Accept him
The Greek word for "accept" is "προσλαμβάνεσθε" (proslambanesthe), which means to receive or welcome. In the context of the early church, this was a call to embrace fellow believers, regardless of their spiritual maturity or understanding. The early Christian communities were diverse, comprising Jews and Gentiles, each with different backgrounds and practices. This exhortation emphasizes the importance of unity and love within the body of Christ, reflecting the heart of Jesus, who welcomed all who came to Him.

whose faith is weak
The phrase "whose faith is weak" refers to believers who may not fully grasp the freedom they have in Christ or who may still be bound by certain legalistic practices. The Greek word for "weak" is "ἀσθενοῦντα" (asthenounta), which implies a lack of strength or firmness. Historically, this could relate to Jewish Christians who struggled with the transition from the Law of Moses to the grace found in Christ. It serves as a reminder that spiritual growth is a journey, and those who are stronger in faith are called to support and nurture those who are still growing.

without passing judgment
The Greek term "διακρίσεις" (diakriseis) is used here, meaning to make a distinction or to judge. In the early church, there were often disputes over dietary laws and holy days, remnants of Jewish customs that some believers still observed. Paul urges the Roman Christians to refrain from judging one another over these disputable matters. This call to avoid judgment is rooted in the understanding that God alone is the ultimate judge, and believers are to focus on building each other up in love.

on his opinions
The word "opinions" is translated from the Greek "διαλογισμῶν" (dialogismon), which can mean thoughts or reasonings. This highlights the non-essential nature of the issues being discussed. In the historical context, these opinions might include debates over food sacrificed to idols or the observance of certain days. Paul is teaching that while believers may hold different views on such matters, these should not become a source of division. Instead, the focus should be on the core tenets of the faith and the unity that comes from being in Christ.

For one person has faith
The phrase "has faith" in this context refers to a strong conviction or trust in the freedom that comes from understanding the grace of God. The Greek word for faith, "pistis," implies a deep-seated belief that transcends mere intellectual assent. In the early church, this faith allowed some believers to exercise their liberty in Christ without being bound by dietary laws. Historically, this reflects the transition from Jewish dietary restrictions to the freedom found in the new covenant, emphasizing that faith in Christ supersedes the old ceremonial laws.

to eat all things
The phrase "to eat all things" signifies the liberty that some believers felt in consuming any type of food, including those previously considered unclean under Jewish law. This reflects the broader theological shift in the early church from the Mosaic Law to the new covenant of grace. The Greek word "pas" (all) underscores the inclusivity of this freedom. Archaeological findings from the early Christian communities show a diverse diet, indicating that many believers embraced this freedom. This phrase encourages believers to understand that their righteousness is not determined by dietary practices but by faith in Christ.

while another, who is weak
The term "who is weak" refers to those whose faith is not yet fully matured in understanding their freedom in Christ. The Greek word "asthenēs" implies a lack of strength or firmness in conviction. Historically, this often included Jewish Christians who struggled to let go of the dietary laws they had followed for generations. This phrase calls for compassion and understanding within the Christian community, recognizing that spiritual growth is a process and that those who are "weak" should be supported and not judged.

eats only vegetables
"Eats only vegetables" highlights the practice of abstaining from meat, likely due to concerns about ritual purity or the association of meat with pagan sacrifices. The Greek word "lachanon" (vegetables) indicates a simple diet, chosen out of a desire to maintain spiritual purity. This practice was common among some Jewish sects and early Christian groups who sought to avoid any potential defilement. This phrase serves as a reminder that personal convictions about diet should not become a source of division within the body of Christ, as the kingdom of God is not a matter of eating and drinking, but of righteousness, peace, and joy in the Holy Spirit.

The one who eats everything
This phrase refers to believers who feel the freedom to eat all types of food, including those that might have been considered unclean under Old Testament law. The Greek word for "eats" is "ἐσθίω" (esthió), which simply means to consume or partake. In the early church, this was a significant issue as Jewish dietary laws were deeply ingrained in the culture. The freedom to eat everything symbolizes the liberty found in Christ, who declared all foods clean (Mark 7:19). This liberty, however, is not to be used as a means to look down upon others who may have different convictions.

must not belittle
The Greek word here is "ἐξουθενέω" (exoutheneó), meaning to despise or treat with contempt. In the context of the early church, this was a call to unity and respect among believers with differing practices. The historical context shows that the early church was a melting pot of Jewish and Gentile believers, each bringing their own cultural and religious backgrounds. The admonition is clear: unity in the body of Christ should transcend dietary practices.

the one who does not
This phrase refers to those who abstain from certain foods, often due to religious convictions or adherence to Jewish dietary laws. The Greek word for "does not" is "μὴ" (mē), a simple negation. This group might include Jewish Christians who still observed the dietary laws of the Old Testament. The emphasis here is on respecting their choice and understanding that their abstention is a matter of personal conviction before God.

must not judge
The Greek word for "judge" is "κρίνω" (krinó), which means to separate, distinguish, or make a judgment. In this context, it refers to passing judgment on another's spiritual state based on their dietary practices. The historical context of the early church shows that judgment based on external practices was a common issue. Paul is urging believers to refrain from making spiritual assessments based on non-essential matters.

the one who does
This phrase again refers to those who eat all foods. The repetition emphasizes the mutual respect and acceptance that should exist between believers with differing practices. The early church was called to focus on the essentials of the faith rather than disputable matters like dietary laws.

for God has accepted him
The Greek word for "accepted" is "προσλαμβάνω" (proslambanó), meaning to receive or welcome. This is a powerful reminder that acceptance by God is not based on dietary practices but on faith in Christ. The historical context of the Roman church, with its mix of Jewish and Gentile believers, underscores the importance of this truth. God's acceptance is the ultimate standard, and believers are called to mirror this acceptance in their relationships with one another.

Who are you
This phrase challenges the reader to self-reflection and humility. In the Greek, "σὺ τίς εἶ" (su tis ei) directly questions the authority or position of the one judging. It serves as a reminder of our own limitations and the need to recognize our place before God. Historically, this reflects the early Christian community's struggle with judgment and acceptance, urging believers to focus on their own spiritual journey rather than critiquing others.

to judge
The Greek word "κρίνεις" (krineis) implies a legal or moral judgment. In the context of the early church, this judgment often related to disputes over dietary laws and holy days. Paul is addressing the tendency to impose personal convictions on others, which can lead to division. Theologically, this calls Christians to exercise discernment with love and grace, recognizing that ultimate judgment belongs to God.

someone else’s servant
The term "οἰκέτην" (oiketēn) refers to a household servant or slave, emphasizing the relationship between the servant and their master. In the Roman world, a servant was accountable only to their master, not to outsiders. This metaphor illustrates the believer's relationship with Christ, who is the true Master. It underscores the idea that each person is accountable to God alone, not to human judgment.

To his own master
The Greek "τῷ ἰδίῳ κυρίῳ" (tō idiō kyriō) highlights the personal and direct relationship between the servant and their master. In a spiritual sense, this refers to the believer's accountability to Christ. Historically, this would resonate with a society familiar with hierarchical structures, reinforcing the notion that Christ is the ultimate authority over each believer's life.

he stands or falls
This phrase, "στήκει ἢ πίπτει" (stēkei ē piptei), conveys the idea of being upheld or failing. It reflects the spiritual stability or instability of a believer, which is determined by their relationship with Christ. Theologically, it reassures believers that their standing before God is not based on human judgment but on divine grace and support.

And he will stand
The assurance "σταθήσεται" (stathēsetai) is a promise of divine support. It emphasizes God's power to uphold the believer, regardless of human opinion. This is a comforting reminder that God’s grace is sufficient to sustain us, reinforcing the security of our position in Christ.

for the Lord is able
The phrase "δυνατὸς γάρ ἐστιν ὁ Κύριος" (dynatos gar estin ho Kyrios) speaks to the omnipotence of God. It reassures believers of God's ability to sustain and uphold them. Historically, this would encourage early Christians facing persecution or internal conflict, reminding them of God's sovereign power.

to make him stand
The Greek "στηρίξαι αὐτόν" (stērixai auton) indicates the action of establishing or supporting. It is a promise of God’s active involvement in the believer’s life, ensuring their spiritual stability. This reflects the biblical theme of God as the sustainer and protector of His people, providing a foundation of hope and confidence in His unwavering support.

One person regards
The phrase "one person regards" suggests an individual assessment or valuation. The Greek word used here is "κρίνει" (krinei), which means to judge or to consider. This implies a personal discernment or decision-making process. In the context of the early church, this could refer to Jewish Christians who still observed traditional holy days, or Gentile Christians who did not. The emphasis is on personal conviction rather than a universal mandate.

a certain day above the others
The "certain day" likely refers to Jewish holy days or the Sabbath, which some early Christians continued to observe. The Greek word "ἡμέραν" (hēmeran) means "day," and the context suggests a day set apart for religious observance. Historically, the early church was diverse, with Jewish Christians maintaining some of their traditional practices, while Gentile converts did not have the same cultural or religious background. This phrase highlights the diversity of practice within the early Christian community.

while someone else considers every day alike
This part of the verse acknowledges that others in the community do not distinguish between days. The Greek word "ἴσην" (isēn) means "equal" or "alike," indicating that for some believers, every day holds the same significance. This reflects the freedom in Christ that allows believers to live without the constraints of the old covenant's ceremonial laws. It underscores the principle that in Christ, the observance of specific days is not a requirement for righteousness.

Each one should be fully convinced in his own mind
The phrase "fully convinced" comes from the Greek "πληροφορείσθω" (plērophoreisthō), meaning to be fully assured or persuaded. This suggests a deep, personal conviction that comes from thoughtful consideration and prayer. The emphasis is on individual conscience and the freedom to follow one's own convictions in matters that are not essential to salvation. This reflects the broader biblical principle of Christian liberty, where believers are encouraged to act according to their faith and understanding, as long as it does not lead to sin or cause others to stumble.

He who observes a special day
This phrase refers to the practice of setting aside certain days for religious observance, a tradition rooted in Jewish customs such as the Sabbath and various festivals. The Greek word for "observes" is "phroneō," which implies a thoughtful consideration or mindset. Historically, early Christians grappled with the transition from Jewish customs to the freedom found in Christ. Observing a day "to the Lord" signifies that the motivation is not legalistic but a heartfelt devotion to God, acknowledging His sovereignty over time and life.

does so to the Lord
The repetition of this phrase emphasizes the centrality of the Lord in the believer's actions. The Greek "kurios" for "Lord" underscores the authority and lordship of Christ over all aspects of life. This phrase serves as a reminder that all actions, whether observing a day or not, should be directed towards honoring God, reflecting a life lived in submission to His will.

he who eats
Eating, a basic human activity, is elevated to an act of worship when done "to the Lord." The Greek word "esthió" for "eats" suggests a normal, everyday activity. In the context of Romans 14, Paul addresses the disputes over dietary laws, urging believers to focus on the heart's intention rather than the act itself. Eating with gratitude transforms a mundane act into a spiritual one, acknowledging God's provision.

for he gives thanks to God
Thanksgiving is a recurring theme in Paul's writings, and here it is linked to both eating and abstaining. The Greek "eucharisteō" for "gives thanks" is the root of the word "Eucharist," highlighting the sacredness of gratitude. This phrase underscores the importance of a thankful heart, recognizing God's goodness in all circumstances, whether in abundance or restraint.

he who abstains
Abstaining, like eating, is a personal choice that can be an act of worship. The Greek "mē esthió" for "abstains" indicates a deliberate decision to refrain. In the early church, some believers abstained from certain foods to maintain a clear conscience or to avoid causing others to stumble. This phrase highlights the freedom in Christ to choose abstinence as a form of devotion, provided it is done with the right heart.

does so to the Lord
Reiterating this phrase for those who abstain reinforces the idea that both actions—eating and abstaining—are valid expressions of faith when done for the Lord. It calls believers to examine their motives, ensuring that their actions are not for self-righteousness or judgment of others but for the glory of God.

and gives thanks to God
The act of giving thanks is not limited to those who partake but is equally important for those who abstain. This phrase emphasizes that gratitude is a universal Christian virtue, transcending personal preferences and practices. It calls believers to a posture of thankfulness, recognizing God's hand in all aspects of life, and fostering unity within the diverse body of Christ.

For none of us
This phrase emphasizes the collective nature of the Christian community. The Greek word "οὐδεὶς" (oudeis) translates to "none" or "no one," indicating that this statement applies universally to all believers. In the context of the early church, this was a radical departure from individualistic cultural norms. The early Christians were called to live in unity, reflecting the communal nature of the body of Christ. This phrase sets the stage for understanding that our lives are interconnected and that our actions have implications beyond ourselves.

lives to himself alone
The Greek word "ζῇ" (zēi) means "lives" and is in the present active indicative, suggesting a continuous action. This phrase challenges the notion of self-centered living. In the Roman world, much like today, there was a strong emphasis on personal achievement and self-sufficiency. However, Paul is reminding believers that their lives are not isolated; they are part of a larger narrative. The Christian life is one of interdependence, where each person's life is a testimony to the community and to God.

and none of us
Reiterating the communal aspect, this phrase reinforces the idea that the following truth is applicable to every believer. The repetition serves to emphasize the importance of the message. In the early church, this would have been a call to unity and mutual accountability, reminding believers that they are part of a larger body and that their actions affect the whole.

dies to himself alone
The Greek word "ἀποθνῄσκει" (apothnēskei) means "dies" and is also in the present active indicative, indicating an ongoing reality. This phrase speaks to the Christian understanding of death, not as an end, but as a transition into eternal life with Christ. In the historical context, death was often seen as the ultimate separation, but Paul reframes it as a communal event. For Christians, death is not a solitary journey but one that is shared with the body of Christ, both in the present life and in the hope of resurrection.

If we live
The phrase "If we live" suggests a conditional aspect of life, emphasizing the choices and actions we take daily. In the Greek, "ζῶμεν" (zōmen) implies an active, ongoing state of living. This reflects the Christian understanding that life is not merely biological existence but a purposeful journey. Historically, the early Christians faced persecution, making the act of living a testament to their faith. Living "to the Lord" means dedicating every moment to God's service, aligning with the biblical call to live a life of holiness and devotion.

we live to the Lord
The phrase "we live to the Lord" underscores the purpose and direction of a believer's life. The Greek word "Κυρίῳ" (Kyriō) for "Lord" signifies authority and ownership, indicating that our lives are under the lordship of Christ. This reflects a historical context where allegiance to Christ often meant defying societal norms and authorities. Living to the Lord involves prioritizing His will and commands, embodying the teachings of Jesus in every aspect of life, and recognizing His sovereignty over all creation.

if we die
The phrase "if we die" acknowledges the inevitability of death, a reality faced by all humanity. The Greek "ἀποθνῄσκωμεν" (apothnēskōmen) conveys the act of dying, which, for Christians, is not an end but a transition. In the early church, martyrdom was a real possibility, and dying "to the Lord" was seen as the ultimate act of faith and witness. This perspective offers comfort and hope, affirming that death does not separate believers from Christ but rather brings them into His eternal presence.

we die to the Lord
"we die to the Lord" signifies that even in death, believers remain under Christ's lordship. The concept of dying "to the Lord" reflects a profound trust in God's eternal plan and promises. Historically, this assurance empowered Christians to face persecution and death with courage and peace. It emphasizes that death is not a defeat but a victory in Christ, as believers are united with Him in eternity. This assurance transforms the fear of death into a confident expectation of eternal life.

So whether we live or die
This phrase encapsulates the totality of the Christian experience, affirming that both life and death are encompassed by God's sovereignty. The Greek conjunction "εἴτε" (eite) for "whether" indicates an inclusive condition, covering all aspects of existence. This reflects the biblical teaching that nothing can separate us from the love of God (Romans 8:38-39). Historically, this assurance provided strength and unity among believers, knowing that their ultimate destiny was secure in Christ, regardless of earthly circumstances.

we belong to the Lord
The phrase "we belong to the Lord" highlights the believer's identity and security in Christ. The Greek "τοῦ Κυρίου ἐσμέν" (tou Kyriou esmen) emphasizes possession and relationship, indicating that believers are God's treasured possession. This belonging is rooted in the covenant relationship established through Christ's sacrifice. Historically, this identity set Christians apart in a pagan world, providing a sense of belonging and purpose. It assures believers that their lives are held in God's hands, offering peace and confidence in both life and death.

For this reason
This phrase indicates a purpose or cause. In the context of Romans 14, Paul is addressing the unity and acceptance among believers despite differences in personal convictions. The Greek word used here, "εἰς τοῦτο" (eis touto), suggests a divine purpose or intention. It emphasizes that Christ's actions were not random but were part of God's sovereign plan to establish His lordship over all.

Christ died
The death of Christ is central to Christian theology. The Greek word "ἀπέθανεν" (apethanen) signifies a physical death, underscoring the reality of Christ's sacrifice. Historically, this event is pivotal, marking the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies and the ultimate atonement for sin. Christ's death was necessary to conquer sin and death, providing a way for humanity to be reconciled with God.

and returned to life
The resurrection is a cornerstone of Christian faith, affirming Christ's victory over death. The Greek term "ἔζησεν" (ezēsen) means to live again, highlighting the miraculous nature of the resurrection. This event is not only a historical fact but also a theological truth that assures believers of their future resurrection and eternal life. It demonstrates Christ's power and authority over life and death.

so that He might be the Lord
The phrase "might be the Lord" reflects Christ's sovereign authority. The Greek word "κύριος" (kyrios) denotes a master or ruler, emphasizing His divine right to govern all creation. This lordship is not limited to a specific group but extends universally. It is a reminder that Christ's authority is comprehensive, encompassing every aspect of life and death.

of both the dead and the living
This phrase underscores the universality of Christ's lordship. The Greek words "νεκρῶν" (nekron) and "ζώντων" (zontōn) refer to the dead and the living, respectively. Historically, this reflects the belief in the resurrection of the dead and the eternal life promised to believers. Scripturally, it affirms that Christ's reign transcends earthly life, offering hope and assurance to all who trust in Him, whether they are alive or have passed on. This comprehensive lordship assures believers of Christ's constant presence and authority in every realm of existence.

Why, then, do you judge your brother?
The word "judge" in Greek is "κρίνεις" (krineis), which implies making a decision or forming an opinion about someone. In the context of the early church, this judgment often related to disputes over dietary laws and holy days, as seen earlier in Romans 14. Paul challenges believers to refrain from passing judgment on fellow Christians over disputable matters. Historically, the early church was a melting pot of Jewish and Gentile believers, each bringing their own cultural and religious backgrounds. This diversity often led to disagreements, and Paul emphasizes unity over division. The term "brother" underscores the familial bond among believers, reminding them that they are part of the same spiritual family and should treat each other with love and respect.

Or why do you belittle your brother?
The phrase "belittle" translates from the Greek "ἐξουθενεῖς" (exoutheneis), meaning to despise or treat with contempt. This goes beyond mere judgment to an attitude of superiority or disdain. In the historical context, this could refer to the more "mature" believers looking down on those who were still adhering to old customs. Paul warns against this attitude, as it can cause division and harm the unity of the church. The repetition of "brother" again highlights the importance of viewing fellow believers as equals, deserving of honor and love.

For we will all stand before God’s judgment seat
The "judgment seat" is translated from the Greek "βῆμα" (bema), a term used in ancient times to describe a raised platform where officials would sit to make judgments. In the Roman world, the bema was a place of authority and decision-making. Paul uses this imagery to remind believers that ultimate judgment belongs to God alone. Historically, this would resonate with the Roman audience familiar with such judicial settings. The phrase "we will all stand" emphasizes the universality of God's judgment, reinforcing the idea that no one is exempt and that all believers are accountable to God. This serves as a humbling reminder to focus on one's own spiritual walk rather than critiquing others.

It is written
This phrase is a common introduction in the New Testament, indicating a quotation from the Old Testament. It underscores the authority and continuity of Scripture, showing that the teachings of the New Testament are deeply rooted in the Hebrew Scriptures. The phrase "It is written" is often used by Jesus and the apostles to affirm the divine inspiration and eternal relevance of God's Word.

As surely as I live, says the Lord
This is a divine oath, emphasizing the certainty and unchangeable nature of God's promises. The phrase "As surely as I live" is a Hebraic expression found in the Old Testament, particularly in prophetic literature, where God affirms His eternal existence and the truth of His declarations. It reflects God's sovereignty and the assurance that His words will come to pass.

every knee will bow before Me
This imagery of bowing the knee is a powerful symbol of submission and reverence. In the ancient world, bowing the knee was an act of homage and acknowledgment of authority, often performed before kings and rulers. In the biblical context, it signifies the ultimate recognition of God's supreme authority and lordship over all creation. The Greek word for "bow" (καμψεί) conveys a physical act of worship and submission, indicating that all creation will ultimately acknowledge God's sovereignty.

every tongue will confess to God
The act of confessing with the tongue signifies an open declaration of truth. In the Greek, the word for "confess" (ἐξομολογήσεται) implies a public acknowledgment or agreement. This phrase highlights the universality of God's dominion, where every individual will ultimately recognize and declare God's righteousness and authority. It echoes the prophetic vision of a future where God's glory is universally acknowledged.

So then
This phrase serves as a conclusion or a summation of the preceding arguments. In the context of Romans 14, Paul has been discussing the importance of not passing judgment on others regarding disputable matters. The Greek word used here, "ἄρα οὖν" (ara oun), indicates a logical conclusion. It is a reminder that the teachings and exhortations Paul has provided are leading to this significant point. Theologically, it emphasizes the inevitability and certainty of the following statement, urging believers to pay close attention to the implications of their actions and attitudes.

each of us
The phrase underscores the individual responsibility of every believer. The Greek word "ἕκαστος" (hekastos) means "each" or "every," highlighting that no one is exempt from this accountability. In a historical context, this was a radical notion, as many religious systems of the time emphasized collective or corporate responsibility. Paul is emphasizing that in the Christian faith, personal accountability before God is paramount. This individual focus encourages believers to reflect on their personal walk with God, rather than comparing themselves to others.

will give an account
The Greek term "λόγον δώσει" (logon dosei) translates to "will give an account," which is a legal term implying a formal report or reckoning. This phrase suggests a future event where believers will stand before God to explain their actions and decisions. Historically, this concept would resonate with the Roman audience familiar with legal proceedings. Theologically, it serves as a sobering reminder of the judgment seat of Christ, where believers' lives will be evaluated not for salvation, which is secure in Christ, but for rewards and the quality of their service.

of himself
This phrase emphasizes personal responsibility. The Greek "περὶ ἑαυτοῦ" (peri heautou) means "concerning himself," indicating that the account given will be about one's own life and actions. This is a call to self-examination and personal integrity. In a scriptural context, it aligns with the broader biblical teaching that each person is responsible for their own spiritual journey and cannot rely on the righteousness or actions of others.

to God
The ultimate accountability is to God, not to human authorities or peers. The Greek "τῷ Θεῷ" (tō Theō) places God as the final judge and authority. This is a profound reminder of God's sovereignty and omniscience. Historically, this would have been a powerful statement to a Roman audience accustomed to earthly authorities. Theologically, it reassures believers that while human judgment is often flawed, God's judgment is perfect and just. It encourages a life lived in reverence and awe of God, knowing that He sees and knows all.

Therefore
The word "therefore" serves as a pivotal transition in Paul's argument, connecting the preceding discussion with the exhortation that follows. In Greek, the word is "οὖν" (oun), which indicates a conclusion drawn from previous statements. Paul has been discussing the principles of Christian liberty and the importance of love over judgment. This word signals that what follows is a direct application of these principles. It reminds us that our actions and attitudes should be a response to the grace and truth we have received in Christ.

let us stop
The phrase "let us stop" is an imperative, urging immediate action. The Greek verb here is "κρίνω" (krinō), which means to judge or decide. Paul is calling for a cessation of judgmental attitudes among believers. This is not merely a suggestion but a command to cease behaviors that are divisive. It reflects the urgency and importance of unity within the body of Christ, emphasizing that our focus should be on building each other up rather than tearing each other down.

passing judgment
"Passing judgment" involves forming opinions or conclusions about others, often in a critical or condemning manner. The Greek word "κρίμα" (krima) refers to a judgment or decision, often with a negative connotation. In the context of the early church, this likely referred to disputes over dietary laws and holy days. Paul is addressing the tendency to impose personal convictions on others, which can lead to division. This serves as a reminder that our role is not to judge others' spiritual journeys but to encourage and support them.

on one another
The phrase "on one another" highlights the relational aspect of the Christian community. The Greek word "ἀλλήλων" (allēlōn) means "one another" and is used frequently in the New Testament to describe mutual relationships among believers. Paul emphasizes that judgment should not be directed towards fellow Christians. Instead, we are called to love and accept one another, recognizing that each person is accountable to God alone. This fosters a spirit of unity and peace within the church.

Instead
"Instead" introduces a contrast, indicating a shift from what should not be done to what should be done. The Greek word "ἀλλά" (alla) is a strong adversative conjunction, suggesting a clear and decisive change in behavior. Paul is redirecting the focus from judgment to a more constructive approach. This word serves as a turning point, encouraging believers to replace negative actions with positive ones that promote harmony and edification.

make up your mind
The phrase "make up your mind" involves a deliberate decision or determination. The Greek verb "κρίνω" (krinō) is used again, but in a different sense, meaning to decide or resolve. Paul is urging believers to consciously choose a course of action that aligns with the principles of love and edification. This reflects the importance of intentionality in our interactions with others, ensuring that our decisions are guided by a desire to honor God and uplift our fellow believers.

not to put any stumbling block
"Not to put any stumbling block" refers to avoiding actions that might cause others to falter in their faith. The Greek word "πρόσκομμα" (proskomma) means a stumbling block or obstacle. Paul is cautioning against behaviors that could lead others into sin or confusion. This highlights the responsibility we have towards one another, to ensure that our freedom does not become a hindrance to someone else's spiritual growth. It underscores the call to live selflessly, considering the impact of our actions on the community.

or obstacle
The word "obstacle" is similar in meaning to "stumbling block," reinforcing the idea of avoiding anything that might impede another's spiritual progress. The Greek word "σκάνδαλον" (skandalon) refers to a trap or snare. Paul is emphasizing the need for sensitivity and awareness in our conduct, ensuring that we do not inadvertently cause others to stumble. This serves as a reminder of the interconnectedness of the body of Christ, where each member's actions can significantly affect others.

in your brother’s way
The phrase "in your brother’s way" personalizes the exhortation, focusing on the impact of our actions on individual believers. The Greek word "ἀδελφός" (adelphos) means brother, indicating a close familial relationship among Christians. Paul is reminding us that our fellow believers are our spiritual siblings, deserving of love and respect. This calls us to prioritize their well-being and spiritual health, ensuring that our actions contribute to their growth and not their downfall. It encapsulates the essence of Christian community, where love and consideration for one another are paramount.

I am convinced and fully persuaded
The Apostle Paul begins this verse with a strong personal conviction. The Greek words used here, "πέπεισμαι" (pepeismai) and "πληροφορημένος" (plerophoremenos), convey a deep, settled confidence and assurance. This reflects Paul's certainty, not based on human reasoning, but on divine revelation and understanding through his relationship with Jesus Christ. In a conservative Christian perspective, this underscores the importance of grounding our beliefs and convictions in the teachings and person of Jesus, rather than cultural or traditional biases.

in the Lord Jesus
Paul's conviction is not self-derived but is rooted "in the Lord Jesus." This phrase emphasizes the authority and lordship of Jesus over all aspects of life, including dietary laws and moral judgments. The use of "Lord" (Greek: "Κύριος," Kyrios) signifies Jesus' divine authority, which was a radical affirmation in the context of a Roman society that recognized many lords and gods. For conservative Christians, this highlights the centrality of Christ's lordship in guiding ethical and moral decisions.

that nothing is unclean in itself
The term "unclean" (Greek: "κοινός," koinos) refers to the Jewish ceremonial laws distinguishing clean from unclean foods. Paul asserts that, in Christ, these distinctions are no longer binding. This reflects the New Covenant understanding that external rituals do not define holiness; rather, it is the heart's condition before God. Historically, this was a significant shift from Jewish tradition, emphasizing the transformative power of Christ's sacrifice and resurrection.

But if anyone regards something as unclean
Here, Paul acknowledges the subjective nature of personal convictions. The Greek word "λογίζεται" (logizetai) implies a thoughtful consideration or reasoning process. This phrase respects individual conscience, recognizing that believers may have different levels of understanding and maturity in their faith journey. In a conservative view, this calls for patience and love within the Christian community, allowing for diversity in non-essential matters.

then for him it is unclean
Paul concludes with a principle of personal accountability. If a believer perceives something as unclean, acting against that conviction would be sinful for them. This highlights the importance of conscience in the Christian life. The Greek "ἐκείνῳ" (ekeinō) emphasizes the personal nature of this conviction. For conservative Christians, this underscores the need for integrity and sincerity in one's walk with God, respecting the Holy Spirit's work in each believer's heart.

If your brother
The term "brother" here is significant in the Christian context, referring to fellow believers in the faith. The Greek word "adelphos" implies a close relationship, akin to family. This highlights the early Christian understanding of the church as a family unit, bound not by blood but by shared faith in Christ. Historically, the early church was a diverse community, and Paul often addressed the need for unity among believers of different backgrounds.

is distressed
The Greek word used here is "lypeitai," which conveys a sense of being grieved or troubled. This distress is not merely a mild discomfort but a deeper emotional or spiritual turmoil. In the context of the early church, dietary practices were a significant issue, as Jewish and Gentile believers often had different customs. Paul is urging sensitivity to the conscience of others, recognizing that actions can have profound impacts on fellow believers.

by what you eat
Food was a contentious issue in the early church, particularly concerning Jewish dietary laws and the consumption of meat sacrificed to idols. The phrase underscores the importance of cultural and religious sensitivity. The Greek word "brosis" refers to the act of eating, emphasizing that even mundane actions like eating can have spiritual implications. This reflects the broader biblical principle that all aspects of life are under the lordship of Christ.

you are no longer acting in love
The Greek word for love here is "agape," which is selfless, sacrificial love. Paul is reminding believers that their actions should be governed by love, which seeks the well-being of others above personal freedom or preference. This is a call to prioritize the spiritual health of others, reflecting the love Christ showed through His sacrifice.

Do not by your eating destroy
The word "destroy" comes from the Greek "apollymi," which means to ruin or cause to perish. Paul is using strong language to convey the seriousness of causing spiritual harm to a fellow believer. This is a warning against using one's freedom in a way that could lead another into sin or away from faith. The historical context of the early church, with its diverse practices and beliefs, required careful navigation to maintain unity and spiritual health.

your brother
Reiterating the familial term "brother," Paul emphasizes the relational aspect of the Christian community. This repetition serves to remind believers of their responsibility towards one another, reinforcing the idea that the church is a family where each member's well-being is interconnected.

for whom Christ died
This phrase is a powerful reminder of the value of each believer. The Greek "huper" (for) indicates substitution or representation, pointing to the sacrificial nature of Christ's death. By highlighting that Christ died for the individual in question, Paul underscores the immense worth of every believer. This serves as a sobering reminder that our actions should reflect the gravity of Christ's sacrifice and the love He demonstrated.

Do not allow
The phrase "do not allow" is a directive that implies a sense of responsibility and control. In the Greek, the word used is "μη," which is a strong negative imperative. This suggests that believers have the authority and duty to prevent certain actions or perceptions. Historically, this reflects the early Christian community's need to maintain a positive witness in a diverse and often hostile environment. The imperative nature of this phrase underscores the importance of vigilance in protecting the integrity of one's faith and actions.

what you consider good
The term "good" in Greek is "ἀγαθός" (agathos), which denotes that which is inherently good, beneficial, or virtuous. In the context of Romans 14, Paul is addressing matters of personal conviction and conscience, particularly in relation to dietary practices and observance of special days. The "good" here refers to actions or beliefs that are considered righteous or beneficial by the individual believer. This highlights the subjective nature of certain moral decisions within the Christian community, emphasizing the importance of personal conviction guided by faith.

to be spoken of as evil
The phrase "spoken of as evil" translates the Greek word "βλασφημέω" (blasphemeo), which means to speak ill of, slander, or defame. In the early church, the actions of believers were under scrutiny by both fellow Christians and the surrounding pagan society. Paul warns against allowing actions that are good in one's own conscience to be misrepresented or misunderstood as evil by others. This reflects a concern for the reputation of the Christian community and the potential stumbling block it could present to both believers and non-believers. The historical context of Roman society, with its diverse religious practices and moral expectations, underscores the need for Christians to be mindful of how their actions are perceived.

For the kingdom of God
The phrase "kingdom of God" refers to the reign and rule of God over all creation, both in the present spiritual sense and in the future physical sense. In the Greek, "kingdom" is "basileia," which implies not just a realm but the active rule and authority of a king. Historically, the Jewish people anticipated a messianic kingdom, a physical reign of God on earth. However, Paul emphasizes that the kingdom of God transcends physical and material concerns, focusing instead on spiritual realities. This kingdom is inaugurated through Christ and is characterized by God's sovereign rule in the hearts of believers.

is not a matter of eating and drinking
This phrase addresses the specific context of disputes in the early church regarding dietary laws and practices. The Greek words for "eating" (brosis) and "drinking" (posis) highlight the physical acts that were causing division among believers. Historically, Jewish dietary laws were a significant part of religious identity, and early Christians struggled with how these laws applied to them. Paul clarifies that the kingdom of God is not about adhering to these external rituals or practices. Instead, it is about internal transformation and spiritual priorities.

but of righteousness
"Righteousness" (dikaiosyne in Greek) refers to the state of being right with God, a central theme in Paul's writings. It is not achieved through human effort or adherence to the law but is a gift from God through faith in Jesus Christ. This righteousness is both imputed, meaning believers are declared righteous through Christ, and imparted, meaning it is lived out in daily life. The historical context of the Roman church, with its mix of Jewish and Gentile believers, underscores the importance of understanding righteousness as a unifying factor, transcending cultural and religious differences.

peace
The Greek word for "peace" is "eirene," which encompasses more than the absence of conflict. It signifies a holistic sense of well-being, harmony, and reconciliation with God and others. In the historical context of the early church, peace was essential for maintaining unity among diverse believers. Scripturally, peace is a fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22) and a hallmark of the kingdom of God. It reflects the peace that Christ has made between God and humanity through His sacrifice.

and joy
"Joy" (chara in Greek) is a deep-seated gladness that comes from knowing and being in relationship with God. It is not dependent on external circumstances but is a result of the Holy Spirit's work within believers. Historically, joy was a distinguishing mark of the early Christian community, even in the face of persecution and hardship. Scripturally, joy is also a fruit of the Spirit and is closely linked with hope and faith.

in the Holy Spirit
This phrase emphasizes the source and power behind the righteousness, peace, and joy that characterize the kingdom of God. The Holy Spirit, or "Pneuma Hagion" in Greek, is the third person of the Trinity, actively working in the lives of believers to produce these qualities. The historical context of the early church highlights the transformative role of the Holy Spirit in guiding, empowering, and uniting believers. Scripturally, the Holy Spirit is the agent of regeneration and sanctification, enabling believers to live out the realities of God's kingdom in their daily lives.

For whoever serves Christ in this way
This phrase emphasizes the act of service to Christ, which is central to the Christian life. The Greek word for "serves" is "δουλεύει" (douleuei), which implies a deep, committed form of service akin to that of a bondservant. In the historical context of the Roman Empire, a bondservant was someone who willingly served their master, often for life. This reflects the Christian's call to serve Christ wholeheartedly, not out of obligation, but out of love and devotion. The phrase "in this way" refers back to the preceding verses, which discuss living in a manner that promotes peace and edification within the body of Christ. It suggests a lifestyle that prioritizes the spiritual well-being of others over personal freedoms.

is pleasing to God
The concept of being "pleasing to God" is rooted in the Greek word "εὐάρεστος" (euarestos), which means well-pleasing or acceptable. This term is often used in the New Testament to describe actions and attitudes that align with God's will. In the Old Testament, the idea of pleasing God is frequently associated with offerings and sacrifices that are made with a pure heart. Here, the Apostle Paul is emphasizing that serving Christ by promoting peace and mutual edification is a spiritual sacrifice that delights God. It underscores the importance of aligning one's actions with God's desires, which is a recurring theme throughout Scripture.

and approved by men
The phrase "approved by men" uses the Greek word "δοκιμάζεται" (dokimazetai), which means to be tested and found genuine. In the ancient world, this term was often used in the context of testing metals for purity. Paul is highlighting that when Christians live in a way that serves Christ and promotes harmony, they not only please God but also earn the respect and approval of others. This approval is not about seeking human praise but about living a life that is visibly consistent with the values of the Kingdom of God. Historically, the early Christians were often scrutinized by their communities, and their genuine love and service often led to a positive witness, drawing others to the faith. This dual approval—by God and by men—reflects the holistic nature of Christian witness, which impacts both the spiritual and social realms.

So then
This phrase serves as a conclusion or a transition from the preceding verses. In the context of Romans 14, Paul has been discussing the importance of not passing judgment on one another over disputable matters. The Greek word "ἄρα οὖν" (ara oun) indicates a logical conclusion, urging believers to apply the principles discussed. It emphasizes the need for action based on understanding and reflection on the teachings of Christ.

let us pursue
The Greek word "διώκω" (diōkō) is used here, which means to follow after or to strive earnestly. This is not a passive suggestion but an active command. It implies diligence and intentionality in seeking out the goals Paul is about to outline. In a historical context, this word was often used in athletic or military pursuits, suggesting a disciplined and focused effort.

what leads to peace
The term "peace" (εἰρήνη, eirēnē) in the New Testament often refers to more than just the absence of conflict. It encompasses a sense of wholeness and harmony, both within the community and with God. In the Jewish context, it aligns with the Hebrew concept of "shalom," which includes well-being, prosperity, and tranquility. Paul is urging believers to actively seek conditions and actions that foster this kind of peace within the body of Christ.

and to mutual edification
The Greek word for "edification" is "οἰκοδομή" (oikodomē), which literally means building up. This term is often used in the New Testament to describe the spiritual growth and strengthening of the church. The idea of "mutual" suggests a reciprocal relationship where all members of the community contribute to and benefit from the spiritual growth of one another. Historically, this reflects the early church's emphasis on community and collective growth, as opposed to individualistic spirituality.

Do not destroy
The Greek word for "destroy" is "καταλύω" (katalyō), which means to dissolve, demolish, or overthrow. In the context of this verse, it emphasizes the severity of causing harm to the spiritual growth or unity within the body of Christ. The Apostle Paul is urging believers to be mindful of their actions, particularly in matters of personal liberty, so as not to cause spiritual ruin or division among fellow Christians. This reflects the broader biblical principle of edification over personal freedom.

the work of God
This phrase refers to the divine activity and purpose in the lives of believers and the church as a whole. The "work of God" encompasses the building up of the church, the sanctification of believers, and the spread of the Gospel. Historically, the early church faced challenges in maintaining unity amidst diverse cultural and religious backgrounds. Paul reminds the Roman Christians that their actions should support, not hinder, God's redemptive work.

for the sake of food
In the first-century context, food was a contentious issue, particularly concerning Jewish dietary laws and Gentile practices. The Greek word "βρῶμα" (brōma) simply means food, but it carries significant cultural and religious implications. Paul is addressing the potential for division over dietary practices, urging believers to prioritize spiritual unity over personal dietary preferences. This reflects the broader New Testament teaching that the kingdom of God is not about eating and drinking but righteousness, peace, and joy in the Holy Spirit (Romans 14:17).

All food is clean
This statement aligns with the New Testament teaching that, in Christ, the ceremonial laws distinguishing clean and unclean foods are fulfilled. The Greek word "καθαρός" (katharos) means pure or clean. Paul affirms the freedom believers have in Christ regarding dietary laws, as seen in Peter's vision in Acts 10 and Jesus' teaching in Mark 7:19. However, this freedom is not to be exercised at the expense of others' consciences.

but it is wrong
The Greek word "κακός" (kakos) means bad or evil. Paul is making a moral judgment about the misuse of Christian liberty. While all food is clean, it becomes morally wrong when it leads to harm or offense to a fellow believer. This highlights the ethical responsibility Christians have to consider the impact of their actions on others.

for a man to let his eating be a stumbling block
The term "stumbling block" comes from the Greek "πρόσκομμα" (proskomma), meaning an obstacle or cause for falling. In biblical terms, it refers to actions that lead others into sin or cause them to falter in their faith. Paul is emphasizing the importance of love and consideration for others, urging believers to avoid actions that could lead others away from Christ. This principle of self-sacrifice for the sake of others' spiritual well-being is a recurring theme in Paul's letters and reflects the heart of Christian community and discipleship.

It is better
The phrase "It is better" suggests a moral or ethical preference, indicating a choice that aligns with higher spiritual principles. In the Greek, the word used is "kalon," which can mean good, noble, or honorable. This sets the tone for the verse, emphasizing that the actions being discussed are not merely about personal freedom but about choosing what is spiritually beneficial for the community.

not to eat meat
The act of eating meat, particularly in the context of the early church, often involved meat that had been sacrificed to idols. The Greek word for meat here is "kreas," which refers to flesh. Historically, this was a contentious issue among early Christians, as some believers felt that eating such meat was participating in idolatry. Paul is advising that abstaining from meat is preferable if it prevents causing spiritual harm to others.

or drink wine
Wine, or "oinos" in Greek, was a common beverage in biblical times, often used in celebrations and religious ceremonies. However, its consumption could lead to excess and stumbling for those who struggled with self-control or who associated it with pagan rituals. Paul is advocating for sensitivity to the conscience of others, suggesting that refraining from wine is a loving act if it helps maintain the spiritual integrity of the community.

or to do anything
This phrase broadens the scope beyond just meat and wine, encompassing any action that might lead another believer into sin or confusion. The Greek word "ti" translates to "anything," indicating that the principle of love and consideration for others should govern all aspects of a believer's life. This reflects the comprehensive nature of Christian love, which seeks the well-being of others in all circumstances.

to cause your brother to stumble
The word "stumble" comes from the Greek "proskomma," meaning a stumbling block or an obstacle. In the context of Christian community, a "brother" refers to a fellow believer. The imagery here is of a path where one might trip and fall, symbolizing spiritual harm or regression. Paul is urging believers to prioritize the spiritual health of their community, even if it means sacrificing personal liberties. This reflects the heart of Christian ethics, where love and edification of others take precedence over individual rights.

Keep your belief
The phrase "keep your belief" suggests a personal conviction or faith that is held privately. The Greek word for "belief" here is "πίστις" (pistis), which can mean faith, trust, or conviction. In the context of Romans 14, Paul is addressing the disputes among believers regarding dietary laws and sacred days. The emphasis is on maintaining one's personal convictions without imposing them on others. Historically, the early church was a melting pot of Jewish and Gentile believers, each with their own traditions and practices. Paul encourages believers to hold their convictions sincerely but privately, fostering unity rather than division.

about such matters
This phrase refers to the specific issues of dietary practices and observance of special days, which were causing disputes among the Roman Christians. The Greek word "πράγματα" (pragmata) implies practical matters or things. In the broader scriptural context, these "matters" are non-essential to salvation and should not be a source of division. The early church faced many such issues as it grew and incorporated diverse cultural backgrounds. Paul's guidance here is timeless, reminding believers to focus on the essentials of faith and to exercise liberty in non-essentials.

between yourself and God
This phrase emphasizes the personal nature of one's convictions. The Greek preposition "μεταξύ" (metaxy) means "between" or "among," highlighting the intimate relationship between the believer and God. In the historical context, this reflects the personal accountability each believer has before God, rather than to human judgment. It underscores the principle that one's conscience and convictions are ultimately subject to God's scrutiny, not human opinion. This personal relationship with God is a cornerstone of Christian faith, where each believer is called to live out their faith authentically and responsibly.

Blessed is the one
The word "blessed" comes from the Greek "μακάριος" (makarios), meaning happy or fortunate. In the biblical sense, it denotes a state of spiritual well-being and prosperity. This beatitude-like statement echoes the teachings of Jesus, where true blessedness is found in living according to God's will. Historically, this reflects the early Christian understanding that true happiness is not found in external observances but in a right relationship with God. It is an encouragement to believers that living in accordance with one's convictions, without self-condemnation, leads to spiritual fulfillment.

who does not condemn himself
The phrase "does not condemn himself" speaks to the inner peace and assurance that comes from living in alignment with one's convictions. The Greek word "κατακρίνω" (katakrino) means to judge against or condemn. In the scriptural context, this self-condemnation arises when one's actions are inconsistent with their beliefs. Paul is encouraging believers to live with integrity, ensuring that their actions do not betray their conscience. Historically, this reflects the early church's struggle with legalism and the freedom found in Christ, where believers are called to live by grace rather than by the law.

by what he approves
The phrase "by what he approves" refers to the personal discernment and approval of one's actions. The Greek word "δοκιμάζω" (dokimazo) means to test, examine, or approve. In the context of Romans 14, it highlights the importance of personal discernment in matters of conscience. This approval is not based on external validation but on an inner conviction that aligns with God's will. Historically, this reflects the early church's emphasis on personal responsibility and the freedom of conscience, where each believer is called to discern and live out their faith in a way that honors God and edifies the community.

But the one who has doubts
The Greek word for "doubts" is "διακρίνω" (diakrinō), which can mean to judge, to discern, or to waver. In the context of Romans 14, Paul addresses the issue of personal convictions and the internal conflict that arises when one's actions do not align with their beliefs. Historically, the early church faced divisions over dietary laws and practices, particularly between Jewish and Gentile believers. This phrase emphasizes the importance of a clear conscience and the dangers of acting against one's convictions.

is condemned if he eats
The term "condemned" here is derived from the Greek "κατακρίνω" (katakrinō), meaning to judge against or to pronounce guilty. This is not necessarily eternal condemnation but rather a self-imposed judgment due to acting against one's conscience. In the historical context, eating food that one believes to be wrong, even if it is not inherently sinful, results in self-condemnation. This highlights the principle that actions must align with personal faith and conviction.

because his eating is not from faith
The Greek word for "faith" is "πίστις" (pistis), which encompasses trust, belief, and confidence in God. Paul underscores that actions, even those as mundane as eating, should stem from a place of faith. In the early church, faith was the guiding principle for both Jewish and Gentile believers navigating the complexities of integrating diverse cultural practices. This phrase serves as a reminder that faith should be the foundation of all actions.

and everything that is not from faith is sin
The word "everything" (πᾶς, pas) indicates the comprehensive nature of this principle. The Greek term for "sin" is "ἁμαρτία" (hamartia), which means to miss the mark or fall short of God's standard. Paul is teaching that any action not rooted in faith is inherently flawed and falls short of God's glory. This statement is a call to live a life fully integrated with one's faith, ensuring that every decision and action aligns with a trust in God. Historically, this was a radical call for unity and integrity within the diverse body of Christ, urging believers to prioritize faith over cultural or traditional practices.