land
הָאֲדָמָ֔ה (hā·’ă·ḏā·māh)
Article | Noun - feminine singular
Strong's 127: Ground, land

the LORD
יְהוָ֥ה (Yah·weh)
Noun - proper - masculine singular
Strong's 3068: LORD -- the proper name of the God of Israel

your God
אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ (’ĕ·lō·he·ḵā)
Noun - masculine plural construct | second person masculine singular
Strong's 430: gods -- the supreme God, magistrates, a superlative

is giving
נֹתֵ֥ן (nō·ṯên)
Verb - Qal - Participle - masculine singular
Strong's 5414: To give, put, set

you.
לָֽךְ׃ (lāḵ)
Preposition | second person masculine singular
Strong's Hebrew


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OT Law: Exodus 20:12 Honor your father and your mother that (Exo. Ex)