As they approached Jerusalem
The phrase "as they approached Jerusalem" signifies a pivotal moment in Jesus' ministry. Jerusalem, the city of David, holds profound historical and theological significance as the center of Jewish worship and the location of the Temple. The Greek word for "approached" (ἐγγίζω, eggizō) implies drawing near with purpose. This approach marks the beginning of the culmination of Jesus' earthly mission, as He prepares to fulfill the prophecies concerning the Messiah. Jerusalem is not just a geographical location but a symbol of God's covenant with His people and the place where Jesus will ultimately offer Himself as the sacrificial Lamb.

and came to Bethphage
"Bethphage" is a small village on the Mount of Olives, whose name means "house of unripe figs" in Aramaic. This location is significant as it is situated near Jerusalem, serving as a staging point for Jesus' triumphal entry. The mention of Bethphage highlights the fulfillment of prophecy, as it is from here that Jesus will send His disciples to procure the donkey, fulfilling Zechariah 9:9. The village's proximity to Jerusalem underscores the immediacy of the events to unfold, bridging the journey from the Mount of Olives to the holy city.

on the Mount of Olives
The "Mount of Olives" is a ridge east of Jerusalem, known for its olive groves and its panoramic view of the city. Biblically, it is a place of significant events in Jesus' life, including His ascension (Acts 1:9-12). The Mount of Olives is also associated with eschatological prophecy, as seen in Zechariah 14:4, where it is prophesied that the Lord will stand upon it in the day of His return. This location serves as a backdrop for Jesus' entry into Jerusalem, symbolizing peace and kingship, as olives and olive oil are often associated with anointing and the Spirit of God.

Jesus sent out two disciples
The act of Jesus sending "two disciples" is deliberate and purposeful. The number two is significant in Jewish tradition, often representing a valid testimony (Deuteronomy 19:15). By sending two disciples, Jesus ensures the fulfillment of His instructions with reliability and witness. This action demonstrates Jesus' authority and foreknowledge, as He orchestrates the events leading to His entry into Jerusalem. The disciples' obedience to Jesus' command reflects the trust and faith required of His followers, serving as a model for Christian discipleship.

Go into the village ahead of you
This phrase sets the stage for a significant event in the life of Jesus, often referred to as the Triumphal Entry. The directive to "go" is a call to action, reflecting the obedience expected of the disciples. The Greek word for "go" (πορεύομαι, poreuomai) implies a journey with purpose. The "village ahead" is likely Bethphage, near Jerusalem, a place of preparation for what is to come. This instruction highlights the foreknowledge of Jesus, who is aware of the events that will unfold, demonstrating His divine omniscience.

at once you will find
The immediacy of "at once" underscores the certainty and precision of Jesus' instructions. The Greek word εὐθύς (euthys) conveys a sense of immediacy and urgency. This reflects the divine orchestration of events, where everything is in place according to God's perfect timing. The disciples' discovery of the donkey and colt as described is a testament to the fulfillment of prophecy and the meticulous planning of God.

a donkey tied there, with her colt beside her
The donkey and her colt are significant in both historical and prophetic contexts. In ancient times, donkeys were symbols of peace, as opposed to horses, which were associated with war. The presence of both the donkey and her colt fulfills the prophecy in Zechariah 9:9, which speaks of the King coming "gentle and riding on a donkey, on a colt, the foal of a donkey." This imagery emphasizes Jesus' role as the Prince of Peace, contrasting with the expectations of a militant Messiah.

Untie them and bring them to Me
The act of untying the donkey and colt signifies liberation and readiness for service. The Greek word λύω (luo) means to loosen or release, symbolizing the freedom that Christ brings. By instructing the disciples to "bring them to Me," Jesus asserts His authority and ownership over the situation. This command also reflects the willingness of the disciples to serve and the readiness of creation to fulfill its role in God's redemptive plan. The act of bringing the animals to Jesus is a precursor to His entry into Jerusalem, marking the beginning of the Passion Week and the fulfillment of His earthly mission.

If anyone questions you
This phrase anticipates potential resistance or inquiry from bystanders or the owners of the donkey and colt. The Greek word for "questions" is "ἐρεῖ" (erei), which implies a verbal challenge or inquiry. In the historical context, it was common for property owners to question the use of their possessions. This phrase highlights Jesus' foreknowledge and authority, preparing His disciples for the task ahead with confidence in His divine plan.

tell him that the Lord needs them
The term "Lord" here is "Κύριος" (Kyrios) in Greek, which can mean master, owner, or sovereign. In this context, it signifies Jesus' divine authority and His fulfillment of messianic prophecy. The phrase "needs them" underscores the necessity of the donkey and colt for Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem, fulfilling Zechariah 9:9. This need is not out of lack but out of divine purpose, illustrating how God orchestrates events to fulfill His redemptive plan.

and he will send them right away
This part of the verse reflects the immediate compliance expected from those who hear the disciples' explanation. The Greek word "ἀποστελεῖ" (apostelei) means to send forth or dispatch. It suggests a prompt and willing response to the Lord's request, indicating the recognition of Jesus' authority even by those who may not fully understand His mission. This immediate obedience serves as a model for believers, emphasizing trust and submission to God's will.

This took place
This phrase indicates the unfolding of events that are part of a divine plan. The Greek word used here is "ἐγένετο" (egeneto), which means "it happened" or "it came to pass." This suggests that the events are not random but are orchestrated by God. In the context of Jesus' life, this phrase underscores the fulfillment of prophecy, emphasizing that Jesus' actions are in direct alignment with God's sovereign will. It serves as a reminder that God's plans are precise and purposeful, and His promises are always fulfilled.

to fulfill
The Greek word "πληρωθῇ" (plērōthē) is used here, meaning "to make full" or "to complete." This word is often used in the New Testament to indicate the realization of Old Testament prophecies. In a conservative Christian perspective, this highlights the continuity and unity of the Scriptures, affirming that the Old Testament prophecies find their completion in the New Testament through Jesus Christ. It reassures believers of the reliability of God's Word and His faithfulness in bringing His promises to fruition.

what was spoken
This phrase refers to the prophetic words that were declared in the past. The Greek term "ῥηθὲν" (rhēthen) means "spoken" or "uttered." It emphasizes the verbal proclamation of God's message through His prophets. In the biblical context, it underscores the authority and divine inspiration of the prophetic words. For believers, it serves as a reminder of the power of God's spoken word and its enduring truth across generations.

through the prophet
The phrase points to the human instrument through whom God communicated His message. The Greek word "προφήτου" (prophētou) refers to a prophet, one who speaks forth the message of God. In this context, it is a reference to the Old Testament prophets who foretold the coming of the Messiah. This highlights the role of prophets as God's messengers and the importance of their words in understanding God's redemptive plan. It also affirms the interconnectedness of the Old and New Testaments, with Jesus as the fulfillment of the prophetic tradition.

Say to the Daughter of Zion
This phrase is a direct address to the people of Jerusalem, often referred to as "Zion" in the Old Testament. The term "Daughter of Zion" is a poetic personification of the city and its inhabitants, emphasizing their special relationship with God. In Hebrew, "Zion" (צִיּוֹן) is a term that originally referred to a specific hill in Jerusalem but came to symbolize the entire city and the people of Israel. This phrase is a call to attention, indicating that something significant is about to occur, fulfilling the prophetic words of Isaiah and Zechariah.

See, your King comes to you
The word "See" is an imperative, urging the people to behold and recognize the arrival of their King. The Greek word used here is "ἰδοὺ" (idou), which is often used in the New Testament to draw attention to something important. The phrase "your King comes to you" is a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy, specifically Zechariah 9:9, which foretold the coming of a righteous and victorious king. This King is not just any ruler but the long-awaited Messiah, who comes to establish God's kingdom.

gentle and riding on a donkey
The word "gentle" is translated from the Greek "πραΰς" (praus), which conveys a sense of meekness and humility. This is in stark contrast to the typical image of a conquering king who would ride a warhorse. The choice of a donkey, an animal associated with peace rather than war, underscores the nature of Jesus' kingship. He comes not as a warrior but as a humble servant, fulfilling the prophecy and demonstrating the upside-down nature of God's kingdom, where the last shall be first and the meek shall inherit the earth.

on a colt, the foal of a donkey
This phrase further specifies the animal Jesus rides, emphasizing the fulfillment of Zechariah's prophecy. The colt, a young donkey, symbolizes purity and newness, aligning with the new covenant Jesus is establishing. In the cultural and historical context of the time, riding a donkey was a sign of peace, as opposed to a horse, which was associated with war. This imagery would have been clear to the Jewish audience, who would recognize the messianic implications of Jesus' actions. The use of both "colt" and "foal" highlights the precision of the prophecy and the deliberate nature of Jesus' entry into Jerusalem.

The disciples went and did as Jesus had directed them
The disciples
This phrase refers to the followers of Jesus, specifically the twelve apostles who were chosen by Him to learn from His teachings and to carry out His mission. The Greek word for "disciples" is "μαθηταί" (mathētai), which means learners or students. In the context of first-century Judaism, discipleship involved a close relationship with a teacher, where the disciple would not only learn from the teacher's words but also emulate their way of life. The disciples' willingness to follow Jesus' instructions demonstrates their commitment and trust in Him as their Rabbi and Lord.

went
The action of going signifies obedience and readiness to act upon Jesus' command. The Greek word used here is "πορεύομαι" (poreuomai), which means to go, proceed, or travel. This word often implies a purposeful journey or mission. The disciples' movement is not just physical but also spiritual, as they are participating in the fulfillment of prophetic events leading to Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem.

and did
This phrase emphasizes the disciples' compliance and execution of Jesus' instructions. The Greek word "ποιέω" (poieō) means to make, do, or accomplish. It highlights the active role of the disciples in the unfolding of God's plan. Their actions are a testament to their faith and dedication, serving as a model for believers to not only hear the word of God but to act upon it.

as Jesus had directed them
This part of the verse underscores the authority of Jesus and the importance of following His guidance. The Greek word for "directed" is "συντάσσω" (syntassō), which means to arrange, order, or command. Jesus' instructions were precise and purposeful, reflecting His divine knowledge and authority. The disciples' adherence to His directions is a demonstration of their recognition of His lordship and their role in the divine narrative. This obedience is crucial in the context of the fulfillment of prophecy, as it sets the stage for the events of Palm Sunday, where Jesus enters Jerusalem as the prophesied King.

They brought
This phrase indicates the obedience and fulfillment of Jesus' instructions by the disciples. The Greek word used here is "ἤγαγον" (ēgagon), which is derived from "ἄγω" (agō), meaning to lead or bring. This act of bringing the donkey and the colt signifies the disciples' role in facilitating the fulfillment of prophecy and the unfolding of God's plan. It reflects the importance of obedience and service in the Christian life, as the disciples actively participate in the divine narrative.

the donkey and the colt
The mention of both a donkey and a colt is significant. The Greek words "ὄνος" (onos) for donkey and "πῶλος" (pōlos) for colt highlight the fulfillment of the prophecy from Zechariah 9:9, which speaks of the King coming "gentle and riding on a donkey, on a colt, the foal of a donkey." This dual mention emphasizes the humility and peace of Jesus' kingship, contrasting with the war horses of earthly kings. Historically, a donkey was a symbol of peace, and Jesus' choice to ride on a donkey instead of a horse underscores His mission as the Prince of Peace.

and laid their cloaks on them
The act of laying cloaks on the animals is a gesture of honor and respect. The Greek word "ἔθηκαν" (ethēkan) means to place or set. In ancient times, cloaks were valuable possessions, and laying them down was a sign of submission and reverence. This act by the disciples and the crowd signifies their recognition of Jesus' authority and their willingness to honor Him as King. It is reminiscent of the royal treatment given to Jehu in 2 Kings 9:13, where cloaks were spread under him as he was proclaimed king.

and Jesus sat on them
The phrase "Jesus sat on them" can be understood in the context of Jesus sitting on the cloaks placed on the donkey and the colt. The Greek word "ἐκάθισεν" (ekathisen) means to sit down or take a seat. This action fulfills the prophecy and symbolizes Jesus' rightful place as the Messiah and King. It is a moment of divine revelation, where Jesus publicly declares His identity and mission. The act of sitting also signifies authority and kingship, as Jesus takes His place as the sovereign ruler, not by force, but by divine right and fulfillment of Scripture.

A massive crowd
The phrase "a massive crowd" indicates the significant number of people present during this event. In the context of first-century Jerusalem, large gatherings were common during festivals, especially Passover. The Greek word used here, "ὄχλος" (ochlos), often refers to a multitude or a throng, emphasizing the widespread anticipation and excitement surrounding Jesus' entry into the city. This crowd likely consisted of pilgrims, locals, and followers of Jesus, all eager to witness what they believed could be the fulfillment of messianic prophecies.

spread their cloaks on the road
The act of spreading cloaks on the road is a gesture of honor and submission, reminiscent of royal processions. In ancient times, laying garments before someone was a sign of respect and recognition of authority. This act can be compared to the acknowledgment of a king, as seen in 2 Kings 9:13, where cloaks were laid before Jehu. The crowd's actions symbolically declare Jesus as a king, aligning with the messianic expectations of a deliverer who would restore Israel.

while others cut branches from the trees
The cutting of branches, particularly palm branches as noted in other Gospel accounts, is significant. Palms were symbols of victory and triumph in Jewish culture, often used in celebrations and processions. The Greek word "κλάδους" (kladous) refers to branches or twigs, indicating the people's desire to honor Jesus with whatever was available. This act reflects the joyous and hopeful anticipation of Jesus' role as a victorious leader.

and spread them on the road
By spreading branches on the road, the crowd creates a path of honor for Jesus. This action is reminiscent of ancient practices where roads were prepared for the arrival of a king or dignitary. The spreading of branches, along with cloaks, forms a makeshift royal carpet, symbolizing the people's recognition of Jesus' authority and their hope for deliverance. This moment is a profound expression of worship and expectation, as the people publicly declare their belief in Jesus as the promised Messiah.

The crowds that went ahead of Him and those that followed
This phrase captures the scene of Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem. The "crowds" signify the multitude of people who had gathered for the Passover festival, a time when Jerusalem was bustling with pilgrims. Historically, this event fulfills the prophecy of Zechariah 9:9, where the King comes humbly on a donkey. The people going "ahead" and "following" Jesus symbolize the widespread recognition and anticipation of the Messiah. This procession reflects the Jewish tradition of welcoming a king or a victorious leader, indicating the people's hope for deliverance.

were shouting
The act of "shouting" here is significant as it denotes a public and communal declaration of praise and recognition. In the original Greek, the word used is "κραζω" (krazo), which implies a loud, passionate cry. This is not a mere whisper of approval but a fervent acclamation, showing the intensity of the people's emotions and expectations. It reflects the Jewish custom of vocal praise during significant religious events, emphasizing the communal nature of worship and acknowledgment of Jesus' messianic role.

'Hosanna to the Son of David!'
"Hosanna" is a transliteration of the Hebrew phrase "הושיעה נא" (Hoshia Na), meaning "Save, please" or "Save now." Over time, it became an expression of praise and adoration. The title "Son of David" is a messianic title, acknowledging Jesus as the rightful heir to David's throne, fulfilling the covenant promise made to David in 2 Samuel 7:12-16. This phrase encapsulates the people's recognition of Jesus as the Messiah, the one who would bring salvation and restore the kingdom of Israel.

'Blessed is He who comes in the name of the Lord!'
This phrase is a direct quotation from Psalm 118:26, a psalm traditionally sung during the Passover. "Blessed" in this context means divinely favored or approved. "He who comes in the name of the Lord" signifies one who is sent by God, carrying divine authority and purpose. This acknowledgment by the crowd is a profound declaration of Jesus' divine mission and authority, aligning with the Jewish expectation of a deliverer sent by God.

'Hosanna in the highest!'
The repetition of "Hosanna" with the addition of "in the highest" elevates the praise to a heavenly level. It suggests that the call for salvation and the acknowledgment of Jesus' messianic role is not only earthly but also recognized in the heavenly realms. This phrase implies that the coming of Jesus is an event of cosmic significance, celebrated by both earthly and heavenly beings. It reflects the Christian belief in Jesus as the Savior of the world, whose mission is endorsed by God Himself.

When Jesus entered Jerusalem
The entry of Jesus into Jerusalem marks a pivotal moment in the Gospel narrative, often referred to as the Triumphal Entry. The Greek word for "entered" (εἰσῆλθεν, eisēlthen) signifies a purposeful and significant arrival. Jerusalem, the city of peace, holds profound historical and theological significance as the center of Jewish worship and the location of the Temple. Jesus' entry fulfills the prophecy of Zechariah 9:9, symbolizing the coming of the King in humility and peace. This moment is a culmination of His earthly ministry, setting the stage for the events of Holy Week.

the whole city was stirred
The phrase "was stirred" (ἐσείσθη, eseisthē) comes from the Greek root "σεισμός" (seismos), meaning to shake or quake, akin to an earthquake. This indicates not just a physical commotion but a deep, emotional and spiritual upheaval among the people. The entire city of Jerusalem, with its diverse population of Jews, Romans, and pilgrims, is moved by Jesus' presence. This stirring reflects the anticipation and tension surrounding Jesus' identity and mission, as well as the fulfillment of messianic expectations.

and asked, 'Who is this?'
The question "Who is this?" (Τίς ἐστιν οὗτος, Tis estin houtos) reveals the curiosity and confusion of the people. Despite Jesus' public ministry and miracles, many in Jerusalem are still uncertain about His true identity. This question echoes throughout the Gospel narratives, inviting readers to explore and understand who Jesus is. It challenges believers to recognize Jesus as the Messiah, the Son of God, and to respond to His call. The inquiry also highlights the contrast between those who recognize Jesus as the promised Savior and those who remain skeptical or indifferent.

The crowds replied
This phrase indicates a collective response from the people who were present during Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem. The term "crowds" suggests a large gathering, emphasizing the widespread recognition and excitement surrounding Jesus at this moment. Historically, during Passover, Jerusalem would swell with pilgrims, making the crowd's acknowledgment significant. The Greek word for "crowds" (ὄχλοι, ochloi) often refers to a multitude, highlighting the diverse group of people who were witnessing and participating in this event. Their unified reply underscores the impact Jesus had on various segments of society.

This is Jesus
The identification of Jesus by name is crucial. "Jesus" is the Greek form of the Hebrew name "Yeshua," meaning "Yahweh is salvation." This name is not only a personal identifier but also a declaration of His mission and purpose. In the context of the Gospels, the name "Jesus" is synonymous with His role as the Savior. The crowd's declaration here is both an acknowledgment of His identity and an unwitting prophecy of His salvific work.

the prophet
Referring to Jesus as "the prophet" connects Him to the long line of prophets in Israel's history. In Deuteronomy 18:15, Moses spoke of a prophet like himself whom God would raise up, and many Jews of Jesus' time were expecting this figure. By calling Jesus "the prophet," the crowd is recognizing Him as a significant spiritual leader and possibly the fulfillment of this prophecy. The Greek word "προφήτης" (prophētēs) implies one who speaks forth by divine inspiration, further affirming Jesus' role as God's spokesperson.

from Nazareth
Nazareth was a small, seemingly insignificant town in Galilee. By identifying Jesus as being "from Nazareth," the crowd is acknowledging His humble earthly origins. This detail fulfills the prophecy that the Messiah would be a "Nazarene" (Matthew 2:23). Despite its lack of prestige, Nazareth becomes a critical part of Jesus' identity, illustrating the theme of God using the humble and lowly to accomplish His purposes.

in Galilee
Galilee was a region known for its mixed population and distance from the religious epicenter of Jerusalem. By highlighting Jesus' Galilean origin, the crowd is pointing to His ministry's roots in a place often looked down upon by Judean Jews. This geographical reference underscores the inclusive nature of Jesus' ministry, reaching out to those on the margins of Jewish society. Galilee's reputation for producing revolutionary figures also adds a layer of expectation and tension to Jesus' identity as a prophet.

Then Jesus entered the temple courts
The phrase "Then Jesus entered" signifies a deliberate and purposeful action. The Greek word for "entered" is "εἰσῆλθεν" (eisēlthen), indicating a decisive movement into a significant space. The "temple courts" refer to the outer courts of the Temple in Jerusalem, known as the Court of the Gentiles. This was a place meant for prayer and worship, accessible to all, including non-Jews. Historically, the Temple was the center of Jewish religious life, and Jesus' entry into this sacred space underscores His authority and His mission to purify and restore true worship.

and drove out all who were buying and selling there
The act of "drove out" is translated from the Greek "ἐξέβαλεν" (exebalen), which conveys a forceful expulsion. This action reflects Jesus' righteous indignation against the commercialization of sacred space. The buying and selling within the temple courts had turned a place of prayer into a marketplace, corrupting its intended purpose. This phrase highlights the tension between religious practice and economic exploitation, a theme that resonates with the prophetic tradition of calling out injustice and corruption.

He overturned the tables of the money changers
"Overturned" comes from the Greek "κατέστρεψεν" (katestrepsen), meaning to turn upside down or destroy. The "tables of the money changers" were used for exchanging currency, necessary for pilgrims to pay the temple tax in the required Tyrian shekel. However, this practice had become exploitative. By overturning these tables, Jesus symbolically disrupts the economic systems that had perverted the worship of God. This act is a powerful demonstration of His authority and a call to return to genuine worship.

and the seats of those selling doves
The "seats" or "chairs" (Greek: καθέδρας, kathedras) of those selling doves were also overturned. Doves were the offerings of the poor, as prescribed in Leviticus 5:7. The sellers of doves were exploiting the poor, charging exorbitant prices for sacrificial animals. Jesus' action here is a defense of the marginalized and a critique of those who would profit from religious obligations. This phrase emphasizes Jesus' concern for justice and His protection of the vulnerable, aligning with His broader mission to bring good news to the poor and oppressed.

It is written
This phrase underscores the authority of Scripture in Jesus' teachings. The Greek term "γέγραπται" (gegraptai) is in the perfect tense, indicating a completed action with ongoing relevance. Jesus often used this phrase to affirm the enduring truth and divine authority of the Scriptures. By saying "It is written," Jesus connects His actions to the prophetic and legal traditions of the Old Testament, emphasizing that His mission is in fulfillment of God's revealed word.

He said to them
This phrase highlights Jesus' direct communication and authority. The Greek verb "λέγει" (legei) is in the present tense, suggesting a vivid and immediate action. Jesus is addressing the people in the temple with authority, confronting them directly. This direct address signifies the importance of His message and His role as a teacher and prophet.

'My house will be called a house of prayer.'
This quotation is from Isaiah 56:7, where God declares His temple to be a place for all nations to worship. The Greek word for "house" is "οἶκος" (oikos), which can mean both a physical building and a household or family. The temple was intended to be a sacred space for communion with God, emphasizing prayer as a central act of worship. The phrase "house of prayer" signifies the temple's intended purpose as a place of spiritual connection and devotion, open to all who seek God.

But you are making it
The contrast introduced by "but" (δέ, de) highlights the deviation from God's intended purpose. The Greek verb "ποιεῖτε" (poieite) is in the present tense, indicating an ongoing action. Jesus accuses the temple authorities and merchants of actively transforming the temple from a place of worship into something profane. This phrase underscores human responsibility and the consequences of straying from divine intentions.

'a den of robbers.'
This phrase is a reference to Jeremiah 7:11, where God condemns the people for turning His house into a place of corruption. The Greek word for "den" is "σπήλαιον" (spelaion), meaning a cave or hideout, and "robbers" is "λῃστῶν" (lēstōn), referring to bandits or thieves. The imagery suggests a place where wrongdoers gather, highlighting the moral and spiritual corruption present in the temple. This condemnation serves as a powerful critique of the religious leaders' failure to uphold the sanctity of God's house, turning it instead into a place of exploitation and injustice.

The blind and the lame
This phrase highlights the marginalized and vulnerable individuals in society during Jesus' time. In the Jewish context, the blind and the lame were often seen as ritually impure and were sometimes excluded from full participation in temple worship (Leviticus 21:17-23). The Greek words used here, "τυφλοί" (typhloi) for blind and "χωλοί" (chōloi) for lame, emphasize physical disabilities that were prevalent and visible. Jesus' ministry consistently focused on those who were marginalized, demonstrating His compassion and the inclusivity of the Kingdom of God. This act of healing signifies the breaking down of societal barriers and the restoration of individuals to community and worship.

came to Him
The phrase indicates an active movement towards Jesus, suggesting faith and hope in His power to heal. The Greek verb "προσῆλθον" (prosēlthon) implies an approach or coming near, which in the context of the temple, signifies a boldness and desperation for divine intervention. This movement towards Jesus is symbolic of the spiritual journey of faith, where individuals, recognizing their need, seek out the Savior. It reflects the openness of Jesus to receive all who come to Him, regardless of their physical or social status.

at the temple
The temple in Jerusalem was the center of Jewish religious life, a place of worship, sacrifice, and teaching. By performing miracles in the temple, Jesus asserts His authority and fulfills the prophetic vision of the temple as a house of prayer for all nations (Isaiah 56:7). The Greek term "ἱερῷ" (hierō) refers to the sacred precincts, emphasizing the holiness of the location. Jesus' actions in the temple challenge the existing religious structures and highlight the true purpose of the temple as a place of healing and restoration.

and He healed them
This phrase encapsulates the miraculous power and compassion of Jesus. The Greek word "ἐθεράπευσεν" (etherapeusen) is used for healing, which not only implies physical restoration but also carries connotations of service and care. Jesus' healing acts are signs of the in-breaking Kingdom of God, where physical ailments are addressed, and spiritual wholeness is offered. This healing is a foretaste of the ultimate restoration that Jesus brings, pointing to His identity as the Messiah and the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies concerning the coming of a healer and redeemer (Isaiah 35:5-6).

But when the chief priests and scribes
The "chief priests and scribes" were the religious leaders of the Jewish community, responsible for maintaining the temple's sanctity and interpreting the Law. Their presence in this narrative highlights the tension between Jesus and the established religious order. The Greek term for "chief priests" (ἀρχιερεῖς, archiereis) indicates those of high priestly rank, while "scribes" (γραμματεῖς, grammateis) were experts in the Law. Historically, these groups held significant power and influence, and their reaction to Jesus' actions and the children's praises reveals their spiritual blindness and resistance to the new covenant Jesus was establishing.

saw the wonders He performed
The "wonders" refer to the miraculous acts Jesus was performing, which were signs of His divine authority and messianic identity. The Greek word for "wonders" (θαυμάσια, thaumasia) suggests acts that inspire awe and amazement. These miracles were a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, demonstrating that Jesus was the promised Messiah. The religious leaders' inability to accept these signs reflects their hardened hearts and unwillingness to recognize God's work through Jesus.

and the children shouting in the temple courts
The "children" here are likely young boys, possibly those who had witnessed Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem. Their "shouting" (κράζοντας, krazontas) in the "temple courts" (ἱερῷ, hierō) signifies an uninhibited and genuine expression of praise. The temple, as the center of Jewish worship, was a place where God's presence was believed to dwell. The children's praises in this sacred space underscore the purity and sincerity of their faith, contrasting with the skepticism of the religious leaders.

'Hosanna to the Son of David,'
"Hosanna" (ὡσαννά, hōsanna) is a Hebrew expression meaning "save, please" or "save now," which had become a shout of praise and acclamation. "The Son of David" is a messianic title, acknowledging Jesus as the rightful heir to David's throne, fulfilling the covenant promises made to David. This phrase encapsulates the hope and expectation of the Jewish people for a deliverer. The children's use of this title for Jesus indicates their recognition of His messianic role, a truth that the religious leaders were unwilling to accept.

they were indignant
The "indignation" (ἠγανάκτησαν, ēganaktēsan) of the chief priests and scribes reveals their deep-seated anger and resentment. This reaction is rooted in their fear of losing authority and control over the people. Their indignation is not just a personal affront but a spiritual rejection of Jesus' identity and mission. This response highlights the tragic irony of the religious leaders, who, despite their knowledge of the Scriptures, failed to see the fulfillment of God's promises in Jesus. Their indignation serves as a cautionary reminder of the dangers of pride and spiritual blindness.

Do you hear what these children are saying?
In this phrase, the religious leaders are questioning Jesus about the praises being shouted by the children in the temple courts. The Greek word for "hear" is "akouō," which implies not just the act of hearing but also understanding and perceiving. The leaders are not merely asking if Jesus is aware of the noise; they are challenging the appropriateness of the children's acclamations. Historically, the temple was a place of solemnity and reverence, and the leaders were likely concerned about maintaining decorum. However, this question reveals their blindness to the true identity of Jesus and the fulfillment of prophecy occurring before their eyes.

Jesus replied, 'Yes, have you never read
Jesus' response begins with an affirmation, "Yes," acknowledging that He is fully aware of the children's praises. The phrase "have you never read" is a rhetorical question that Jesus often uses to challenge the religious leaders' understanding of Scripture. It implies that the answer to their question is found in the very Scriptures they claim to know so well. This phrase underscores the irony that those who are supposed to be experts in the Law are missing its fulfillment in Christ. It also highlights Jesus' authority in interpreting Scripture, positioning Him as the ultimate teacher and revealer of God's truth.

'From the mouths of children and infants
Here, Jesus quotes from Psalm 8:2, which in the Hebrew context speaks of God's strength being established through the praises of the weakest and most vulnerable—children and infants. The Greek word for "mouths" is "stoma," which can also mean speech or language. This emphasizes that God ordains praise from the most unexpected sources, demonstrating His power and wisdom. In the historical context of Jesus' time, children were not highly regarded in society, yet God chooses them to proclaim His truth. This phrase serves as a reminder that God's ways are not man's ways, and He often uses the humble and lowly to accomplish His purposes.

You have prepared praise?
The phrase "You have prepared praise" is a direct quotation from the Septuagint version of Psalm 8:2. The Greek word for "prepared" is "katartizō," which means to perfect, complete, or equip. This suggests that God has intentionally ordained and equipped even the simplest voices to declare His glory. In the scriptural context, this praise is not just spontaneous but divinely orchestrated. It points to the sovereignty of God in orchestrating events and using all creation to fulfill His divine plan. This phrase is a powerful reminder of the inclusivity of God's kingdom, where all, regardless of age or status, are called to worship and glorify Him.

Then He left them
This phrase marks a significant transition in the narrative. The Greek word for "left" is "ἀφίημι" (aphiēmi), which can mean to send away, leave, or let go. In this context, it signifies Jesus' deliberate decision to withdraw from the city of Jerusalem after a day of teaching and confrontation with the religious leaders. This action underscores His authority and control over His movements, choosing to leave the contentious environment to seek solitude and rest. It reflects a pattern in Jesus' ministry where He often withdrew to pray and recharge, emphasizing the importance of spiritual retreat and reflection.

and went out of the city
The act of going "out of the city" is symbolic of Jesus' separation from the religious and political hub of Jerusalem. Historically, Jerusalem was the center of Jewish worship and governance, and Jesus' departure from it can be seen as a foreshadowing of the coming judgment upon the city due to its rejection of Him. This movement also highlights the transient nature of Jesus' earthly ministry, as He often traveled from place to place, spreading His message and fulfilling His mission.

to Bethany
Bethany was a small village located about two miles east of Jerusalem, on the southeastern slope of the Mount of Olives. The name "Bethany" is derived from the Hebrew "Beth Anya," meaning "house of affliction" or "house of figs." This village holds significant importance in the Gospels as the home of Mary, Martha, and Lazarus, who were close friends of Jesus. Bethany served as a place of refuge and rest for Jesus, away from the hostility of Jerusalem. It symbolizes a place of hospitality and love, contrasting with the rejection He faced in the city.

where He spent the night
The phrase "spent the night" indicates that Jesus chose to rest in Bethany rather than stay in Jerusalem. The Greek word "αὐλίζομαι" (aulizomai) means to lodge or pass the night. This decision reflects Jesus' preference for the company of His friends and the peaceful environment of Bethany. It also suggests a strategic retreat, as Jesus often used the quiet of the night for prayer and communion with the Father. This action serves as a reminder of the importance of finding rest and solace in trusted relationships and places, especially during times of trial and opposition.

In the morning
This phrase sets the scene for the events that follow, indicating the time of day. Mornings in the biblical context often symbolize new beginnings and fresh starts. The Greek word for "morning" is "πρωΐ" (proi), which can also imply the early hours, a time of preparation and anticipation. In the context of Jesus' ministry, mornings often marked the start of significant teachings and actions. This particular morning follows Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem, a pivotal moment in His earthly ministry.

as Jesus was returning to the city
The city referred to here is Jerusalem, the spiritual and cultural heart of Israel. Jesus' return to the city signifies His continued mission and the fulfillment of His purpose. The Greek word "ἐπανῆλθεν" (epanēlthen) for "returning" suggests a deliberate and purposeful action. Jerusalem holds deep historical and theological significance as the site of the Temple, the center of Jewish worship, and the prophesied location of the Messiah's work. Jesus' movements in and out of the city during this period are laden with prophetic fulfillment and divine intention.

He was hungry
This phrase highlights Jesus' humanity, reminding us that He experienced physical needs just as we do. The Greek word "ἐπείνασεν" (epeinasen) for "was hungry" underscores His genuine human experience. This moment of hunger is not merely a physical state but also serves as a prelude to the teaching and symbolic act that follows with the fig tree. It reflects the reality of Jesus' incarnation, fully God yet fully man, experiencing the same bodily needs and limitations. This hunger also sets the stage for a deeper spiritual lesson about fruitfulness and faith, as Jesus uses His physical hunger to illustrate a profound spiritual truth.

Seeing a fig tree by the road
The fig tree is a significant symbol in the Bible, often representing Israel or the spiritual state of God's people. In the Greek, the word for "fig tree" is "συκῆ" (sykē), which is frequently used in the New Testament. The location "by the road" suggests accessibility and visibility, indicating that the tree was in a place where it should have been fruitful and beneficial to passersby. This setting underscores the expectation of fruitfulness in the lives of believers who are "visible" to the world.

He went up to it
This phrase indicates Jesus' intentional approach to the tree, symbolizing His examination of the spiritual state of Israel and, by extension, His followers. The Greek verb "ἦλθεν" (ēlthen) implies a purposeful action, reflecting how Christ actively seeks evidence of spiritual fruit in our lives. It is a reminder that Jesus is not passive but actively involved in assessing our spiritual health.

but found nothing on it except leaves
The presence of leaves without fruit is significant. In the context of a fig tree, leaves often indicate that fruit should be present. The Greek word "εὗρεν" (heuren) means "found," suggesting a search or inspection. This phrase highlights the discrepancy between appearance and reality, serving as a metaphor for hypocrisy or a lack of genuine faith. It challenges believers to ensure that their outward expressions of faith are matched by inward spiritual fruit.

So He said to it
Jesus' response to the fig tree is direct and authoritative. The Greek word "εἶπεν" (eipen) is used here, denoting a declaration or pronouncement. This action reflects the power of Christ's word, which can bring about immediate change. It serves as a reminder of the authority of Jesus' teachings and the importance of responding to His words with obedience and faith.

May you never bear fruit again
This pronouncement is both a judgment and a prophetic statement. The Greek phrase "Μηκέτι ἐκ σοῦ καρπὸς γένηται" (Mēketi ek sou karpos genētai) translates to a permanent cessation of fruitfulness. It serves as a sobering warning about the consequences of spiritual barrenness and the importance of bearing fruit in keeping with repentance. This statement emphasizes the seriousness with which God views spiritual fruitfulness.

And immediately the tree withered
The immediate withering of the tree is a powerful demonstration of Jesus' authority over creation. The Greek word "παραχρῆμα" (parachrēma) means "immediately," underscoring the swift and decisive nature of divine judgment. This miraculous event serves as a visual parable, illustrating the fate of those who fail to produce spiritual fruit. It is a call to self-examination and a reminder of the urgency of living a fruitful life in Christ.

When the disciples saw this
The phrase begins with the disciples, the close followers of Jesus, who are often depicted as learners in the Gospels. The Greek word for "disciples" is "μαθηταί" (mathētai), meaning learners or students. This highlights their role as observers and participants in Jesus' ministry, constantly learning from His actions and teachings. The context here is crucial; they have just witnessed Jesus cursing the fig tree, an act that serves as a powerful object lesson. The disciples' observation is not just physical but also spiritual, as they are being taught about faith and the consequences of spiritual barrenness.

they were amazed
The Greek word for "amazed" is "ἐθαύμασαν" (ethaumasan), which conveys a sense of wonder and astonishment. This reaction is significant because it shows the disciples' human nature and their struggle to fully comprehend the divine power and authority of Jesus. Their amazement reflects a moment of revelation, where the supernatural intersects with the natural, challenging their understanding and deepening their faith. This amazement is a common response to Jesus' miracles, underscoring His divine authority and the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies.

and asked
The act of asking indicates a desire to understand and learn. The Greek word "λέγοντες" (legontes) implies a continuous action, suggesting that the disciples were eager and perhaps even urgent in their questioning. This reflects a healthy spiritual curiosity and a willingness to seek deeper truths. In the context of discipleship, asking questions is a vital part of growth and understanding, demonstrating humility and a recognition of Jesus as the ultimate source of wisdom.

How did the fig tree wither so quickly?
The question posed by the disciples is both practical and theological. The fig tree, often symbolic of Israel in the Old Testament, represents fruitfulness and blessing. Its sudden withering is a dramatic illustration of judgment and the consequences of unfruitfulness. The Greek word for "wither" is "ἐξηράνθη" (exēranthē), which means to dry up or become barren. This imagery is powerful, serving as a warning against spiritual barrenness and a call to bear fruit in keeping with repentance. The adverb "so quickly" emphasizes the immediacy and completeness of the judgment, highlighting the authority of Jesus' words and the urgency of spiritual readiness.

Truly I tell you
This phrase is a translation of the Greek "ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν" (amēn legō hymin), which is often rendered as "verily" or "amen" in other translations. It is a solemn affirmation, underscoring the truth and importance of what follows. In the Jewish tradition, "amen" is a declaration of affirmation, and Jesus uses it to emphasize the certainty and authority of His words. This introduction sets the stage for a profound teaching on faith, highlighting the divine authority of Christ as He speaks to His disciples.

if you have faith
The Greek word for faith here is "πίστις" (pistis), which implies a deep trust and confidence in God. In the biblical context, faith is not merely intellectual assent but involves a relational trust in God's character and promises. This phrase challenges believers to cultivate a faith that is active and alive, rooted in the assurance of God's power and goodness. It calls for a faith that goes beyond mere belief to a dynamic trust that influences actions and decisions.

and do not doubt
"Doubt" is translated from the Greek "διακρίνω" (diakrinō), which means to waver or to be divided in one's mind. This word suggests an internal conflict or hesitation that undermines faith. In the scriptural context, doubt is often portrayed as a hindrance to experiencing the fullness of God's power and blessings. The call here is for a steadfast faith, one that is unwavering and fully committed to trusting in God's ability to accomplish the impossible.

not only will you do what was done to the fig tree
This phrase refers to the preceding event where Jesus cursed the fig tree, causing it to wither. The fig tree incident is symbolic of judgment and the consequences of fruitlessness. In this context, Jesus is teaching that faith has the power to effect change and bring about divine intervention. The reference to the fig tree serves as a tangible example of the authority and impact of faith in action.

but even if you say to this mountain
Mountains in biblical literature often symbolize obstacles or challenges. The phrase "this mountain" could refer to a literal mountain or metaphorically to any insurmountable problem. In Jewish thought, moving mountains was a proverbial expression for accomplishing something seemingly impossible. Jesus uses this imagery to illustrate the boundless potential of faith, encouraging believers to confront and overcome the formidable challenges they face.

‘Be lifted up and thrown into the sea,’
This vivid imagery underscores the miraculous possibilities available through faith. The sea, often representing chaos and the unknown, is a place where mountains do not belong. The command to move a mountain into the sea highlights the extraordinary nature of faith-driven actions. It suggests that faith can transcend natural laws and expectations, aligning with God's supernatural power to achieve the unimaginable.

it will happen
The assurance "it will happen" is a promise of certainty. This phrase emphasizes the reliability of God's response to genuine faith. It reflects the biblical principle that faith, when aligned with God's will, can lead to miraculous outcomes. This promise encourages believers to trust in God's faithfulness and to expect His intervention in their lives, reinforcing the transformative power of faith in the believer's journey.

If you believe
The phrase "If you believe" is foundational to the Christian faith, emphasizing the necessity of faith as a prerequisite for answered prayer. The Greek word for "believe" is "pisteuō," which implies trust, confidence, and reliance upon God. This belief is not merely intellectual assent but a deep-seated trust in God's character and promises. Historically, faith has been the cornerstone of the Christian experience, as seen in the lives of biblical figures like Abraham, whose faith was credited to him as righteousness (Genesis 15:6). In the context of Matthew 21, Jesus had just demonstrated His authority and power through the cursing of the fig tree, illustrating the potency of faith in action.

you will receive
The promise "you will receive" is a powerful assurance from Jesus, indicating the certainty of God's response to genuine faith. The Greek word "lambanō" is used here, meaning to take or receive. This suggests an active participation in the process of receiving God's blessings. The historical context of this promise is rooted in the Jewish understanding of God's faithfulness to His covenant people. Throughout Scripture, God is depicted as a generous giver, eager to bless those who earnestly seek Him. This assurance is not a blank check for selfish desires but a promise that aligns with God's will and purposes.

whatever you ask for
The phrase "whatever you ask for" highlights the breadth and scope of prayer. The Greek word "aiteō" means to ask, request, or petition. This implies a relationship where the believer approaches God with reverence and humility, presenting their needs and desires. In the historical context of the Bible, prayer was a vital part of daily life, a means of communication with God. The phrase encourages believers to bring all aspects of their lives before God, trusting in His wisdom and provision. It is important to note that "whatever" is not an endorsement of frivolous or ungodly requests but an invitation to align one's desires with God's will.

in prayer
The concluding phrase "in prayer" underscores the medium through which believers communicate with God. The Greek word "proseuchē" refers to prayer, supplication, or worship. Prayer is depicted throughout Scripture as a powerful tool for believers, a means of accessing God's presence and power. Historically, prayer has been central to the life of the church, from the early Christians who "devoted themselves to prayer" (Acts 2:42) to the present day. This phrase reminds believers that prayer is not a ritualistic duty but a dynamic interaction with the living God, who delights in hearing and answering the prayers of His people.

When Jesus returned to the temple courts
The phrase "when Jesus returned" indicates a deliberate action by Jesus, emphasizing His commitment to His mission. The "temple courts" were central to Jewish religious life, a place of teaching and worship. Historically, the temple was not only a religious center but also a symbol of Jewish identity and God's presence among His people. Jesus' return to this significant location underscores His authority and His role as the fulfillment of the Law and the Prophets.

and began to teach
Teaching was a central aspect of Jesus' ministry. The Greek word for "teach" is "didaskō," which implies not just imparting knowledge but also guiding and shaping the moral and spiritual lives of His listeners. Jesus' teaching in the temple courts highlights His role as the ultimate Rabbi, whose wisdom surpasses that of the religious leaders of the time.

the chief priests and elders of the people
The "chief priests and elders" were part of the Sanhedrin, the ruling council of the Jews. They were responsible for maintaining religious order and interpreting the Law. Their approach to Jesus reflects their concern over His growing influence and the challenge He posed to their authority. Historically, these leaders were often seen as protectors of tradition, yet they frequently missed the spirit of the Law in their adherence to its letter.

came up to Him
This phrase indicates a confrontation. The leaders approached Jesus with a sense of authority and expectation of deference. However, Jesus' response would reveal His divine authority, which transcends human institutions. This encounter sets the stage for a deeper revelation of who Jesus is.

'By what authority are You doing these things?'
The question of authority is central to this passage. The Greek word for "authority" is "exousia," which denotes power, right, and jurisdiction. The leaders were questioning Jesus' right to teach and perform miracles, challenging His legitimacy. This reflects a broader theme in the Gospels: the tension between human authority and divine authority.

'And who gave You this authority?'
This second question emphasizes the leaders' concern with the source of Jesus' power. In Jewish tradition, authority was often passed down through lineage or formal training. Jesus, however, derived His authority directly from God the Father, a concept that was difficult for the religious leaders to accept. This question invites readers to consider the divine origin of Jesus' mission and His unique relationship with the Father.

I will also ask you one question
In this phrase, Jesus employs a rabbinic method of teaching and debate, which was common in Jewish culture. The Greek word for "ask" here is "ἐρωτήσω" (erōtēsō), which implies a formal inquiry. This method of questioning was not merely for the sake of argument but was a way to lead the questioner to a deeper understanding. Jesus, as the master teacher, uses this technique to reveal the hearts and intentions of the religious leaders. It is a reminder that true wisdom often comes from asking the right questions rather than simply providing answers.

If you answer Me
The conditional "if" introduces a challenge to the religious leaders. The Greek word "ἀποκρίνω" (apokrinō) for "answer" suggests a response that is thoughtful and considered. Jesus is not merely seeking a verbal reply but a genuine engagement with the truth. This phrase underscores the importance of sincerity and integrity in our responses to divine inquiries. It is a call to self-examination and honesty before God.

I will tell you
Here, Jesus promises revelation contingent upon their response. The phrase "I will tell" in Greek is "ἐρῶ" (erō), indicating a future declaration. This highlights the principle that divine revelation is often contingent upon our willingness to engage with God’s questions. It suggests that understanding and insight are gifts given to those who earnestly seek and are open to the truth.

by what authority
The concept of "authority" is central to this passage. The Greek word "ἐξουσία" (exousia) denotes power, right, and jurisdiction. In the context of first-century Judaism, authority was a significant issue, especially concerning religious and spiritual matters. Jesus’ authority was constantly questioned by the religious leaders because it challenged their own. This phrase invites reflection on the source of true authority, which, from a Christian perspective, is ultimately divine and rooted in God’s sovereignty.

I am doing these things
The phrase "I am doing" comes from the Greek "ποιῶ" (poiō), which means to make or to do. It emphasizes the active and ongoing nature of Jesus’ ministry. "These things" refers to the actions and teachings of Jesus, including His miracles and His cleansing of the temple. This phrase challenges us to consider the works of Christ and their implications for our lives. It is a call to recognize the divine activity in the world and to respond to it with faith and obedience.

What was the source
This phrase invites us to consider the origin or authority behind an action or teaching. In the Greek, the word for "source" is "ἐκ" (ek), meaning "from" or "out of." This question challenges the listener to discern the divine or human origin of spiritual practices. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the foundation of our beliefs and actions, urging us to seek divine guidance and truth in all things.

of John’s baptism?
John the Baptist's ministry was pivotal in preparing the way for Jesus. The term "baptism" (Greek: "βάπτισμα," baptisma) refers to the ritual of purification and repentance. John's baptism symbolized a call to repentance and a return to God, setting the stage for the coming of Christ. Historically, baptism was a familiar practice in Jewish culture, often associated with ritual cleansing. John's baptism, however, was unique in its emphasis on repentance and the imminent arrival of the Messiah.

Was it from heaven
The phrase "from heaven" indicates divine origin or authority. In Jewish thought, "heaven" was often used as a reverent way to refer to God. This question challenges the religious leaders to recognize the divine endorsement of John's ministry. It underscores the belief that true spiritual authority and revelation come from God, not human invention. This invites believers to seek and recognize God's hand in the workings of the world and in the ministries of His servants.

or from men?
Contrasting "from heaven," this phrase suggests a human origin, implying something that lacks divine authority. The Greek word for "men" is "ἀνθρώπων" (anthrōpōn), which can refer to humanity in general. This part of the question exposes the potential for human traditions and teachings to be mistaken for divine truth. It serves as a caution to discern carefully between what is divinely inspired and what is merely human tradition, encouraging believers to align themselves with God's will rather than human expectations.

But if we say
This phrase introduces a hypothetical scenario, reflecting the internal deliberation of the religious leaders. The Greek word for "if" (ἐάν, ean) is a conditional particle, indicating a potential situation. This reflects the leaders' fear of public opinion and their lack of conviction, highlighting their political maneuvering rather than spiritual integrity.

‘From men,’
The phrase "from men" contrasts with "from heaven" (mentioned in the previous verse). It implies a human origin, lacking divine authority. The religious leaders are contemplating attributing John's baptism to mere human initiative, which would undermine its spiritual significance. This reflects their struggle to acknowledge divine intervention in John's ministry.

we are afraid of the people
The Greek word for "afraid" (φοβούμεθα, phoboumetha) indicates a fear that influences decision-making. The leaders' fear of the people reveals their awareness of public opinion and their desire to maintain their authority and status. This fear underscores their lack of genuine spiritual leadership and their prioritization of self-preservation over truth.

for they all regard John as a prophet
The term "prophet" (προφήτης, prophētēs) signifies one who speaks on behalf of God. The people's recognition of John as a prophet indicates their acknowledgment of his divine mission and message. This widespread belief among the populace places the religious leaders in a difficult position, as denying John's prophetic role would alienate them from the people and expose their spiritual blindness.

So they answered
This phrase indicates a response from the chief priests and elders. In the Greek, the word for "answered" is "apokrinomai," which implies a reply or response to a question or situation. This response is significant because it reflects the leaders' inability to commit to a stance regarding John the Baptist's authority. Their answer is not just a simple reply but a calculated response to avoid entrapment. Historically, this reflects the tension between Jesus and the religious authorities, who were often more concerned with maintaining their power and influence than seeking truth.

We do not know
The admission of ignorance here is strategic rather than genuine. The Greek phrase "ouk oidamen" translates to "we do not know," but it is laden with the weight of their unwillingness to acknowledge the truth. This phrase highlights their spiritual blindness and fear of the crowd, as they were aware that John was considered a prophet by the people. This moment is pivotal as it exposes their lack of spiritual insight and their failure to recognize divine authority, both in John and in Jesus.

And He said to them
Jesus' response is direct and authoritative. The phrase "He said" in Greek is "eipen," which is often used in the Gospels to denote Jesus' teaching or pronouncement. This sets the stage for Jesus to reveal the truth about their hearts. His response is not just a reaction but a teaching moment, illustrating His wisdom and authority. In the broader scriptural context, Jesus often uses such interactions to reveal deeper spiritual truths and to challenge the status quo.

Neither will I tell you
This phrase underscores Jesus' discernment and authority. The Greek "oude ego lego" translates to "neither will I tell," indicating a deliberate withholding of information. Jesus' refusal to answer their question is not out of spite but a demonstration of His understanding of their motives. It serves as a rebuke to their insincerity and a reminder that divine truth is not subject to human manipulation. This moment is a powerful testament to Jesus' wisdom and His ability to see through the pretense of the religious leaders.

by what authority I am doing these things
The question of authority is central to this passage. The Greek word for "authority" is "exousia," which denotes power, right, or jurisdiction. Jesus' authority comes from God, a point that the religious leaders are unwilling to accept. This phrase challenges the leaders' understanding of authority and highlights the divine origin of Jesus' mission. In the historical and scriptural context, this confrontation emphasizes the clash between human and divine authority, a recurring theme in Jesus' ministry. Jesus' actions and teachings consistently point to His divine mandate, which the religious leaders fail to recognize or accept.

But what do you think?
This phrase introduces a parable, inviting the listener to engage deeply with the forthcoming story. In the Greek, "τί δὲ ὑμῖν δοκεῖ;" (ti de hymin dokei?) is a rhetorical question that challenges the audience to reflect on their own understanding and judgment. Jesus often used questions to provoke thought and self-examination, encouraging His listeners to consider their own beliefs and actions in light of the truth He was about to reveal.

A man had two sons
The phrase sets the stage for a familial relationship, a common motif in Jesus' parables. The Greek word for "sons" is "υἱούς" (huious), which emphasizes the relational aspect and the expectation of obedience and honor within a family. In the cultural context of the time, sons were expected to carry on the family name and work, making their responses to their father's requests significant.

He went to the first and said
This action of the father approaching the first son highlights the initiative and authority of the father. The Greek verb "προσελθὼν" (proselthōn) implies a deliberate approach, indicating the father's active role in seeking a response from his son. This reflects God's initiative in reaching out to humanity, inviting us to respond to His call.

'Son, go and work today in the vineyard.'
The father's command is direct and clear, emphasizing the urgency and importance of the task. The vineyard is a common biblical symbol for Israel (Isaiah 5:1-7) and, by extension, God's kingdom. The Greek word for "work" is "ἐργάζου" (ergazou), which implies labor and effort, suggesting that participation in God's kingdom requires active engagement and commitment.

He answered, 'I will not,' but later he changed his mind and went
The initial refusal of the first son is a stark contrast to his eventual obedience. The Greek word for "changed his mind" is "μεταμεληθεὶς" (metamelētheis), which indicates a change of heart or repentance. This transformation underscores the theme of repentance and redemption, illustrating that true obedience is not about initial responses but about the ultimate decision to align with the father's will.

I will not
This phrase reflects a moment of defiance and rebellion. In the original Greek, the word used is "οὐ θέλω" (ou thelō), which translates to a strong negation of will or desire. This response is significant as it represents the initial rejection of authority and responsibility. In the context of the parable, it highlights the human tendency to resist divine instruction or parental guidance. Historically, this reflects the broader theme of Israel's initial rejection of God's prophets and commandments. The phrase serves as a reminder of the importance of humility and obedience in the Christian walk.

he answered
The Greek word for "answered" is "ἀποκριθεὶς" (apokritheis), which implies a response or reply. This indicates a moment of decision and interaction, where the son is consciously choosing to articulate his stance. In the biblical narrative, responses to God's call are pivotal, as they reveal the heart's condition. This word invites readers to reflect on their own responses to God's voice in their lives, encouraging a posture of attentiveness and readiness to engage with divine direction.

But later
The phrase "ὕστερον" (husteron) in Greek, meaning "afterward" or "later," signifies a change over time. This temporal shift is crucial as it introduces the concept of repentance and transformation. In the biblical context, it underscores the hope and possibility of change, even after initial resistance. This aligns with the Christian doctrine of grace, where God allows for redemption and renewal. The historical context of the early church, which saw many initially resistant individuals come to faith, mirrors this transformative journey.

he regretted it
The Greek term "μεταμεληθεὶς" (metameletheis) is used here, which conveys a sense of regret or remorse. This is not merely an emotional response but a cognitive realization of wrongdoing. In the scriptural context, this regret is a precursor to repentance, a fundamental aspect of Christian teaching. It emphasizes the importance of acknowledging one's mistakes and turning back to God. Theologically, it reflects the process of sanctification, where believers are continually being refined and corrected by the Holy Spirit.

and went
The action of going, "ἀπῆλθεν" (apēlthen) in Greek, signifies obedience and follow-through. This final phrase completes the transformation from defiance to compliance. It is a powerful testament to the change of heart that leads to action, embodying the biblical principle that faith without works is dead (James 2:26). In the historical context of the early Christian community, this would resonate as a call to live out one's faith through tangible actions. It serves as an inspirational reminder that true repentance is evidenced by a change in behavior, aligning one's actions with God's will.

Then the man went to the second son
This phrase introduces the second part of the parable, emphasizing the father's consistent approach to both sons. The Greek word for "man" here is "anthrōpos," which can denote a human being or, in this context, a father figure representing God. The father's approach to the second son mirrors his approach to the first, highlighting God's impartiality and fairness in His dealings with humanity. Historically, this reflects the Jewish understanding of God as a just and equitable Father, who offers the same opportunities for obedience and service to all His children.

and told him the same thing
The repetition of the father's request underscores the uniformity of God's call to His people. The Greek word "autos" (same) signifies that God's expectations do not change based on the individual; His commandments and desires are consistent. This reflects the scriptural truth that God's Word is unchanging and applicable to all, as seen throughout the Bible. The historical context here is the Jewish tradition of oral teaching, where repetition was a key method for ensuring understanding and compliance.

'I will, sir,' he said
The second son's response is outwardly respectful and compliant. The Greek word "kyrie" (sir) is a term of respect, indicating acknowledgment of authority. This phrase highlights the importance of verbal assent and the appearance of obedience. However, it also sets the stage for the contrast between words and actions. In a conservative Christian perspective, this serves as a warning against mere lip service to God, emphasizing that true obedience is demonstrated through actions, not just words.

But he did not go
This phrase reveals the crux of the parable's message: the disparity between intention and action. The Greek word "ouk" (not) is a strong negation, underscoring the son's failure to follow through on his promise. This reflects a common biblical theme where actions speak louder than words, as seen in James 2:17, "faith by itself, if it does not result in action, is dead." Historically, this would resonate with Jesus' audience, who were familiar with the religious leaders of the time, often criticized for their hypocrisy. The conservative Christian perspective sees this as a call to genuine faith and obedience, where one's actions align with their professed beliefs.

Which of the two
This phrase sets the stage for a comparison, a common teaching method used by Jesus. The Greek word for "which" (τίς) invites the listener to discern and judge, emphasizing personal responsibility in understanding and applying Jesus' teachings. The "two" refers to the sons in the preceding parable, symbolizing different responses to God's call.

did the will
The Greek word for "will" (θέλημα) implies a desire or intention, often used in the New Testament to denote God's sovereign plan. To "do the will" of the father is to align one's actions with divine purpose, highlighting obedience as a key theme in Jesus' teachings.

of his father
The term "father" (πατήρ) is central to Jesus' parables, representing God. This familial language underscores the intimate relationship God desires with His people, contrasting with the distant, transactional nature of religious legalism.

The first
The response "The first" acknowledges the son who initially refused but later repented and obeyed. This highlights the importance of repentance and action over mere words, a recurring theme in Jesus' ministry.

they answered
The religious leaders' response reveals their understanding of the parable's logic, yet their failure to apply it to themselves. This moment of self-condemnation is a powerful example of how knowledge without application leads to spiritual blindness.

Jesus said to them
Jesus' direct address signifies a moment of teaching and correction. His authority is evident, as He often uses such moments to reveal deeper truths about the kingdom of God.

Truly I tell you
The phrase "Truly I tell you" (ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν) is a solemn affirmation, used by Jesus to emphasize the certainty and importance of His statement. It demands attention and underscores the gravity of the message.

the tax collectors and prostitutes
These groups were considered social and religious outcasts in Jewish society. By mentioning them, Jesus challenges societal norms and highlights God's grace and mercy, which extend to all who repent, regardless of their past.

are entering the kingdom of God
The present tense "are entering" indicates an ongoing process, emphasizing the immediacy of God's kingdom. It underscores the transformative power of repentance and faith, which grants access to God's reign.

before you
This phrase serves as a rebuke to the religious leaders, who prided themselves on their righteousness. It warns against self-righteousness and highlights the danger of missing God's kingdom due to pride and unbelief. Jesus' words call for humility and a reevaluation of one's standing before God.

For John came to you
This phrase refers to John the Baptist, a pivotal figure in the New Testament who prepared the way for Jesus Christ. The Greek word for "came" (ἦλθεν, ēlthen) implies a purposeful arrival, indicating that John's mission was divinely ordained. Historically, John was a prophet who called for repentance and baptized many, including Jesus. His coming was a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, such as Isaiah 40:3, which speaks of a voice crying in the wilderness. John's arrival was a significant event, marking the transition from the Old Covenant to the New.

in the way of righteousness
The "way of righteousness" signifies a path or manner of living that aligns with God's will. The Greek word for "way" (ὁδῷ, hodō) can also mean a road or journey, suggesting that John's life and message were a journey towards divine truth and moral integrity. Righteousness (δικαιοσύνης, dikaiosynēs) in this context refers to living in accordance with God's standards. John exemplified this through his ascetic lifestyle and his call for ethical reform, urging people to turn from sin and prepare for the coming Messiah.

and you did not believe him
This phrase addresses the religious leaders and people of Israel who rejected John's message. The Greek word for "believe" (ἐπιστεύσατε, episteusate) implies trust and faith. Despite John's clear message and prophetic authority, many did not place their faith in him. This disbelief is a recurring theme in the Gospels, highlighting the spiritual blindness and hardness of heart that prevented many from recognizing God's work through John and, subsequently, Jesus.

but the tax collectors and prostitutes did
This statement underscores the radical nature of the Gospel, which reaches out to those marginalized by society. Tax collectors and prostitutes were considered sinners and outcasts in Jewish society. The Greek word for "tax collectors" (τελῶναι, telōnai) and "prostitutes" (πόρναι, pornai) represent those who were often despised and rejected. Yet, these individuals responded to John's call for repentance, demonstrating that God's grace is available to all, regardless of social status or past sins. This reversal of expectations is a powerful testament to the transformative power of the Gospel.

And even after you saw this
This phrase highlights the accountability of those who witnessed the transformation in the lives of the tax collectors and prostitutes. The Greek word for "saw" (ἰδόντες, idontes) implies not just physical sight but also understanding and perception. The religious leaders had the opportunity to witness the fruits of repentance and the authenticity of John's ministry, yet they remained unmoved. This serves as a warning against spiritual complacency and the danger of ignoring God's work in the world.

you did not repent and believe him
The call to "repent" (μετεμελήθητε, metemelēthēte) involves a change of mind and heart, turning away from sin and towards God. The Greek word for "believe" (ἐπιστεύσατε, episteusate) is repeated here, emphasizing the necessity of faith. Despite the evidence of transformed lives and the fulfillment of prophecy, the religious leaders refused to change their ways or place their trust in John's message. This refusal to repent and believe is a central theme in the Gospels, illustrating the tragic consequences of rejecting God's invitation to salvation.

Listen to another parable
The word "listen" in Greek is "ἀκούω" (akouō), which implies not just hearing but understanding and internalizing the message. Jesus often used parables, a teaching method that conveys profound truths through simple stories. This introduction signals the importance of the message and invites the audience to engage deeply with the spiritual truths being presented.

There was a landowner
The "landowner" represents God, the Creator and Sustainer of all things. In the context of the parable, the landowner's actions reflect God's providence and care. The Greek term "οἰκοδεσπότης" (oikodespotēs) suggests authority and responsibility, emphasizing God's sovereign rule over His creation.

who planted a vineyard
The "vineyard" is a metaphor for Israel, God's chosen people, as seen in Isaiah 5:1-7. The act of planting signifies God's intentional and loving establishment of His people, providing them with everything necessary for growth and fruitfulness. The vineyard symbolizes the blessings and responsibilities given to Israel.

He put a wall around it
The "wall" represents God's protection and the boundaries set by His law. In ancient times, walls were essential for safeguarding vineyards from wild animals and thieves. Spiritually, this signifies God's commandments and statutes, which are designed to protect and preserve His people.

dug a winepress in it
The "winepress" is a symbol of the expectation of fruitfulness and productivity. In the spiritual sense, God desires His people to produce the fruits of righteousness and justice. The winepress also alludes to the process of transformation and the joy that comes from fulfilling God's purposes.

and built a watchtower
The "watchtower" signifies vigilance and oversight. It was used to guard the vineyard against intruders. Spiritually, it represents the prophets and leaders God sent to guide and protect His people. It underscores the importance of spiritual watchfulness and accountability.

Then he rented it out to some tenants
The "tenants" symbolize the religious leaders of Israel, who were entrusted with the care and spiritual leadership of God's people. The Greek word "γεωργοῖς" (geōrgois) implies laborers or farmers, indicating their responsibility to cultivate and nurture the vineyard.

and went away on a journey
The "journey" suggests a period of testing and trust. God, while always present, allows His people the freedom to exercise their stewardship. This phrase highlights the expectation of faithfulness and the eventual accountability that comes with the return of the landowner.

When the harvest time drew near
This phrase sets the stage for the parable of the tenants, illustrating a critical moment of expectation and fulfillment. The Greek word for "harvest" (θερισμός, therismos) signifies not just the physical gathering of crops but also a time of reckoning and judgment. In the biblical context, harvest often symbolizes the end of an age or a divine assessment of human actions. Historically, harvest time was a period of great anticipation and labor, reflecting the culmination of a season's work. Spiritually, it reminds believers of the eventual return of Christ and the final judgment, urging readiness and faithfulness.

he sent his servants
The "he" in this context refers to the landowner, symbolizing God. The act of sending servants (δοῦλοι, douloi) is significant, as it represents the prophets and messengers God sent to Israel throughout history. These servants were tasked with calling the people back to faithfulness and righteousness. The sending of servants underscores God's persistent and patient outreach to humanity, despite repeated rejections. It highlights the divine initiative in seeking reconciliation with His people, emphasizing God's grace and mercy.

to the tenants
The "tenants" (γεωργοί, geōrgoi) in the parable represent the leaders of Israel, particularly the religious authorities who were entrusted with the care of God's vineyard, symbolizing His people. This imagery draws from Isaiah 5, where Israel is depicted as a vineyard. The tenants' role was to cultivate and produce fruit, reflecting the responsibility of spiritual leaders to guide and nurture the faith community. Historically, this points to the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where the leaders were expected to lead the people in obedience and worship.

to collect his share of the fruit
The "fruit" (καρπός, karpos) signifies the spiritual and moral outcomes expected from God's people. In a broader sense, it represents the fruits of righteousness, justice, and faithfulness that God desires. The collection of fruit implies accountability and stewardship, reminding believers that they are to bear fruit in keeping with repentance (Matthew 3:8). This phrase challenges Christians to examine their lives for evidence of spiritual growth and alignment with God's will. It also serves as a reminder of the ultimate accountability before God, who rightfully seeks the fruits of His investment in our lives.

But the tenants
The term "tenants" refers to those who were entrusted with the care of the vineyard. In the context of this parable, the tenants symbolize the religious leaders of Israel who were given the responsibility to lead and nurture God's people. The Greek word used here is "γεωργοί" (geōrgoi), which literally means "farmers" or "husbandmen." This highlights their role as caretakers, yet they failed in their duty, representing a broader theme of stewardship and accountability before God.

seized his servants
The act of seizing indicates a forceful and aggressive action. The Greek word "λαβόντες" (labontes) suggests taking hold of something with intent. In the historical context, the "servants" represent the prophets sent by God to call Israel back to faithfulness. This phrase underscores the recurring rejection and mistreatment of God's messengers throughout Israel's history, as seen in the Old Testament narratives.

They beat one
The word "beat" comes from the Greek "ἔδειραν" (edeiran), which implies a severe physical assault. This reflects the harsh treatment and persecution faced by many prophets, such as Jeremiah and Zechariah, who were often met with hostility for delivering God's messages. It serves as a reminder of the cost of prophetic ministry and the resistance to divine truth.

killed another
The escalation from beating to killing signifies the increasing severity of the tenants' rebellion. The Greek word "ἀπέκτειναν" (apekteinan) means to put to death. This phrase echoes the martyrdom of prophets like Isaiah and John the Baptist, illustrating the ultimate rejection of God's call to repentance and righteousness.

and stoned a third
Stoning was a common method of execution in ancient Israel, often reserved for those deemed guilty of blasphemy or severe transgressions. The Greek "ἐλιθοβόλησαν" (elithobolēsan) indicates a communal act of judgment. This phrase highlights the collective rejection and condemnation of God's messengers, foreshadowing the treatment of Jesus Himself. It serves as a sobering reminder of the hardness of heart that can lead to the rejection of God's grace and truth.

Again
The use of "again" signifies repetition and persistence. In the Greek, the word is "πάλιν" (palin), which indicates a repeated action. This reflects God's enduring patience and relentless pursuit of His people, despite their repeated rejections. It is a testament to His grace and mercy, continually offering opportunities for repentance and reconciliation.

he sent
The phrase "he sent" underscores the initiative and authority of the landowner, representing God. The Greek word "ἀπέστειλεν" (apesteilen) is derived from "apostellō," meaning to send forth with a purpose. This highlights God's proactive engagement with humanity, sending His messengers to convey His will and call for righteousness.

other servants
"Other servants" indicates a new group of messengers, symbolizing the prophets and leaders God sent throughout history. The Greek "ἄλλους" (allous) suggests a different set, emphasizing the diversity and continuity of God's messengers. This reflects the historical context of Israel's repeated rejection of prophets, as seen throughout the Old Testament.

more than the first
This phrase, "more than the first," suggests an increase in number and perhaps in significance or authority. The Greek "πλείονες" (pleiones) means more numerous, indicating God's escalating efforts to reach His people. It reflects the increasing urgency and importance of the message being delivered, as God intensifies His attempts to guide His people back to Him.

but the tenants
The "tenants" represent the religious leaders and people of Israel who were entrusted with God's vineyard, His kingdom. The Greek "γεωργοὶ" (geōrgoi) refers to those who work the land, symbolizing their responsibility to cultivate and care for what God has entrusted to them. Historically, this reflects the leaders' failure to fulfill their covenantal duties.

did the same to them
This phrase, "did the same to them," indicates a repeated pattern of behavior. The Greek "ὡσαύτως" (hōsautōs) means likewise or in the same manner, highlighting the tenants' consistent rejection and mistreatment of God's messengers. This mirrors the historical pattern of Israel's resistance to prophetic voices, culminating in the ultimate rejection of Jesus Himself.

Finally
The word "finally" indicates the culmination of a series of actions. In the context of the parable of the tenants, it signifies the last and most significant attempt by the landowner to reach out to the tenants. This word underscores the patience and long-suffering nature of God, who, throughout history, has made numerous attempts to reach humanity through prophets and messengers. The Greek word used here, "ὕστερον" (hysteron), implies a finality and a decisive moment in God's redemptive plan.

he sent his son
This phrase is central to the Christian understanding of Jesus as the Son of God. The act of sending the son represents the ultimate expression of the landowner's (God's) love and authority. In the historical context, this reflects the Jewish expectation of a Messiah, a divine figure who would come to restore Israel. The Greek word for "sent," "ἀπέστειλεν" (apesteilen), is the same root used for "apostle," indicating a mission or purpose. This highlights the intentionality and significance of Jesus' mission on earth.

to them
The phrase "to them" refers to the tenants, symbolizing the religious leaders of Israel. This highlights the direct and personal nature of God's outreach to His people. The historical context here is crucial, as it reflects the tension between Jesus and the religious authorities of His time. The message is clear: God's revelation is not abstract but directed towards specific individuals and communities, calling them to accountability and relationship.

‘They will respect my son,’ he said
This statement reflects the hope and expectation of the landowner that the tenants will honor his son. The Greek word for "respect," "ἐντραπήσονται" (entrapēsontai), carries the connotation of reverence and acknowledgment of authority. In the broader biblical narrative, this expectation is tragically unmet, as the religious leaders ultimately reject and crucify Jesus. This serves as a poignant reminder of humanity's tendency to reject divine authority and the call to repentance and faith. The historical and scriptural context here is rich with prophetic fulfillment, as Jesus' rejection was foretold in the Old Testament, yet it also opens the door to the hope of redemption through His sacrifice.

“But when the tenants saw the son”
This phrase introduces the pivotal moment in the parable of the wicked tenants. The "tenants" represent the religious leaders of Israel, who were entrusted with the care of God's people. The Greek word for "saw" (εἶδον, eidon) implies more than just physical sight; it suggests perception and understanding. The tenants recognize the son, which indicates their awareness of his identity and authority. Historically, this reflects the Jewish leaders' recognition of Jesus' claims and the threat He posed to their power.

“they said to one another”
This phrase indicates a deliberate and collective decision-making process among the tenants. The Greek word for "said" (εἶπαν, eipan) is often used to denote a significant declaration or plan. The tenants' conspiracy reflects the historical reality of the religious leaders' plots against Jesus. It underscores the premeditated nature of their rejection and hostility, which is a recurring theme in the Gospels.

“This is the heir”
The term "heir" (κληρονόμος, klēronomos) is crucial, as it signifies the son’s legal right to inherit the vineyard, symbolizing God's kingdom. In a Jewish context, the heir held a position of honor and authority. The tenants' acknowledgment of the son as the heir highlights their understanding of Jesus' divine authority and messianic role. This recognition makes their subsequent actions even more egregious, as they knowingly reject the one whom God has appointed.

“Come, let us kill him”
This phrase reveals the tenants' malicious intent and willingness to commit murder to achieve their goals. The imperative "come" (δεῦτε, deute) is an invitation to action, indicating urgency and determination. The historical context reflects the increasing hostility of the religious leaders towards Jesus, culminating in their plot to kill Him. This mirrors the broader biblical narrative of humanity's rebellion against God and His anointed.

“and take his inheritance.”
The desire to "take his inheritance" (κατασχῶμεν τὴν κληρονομίαν, kataschōmen tēn klēronomian) reveals the tenants' greed and ambition. The Greek verb "take" (κατασχῶμεν, kataschōmen) implies seizing or possessing by force. This reflects the religious leaders' desire to maintain control over the religious and political life of Israel, rejecting God's rightful rule through His Son. Theologically, it underscores the futility of human attempts to usurp divine authority, as God's purposes ultimately prevail.

So they seized him
This phrase marks the beginning of a climactic moment in the parable of the wicked tenants. The Greek word for "seized" is "κρατέω" (krateo), which implies a forceful and authoritative action. In the context of the parable, this action represents the tenants' blatant rejection of the landowner's authority. Historically, this reflects the religious leaders' rejection of the prophets and, ultimately, Jesus Himself. The act of seizing is a metaphor for the spiritual rebellion against God's messengers.

and threw him out of the vineyard
The act of throwing the son out of the vineyard signifies a complete and utter rejection. The vineyard, often a symbol for Israel (as seen in Isaiah 5), represents God's chosen people and His kingdom. The Greek word "ἐκβάλλω" (ekballo) for "threw" suggests a violent expulsion. This action foreshadows Jesus being cast out of Jerusalem and crucified outside the city walls, highlighting the rejection by the very people He came to save.

and killed him
The culmination of the tenants' rebellion is the murder of the son, which is a direct prophecy of Jesus' crucifixion. The Greek word "ἀποκτείνω" (apokteino) for "killed" is used to describe a deliberate and premeditated act of murder. This reflects the ultimate rejection of Jesus as the Messiah by the religious leaders. Historically, this act is the fulfillment of the Old Testament prophecies regarding the suffering servant (Isaiah 53). It underscores the gravity of sin and the extent of God's love, as He sent His Son knowing He would be rejected and killed.

Therefore, when the owner of the vineyard comes, what will he do to those tenants?
Therefore
This word serves as a conclusion to the parable Jesus has been telling. In Greek, "οὖν" (oun) is often used to draw a logical conclusion from the preceding narrative. It signals to the listener that a significant point is about to be made, urging them to reflect on the story's implications. In the context of Matthew 21, Jesus is leading His audience to consider the consequences of the tenants' actions, which is a metaphor for the religious leaders' rejection of God's messengers.

when the owner of the vineyard comes
The "owner" in Greek is "κύριος" (kyrios), meaning lord or master, which in this parable represents God. The "vineyard" is a common biblical symbol for Israel, as seen in Isaiah 5:1-7. The imagery of the owner coming suggests divine intervention and judgment. Historically, vineyards were valuable and required careful management, symbolizing God's care and expectations for His people. The coming of the owner implies a time of reckoning, aligning with the prophetic tradition of God visiting His people to assess their faithfulness.

what will he do to those tenants?
The "tenants" are the religious leaders of Israel, entrusted with the care of God's people. The Greek word "γεωργοί" (georgoi) refers to farmers or husbandmen, indicating those who work the land. In the parable, these tenants have acted wickedly, rejecting and killing the servants (prophets) and the son (Jesus) sent by the owner. This question is rhetorical, inviting the audience to acknowledge the justice of the owner's response. It underscores the theme of accountability and the inevitable consequences of rejecting God's messengers. The historical context of tenant farming in ancient Palestine, where landowners often lived far away and relied on tenants to manage their property, adds depth to the parable, highlighting the tenants' betrayal and the owner's rightful expectation of loyalty and fruitfulness.

He will bring those wretches to a wretched end
This phrase is a response from the listeners of Jesus' parable, reflecting a common understanding of justice. The Greek word for "wretches" (κακοὺς) implies moral wickedness and evil. The repetition of the root word in "wretched end" (κακῶς) emphasizes the fitting nature of the punishment for their actions. Historically, this reflects the Jewish understanding of divine justice, where evil deeds lead to destruction, aligning with the Old Testament principle of reaping what one sows (Galatians 6:7).

they replied
The response is from the religious leaders and others listening to Jesus. Their reply shows they understood the parable's message, even if they did not initially realize it was directed at them. This interaction highlights the tension between Jesus and the religious authorities, who often failed to recognize their own spiritual blindness and hypocrisy.

‘and he will rent the vineyard to other tenants
The "vineyard" is a metaphor for Israel, a common image in the Old Testament (Isaiah 5:1-7). The "other tenants" symbolize the inclusion of Gentiles and the faithful remnant of Israel who would accept Jesus as the Messiah. This reflects the shift in God's redemptive plan, where the Kingdom of God is opened to all who believe, not just ethnic Israel.

who will give him his share of the fruit at harvest time.’
The "fruit" represents the spiritual produce expected from God's people, such as justice, mercy, and faithfulness. "Harvest time" signifies the time of judgment or fulfillment of God's promises. This phrase underscores the expectation that God's people should bear fruit in keeping with repentance (Matthew 3:8), and it foreshadows the coming judgment on those who fail to do so.

Jesus said to them
This phrase introduces the speaker, Jesus, who is central to the Christian faith as the Son of God and the Messiah. In the context of Matthew 21, Jesus is addressing the religious leaders of His time. The authority of Jesus is emphasized here, as He speaks with divine wisdom and insight. The Greek word for "said" is "λέγω" (legō), which implies a declaration or proclamation, underscoring the importance of His words.

Have you never read
This rhetorical question challenges the religious leaders' understanding of the Scriptures. Jesus often used this phrase to point out their lack of true comprehension despite their familiarity with the text. The Greek word for "read" is "ἀναγινώσκω" (anaginōskō), which means to know accurately or to recognize. It suggests that reading Scripture should lead to deeper understanding and transformation.

‘The stone the builders rejected
This phrase refers to Psalm 118:22, a messianic prophecy. The "stone" symbolizes Jesus Himself, and the "builders" represent the religious leaders who failed to recognize His messianic role. The Greek word for "rejected" is "ἀποδοκιμάζω" (apodokimazō), meaning to disapprove or repudiate. Historically, stones were carefully selected for construction, and a rejected stone was deemed unfit. This imagery highlights the leaders' grave error in dismissing Jesus.

has become the cornerstone
The "cornerstone" is the most crucial stone in a building's foundation, ensuring stability and alignment. In Greek, "κεφαλή γωνίας" (kephalē gōnias) is used, indicating the head or chief cornerstone. This transformation from rejected stone to cornerstone signifies Jesus' exaltation and essential role in God's redemptive plan. It reflects the divine reversal where what was dismissed by man is honored by God.

This is from the Lord
This phrase acknowledges God's sovereignty and divine orchestration. The Greek word "παρά" (para) implies origin or source, indicating that this outcome is God's doing. It reassures believers that God's purposes prevail despite human opposition. The historical context of Israel's reliance on God's intervention reinforces the message of divine providence.

and it is marvelous in our eyes’?
The word "marvelous" in Greek is "θαυμαστός" (thaumastos), meaning wonderful or astonishing. This phrase invites reflection on the awe-inspiring nature of God's work. The transformation of the rejected stone into the cornerstone is a testament to God's power and wisdom. It encourages believers to view God's actions with wonder and gratitude, recognizing His hand in the unfolding of history and personal lives.

Therefore I tell you
This phrase signifies a direct and authoritative statement from Jesus. The Greek word for "therefore" (διὰ τοῦτο, dia touto) connects this verse to the preceding parable of the tenants, emphasizing the consequence of Israel's leaders rejecting Jesus. "I tell you" (λέγω ὑμῖν, legō hymin) underscores Jesus' role as a prophet and divine teacher, whose words carry the weight of God's truth. This introduction sets the stage for a significant pronouncement, demanding the listener's attention and reflection.

the kingdom of God
The "kingdom of God" (ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ, hē basileia tou Theou) is a central theme in Jesus' teachings, representing God's sovereign rule and the realm where His will is fulfilled. Historically, this concept was anticipated by the Jewish people as a future, earthly reign of God. However, Jesus redefines it as both a present reality and a future hope, accessible through faith and obedience. The kingdom is not merely a physical territory but a spiritual dominion where God's authority is recognized and His purposes are realized.

will be taken away from you
This phrase is a sobering declaration of judgment. The Greek verb "taken away" (ἀρθήσεται, arthēsetai) implies removal or deprivation. Jesus addresses the religious leaders of Israel, who were entrusted with God's covenant and promises. Their failure to recognize and accept Jesus as the Messiah results in the loss of their privileged position. This serves as a warning about the consequences of unbelief and disobedience, highlighting the seriousness of rejecting God's provision and grace.

and given to a people
The transfer of the kingdom "to a people" (ἔθνει, ethnē) signifies a shift in God's redemptive plan. The term "people" can be understood as "nation" or "ethnic group," but in this context, it refers to a new community of believers, transcending ethnic and cultural boundaries. This aligns with the early church's mission to include Gentiles, fulfilling God's promise to bless all nations through Abraham's seed. It underscores the inclusivity of the gospel and the formation of a diverse, unified body of Christ.

who will produce its fruit
The phrase "produce its fruit" (ποιοῦντι τοὺς καρποὺς αὐτῆς, poiounti tous karpous autēs) emphasizes the expectation of tangible results from those who belong to God's kingdom. Fruitfulness is a recurring biblical metaphor for spiritual growth, obedience, and the manifestation of God's character. This expectation reflects the parable's theme, where the tenants' failure to yield fruit led to their judgment. It challenges believers to live lives that reflect God's righteousness, bearing witness to His transformative power.

He who falls on this stone
The "stone" here is a metaphor for Jesus Christ, the cornerstone rejected by the builders, as referenced earlier in Matthew 21:42. The Greek word for "stone" is "lithos," which often signifies a building block. In the context of Jesus' ministry, He is the foundational stone of faith. To "fall on this stone" implies encountering Christ and His teachings. Historically, those who stumbled over Jesus' message, such as the Pharisees and other religious leaders, found themselves spiritually broken, unable to reconcile their rigid traditions with the transformative message of the Gospel.

will be broken to pieces
The phrase "broken to pieces" suggests a shattering or a humbling experience. The Greek word "sunthlao" conveys a sense of being dashed or crushed. Spiritually, this breaking is not necessarily destructive but can be seen as a necessary humbling or breaking of pride. For those who encounter Christ and recognize their own insufficiency, this breaking can lead to repentance and transformation. Historically, many who initially opposed Jesus later became His followers, illustrating the redemptive potential of being "broken."

but he on whom it falls
This part of the verse shifts the imagery from an active stumbling to a passive receiving of judgment. The stone falling on someone indicates a decisive act of divine judgment. The Greek word "epipipto" means to fall upon or to strike. In the broader biblical narrative, this reflects the ultimate judgment that comes upon those who reject Christ entirely. The imagery is stark, emphasizing the seriousness of rejecting the cornerstone.

will be crushed
The word "crushed" comes from the Greek "likmao," meaning to grind to powder. This is a severe and final judgment, contrasting with the earlier "broken to pieces." While being broken can lead to restoration, being crushed implies a complete and irreversible judgment. In a historical context, this can be seen in the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70, a tangible consequence for the nation that rejected its Messiah. Spiritually, it serves as a warning of the eternal consequences of rejecting Christ's salvation.

When the chief priests and Pharisees
This phrase identifies the religious leaders of the Jewish community during Jesus' time. The "chief priests" were part of the temple hierarchy, responsible for maintaining the temple's sanctity and overseeing sacrifices. The "Pharisees" were a sect known for their strict adherence to the Law and traditions. Historically, these groups held significant influence over Jewish religious life and were often at odds with Jesus due to His teachings, which challenged their authority and interpretations of the Law. Their mention here underscores the tension between Jesus and the established religious order.

heard His parables
The word "heard" implies more than just auditory reception; it suggests understanding and comprehension. In the context of the Gospels, Jesus often used parables—simple accounts with profound spiritual truths—to convey His message. The Greek word for parables, "parabolē," means a comparison or analogy. These accounts were designed to reveal truths to those open to understanding while concealing them from those who were spiritually blind. The chief priests and Pharisees' ability to "hear" indicates that they grasped the implications of Jesus' teachings, even if they did not accept them.

they knew
The phrase "they knew" indicates a realization or recognition. The Greek word "ginōskō" suggests an experiential knowledge, implying that the religious leaders had an internal acknowledgment of the truth Jesus was conveying. This recognition is significant because it highlights their awareness of their own shortcomings and the threat Jesus posed to their authority. Despite this knowledge, their hearts remained hardened, illustrating a willful rejection of the truth.

that He was speaking about them
This phrase reveals the direct application of Jesus' parables to the religious leaders. Jesus often used parables to critique the hypocrisy and spiritual blindness of the leaders. The realization that "He was speaking about them" indicates that the parables were not just abstract accounts but pointed messages aimed at exposing their failures and calling them to repentance. This understanding would have been both convicting and threatening, as it challenged their self-righteousness and authority.

Although they wanted to arrest Him
This phrase highlights the intent and desire of the religious leaders to seize Jesus. The Greek word for "wanted" (ἐζήτουν, ezētoun) implies a strong desire or effort. The religious leaders were actively seeking a way to arrest Jesus because His teachings and actions were challenging their authority and exposing their hypocrisy. Historically, this reflects the growing tension between Jesus and the Jewish authorities, who saw Him as a threat to their power and influence. Their desire to arrest Him was not just a legal action but a spiritual battle against the truth He represented.

they were afraid of the crowds
The fear of the crowds indicates the leaders' awareness of Jesus' popularity among the people. The Greek word for "afraid" (ἐφοβήθησαν, ephobēthēsan) suggests a deep-seated fear or reverence. This fear was not just about physical harm but also about losing their social and religious standing. The crowds, who had witnessed Jesus' miracles and heard His teachings, held Him in high regard. This public support for Jesus acted as a protective barrier against the leaders' malicious intentions. Historically, this fear reflects the volatile political and social climate of the time, where public opinion could sway the actions of leaders.

because the people regarded Him as a prophet
The term "regarded" (εἶχον, eichon) in Greek conveys the idea of holding or considering someone in a particular way. The people saw Jesus as a prophet, a title that carried significant weight in Jewish culture. Prophets were seen as messengers of God, and to regard someone as a prophet was to acknowledge their divine authority and insight. This perception of Jesus as a prophet was rooted in His teachings, miracles, and fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies. The historical context here is crucial, as the Jewish people were longing for a prophetic voice to guide them, and many saw Jesus as fulfilling that role. This widespread belief among the people made it difficult for the religious leaders to act against Him without risking public outrage.