Everyone
The Greek word used here is "πᾶς" (pas), meaning all or every. This term emphasizes the universality of the command, indicating that no one is exempt from the directive to submit. In a conservative Christian perspective, this underscores the belief that all individuals, regardless of status or position, are called to adhere to this divine instruction.

must submit himself
The phrase "must submit" comes from the Greek "ὑποτασσέσθω" (hypotassesthō), which means to arrange under, to subordinate, or to subject oneself. This term conveys a voluntary act of placing oneself under the authority of another. In the context of Christian teaching, it reflects a heart attitude of humility and obedience, recognizing the order established by God.

to the governing authorities
The Greek term "ἐξουσίαις" (exousiais) refers to powers or authorities. Historically, this would have included Roman rulers and local leaders. From a conservative viewpoint, this phrase acknowledges the legitimacy of governmental structures as instruments of God's order, even when those authorities may not be explicitly Christian.

for there is no authority
This phrase emphasizes the sovereignty of God over all earthly powers. The Greek "ἐξουσία" (exousia) again highlights the concept of power or authority. The conservative interpretation sees this as a reminder that all human authority is ultimately derived from God's supreme authority.

except that which is from God
The phrase underscores the divine origin of all legitimate authority. The Greek "ἀπὸ θεοῦ" (apo theou) means from God, indicating that God is the ultimate source of all power and governance. This serves as a reassurance to believers that even imperfect human systems are under God's control.

The authorities that exist
This refers to the current governing bodies and leaders in place. The Greek "οὖσαι" (ousai) implies those that are present or existing. In a historical context, this would have included the Roman Empire, and today it extends to all forms of government. The conservative view holds that these authorities are part of God's providential plan.

have been appointed by God
The Greek "τεταγμέναι" (tetagmenai) means to be arranged or ordained. This phrase affirms the belief that God has a hand in establishing rulers and governments. From a conservative Christian perspective, this is a call to trust in God's wisdom and sovereignty, even when human leadership seems flawed or unjust.

Consequently
This word serves as a bridge from the previous verse, indicating a logical conclusion. In the context of Romans 13, Paul is building upon the idea that all authority is established by God. The Greek word "ὥστε" (hōste) implies a direct result or necessary outcome. This highlights the divine order and the importance of understanding the flow of God's sovereign plan. In a conservative Christian perspective, this underscores the belief that God's providence is active in the establishment of earthly authorities.

whoever resists authority
The phrase "resists authority" comes from the Greek "ἀντιτασσόμενος" (antitassomenos), meaning to set oneself against or oppose. The term "authority" (ἐξουσία, exousia) refers to the governing powers. Historically, Paul wrote this during the Roman Empire, a time when Christians faced persecution. Yet, he emphasizes submission to authority as a principle of Christian conduct. This reflects a conservative view that respects law and order as part of God's ordained structure for society.

is opposing what God has set in place
The phrase "is opposing" translates from the Greek "ἀνθεστηκεν" (anthestēken), meaning to stand against. "What God has set in place" refers to the divine institution of authority. The conservative interpretation sees this as a clear directive that rebellion against governmental authority equates to rebellion against God's will. This aligns with the belief that God, in His sovereignty, orchestrates the rise and fall of leaders and nations for His purposes.

and those who do so will bring judgment on themselves
The phrase "will bring judgment" uses the Greek "λήμψονται κρίμα" (lēmpsontai krima), indicating a future consequence or divine retribution. "Judgment" here can be understood as both temporal and eternal, suggesting that resisting authority not only disrupts societal order but also incurs God's displeasure. From a conservative standpoint, this serves as a warning that disobedience to lawful authority is not just a civic issue but a spiritual one, with implications for one's relationship with God.

For rulers are not a terror to good conduct, but to bad
This phrase begins with the understanding that "rulers" (Greek: ἄρχοντες, archontes) are established by God to maintain order and justice. In the historical context of the Roman Empire, rulers were seen as God's instruments to promote peace and stability. The term "terror" (Greek: φόβος, phobos) implies fear or dread, suggesting that the primary role of government is to instill fear in those who do evil, not those who do good. "Good conduct" (Greek: ἀγαθός, agathos) refers to actions that align with God's moral law, while "bad" (Greek: κακός, kakos) denotes actions that are morally wrong or harmful. This dichotomy underscores the biblical principle that civil authorities are meant to reward righteousness and punish wickedness, reflecting God's justice.

Do you want to be free from fear of the one in authority?
The rhetorical question "Do you want to be free from fear" challenges believers to consider their relationship with authority. The phrase "free from fear" (Greek: ἀφόβως, aphobos) suggests living without anxiety or dread regarding governmental power. "The one in authority" (Greek: ἐξουσία, exousia) refers to those who hold power, emphasizing the divine ordination of their role. Historically, this would resonate with early Christians who faced persecution, reminding them that righteous living aligns with God's order and thus should not provoke fear of just rulers.

Then do what is right, and you will have his approval
"Do what is right" (Greek: ποιεῖν τὸ ἀγαθόν, poiein to agathon) is a call to live according to God's standards, which transcends mere legal compliance. The promise of "approval" (Greek: ἔπαινος, epainos) from authorities suggests that righteous living generally leads to favor and commendation. This reflects the biblical principle that God blesses those who pursue justice and righteousness, and it encourages believers to trust in God's sovereignty over human institutions. Historically, this would have been a powerful encouragement for Christians to maintain integrity and witness through their conduct, even under oppressive regimes.

For he is God’s servant for your good
The phrase "For he is God’s servant" underscores the divine ordination of governing authorities. The Greek word for "servant" here is "διάκονος" (diakonos), which is often translated as "minister" or "deacon." This term implies a role of service and duty, suggesting that those in authority are placed by God to fulfill His purposes. Historically, this reflects the belief that rulers are accountable to God and are meant to serve the public welfare. The phrase "for your good" indicates that the primary purpose of this divine appointment is the well-being of the people. The word "good" (Greek: "ἀγαθός," agathos) refers to moral and practical benefits, emphasizing that governance should promote justice, peace, and order in society.

But if you do wrong, be afraid
The phrase "But if you do wrong" introduces a conditional warning. The Greek word for "wrong" is "κακός" (kakos), which means evil or harmful actions. This implies a moral standard that the authorities are expected to uphold. The phrase "be afraid" uses the Greek word "φοβέομαι" (phobeomai), which means to fear or be in awe. This fear is not merely a psychological state but a recognition of the consequences of wrongdoing. Historically, this reflects the role of government as an enforcer of law and order, deterring evil through the threat of punishment.

for he does not carry the sword in vain
The "sword" is a symbol of authority and the power to enforce laws, including the administration of justice and punishment. The Greek word "μάχαιρα" (machaira) refers to a short sword or dagger, often used by Roman soldiers, symbolizing the power to execute judgment. The phrase "in vain" (Greek: "εἰκῇ," eikē) means without purpose or effect. This suggests that the authority's power to punish is not arbitrary but is intended to serve a divine purpose in maintaining order and justice.

He is God’s servant, an agent of retribution to bring punishment on the wrongdoer
Reiterating "He is God’s servant," the verse emphasizes the divine mandate of authorities. The term "agent of retribution" uses the Greek word "ἔκδικος" (ekdikos), meaning one who executes justice or vengeance. This highlights the role of government as an instrument of God's justice, tasked with maintaining moral order. The phrase "to bring punishment on the wrongdoer" underscores the responsibility of authorities to uphold justice by penalizing those who violate laws. The Greek word for "punishment" is "ὀργή" (orgē), often translated as wrath or anger, indicating a righteous response to sin. This reflects a biblical worldview where justice is seen as a reflection of God's character, and authorities are His appointed means to administer it on earth.

Therefore
The word "therefore" serves as a bridge, connecting the preceding verses with the current instruction. In the context of Romans 13, Paul has been discussing the role of governing authorities and their divine appointment. The Greek word "διό" (dio) implies a logical conclusion drawn from previous statements. It suggests that the following instructions are not isolated but are a continuation of the argument that God has established authorities for order and justice.

it is necessary
The phrase "it is necessary" translates the Greek word "ἀνάγκη" (anankē), which conveys a sense of obligation or compulsion. This necessity is not merely a suggestion but a moral imperative. In the conservative Christian perspective, this reflects the belief that God's commands are binding and that obedience to them is essential for living a life that honors Him.

to submit
The Greek word "ὑποτάσσω" (hypotassō) is used here, meaning to arrange oneself under the authority of another. This submission is not about blind obedience but a willing and conscious decision to respect and follow the established order. In the biblical context, submission is often seen as an act of humility and recognition of God's sovereignty in appointing leaders.

to authority
The term "authority" comes from the Greek "ἐξουσία" (exousia), which refers to the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience. In Romans 13, Paul emphasizes that all authority is instituted by God, and thus, respecting authority is part of respecting God's divine order. This perspective encourages believers to view governmental structures as part of God's providential care for society.

not only to avoid punishment
This phrase highlights a practical reason for submission: the avoidance of punishment. The Greek word "ὀργή" (orgē) refers to wrath or anger, often associated with the consequences of disobedience. From a conservative viewpoint, this underscores the reality of temporal consequences for actions and the importance of maintaining order through adherence to laws.

but also as a matter of conscience
The phrase "as a matter of conscience" translates the Greek "συνείδησις" (syneidēsis), which refers to the inner sense of right and wrong. Paul is urging believers to submit to authority not merely out of fear of punishment but because it aligns with their moral and spiritual convictions. This reflects the conservative Christian belief that true obedience stems from a transformed heart and a desire to live in accordance with God's will.

This is also why you pay taxes
The phrase begins with "This is also why," indicating a continuation of thought from the previous verses, which discuss submission to governing authorities. The Greek word for "pay" is "τελεῖτε" (teleite), which implies fulfilling an obligation or duty. In the historical context of the Roman Empire, taxes were a significant part of civic life, funding public services and infrastructure. From a conservative Christian perspective, paying taxes is seen as a moral duty, aligning with the biblical principle of respecting and supporting the institutions God has established for societal order.

For the authorities are God’s servants
The term "authorities" refers to governing bodies and officials. The Greek word "διάκονοι" (diakonoi) is used for "servants," which is often translated as "ministers" or "deacons" in other contexts. This suggests that those in authority are not merely political figures but are appointed by God to serve His purposes. Historically, this reflects the belief that all authority is derived from God, and thus, respecting and supporting these authorities is an act of obedience to God Himself. This perspective encourages Christians to view government officials as instruments of God's will, deserving of respect and cooperation.

who devote themselves to their work
The phrase "devote themselves" comes from the Greek "προσκαρτεροῦντες" (proskarterountes), meaning to persist or continue steadfastly. This implies a sense of dedication and commitment to their roles. The "work" refers to the responsibilities and duties of governance, which include maintaining order, justice, and the welfare of the community. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, this dedication is seen as a reflection of God's order and purpose, encouraging believers to support and pray for their leaders as they carry out their God-given tasks. Historically, this aligns with the understanding that rulers are accountable to God for their actions and are expected to govern with integrity and righteousness.

Pay everyone what you owe him
This phrase emphasizes the Christian duty to fulfill obligations. The Greek word for "pay" is "ἀπόδοτε" (apodote), which means to give back or restore. It implies a moral and ethical responsibility to settle debts and fulfill commitments. In the historical context of the Roman Empire, where Paul was writing, financial and social obligations were taken seriously. This instruction aligns with the broader biblical principle of integrity and honesty in dealings with others, reflecting God's justice and righteousness.

taxes to whom taxes are due
The word "taxes" comes from the Greek "φόρους" (phorous), referring to the compulsory levies imposed by governing authorities. In the Roman context, taxes were a significant part of life, funding the empire's vast infrastructure and military. Paul acknowledges the legitimacy of these obligations, urging believers to comply as a testimony of their respect for authority and order, which are ordained by God (Romans 13:1).

revenue to whom revenue is due
"Revenue" is translated from the Greek "τέλη" (telē), which can also mean tolls or duties. This phrase extends the principle of paying taxes to other forms of financial obligations, such as customs or fees. The historical context suggests a society with various forms of taxation, and Paul encourages Christians to honor these as part of their witness to the world, demonstrating that their faith does not exempt them from civic responsibilities.

respect to whom respect is due
The Greek word for "respect" is "φόβον" (phobon), which can also mean fear or reverence. This phrase calls for an attitude of honor towards those in positions of authority. In a Roman society structured around hierarchy and power, showing respect was crucial. For Christians, this respect is not just societal but rooted in the understanding that all authority is established by God (Romans 13:1-2).

honor to whom honor is due
"Honor" comes from the Greek "τιμήν" (timēn), signifying value or esteem. This phrase encourages believers to recognize and affirm the worth of individuals, particularly those in leadership or authority. In the biblical context, honor is a reflection of God's image in humanity and a recognition of His sovereign order. By honoring others, Christians demonstrate the transformative power of the Gospel in their relationships and communities.

Owe no one anything
This phrase begins with a directive that is both practical and spiritual. The Greek word for "owe" is "opheilō," which implies a moral obligation or debt. In the context of the Roman Empire, where financial transactions and debts were common, Paul’s instruction is clear: Christians should strive to live free of financial obligations that could hinder their witness or burden their conscience. This directive aligns with the broader biblical principle of stewardship and integrity, emphasizing that believers should manage their resources wisely and honor their commitments.

except to love one another
The Greek word for "love" here is "agapē," which refers to a selfless, sacrificial love that seeks the best for others. This is the same love that God demonstrates towards humanity. Paul elevates love as the perpetual debt that can never be fully repaid. Unlike financial debts, which can be settled, the obligation to love is ongoing and infinite. This reflects Jesus’ teaching in the Gospels, where love is the greatest commandment (Matthew 22:37-40). In a historical context, this call to love transcends cultural and social barriers, uniting believers in a common purpose.

For he who loves his neighbor
The term "neighbor" in Greek is "plēsion," which traditionally referred to fellow Jews but was expanded by Jesus to include all people, as seen in the Parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25-37). This broad definition challenges believers to extend love beyond their immediate community. In the Roman context, where diverse cultures and ethnicities coexisted, this command was radical and countercultural. It underscores the Christian call to inclusivity and compassion, reflecting God’s universal love.

has fulfilled the law
The Greek word for "fulfilled" is "plēroō," meaning to complete or bring to full expression. Paul asserts that love is the essence and culmination of the law. This echoes Jesus’ teaching that all the Law and the Prophets hang on the commandments to love God and neighbor (Matthew 22:40). Historically, the Jewish law was seen as a complex system of rules and rituals. Paul simplifies this by stating that genuine love naturally leads to the fulfillment of the law’s requirements. This perspective encourages believers to focus on the heart of the law—love—rather than mere legalistic adherence.

The commandments
This phrase refers to the moral laws given by God, primarily found in the Old Testament, specifically the Ten Commandments. The Greek word for "commandments" is "ἐντολαί" (entolai), which implies authoritative prescriptions. These commandments are not mere suggestions but divine imperatives that reflect God's holy and righteous character. They serve as a moral compass for believers, guiding them in their relationships with God and others.

'Do not commit adultery,'
The commandment against adultery is rooted in the sanctity of marriage, a covenant relationship established by God. The Greek word for "adultery" is "μοιχεύσεις" (moicheuseis), which denotes sexual unfaithfulness. This commandment underscores the importance of fidelity and purity, reflecting God's design for marriage as a lifelong, exclusive union between a man and a woman.

'Do not murder,'
This commandment, "οὐ φονεύσεις" (ou phoneuseis) in Greek, prohibits the unlawful taking of human life. It highlights the value and sanctity of life, as humans are made in the image of God (Genesis 1:27). This commandment calls believers to respect and protect life, promoting peace and reconciliation rather than violence and hatred.

'Do not steal,'
The prohibition against stealing, "οὐ κλέψεις" (ou klepseis) in Greek, addresses the respect for others' property and rights. It emphasizes integrity and honesty in all dealings, encouraging believers to trust in God's provision rather than resorting to dishonest gain. This commandment fosters a community of trust and mutual respect.

'Do not covet,'
Coveting, "οὐκ ἐπιθυμήσεις" (ouk epithymēseis) in Greek, refers to an inordinate desire for what belongs to others. This commandment goes beyond outward actions to address the heart's intentions, urging believers to cultivate contentment and gratitude. It warns against the dangers of greed and envy, which can lead to other sins.

and any other commandment
This phrase acknowledges that the list is not exhaustive. The Greek "ἑτέρα ἐντολή" (hetera entolē) suggests that all God's commandments are interconnected, forming a comprehensive moral framework. It reminds believers that God's law is holistic, covering all aspects of life and relationships.

are summed up in this one decree
The phrase "ἀνακεφαλαιοῦται" (anakephalaioutai) in Greek means "to sum up" or "to bring together under one head." This indicates that the essence of the law is encapsulated in a singular, overarching principle. It points to the unity and coherence of God's moral law, which is ultimately fulfilled in love.

'Love your neighbor as yourself.'
This commandment, "Ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν" (Agapēseis ton plēsion sou hōs seauton) in Greek, is a direct quotation from Leviticus 19:18. It encapsulates the heart of the law, emphasizing selfless, sacrificial love. This love, "ἀγάπη" (agapē), is not merely an emotion but a deliberate choice to seek the welfare of others. It reflects the love of Christ, who laid down His life for us, and calls believers to emulate His example in their relationships. This commandment challenges believers to transcend self-interest, fostering a community marked by compassion, empathy, and service.

Love
The Greek word used here is "agape," which signifies a selfless, sacrificial, unconditional love. In the New Testament, "agape" is often used to describe the love that God has for humanity and that Christians are called to emulate. This type of love is not based on emotions or feelings but is an act of will, a deliberate choice to seek the well-being of others. In the context of Romans, Paul emphasizes that this love is the highest moral principle, transcending all other commandments.

does no wrong
The phrase "does no wrong" is derived from the Greek "kakos," meaning evil or harm. In a historical context, this reflects the ethical teachings of both Jewish and Greco-Roman traditions, which valued the principle of not causing harm to others. Paul is reiterating a fundamental moral tenet that aligns with the teachings of Jesus, who summarized the law as loving God and loving one's neighbor (Matthew 22:37-40).

to its neighbor
The term "neighbor" in Greek is "plesion," which traditionally referred to fellow Israelites. However, Jesus expanded this definition in the parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25-37), illustrating that one's neighbor is anyone in need, regardless of ethnic or social boundaries. Paul, writing to a diverse Roman audience, underscores this inclusive understanding, urging believers to extend love beyond their immediate community.

Therefore
This conjunction serves as a logical connector, indicating that what follows is a conclusion drawn from the preceding statement. Paul uses "therefore" to emphasize that the principle of love naturally leads to the fulfillment of the law. It is a call to action, urging believers to live out their faith through love.

love is the fulfillment
The word "fulfillment" comes from the Greek "pleroma," meaning completeness or fullness. In this context, Paul is asserting that love encapsulates and completes the requirements of the law. This echoes Jesus' teaching that all the law and the prophets hang on the commandments to love God and neighbor (Matthew 22:40). Love is not merely an aspect of the law but its ultimate expression and purpose.

of the law
The "law" here refers to the Mosaic Law, which includes the Ten Commandments and other ethical teachings found in the Old Testament. For Paul, a former Pharisee, the law was central to Jewish identity and religious practice. However, he argues that adherence to the law is not about legalistic observance but about embodying its spirit through love. This perspective aligns with the teachings of Jesus, who came not to abolish the law but to fulfill it (Matthew 5:17).

And do this
This phrase serves as a continuation from the preceding verses, where Paul exhorts believers to love one another. The Greek word for "do" is "ποιεῖτε" (poieite), which implies an active, ongoing action. It is not merely a suggestion but a command to live out the love and righteousness that Paul has been discussing. This call to action is rooted in the understanding that faith is not passive but requires active participation in God's will.

understanding the occasion
The Greek word for "understanding" is "εἰδότες" (eidotes), which means to know or perceive. It suggests a deep, spiritual awareness of the times we are living in. "The occasion" refers to the present time, emphasizing the urgency and significance of the moment. Historically, this reflects the early Christian belief in the imminent return of Christ, urging believers to live with a sense of expectancy and readiness.

The hour has come
This phrase indicates a specific, divinely appointed time. The Greek word "ὥρα" (hora) is often used in the New Testament to denote a critical moment in God's redemptive plan. It suggests that the time for action is now, not in some distant future. This urgency is a call to recognize the spiritual significance of the present moment and to respond accordingly.

for you to wake up from your slumber
The metaphor of waking from sleep is a powerful call to spiritual vigilance. The Greek word "ἐγερθῆναι" (egerthenai) means to rise or awaken, and "ὕπνου" (hypnou) refers to sleep. This imagery is used throughout Scripture to contrast spiritual lethargy with alertness and readiness. It is a reminder that believers must not be complacent but should be actively engaged in their faith, fully aware of the spiritual realities around them.

for our salvation is nearer now
The concept of salvation in this context is eschatological, referring to the ultimate deliverance and fulfillment of God's promises. The Greek word "σωτηρία" (soteria) encompasses both present and future aspects of salvation. The phrase "is nearer now" emphasizes the progressive unfolding of God's plan, encouraging believers to live with hope and anticipation, knowing that the culmination of their faith is approaching.

than when we first believed
This phrase reflects the journey of faith that begins with belief and continues to grow and mature over time. The Greek word "ἐπιστεύσαμεν" (episteusamen) means to have faith or trust. Paul is reminding the Roman Christians of their initial commitment to Christ and urging them to persevere, recognizing that each day brings them closer to the fulfillment of God's promises. This serves as an encouragement to remain steadfast and faithful, knowing that their labor in the Lord is not in vain.

The night is nearly over
This phrase signifies the present age, often characterized by sin and moral darkness. In the Greek, "night" (νύξ, nux) metaphorically represents a time of ignorance and separation from God. Historically, the early Christians lived in a world dominated by paganism and moral decay, much like the "night." The phrase "nearly over" suggests an imminent change, a hopeful anticipation of Christ's return, which is a central tenet of Christian eschatology. This reflects the urgency and expectation that believers should have, living in the light of Christ's imminent return.

the day has drawn near
"The day" (ἡμέρα, hēmera) symbolizes the coming of Christ and the establishment of His kingdom, a time of righteousness and divine truth. In the scriptural context, "day" often represents enlightenment, revelation, and the presence of God. The phrase "has drawn near" indicates the nearness of this divine intervention, urging believers to live in readiness. Historically, this reflects the early church's anticipation of Christ's second coming, encouraging a life of holiness and vigilance.

So let us lay aside the deeds of darkness
"Lay aside" (ἀποθώμεθα, apothōmetha) is a call to action, urging believers to renounce and discard behaviors associated with "darkness" (σκότος, skotos), which signifies sin and moral corruption. This is a metaphor for repentance and transformation, a turning away from the sinful nature. In the historical context, this would have been a radical call for the Roman Christians to abandon the prevalent immoral practices of their society. It is a reminder of the transformative power of the Gospel, calling believers to live distinctively holy lives.

and put on the armor of light
"Put on" (ἐνδυσώμεθα, endysōmetha) suggests a deliberate and conscious action to adopt a new way of living. "Armor" (ὅπλα, hopla) implies protection and readiness for spiritual battle, drawing from the imagery of a soldier prepared for conflict. "Light" (φῶς, phōs) represents truth, purity, and the presence of God. In the scriptural context, light is often associated with Christ Himself, who is the "light of the world" (John 8:12). This phrase encourages believers to embody the virtues and character of Christ, living as beacons of His truth in a dark world. Historically, this would have been a powerful metaphor for the early Christians, who were called to stand firm in their faith amidst persecution and moral challenges.

Let us walk with decency
The phrase "Let us walk" is derived from the Greek word "περιπατέω" (peripateo), which means to conduct one's life or to live. This implies an ongoing, habitual action, suggesting that our daily lives should consistently reflect a standard of moral integrity. "Decency" translates from the Greek "εὐσχημόνως" (euschemonos), which conveys a sense of propriety and respectability. In the context of a conservative Christian perspective, this calls believers to live in a manner that is honorable and reflects the light of Christ, as if always in the presence of God, who sees all things.

as in the daytime
The imagery of "daytime" is significant in biblical literature, often symbolizing truth, transparency, and righteousness. The Greek word "ἡμέρα" (hemera) is used here, which literally means "day." In the ancient world, daytime was associated with visibility and clarity, as opposed to the secrecy and hidden deeds often associated with night. This phrase encourages believers to live openly and honestly, as if their actions are always visible to others and to God, aligning with the call to be "children of light" (Ephesians 5:8).

not in carousing and drunkenness
"Carousing" comes from the Greek "κῶμος" (komos), referring to wild, noisy festivities often associated with excessive drinking and revelry. "Drunkenness" is translated from "μέθη" (methe), indicating intoxication. Historically, such behaviors were common in pagan rituals and celebrations, which were antithetical to the disciplined and sober life expected of Christians. This admonition serves as a reminder to avoid behaviors that lead to a loss of self-control and moral compromise, emphasizing the importance of sobriety and self-discipline.

not in sexual immorality and debauchery
"Sexual immorality" is translated from the Greek "κοίτη" (koite), which literally means "bed" but is used euphemistically for illicit sexual relations. "Debauchery" comes from "ἀσέλγεια" (aselgeia), indicating a lack of restraint and shameless conduct. In the Greco-Roman world, such behaviors were often normalized, yet Paul calls Christians to a higher standard of purity and holiness. This reflects the biblical teaching that our bodies are temples of the Holy Spirit (1 Corinthians 6:19-20), and thus should be treated with respect and honor.

not in dissension and jealousy
"Dissension" is from the Greek "ἔρις" (eris), meaning strife or contention, while "jealousy" is "ζῆλος" (zelos), which can mean zeal but in this context refers to envy. These terms highlight relational sins that disrupt community and fellowship. In a conservative Christian view, unity and love within the body of Christ are paramount, as Jesus taught that love for one another is a defining mark of His disciples (John 13:35). This exhortation calls believers to pursue peace and harmony, avoiding attitudes and actions that lead to division and discord.

Instead
This word serves as a pivotal transition, contrasting the previous instructions in Romans 13 about living honorably and avoiding sinful behaviors. The Greek word used here is "ἀλλά" (alla), which is often used to denote a strong contrast. It emphasizes a decisive shift from worldly behaviors to a Christ-centered life. This transition is not merely a suggestion but a call to action for believers to adopt a new way of living.

clothe yourselves
The phrase "clothe yourselves" comes from the Greek "ἐνδύσασθε" (endysasthe), which means to put on or to be enveloped in. This metaphorical language suggests a complete transformation, akin to changing one's identity. In the historical context, clothing was a significant marker of identity and status. By clothing oneself with Christ, believers are called to take on His character and virtues, leaving behind their old selves.

with the Lord Jesus Christ
This phrase is central to the verse, emphasizing the person and work of Jesus. "Lord" (Κύριον, Kyrion) denotes authority and divinity, affirming Jesus' sovereign role in the believer's life. "Jesus" (Ἰησοῦν, Iēsoun) is His human name, reminding us of His incarnation and relatability. "Christ" (Χριστόν, Christon) means the Anointed One, highlighting His messianic mission. Together, these titles encapsulate the fullness of who Jesus is and the comprehensive nature of the transformation believers are called to undergo.

and make no provision
The Greek word for "provision" is "πρόνοιαν" (pronoian), which means forethought or planning. This phrase instructs believers to avoid even the initial steps that might lead to sin. Historically, this reflects a proactive approach to holiness, where one actively avoids situations that could lead to temptation. It is a call to vigilance and intentionality in one's spiritual walk.

for the desires of the flesh
"Desires" translates from the Greek "ἐπιθυμίας" (epithymias), which refers to strong cravings or lusts. "Flesh" (σαρκός, sarkos) in this context represents the sinful nature and human weaknesses. The phrase warns against succumbing to earthly temptations and urges believers to live by the Spirit. In the broader scriptural context, this aligns with Paul's teachings in Galatians 5:16-17, where he contrasts the works of the flesh with the fruit of the Spirit. It is a reminder of the ongoing spiritual battle and the need for reliance on God's strength.