Then I looked
This phrase indicates a transition in John's vision, a common occurrence in apocalyptic literature. The Greek word for "looked" is "eidon," which implies not just seeing with the eyes but perceiving with understanding. This suggests that John is not merely observing events but is being given divine insight into their significance. The act of looking is a call to the reader to pay attention to the unfolding revelation, emphasizing the importance of what is about to be described.

and saw the Lamb
The "Lamb" is a central figure in Revelation, representing Jesus Christ. The Greek word "arnion" is used here, which specifically denotes a young lamb, symbolizing innocence and sacrifice. This imagery is deeply rooted in the Jewish sacrificial system, where a lamb without blemish was offered for atonement. The Lamb standing signifies victory and authority, a stark contrast to the sacrificial lamb that is typically seen as passive. This portrays Christ as the triumphant Redeemer, having overcome sin and death.

standing on Mount Zion
Mount Zion holds significant theological and historical importance. In the Old Testament, Zion is often synonymous with Jerusalem, the city of God, and a place of divine presence and kingship. The Greek "Zion" here evokes the fulfillment of God's promises and the establishment of His kingdom. The Lamb standing on Mount Zion symbolizes the ultimate victory of Christ and the establishment of His eternal reign. It is a place of refuge and salvation for God's people, contrasting with the chaos and judgment depicted elsewhere in Revelation.

and with Him 144,000
The number 144,000 is symbolic, representing completeness and perfection. It is derived from 12 (the number of tribes of Israel) squared and multiplied by 1,000, indicating a vast, complete group. This group is often interpreted as the faithful remnant of God's people, sealed and protected by Him. The presence of the 144,000 with the Lamb on Mount Zion signifies their triumph and vindication, having remained faithful through tribulation.

who had His name and His Father’s name written on their foreheads
The act of having a name written on the forehead is symbolic of ownership and identity. In the ancient world, a name represented one's character and authority. The Greek word "onoma" for "name" implies a deep, personal relationship. The dual mention of "His name and His Father’s name" underscores the unity between Jesus and the Father and the believers' allegiance to both. This mark contrasts with the mark of the beast mentioned earlier in Revelation, highlighting the distinction between those who belong to God and those who do not. It signifies divine protection and the believers' commitment to God's kingdom.

And I heard
The phrase "And I heard" signifies the Apostle John's role as a witness to divine revelation. The Greek word for "heard" is "ἤκουσα" (ēkousa), which implies not just hearing but understanding and perceiving. This emphasizes the importance of spiritual discernment in receiving God's messages. John, in his vision, is attentive and receptive, modeling the posture believers should have towards God's word.

a sound from heaven
The "sound from heaven" indicates a divine origin, setting the stage for a message of great significance. In biblical context, heaven is often depicted as the realm of God, angels, and divine activity. This sound is not earthly but celestial, reminding believers of the transcendence and majesty of God's communication.

like the roar of many waters
The comparison to "the roar of many waters" evokes imagery of power and majesty. In the Greek, "ὡς φωνὴν ὑδάτων πολλῶν" (hōs phōnēn hydatōn pollōn) suggests overwhelming and awe-inspiring sound, similar to the voice of God described in Ezekiel 43:2. This imagery conveys God's omnipotence and the irresistible nature of His voice, which commands attention and reverence.

and like the sound of loud thunder
The "sound of loud thunder" further emphasizes the power and authority of the message. Thunder, often associated with divine presence and judgment in Scripture, underscores the seriousness and urgency of what is being revealed. It serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and the awe-inspiring nature of His presence.

The sound I heard was like harpists strumming their harps
This phrase introduces a contrast to the previous powerful imagery, with "harpists strumming their harps" suggesting beauty, harmony, and worship. The Greek "κιθαριστῶν κιθαρίζοντων" (kitharistōn kitharizontōn) reflects a melodic and soothing sound, often associated with praise and celebration in biblical times. This duality of thunderous power and harmonious beauty encapsulates the multifaceted nature of God's revelation—both awe-inspiring and comforting, commanding reverence and inviting worship.

And they sang a new song
The phrase "a new song" is significant in biblical literature, often symbolizing a fresh act of divine deliverance or a new phase in God's redemptive plan. The Greek word for "new" (καινός, kainos) implies something unprecedented or unique. In the context of Revelation, this new song represents the ultimate victory and redemption through Christ, a theme that resonates throughout the book. Historically, songs in the Bible, such as the Song of Moses or the Psalms, have been expressions of praise and thanksgiving for God's mighty works. This new song is a celestial anthem, signifying the fulfillment of God's promises.

before the throne
The "throne" in Revelation is a central symbol of God's sovereign rule and authority. The Greek word for throne (θρόνος, thronos) is used extensively in Revelation, emphasizing God's ultimate control over the cosmos. The imagery of singing before the throne suggests an act of worship and reverence, acknowledging God's majesty and dominion. In the historical context of the early church, this would have been a powerful reminder of God's supremacy amidst persecution and trials.

and before the four living creatures
The "four living creatures" are introduced earlier in Revelation (Revelation 4:6-8) and are often interpreted as angelic beings that represent all of creation, constantly worshiping God. The Greek term for "living creatures" (ζῷα, zōa) indicates beings full of life and vitality. Their presence in this scene underscores the universal scope of worship and the acknowledgment of God's glory by all creation. This imagery draws from Old Testament visions, such as those in Ezekiel, where similar creatures are described.

and the elders
The "elders" in Revelation are typically seen as representatives of the redeemed, possibly symbolizing the twelve tribes of Israel and the twelve apostles, thus encompassing the entirety of God's people. The Greek word for elders (πρεσβύτεροι, presbyteroi) suggests maturity and authority. Their presence in this heavenly scene highlights the continuity of God's covenant people and the fulfillment of His promises to them. Historically, elders were leaders within the early church, and their inclusion here would resonate with the original audience as a symbol of faithful leadership and witness.

And no one could learn the song
This phrase emphasizes the exclusivity and special status of the 144,000. The Greek word for "learn" (μανθάνω, manthanō) implies understanding or comprehending something deeply. The inability of others to learn the song suggests a unique relationship and experience with God that the 144,000 possess. This exclusivity serves to highlight the distinctiveness of their redemption and calling.

except the 144,000
The "144,000" are mentioned earlier in Revelation 7:4, where they are described as being sealed from the twelve tribes of Israel. The number is often interpreted symbolically, representing the completeness and perfection of God's people. The specificity of this group underscores their special role and identity in God's redemptive plan. From a historical perspective, this would have been a source of hope and assurance for the early Christians, affirming their place in God's eternal kingdom.

who had been redeemed from the earth
The term "redeemed" (ἀγοράζω, agorazō) in Greek conveys the idea of being bought or purchased, often at a great price. This reflects the sacrificial work of Christ, who redeems His people through His death and resurrection. The phrase "from the earth" indicates that these individuals have been set apart from the world, belonging now to God's heavenly kingdom. This redemption is a central theme in Christian theology, emphasizing the transformative power of Christ's sacrifice and the hope of eternal life. Historically, this would have been a profound encouragement to believers facing persecution, reminding them of their ultimate deliverance and victory in Christ.

These are the ones who have not been defiled with women
This phrase speaks to the purity and dedication of the 144,000 mentioned earlier in Revelation. The Greek word for "defiled" is "molyno," which implies being stained or polluted. In a historical context, this purity can be seen as a metaphor for spiritual faithfulness, as idolatry and spiritual adultery were often equated with physical impurity in the Old Testament. The emphasis here is on spiritual integrity and devotion to God, rather than a literal interpretation of celibacy.

for they are virgins
The term "virgins" in this context is symbolic, representing those who have remained spiritually pure and faithful to Christ. The Greek word "parthenos" is used, which can mean a literal virgin but also carries the connotation of purity and dedication. In the conservative Christian perspective, this symbolizes the Church's call to remain untainted by the world, echoing the call to holiness found throughout Scripture.

They follow the Lamb wherever He goes
This phrase highlights the complete devotion and obedience of the 144,000 to Christ, the Lamb. The Greek word "akoloutheo" means to follow or accompany, suggesting a close and continuous relationship. Historically, following a rabbi or teacher was a sign of discipleship, and here it signifies the unwavering commitment of believers to Christ's teachings and path, regardless of the cost.

They have been redeemed from among men
The concept of redemption is central to Christian theology, with the Greek word "agorazo" meaning to buy or purchase. This indicates that these individuals have been bought by the blood of Christ, set apart from the rest of humanity. In a historical and scriptural context, this echoes the Old Testament practice of redeeming firstborns and points to the sacrificial system that prefigures Christ's ultimate sacrifice.

as firstfruits to God and to the Lamb
The term "firstfruits" is rich in biblical symbolism, referring to the first portion of the harvest offered to God, as seen in the Old Testament. The Greek word "aparche" signifies a pledge of the greater harvest to come. In this context, it suggests that the 144,000 are a special offering to God, representing the initial and dedicated portion of a larger group of believers. This imagery underscores the idea of being set apart for divine purposes, reflecting the Church's role as a holy and consecrated community.

And no lie was found
The phrase "no lie was found" emphasizes the purity and truthfulness of the individuals being described. In the Greek, the word for "lie" is "pseudos," which refers to falsehood or deceit. This highlights the integrity and honesty of these individuals, who are free from deception. Historically, truthfulness has been a hallmark of God's people, as seen in the commandment against bearing false witness (Exodus 20:16). In a world often characterized by deceit, these individuals stand out as beacons of truth, reflecting the nature of Christ, who is "the way, the truth, and the life" (John 14:6).

in their mouths
The phrase "in their mouths" indicates that their speech is pure and untainted by falsehood. The mouth, in biblical terms, often represents the heart's overflow (Matthew 12:34). Thus, their speech reflects their inner purity and commitment to truth. This aligns with the biblical call for believers to let their "yes" be "yes," and their "no," "no" (Matthew 5:37), underscoring the importance of integrity in communication.

they are blameless
The term "blameless" is translated from the Greek word "amōmos," meaning without blemish or fault. This word is often used in the New Testament to describe the moral and spiritual purity expected of believers (Ephesians 1:4, Philippians 2:15). In the Old Testament, sacrificial animals were required to be without blemish, symbolizing the perfection required to approach God (Leviticus 1:3). Here, the blamelessness of these individuals signifies their complete dedication and holiness before God, achieved through the redemptive work of Christ. This blameless state is not of their own doing but is a result of living in accordance with God's will and being covered by the righteousness of Christ. It serves as an inspiration for believers to strive for holiness and purity in their own lives, relying on the Holy Spirit's power to transform and sanctify.

Then I saw
The phrase "Then I saw" indicates a continuation of John's visionary experience. The Greek word for "saw" is "εἶδον" (eidon), which implies not just physical sight but a deeper, spiritual perception. This vision is part of a series of revelations given to John, emphasizing the unfolding of divine mysteries. It reminds us of the prophetic nature of Revelation, where God reveals His plans to His servants.

another angel
The term "another" suggests that this angel is part of a sequence of angelic messengers. Angels, or "ἄγγελος" (angelos) in Greek, are divine messengers. This particular angel is distinct from others mentioned earlier, highlighting the structured and purposeful nature of God's communication. Angels play a crucial role in Revelation, acting as intermediaries between God and humanity, underscoring the heavenly origin of the message.

flying overhead
The imagery of the angel "flying overhead" conveys a sense of urgency and visibility. The Greek word "πετόμενον" (petomenon) suggests swift movement, indicating the immediacy of the message. This positioning in the sky symbolizes the universal scope of the angel's mission, visible to all on earth, and reflects the divine authority and reach of the message being delivered.

with the eternal gospel
The "eternal gospel" is a profound concept. The Greek word for "gospel" is "εὐαγγέλιον" (euangelion), meaning "good news." The adjective "eternal" (αἰώνιον, aionion) emphasizes the timeless and unchanging nature of this message. Unlike human proclamations, this gospel transcends time and culture, offering salvation and hope to all generations. It is a reminder of God's unchanging promise of redemption through Jesus Christ.

to proclaim
The act "to proclaim" is derived from the Greek "εὐαγγελίσαι" (euangelisai), meaning to announce or declare publicly. This proclamation is not a mere suggestion but a divine mandate. It underscores the responsibility of believers to share the gospel actively and boldly, following the example of the angel. The proclamation is a call to repentance and faith, urging humanity to respond to God's offer of salvation.

to those who dwell on the earth
This phrase identifies the recipients of the message as "those who dwell on the earth." The Greek "κατοικοῦντας" (katoikountas) implies a settled, earthly existence. It contrasts with the heavenly origin of the message, highlighting the need for earthly inhabitants to lift their eyes to divine truths. It serves as a reminder that while believers live in the world, their ultimate citizenship is in heaven.

to every nation and tribe and tongue and people
The comprehensive scope of the gospel is emphasized here. The Greek terms "ἔθνος" (ethnos), "φυλή" (phyle), "γλῶσσα" (glossa), and "λαός" (laos) cover all human divisions—national, ethnic, linguistic, and social. This universality reflects God's inclusive love and the global mission of the church. It challenges believers to transcend cultural and racial barriers, uniting in the shared mission of spreading the gospel to all corners of the earth.

He said in a loud voice
The phrase "He said in a loud voice" emphasizes the urgency and importance of the message being delivered. In the Greek, "loud voice" is "φωνῇ μεγάλῃ" (phonē megalē), indicating a proclamation meant to be heard by all. This reflects the angel's role as a divine messenger, ensuring that the message reaches every corner of the earth. The loudness signifies the authority and the critical nature of the announcement, urging immediate attention and response.

Fear God
The call to "Fear God" is a central theme in Scripture, rooted in the Hebrew concept of "yirah," which encompasses reverence, awe, and respect. This fear is not about terror but about recognizing God's majesty and holiness. It is a call to acknowledge God's sovereignty and to live in a way that honors Him. In the context of Revelation, it serves as a reminder of God's ultimate authority over creation and history.

and give Him glory
To "give Him glory" means to acknowledge God's supreme worth and to honor Him through worship and obedience. The Greek word for glory, "δόξα" (doxa), implies a recognition of God's divine nature and His deeds. This phrase calls believers to live lives that reflect God's character and to publicly declare His greatness, especially in a world that often denies His existence.

because the hour of His judgment has come
This phrase highlights the immediacy and certainty of God's judgment. The "hour" signifies a specific, divinely appointed time, underscoring the prophetic nature of Revelation. The Greek word "κρίσις" (krisis) for judgment indicates a decisive act of justice. Historically, this reflects the biblical theme of God's righteous judgment, which is both a warning to the unrepentant and a promise of vindication for the faithful.

Worship Him who made the heavens, the earth, the sea, and the springs of waters
This call to worship is a reminder of God's role as Creator. The phrase echoes the language of Genesis, affirming God's sovereignty over all creation. The mention of "heavens, the earth, the sea, and the springs of waters" encompasses the entirety of the created order, emphasizing that all of nature is under God's dominion. This serves as a call to recognize God's power and to respond with worship, aligning with the biblical narrative that creation itself testifies to God's glory and majesty.

Then a second angel followed
The phrase introduces the second of three angels in this chapter, each delivering a distinct message. The Greek word for "angel" is "ἄγγελος" (angelos), meaning "messenger." In the context of Revelation, angels often serve as divine heralds, delivering God's messages to humanity. The sequential appearance of this angel signifies the unfolding of God's plan and the progression of divine judgment. The presence of multiple angels underscores the seriousness and urgency of the message being conveyed.

saying, 'Fallen, fallen is Babylon the great
The repetition of "fallen" emphasizes the certainty and completeness of Babylon's downfall. In biblical literature, Babylon is often symbolic of human pride, idolatry, and opposition to God. Historically, Babylon was a powerful empire known for its wealth and decadence, but it also became a symbol of rebellion against God. The phrase "Babylon the great" highlights its perceived power and influence, yet its fall is inevitable under God's judgment. This serves as a reminder of the ultimate triumph of God's kingdom over earthly powers.

who has made all the nations drink
The imagery of making nations "drink" suggests coercion and influence. In ancient times, sharing a cup or drink often symbolized fellowship or participation. Here, it implies that Babylon has led the nations into complicity with her sins. The Greek word "ποτίζω" (potizō) means "to give to drink," indicating an active role in leading others astray. This highlights the pervasive and corrupting influence of Babylon, which extends beyond its own borders to affect the entire world.

the wine of the passion of her immorality
The "wine" symbolizes the intoxicating and seductive nature of Babylon's sins. Wine, in biblical terms, can represent both blessing and judgment. Here, it is associated with "passion" and "immorality," suggesting a reckless indulgence in sinful behavior. The Greek word for "passion" is "θυμός" (thymos), which can mean "wrath" or "fierce desire," indicating an intense and consuming nature. "Immorality" translates from "πορνεία" (porneia), often referring to sexual immorality but also encompassing idolatry and spiritual unfaithfulness. This phrase serves as a warning against the seductive allure of sin and the inevitable consequences of turning away from God.

And a third angel followed them
The phrase introduces the third angel in a sequence of three, emphasizing the divine order and completeness often associated with the number three in biblical literature. The Greek word for "angel" is "ἄγγελος" (angelos), meaning "messenger." This highlights the role of angels as divine messengers delivering God's warnings and judgments. The presence of a third angel signifies the importance and urgency of the message being delivered, as it follows the proclamations of the first two angels in Revelation 14.

calling out in a loud voice
The phrase "calling out in a loud voice" underscores the urgency and importance of the message. The Greek word for "loud" is "μεγάλης" (megalēs), from which we derive the English word "mega," indicating something great or significant. This loud proclamation ensures that the message is heard by all, symbolizing God's desire for all to be aware of the impending judgment and the consequences of their choices.

If anyone worships the beast and its image
"Worships" comes from the Greek word "προσκυνέω" (proskyneō), meaning to bow down or show reverence. The "beast" refers to the apocalyptic figure introduced earlier in Revelation, symbolizing oppressive, anti-God powers. The "image" of the beast represents idolatry and false worship. Historically, this reflects the Roman Empire's demand for emperor worship, but it also serves as a timeless warning against any form of idolatry or allegiance to worldly powers that oppose God.

and receives its mark on his forehead or on his hand
The "mark" is a symbol of allegiance and identity, contrasting with the "seal of God" on the foreheads of the faithful (Revelation 7:3). The Greek word for "mark" is "χάραγμα" (charagma), which can mean an engraving or stamp. The forehead and hand signify thoughts and actions, respectively, indicating a total commitment to the beast's authority. This mark is a counterfeit to God's seal, representing a deliberate choice to reject God and align with the beast's system. Historically, this could relate to economic and social pressures faced by early Christians, but it also serves as a prophetic warning for future generations to remain steadfast in their faith.

he too will drink
The phrase "he too will drink" signifies a personal and inevitable participation in the consequences of divine judgment. The imagery of drinking is often used in Scripture to denote experiencing something fully, whether it be joy or, as in this case, wrath. The Greek word for "drink" (πίνω, pinō) implies an active reception, indicating that those who align themselves against God will fully partake in the repercussions of their rebellion.

the wine of God’s anger
"Wine" in biblical terms often symbolizes abundance and the outpouring of something, whether it be blessing or judgment. Here, "the wine of God’s anger" represents the full measure of divine wrath. The Greek word for "anger" (θυμός, thymos) conveys a passionate, intense expression of God's righteous indignation against sin. This is not a capricious anger but a holy response to the rejection of God's grace and truth.

poured undiluted
The phrase "poured undiluted" emphasizes the severity and purity of God's judgment. In ancient times, wine was often diluted with water to reduce its potency. The Greek word for "undiluted" (ἀκράτος, akratos) indicates that this judgment is full-strength, unmitigated, and complete. It underscores the seriousness of sin and the absolute justice of God.

into the cup of His wrath
The "cup" is a recurring biblical metaphor for God's judgment. In the Old Testament, the cup often symbolizes the destiny or portion allotted by God, whether for blessing or judgment. The "cup of His wrath" here is a vivid image of the inescapable and predetermined nature of divine retribution. The Greek word for "wrath" (ὀργή, orgē) refers to a settled, determined response to sin, highlighting God's consistent and just character.

And he will be tormented
The word "tormented" (βασανίζω, basanizō) in Greek conveys the idea of severe distress and suffering. This term is used to describe the intense and conscious experience of divine judgment. It reflects the reality of eternal separation from God and the anguish that accompanies such a state. This is not merely punitive but serves as a solemn warning of the consequences of rejecting God's mercy.

in fire and sulfur
"Fire and sulfur" are traditional biblical symbols of divine judgment and purification. Fire represents the consuming and purifying nature of God's holiness, while sulfur (or brimstone) is associated with destruction and desolation. Together, they depict the totality and intensity of the judgment awaiting those who oppose God. This imagery is consistent with other biblical descriptions of hell and eternal punishment.

in the presence of the holy angels and of the Lamb
The presence of "the holy angels and of the Lamb" during this judgment underscores the righteousness and transparency of God's actions. The "holy angels" serve as witnesses to God's justice, while "the Lamb" (a title for Jesus Christ) highlights the sacrificial love and authority of Christ in executing judgment. This scene affirms the ultimate victory of Christ and the vindication of His holiness and justice. It serves as a reminder of the gravity of rejecting the salvation offered through Jesus.

And the smoke of their torment
The phrase "the smoke of their torment" evokes a vivid image of eternal suffering. The Greek word for "smoke" (καπνός, kapnos) is often associated with the aftermath of destruction, as seen in the Old Testament with the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:28). This imagery signifies the irreversible nature of divine judgment. "Torment" (βασανισμός, basanismos) implies severe and unending suffering, emphasizing the seriousness of rejecting God. Historically, smoke has been a symbol of God's wrath and judgment, as seen in the sacrificial system where smoke represented the ascent of offerings to God. Here, it underscores the eternal consequence of rebellion against God.

rises forever and ever
The phrase "rises forever and ever" underscores the eternal nature of the judgment. The Greek phrase "εἰς αἰῶνας αἰώνων" (eis aiōnas aiōnōn) is a strong expression of perpetuity, often used in the New Testament to describe the eternal reign of God (Revelation 1:6). This eternal aspect is crucial in understanding the finality and seriousness of divine judgment. From a conservative Christian perspective, this serves as a sobering reminder of the eternal consequences of sin and the importance of repentance and faith in Christ.

Day and night
"Day and night" signifies the unceasing nature of the torment. In the Greek, "ἡμέρας καὶ νυκτός" (hēmeras kai nyktos) is a phrase that indicates continuity without interruption. This continuous aspect highlights the relentless nature of the punishment for those who reject God. In biblical times, the cycle of day and night was a constant, unchanging reality, symbolizing the unending nature of divine judgment.

there is no rest
The phrase "there is no rest" speaks to the complete absence of relief or respite. The Greek word "ἀνάπαυσις" (anapausis) means rest or cessation from labor, often used in the context of the Sabbath rest promised to believers (Hebrews 4:9). Here, it starkly contrasts the peace and rest found in Christ with the unrest experienced by those who oppose Him. This serves as a powerful warning of the consequences of aligning with evil.

for those who worship the beast and its image
This phrase identifies the specific group subject to this judgment: "those who worship the beast and its image." The "beast" (θηρίον, thērion) and its "image" (εἰκών, eikōn) represent the ultimate rebellion against God, often interpreted as the Antichrist and his system. Worshiping the beast signifies allegiance to a false power, a direct violation of the first commandment (Exodus 20:3). Historically, this reflects the Roman Empire's demand for emperor worship, but prophetically, it points to future systems of idolatry and rebellion.

or for anyone who receives the mark of its name
The "mark of its name" refers to a sign of allegiance to the beast. The Greek word "χάραγμα" (charagma) means a stamp or brand, symbolizing ownership or loyalty. In the historical context, marks were used to signify ownership or allegiance, such as slaves bearing the mark of their master. Scripturally, this mark contrasts with the seal of God on believers (Revelation 7:3), highlighting the choice between allegiance to God or to the forces of evil. This serves as a call to discernment and faithfulness in the face of persecution and deception.

Here is a call
This phrase introduces a directive or an exhortation, emphasizing the importance of what follows. The Greek word for "call" (ὑπομονή, hypomonē) can also be translated as "endurance" or "steadfastness." It suggests a divine summons to remain firm in faith and practice, especially during times of trial. Historically, this call would resonate with early Christians facing persecution, reminding them of their higher purpose and the eternal perspective they must maintain.

for the perseverance
The term "perseverance" is derived from the Greek word "hypomonē," which implies a steadfast endurance under difficult circumstances. It is not merely passive waiting but an active, courageous holding on to faith. In the context of Revelation, this perseverance is crucial as believers face the trials and tribulations of the end times. It is a call to remain faithful and unwavering, reflecting the strength and resilience that comes from a deep-rooted trust in God.

of the saints
"Saints" refers to those who are set apart, the holy ones, or believers in Christ. The Greek word "hagios" signifies those who are consecrated to God, living lives that reflect His holiness. In the early church, saints were often those who faced persecution for their faith, and this term underscores their identity as God's chosen people. The perseverance of the saints is a testament to their commitment to God's commandments and their faith in Jesus, serving as a model for all believers.

who keep the commandments of God
To "keep" the commandments implies a diligent observance and adherence to God's laws. The Greek word "tereo" means to guard or watch over, suggesting an active and intentional effort to live according to God's will. This phrase highlights the importance of obedience as a mark of true discipleship. Historically, the commandments of God would include both the moral laws given in the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus, emphasizing a life of righteousness and devotion.

and the faith of Jesus
The "faith of Jesus" can be understood in two ways: faith in Jesus or the faithfulness of Jesus. The Greek construction allows for both interpretations, but in this context, it likely refers to the believers' faith in Jesus as the Messiah and their trust in His redemptive work. This faith is not merely intellectual assent but a deep, abiding trust that influences every aspect of life. It is the foundation of the saints' perseverance, enabling them to endure trials and remain faithful to God's commandments. Historically, this faith was the cornerstone of the early Christian community, providing hope and strength in the face of persecution.

Then I heard a voice from heaven say
This phrase introduces a divine communication, emphasizing the authority and origin of the message. The "voice from heaven" signifies a direct revelation from God, a common motif in apocalyptic literature, underscoring the importance and truth of the message. In the Greek, "φωνὴν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ" (phōnēn ek tou ouranou) suggests a powerful, authoritative proclamation, reminding readers of the divine source of comfort and instruction.

Write
The command to "write" indicates the permanence and importance of the message. In the context of Revelation, writing serves to preserve the divine revelation for future generations. The Greek word "γράψον" (grapson) is an imperative, highlighting the urgency and necessity of recording God's words. This act of writing ensures that the message is not only heard but also remembered and disseminated among believers.

Blessed are the dead who die in the Lord from this moment on
This phrase offers a beatitude, a pronouncement of blessing, which is a common biblical form used to convey divine favor. The Greek word "μακάριοι" (makarioi) translates to "blessed" or "happy," indicating a state of spiritual well-being and divine approval. The specific mention of "the dead who die in the Lord" refers to those who have remained faithful to Christ until death, suggesting a special honor and reward for their perseverance. The phrase "from this moment on" implies a new era or significant turning point in redemptive history, possibly linked to the eschatological events described in Revelation.

Yes
The affirmation "Yes" serves as a divine confirmation of the preceding statement. It is a strong, emphatic agreement, reinforcing the certainty and truth of the blessing pronounced. In the Greek, "ναί" (nai) is a simple yet powerful word, often used to affirm or agree with a statement, underscoring the reliability of God's promises.

says the Spirit
The mention of "the Spirit" highlights the role of the Holy Spirit as the divine witness and communicator of God's truth. In the context of Revelation, the Spirit often serves as the revealer of divine mysteries and the comforter of believers. The Greek "λέγει τὸ Πνεῦμα" (legei to Pneuma) indicates that the Holy Spirit is actively speaking, providing assurance and guidance to the faithful.

They will rest from their labors
This promise of rest is a profound assurance to those who have endured trials and tribulations for their faith. The Greek word "ἀναπαήσονται" (anapaēsontai) means "to rest" or "to cease from labor," suggesting a cessation of earthly struggles and the beginning of eternal peace. This rest is not merely physical but also spiritual, offering relief from the burdens of life and the trials of faith.

for their deeds will follow them
The phrase "for their deeds will follow them" emphasizes the enduring impact of a believer's faithful actions. The Greek "τὰ γὰρ ἔργα αὐτῶν ἀκολουθεῖ μετ’ αὐτῶν" (ta gar erga autōn akolouthei met’ autōn) suggests that the righteous deeds of the faithful have eternal significance and will be remembered and rewarded by God. This assurance encourages believers to remain steadfast in their faith, knowing that their labor in the Lord is not in vain and will be recognized in the life to come.

And I looked and saw
This phrase indicates a transition in John's vision, emphasizing the act of witnessing a divine revelation. The Greek word for "looked" (ἐθεώρησα, etheōrēsa) suggests a deep, contemplative gaze, not just a casual glance. This implies that what John is about to describe is of great significance and requires careful attention. The act of seeing in biblical visions often denotes receiving divine insight or understanding, underscoring the importance of the message being conveyed.

a white cloud
In biblical symbolism, a "white cloud" often represents purity, holiness, and the divine presence. Clouds are frequently associated with God's glory and majesty, as seen in the Old Testament when God led the Israelites by a pillar of cloud (Exodus 13:21). The color white further emphasizes purity and righteousness, suggesting that what is about to unfold is an act of divine judgment or revelation.

seated on the cloud
The image of being "seated" signifies authority and sovereignty. In ancient times, a throne was a symbol of power, and being seated on a cloud suggests a heavenly throne, indicating divine rule. This imagery aligns with Daniel 7:13, where the "Son of Man" comes with the clouds of heaven, reinforcing the authority and majesty of the figure being described.

One like the Son of Man
This phrase is a direct reference to Jesus Christ, drawing from Daniel 7:13-14, where the "Son of Man" is given dominion and glory. The title "Son of Man" emphasizes both the humanity and the messianic role of Jesus. It highlights His role as the mediator between God and humanity and His authority to execute judgment, as seen in the Gospels (e.g., Matthew 24:30).

with a golden crown on His head
The "golden crown" symbolizes victory, authority, and kingship. In the Greek, the word for crown (στέφανος, stephanos) often refers to a victor's crown, as opposed to a royal diadem. This suggests that the figure has triumphed, likely alluding to Christ's victory over sin and death. Gold, being a precious metal, further emphasizes the value and eternal nature of His reign.

and a sharp sickle in His hand
The "sharp sickle" is an instrument of harvest, symbolizing judgment and the gathering of souls. In the context of Revelation, it represents the impending judgment and the separation of the righteous from the wicked. The sharpness of the sickle indicates the precision and decisiveness of divine judgment. This imagery is consistent with the prophetic literature, where harvest often symbolizes the end times and God's final judgment (e.g., Joel 3:13).

Then another angel
The phrase "another angel" indicates a continuation of the heavenly activity described in Revelation. The Greek word for "angel" is "ἄγγελος" (angelos), meaning "messenger." This suggests a divine envoy carrying out God's will. In the context of Revelation, angels are often seen as executors of God's judgment and mercy, emphasizing the organized and purposeful nature of divine intervention.

came out of the temple
The "temple" here refers to the heavenly temple, the dwelling place of God. The Greek word "ναός" (naos) signifies the inner sanctuary, indicating the angel's direct commission from God's presence. This highlights the sacredness and authority of the angel's mission, as actions emanating from the temple are imbued with divine purpose and holiness.

crying out in a loud voice
The phrase "crying out in a loud voice" underscores the urgency and importance of the message. The Greek "φωνῇ μεγάλῃ" (phōnē megalē) conveys a sense of power and authority. In biblical literature, a loud voice often accompanies significant announcements, ensuring that the message is heard and heeded by all creation.

to the One seated on the cloud
This refers to Jesus Christ, depicted as the Son of Man in Revelation 14:14. The imagery of being "seated on the cloud" is reminiscent of Daniel 7:13, where the Son of Man comes with the clouds of heaven. Clouds symbolize divine majesty and authority, reinforcing Christ's role as the sovereign judge and redeemer.

Swing Your sickle and reap
The "sickle" is a tool for harvesting, symbolizing judgment. The Greek "δρέπανον" (drepanon) indicates a sharp instrument used for cutting. This imagery draws from agricultural practices familiar to the original audience, illustrating the separation of the righteous from the wicked. The command to "reap" signifies the execution of divine judgment, a theme prevalent throughout Revelation.

because the time has come to harvest
The phrase "the time has come" indicates the fulfillment of God's appointed time for judgment. The Greek "ὅτι ἦλθεν ἡ ὥρα" (hoti ēlthen hē hōra) suggests a divinely ordained moment, emphasizing God's sovereignty over history. The "harvest" metaphor is often used in Scripture to depict the end of the age, where the faithful are gathered to God.

for the crop of the earth is ripe
The "crop of the earth" symbolizes humanity, and the term "ripe" (Greek "ξηράνθη" - xēranthē) suggests readiness for judgment. This ripeness indicates the culmination of human history and the moral state of the world. The imagery of ripeness conveys both the inevitability and the appropriateness of the impending divine judgment, as God’s patience reaches its ordained limit.

So the One seated on the cloud swung His sickle over the earth, and the earth was harvested
So the One seated on the cloud
This phrase refers to Jesus Christ, often depicted in Scripture as coming with the clouds of heaven (Daniel 7:13, Matthew 24:30). The imagery of clouds signifies divine presence and majesty. In the Greek, "seated" (καθήμενος, kathēmenos) implies authority and sovereignty. The cloud symbolizes both the glory of God and His judgment, as clouds often accompany divine revelation and intervention throughout the Bible.

swung His sickle
The "sickle" (δρέπανον, drepanon) is a tool used for harvesting, symbolizing judgment and the gathering of people. In the context of Revelation, it represents the final judgment where Christ, as the righteous judge, separates the righteous from the wicked. The act of swinging the sickle indicates decisive action and the fulfillment of God's plan. This imagery is rooted in the agricultural practices of the ancient world, where the sickle was essential for reaping crops, symbolizing the end of an age and the beginning of divine reckoning.

over the earth
The phrase "over the earth" signifies the global scope of Christ's judgment. It emphasizes that no part of creation is exempt from His authority. The earth, in biblical terms, often represents humanity and the world system. This phrase underscores the comprehensive nature of the harvest, where every nation and individual will be subject to Christ's righteous judgment.

and the earth was harvested
The "harvested" (ἐθερίσθη, etheristhē) indicates the completion of the gathering process. In biblical symbolism, a harvest can represent both judgment and salvation. For the righteous, it is a time of gathering into God's eternal kingdom, while for the wicked, it signifies judgment and separation. This dual aspect of the harvest reflects the consistent biblical theme of God’s justice and mercy. The historical context of harvest in ancient Israel was a time of joy and celebration, but also of accountability, as the quality of the harvest was assessed. This duality is mirrored in the eschatological harvest, where Christ's return brings both reward and recompense.

Then another angel
The phrase "Then another angel" introduces a new character in the unfolding vision. The Greek word for "angel" is "ἄγγελος" (angelos), meaning "messenger." In the context of Revelation, angels are often seen as divine agents executing God's will. This particular angel is described as "another," indicating a sequence or series of angelic beings involved in the eschatological events. The presence of multiple angels underscores the magnitude and divine orchestration of the events being described.

came out of the temple in heaven
The "temple in heaven" signifies the dwelling place of God, a central theme in Revelation that emphasizes the holiness and sovereignty of God. The Greek word for "temple" is "ναός" (naos), referring to the inner sanctuary. This imagery draws from the Old Testament, where the temple was the locus of God's presence among His people. The angel's emergence from the heavenly temple indicates that his mission is divinely sanctioned and originates from the very presence of God, highlighting the sacredness and authority of the forthcoming action.

and he too had a sharp sickle
The "sharp sickle" is a powerful symbol of judgment and harvest. The Greek word for "sickle" is "δρέπανον" (drepanon), an agricultural tool used for reaping. In the biblical context, the sickle represents the gathering of the harvest, a metaphor for the final judgment. The sharpness of the sickle emphasizes the precision and decisiveness of God's judgment. This imagery is consistent with the prophetic literature of the Old Testament, where the harvest often symbolizes the end times and the separation of the righteous from the wicked. The angel's possession of a sickle indicates his role in executing divine judgment, reinforcing the theme of accountability and the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan.

Still another angel
This phrase introduces a new angelic figure, emphasizing the structured and hierarchical nature of the heavenly realm. The Greek word for "angel" is "ἄγγελος" (angelos), meaning "messenger." In the context of Revelation, angels are often seen as divine agents executing God's will. This particular angel is distinct from others mentioned earlier, indicating the vastness and diversity of God's celestial army.

with authority over the fire
The phrase suggests a specific role or dominion given to this angel. Fire in biblical terms often symbolizes judgment, purification, and the presence of God. The Greek word for "authority" is "ἐξουσία" (exousia), which implies power and jurisdiction. This angel's control over fire signifies a divine mandate to execute or oversee acts of judgment, aligning with the broader themes of Revelation where God's justice is meted out.

came from the altar
The altar is a significant symbol in both the Old and New Testaments, representing sacrifice, worship, and intercession. In the heavenly context of Revelation, the altar may symbolize the prayers of the saints or the place where divine decrees are issued. The imagery of the angel coming from the altar suggests a connection between divine worship and the execution of God's plans on earth.

called out in a loud voice
This phrase underscores the urgency and authority of the angel's message. The Greek word for "loud" is "μεγάλη" (megalē), indicating something grand or significant. The loud voice signifies the importance of the message and ensures that it is heard and heeded. It reflects the angel's role as a herald of divine action.

to the one with the sharp sickle
The "sharp sickle" is a tool for harvesting, symbolizing the act of reaping or gathering. In the context of Revelation, it represents the impending judgment and the gathering of souls. The Greek word for "sickle" is "δρέπανον" (drepanon), which is associated with harvest imagery. This imagery is consistent with the biblical theme of God as the ultimate harvester, separating the righteous from the wicked.

Swing your sharp sickle
This command is a directive for action, emphasizing the immediacy and decisiveness of the judgment to come. The act of swinging the sickle signifies the beginning of the harvest, a metaphor for the final judgment. The repetition of "sharp sickle" highlights the precision and thoroughness of God's judgment.

gather the clusters of grapes
The clusters of grapes symbolize the people of the earth, ripe for judgment. Grapes are often used in Scripture as symbols of abundance and blessing, but here they represent the fullness of time and the readiness for divine retribution. The act of gathering indicates a separation, a key theme in eschatological passages.

from the vine of the earth
The "vine of the earth" contrasts with the "true vine" mentioned in John 15:1, where Jesus refers to Himself as the true vine. Here, the vine of the earth represents humanity in its fallen state, apart from God. This imagery underscores the distinction between those who are in Christ and those who are not, highlighting the consequences of that separation.

because its grapes are ripe
The ripeness of the grapes signifies the culmination of human sin and the readiness for judgment. The Greek word for "ripe" is "ἡμέραν" (hēmeran), which can imply maturity or fullness. This indicates that the time for divine intervention has come, as the moral and spiritual state of humanity has reached its zenith. The ripeness is both a warning and a promise of God's impending justice.

So the angel swung his sickle over the earth
This phrase begins with the action of an angel, a divine messenger, executing God's judgment. The "angel" here is a celestial being, often seen as an agent of God's will throughout Scripture. The "sickle" is a harvesting tool, symbolizing the gathering of people for judgment. In the Greek, the word for "sickle" (δρέπανον, drepanon) is associated with reaping, indicating a decisive and final action. The imagery of harvest is deeply rooted in biblical tradition, often symbolizing the end times when God will separate the righteous from the wicked. The "earth" signifies the entirety of humanity, emphasizing the universal scope of this divine judgment.

and gathered the grapes of the earth
The "gathered" action implies a collection or bringing together, which in this context, refers to the gathering of those who are subject to judgment. The "grapes" symbolize the people who are ripe for judgment, often interpreted as those who have rejected God. In biblical symbolism, grapes can represent both blessing and judgment, depending on the context. Here, they are associated with the latter. The "earth" again underscores the global nature of this event, indicating that no one is exempt from this divine scrutiny.

and threw them into the great winepress of God’s wrath
The "threw" action is forceful, indicating the inevitability and severity of the judgment. The "great winepress" is a vivid metaphor for the execution of God's wrath. In ancient times, a winepress was used to crush grapes to extract juice, symbolizing the crushing judgment that will befall the wicked. The "wrath" of God is a consistent theme in Scripture, representing His righteous anger against sin and injustice. This phrase serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of rejecting God's grace and the ultimate justice that will be served. The imagery here is both powerful and terrifying, intended to inspire repentance and reverence for God's holiness.

And the winepress was trodden
The imagery of a winepress is deeply rooted in biblical symbolism, often representing God's judgment. The Greek word for "winepress" is "lēnos," which evokes the process of crushing grapes to extract juice, symbolizing the outpouring of divine wrath. In ancient times, a winepress was a place where grapes were trodden underfoot, a vivid metaphor for the severity and thoroughness of God's judgment against sin. This imagery is consistent with Old Testament prophecies, such as Isaiah 63:3, where God treads the winepress alone, signifying His sole authority in executing judgment.

outside the city
The phrase "outside the city" holds significant theological implications. In biblical times, being outside the city often meant being outside the place of protection and blessing. Jerusalem, the holy city, represents God's dwelling place and His people. Thus, the judgment occurring outside the city suggests a separation from God's presence and favor. This echoes the crucifixion of Christ, who suffered "outside the gate" (Hebrews 13:12), bearing the sins of the world. It underscores the seriousness of sin and the ultimate separation it causes from God.

and blood flowed out of the press
The flowing of blood from the winepress is a stark and sobering image. Blood, in biblical terms, is often associated with life and sacrifice. Here, it represents the life that is forfeited due to sin and rebellion against God. The Greek word "haima" for blood emphasizes the reality and gravity of divine judgment. This imagery is reminiscent of the plagues in Egypt, where the Nile turned to blood, symbolizing God's power and judgment (Exodus 7:20-21). It serves as a reminder of the cost of sin and the ultimate justice of God.

rising as high as the horses’ bridles
The height of the blood, reaching "as high as the horses’ bridles," conveys the overwhelming and total nature of God's judgment. Horses, often used in biblical times for war and conquest, symbolize strength and swiftness. The imagery suggests a battlefield drenched in blood, indicating the completeness of God's victory over evil. This phrase highlights the seriousness of divine retribution and the futility of opposing God's will. It serves as a call to repentance and a reminder of the ultimate triumph of righteousness.

for a distance of 1,600 stadia
The measurement of "1,600 stadia" adds a specific and vast dimension to the scene. A stadion was an ancient Greek unit of length, approximately 607 feet, making 1,600 stadia roughly 184 miles. This extensive distance signifies the far-reaching impact of God's judgment. The number 1,600, being a square of 40, may symbolize completeness and universality, as the number 40 often represents a period of testing or judgment in Scripture (e.g., the 40 days of rain during the flood, the 40 years of Israel's wandering). This detail underscores the thoroughness and inevitability of God's justice across the earth.