Do not envy
The Hebrew root for "envy" is "קָנָא" (qanah), which conveys a sense of jealousy or zeal. In the biblical context, envy is often seen as a destructive emotion that can lead to sin. The command here is a caution against allowing one's heart to be consumed by a longing for what others possess, especially when those others are not living according to God's ways. Envy can distort our perception, making us desire what is ultimately harmful. The wisdom literature consistently warns against envy, as it can lead to strife and discontentment, drawing us away from the peace and contentment found in a life aligned with God's will.

wicked men
The term "wicked" in Hebrew is "רָשָׁע" (rasha), which refers to those who are morally wrong, guilty, or ungodly. In the context of Proverbs, "wicked men" are those who live in opposition to God's commandments and principles. Historically, the Israelites were surrounded by nations and individuals who did not follow Yahweh, and the temptation to adopt their practices or admire their apparent success was real. The Bible consistently portrays the wicked as ultimately facing God's judgment, despite any temporary prosperity they might enjoy. This serves as a reminder that true success and blessing come from righteousness and obedience to God.

or desire
The Hebrew word for "desire" is "בָּחַר" (bachar), which means to choose or prefer. This phrase warns against the inclination to prefer the lifestyle or companionship of those who do not follow God's ways. Desiring what the wicked have or their way of life can lead to compromising one's values and faith. The Bible encourages believers to set their desires on things above, aligning their hearts with God's purposes and seeking His kingdom first. This aligns with the New Testament teaching found in Colossians 3:2, which urges believers to set their minds on things above, not on earthly things.

their company
The Hebrew word for "company" is "אֵת" (eth), which can mean companionship or association. The warning here is against forming close associations with those who live contrary to God's laws. In the ancient world, as today, the company one keeps can greatly influence one's values and actions. The Bible frequently advises believers to choose their companions wisely, as bad company corrupts good character (1 Corinthians 15:33). This is not a call to isolation but a reminder to be discerning about the influences we allow into our lives, ensuring they align with our commitment to God and His righteousness.

for their hearts devise violence
The word "hearts" in Hebrew is "לֵב" (lev), which often refers to the inner self, including the mind, will, and emotions. In the biblical context, the heart is the seat of thought and intention. Here, it suggests a deep-seated inclination towards evil. The term "devise" comes from the Hebrew "חָרַשׁ" (charash), meaning to plot or plan. This indicates a deliberate and conscious effort to engage in wrongdoing. "Violence" is translated from "שָׁד" (shad), which encompasses physical harm, oppression, and injustice. Historically, violence was a common tool for achieving power and control, and this verse warns against those who intentionally plan such acts. The heart's role in devising violence underscores the biblical teaching that sin originates from within, emphasizing the need for inner transformation through God's wisdom and guidance.

and their lips declare trouble
"Lips" in Hebrew is "שָׂפָה" (saphah), symbolizing speech and communication. The use of "declare" from the Hebrew "דָּבַר" (dabar) implies a public proclamation or announcement. This suggests that the wicked not only conceive evil in their hearts but also express it openly, influencing others. "Trouble" is derived from "עָמָל" (amal), which can mean mischief, toil, or sorrow. It reflects the destructive impact of their words, which can lead to chaos and distress in the community. In the ancient world, words held significant power, often seen as a reflection of one's character and intentions. This phrase serves as a caution against the destructive potential of speech, aligning with the broader biblical theme that life and death are in the power of the tongue (Proverbs 18:21). It calls believers to be mindful of their words, promoting peace and edification rather than discord.

By wisdom
The Hebrew word for "wisdom" is "חָכְמָה" (chokmah), which encompasses not only knowledge but also the skillful application of that knowledge in practical life. In the ancient Near Eastern context, wisdom was highly valued as a divine gift that enabled individuals to live in harmony with God's order. Wisdom in this verse implies a deep, God-given insight that guides the construction of one's life and household. It is not merely intellectual but moral and spiritual, aligning with the fear of the Lord, which is the beginning of wisdom (Proverbs 9:10).

a house
The term "house" (בַּיִת, bayit) in Hebrew can refer to a physical dwelling, a family, or a dynasty. In the context of Proverbs, it often symbolizes one's life or household, including family and legacy. The imagery of building a house suggests a process that requires planning, effort, and resources. Spiritually, it represents the establishment of a life or family that is secure, prosperous, and aligned with God's purposes. The house built by wisdom stands firm against life's challenges, much like the wise man's house built on the rock in Jesus' parable (Matthew 7:24-25).

is built
The verb "is built" (יִבָּנֶה, yibbaneh) indicates an ongoing process rather than a completed action. Building a house, in the biblical sense, involves continuous effort and dedication. It suggests that wisdom is not a one-time acquisition but a lifelong pursuit. The construction of a life or family requires constant application of wisdom, adapting to new challenges and circumstances while maintaining a foundation rooted in God's truth.

and by understanding
"Understanding" (תְּבוּנָה, tebunah) in Hebrew conveys discernment, insight, and the ability to see the underlying principles of a situation. It involves perceiving the deeper truths and making sound judgments. In the biblical context, understanding is closely linked to wisdom and is often seen as a gift from God that enables individuals to navigate complex situations. It is the ability to apply wisdom effectively, ensuring that the house is not only built but also maintained and strengthened over time.

it is established
The phrase "it is established" (יִכּוֹנָן, yikkonen) implies stability, security, and permanence. In the ancient world, an established house was one that could withstand external pressures and endure through generations. Spiritually, this speaks to a life or family that is firmly rooted in God's principles, able to withstand trials and tribulations. An established house reflects God's blessing and favor, as it is built on the solid foundation of wisdom and understanding. This echoes the biblical theme that true security and success come from aligning one's life with God's will and purposes.

through knowledge
The Hebrew word for "knowledge" here is "דַּעַת" (da'at), which implies a deep, intimate understanding and awareness. In the biblical context, knowledge is not merely intellectual but is deeply connected to the fear of the Lord, as seen in Proverbs 1:7, "The fear of the LORD is the beginning of knowledge." This suggests that true knowledge is rooted in a relationship with God, guiding one's actions and decisions. In a conservative Christian perspective, this knowledge is seen as divinely inspired wisdom that leads to a life aligned with God's will, filling one's life with spiritual richness.

its rooms
The term "rooms" can be understood as the various aspects or compartments of one's life. In ancient Hebrew culture, a house was a symbol of one's life and legacy. Each room represents different areas such as family, work, and spiritual life. The imagery of rooms being filled suggests a holistic approach to life where every part is enriched and blessed. This aligns with the biblical principle that God desires to bless every aspect of our lives when we live according to His wisdom.

are filled
The phrase "are filled" indicates abundance and completeness. In the biblical sense, this filling is not just material but also spiritual and emotional. It reflects the idea that when one's life is guided by divine knowledge, there is a fullness that transcends mere physical wealth. This abundance is a testament to God's provision and faithfulness, as seen in Ephesians 3:19, where believers are encouraged to be "filled with all the fullness of God."

with every precious and beautiful treasure
The words "precious" and "beautiful" in Hebrew are "יָקָר" (yaqar) and "נָעִים" (na'im), respectively. "Yaqar" denotes something of great value and rarity, while "na'im" conveys beauty and delight. Together, they paint a picture of treasures that are both valuable and pleasing. In a spiritual sense, these treasures can be seen as the fruits of the Spirit, virtues, and blessings that come from living a life grounded in God's wisdom. Historically, treasures were often associated with wealth and prosperity, but in the biblical context, the greatest treasures are those that have eternal significance, such as faith, hope, and love. This aligns with Jesus' teaching in Matthew 6:20 to "store up for yourselves treasures in heaven."

A wise man
The Hebrew word for "wise" is "חָכָם" (chakam), which implies not just intellectual acumen but a deep, practical understanding of life and its complexities. In the biblical context, wisdom is often associated with the fear of the Lord (Proverbs 9:10), suggesting that true wisdom begins with a reverent relationship with God. A "wise man" is one who applies divine principles to daily living, making decisions that align with God's will. This wisdom is not merely theoretical but is demonstrated through actions and choices that reflect God's character.

is strong
The Hebrew term "עֹז" (oz) for "strong" conveys more than physical might; it encompasses moral and spiritual fortitude. In the ancient Near Eastern context, strength was often associated with military power or physical prowess. However, the biblical perspective elevates inner strength, suggesting that true power comes from wisdom. A wise person possesses resilience and the ability to withstand life's challenges, drawing strength from their understanding and relationship with God.

and a man of knowledge
The phrase "man of knowledge" uses the Hebrew word "דַּעַת" (da'at), which refers to discernment and understanding. Knowledge in the biblical sense is not just the accumulation of facts but involves insight and perception that come from God. This knowledge is often linked with wisdom, as it provides the foundation for making sound judgments. A "man of knowledge" is someone who seeks truth and understanding, aligning their thoughts and actions with divine revelation.

enhances his strength
The Hebrew verb "אַמִּיץ" (amitz) means to "increase" or "strengthen." This suggests that knowledge is not static but dynamic, contributing to one's growth and empowerment. In the biblical worldview, knowledge and wisdom are seen as sources of strength that enable individuals to face life's adversities with confidence and courage. The idea is that as one grows in understanding, their capacity to act wisely and effectively in the world is enhanced, leading to a life that honors God and benefits others.

Only with sound guidance
The phrase "sound guidance" in Hebrew is "tahbulot," which can be translated as "wise counsel" or "strategic planning." This word suggests a depth of wisdom that comes from experience and understanding. In the context of ancient Israel, where warfare was a common reality, the importance of strategic planning was paramount. The Bible often emphasizes the need for wisdom and discernment, and this phrase underscores the necessity of seeking God's guidance and the counsel of wise individuals before making significant decisions, especially those as serious as waging war. It reflects a broader biblical principle that success in any endeavor requires careful planning and reliance on divine wisdom.

should you wage war
The act of waging war in the ancient Near Eastern context was not taken lightly. It involved not only physical combat but also spiritual and moral considerations. The Hebrew word for "war" here is "milchamah," which encompasses the idea of struggle and conflict. This phrase implies that warfare, whether literal or metaphorical, should not be entered into impulsively or without proper preparation. In a spiritual sense, this can be applied to the battles Christians face in their daily lives, emphasizing the need for spiritual armor and readiness as described in Ephesians 6:10-18.

and victory lies
The concept of "victory" in Hebrew is "teshuah," which means deliverance or salvation. This word conveys the idea that true victory is not just about winning a battle but achieving a state of peace and security. In the biblical narrative, victory is often attributed to God's intervention and blessing. This phrase reminds believers that ultimate success and triumph come from aligning with God's will and purpose, and that human efforts, while necessary, are insufficient without divine support.

in a multitude of counselors
The phrase "multitude of counselors" highlights the value of collective wisdom and the importance of seeking diverse perspectives. The Hebrew word "yoetz" for "counselors" refers to advisors or guides who provide insight and direction. In the historical context, kings and leaders would surround themselves with trusted advisors to make informed decisions. This principle is applicable to all areas of life, encouraging believers to seek advice from godly and wise individuals. It underscores the biblical teaching that wisdom is found in community and that pride and isolation can lead to downfall. This phrase encourages humility and the recognition that no one has all the answers, and that collaboration and consultation are key to achieving success.

Wisdom is too high for a fool
The Hebrew word for "wisdom" here is "חָכְמָה" (chokmah), which encompasses not just knowledge but also the skillful application of knowledge in daily life. In the ancient Near Eastern context, wisdom was highly esteemed and often associated with the ability to make sound judgments and live a life pleasing to God. The phrase "too high" suggests an unattainable standard for the fool, indicating that wisdom is beyond the reach of those who lack the fear of the Lord, which is the beginning of wisdom (Proverbs 9:10). The "fool" in Hebrew is "כְּסִיל" (kesil), often characterized by a stubborn rejection of wisdom and moral insight. This highlights the spiritual and intellectual chasm between the wise and the foolish, emphasizing the importance of seeking wisdom through humility and reverence for God.

he does not open his mouth
In ancient Israelite culture, the "opening of the mouth" was a metaphor for speaking with authority and insight. The fool's inability to open his mouth signifies a lack of understanding and the incapacity to contribute meaningfully to discussions or decisions. This phrase underscores the fool's silence not as a virtue but as a consequence of his ignorance and lack of wisdom. In a broader biblical context, speech is often linked to wisdom, as seen in Proverbs 10:19, where wise speech is valued and excessive words are cautioned against. The fool's silence is thus a reflection of his inner emptiness and lack of divine insight.

in the meeting gate
The "meeting gate" refers to the city gate, which in ancient times was the place where elders and leaders gathered to discuss and make important decisions. It was a hub of communal life, where legal matters were settled, and wisdom was dispensed. The Hebrew term "שַׁעַר" (sha'ar) for "gate" signifies a place of authority and judgment. The fool's absence of voice in such a setting indicates his exclusion from the community's decision-making processes due to his lack of wisdom. This exclusion serves as a cautionary tale, urging believers to seek wisdom and understanding so they can participate fully in the life of the community and contribute to its well-being. The verse as a whole serves as a reminder of the value of wisdom and the consequences of foolishness, encouraging a life dedicated to the pursuit of godly wisdom.

He who plots evil
The phrase "He who plots evil" refers to an individual who intentionally devises plans that are morally wrong or harmful to others. The Hebrew root for "plots" is "חָרַשׁ" (charash), which can mean to devise or to fabricate. This word often carries a connotation of secrecy and cunning, suggesting that the person is not only engaging in wrongdoing but doing so with deliberate intent and stealth. In the biblical context, plotting evil is seen as a direct opposition to the wisdom and righteousness that Proverbs advocates. The historical context of ancient Israel, where community and covenantal relationships were paramount, would view such plotting as a severe breach of trust and social harmony.

will be called
This phrase indicates a future certainty or consequence. The Hebrew verb "קָרָא" (qara) means to call, proclaim, or name. In the biblical tradition, names and titles are significant as they often reflect character or destiny. Thus, being "called" something is not merely a label but an identification of one's true nature or the inevitable outcome of one's actions. This reflects the biblical principle that one's actions and character are ultimately recognized and judged by the community and by God.

a schemer
The term "schemer" is derived from the Hebrew word "מְזִמָּה" (mezimmah), which can mean a plan, device, or wickedness. In the context of Proverbs, a schemer is someone who uses their intellect and resources to devise plans that are contrary to God's will and the well-being of others. The Bible often contrasts the schemer with the wise person, who uses their understanding to promote good and uphold righteousness. Historically, the wisdom literature of the Bible, including Proverbs, emphasizes the importance of aligning one's plans with divine wisdom rather than human cunning. The label of "schemer" thus serves as a warning and a call to repentance, urging individuals to turn away from deceitful practices and seek the path of wisdom and integrity.

A foolish scheme
The Hebrew word for "foolish" is "אִוֶּלֶת" (ivvelet), which often denotes not just a lack of wisdom, but a moral deficiency. In the context of Proverbs, foolishness is frequently contrasted with wisdom, which is rooted in the fear of the Lord. A "scheme" here implies a plan or device that is crafted without regard for God's righteous standards. Historically, the Israelites were warned against devising plans that were contrary to God's will, as seen in the narratives of the Old Testament where human schemes often led to downfall. This phrase serves as a reminder that any plan or thought process that does not align with divine wisdom is inherently sinful.

is sin
The Hebrew word for "sin" is "חַטָּאת" (chatta'ah), which means to miss the mark. In the biblical context, sin is not just an action but a state of being that separates humanity from God. The use of "is" indicates a definitive state, emphasizing that foolishness is not merely an error in judgment but a moral failing. This aligns with the conservative Christian understanding that sin is a pervasive condition that affects all aspects of human life and requires divine intervention for redemption.

and a mocker
The term "mocker" comes from the Hebrew "לֵץ" (lets), which refers to someone who scorns or ridicules. In the wisdom literature of the Bible, mockers are often depicted as those who reject wisdom and instruction, choosing instead to deride and belittle others. This behavior is not only socially disruptive but spiritually dangerous, as it reflects a heart that is hardened against God. The historical context of ancient Israel shows that mockers were often those who led others astray, undermining the community's moral and spiritual fabric.

is detestable
The Hebrew word "תוֹעֵבָה" (to'evah) is used here, which is often translated as "abomination." This term is used throughout the Old Testament to describe actions and attitudes that are utterly repugnant to God. The use of "detestable" underscores the severity of the mocker's sin, indicating that such behavior is not only socially unacceptable but also deeply offensive to the divine order. In a conservative Christian perspective, this highlights the importance of aligning one's attitudes and actions with God's standards to avoid falling into behaviors that are abhorrent to Him.

to men
This phrase indicates the social dimension of sin. While sin is primarily an offense against God, it also has horizontal implications, affecting relationships and community dynamics. The mocker, by their very nature, disrupts harmony and sows discord, making them detestable not only to God but also to their fellow human beings. This serves as a cautionary note that our actions and attitudes have real-world consequences, and living in accordance with God's wisdom is essential for maintaining healthy, God-honoring relationships.

If you faint
The Hebrew word for "faint" here is "רָפָה" (raphah), which can mean to relax, sink down, or let go. In the context of this verse, it suggests a failure to maintain one's resolve or courage. Historically, this term is used in various parts of the Old Testament to describe a lack of perseverance or a giving up in the face of adversity. From a conservative Christian perspective, this phrase challenges believers to examine their spiritual resilience. It calls for a steadfast faith that does not waver when trials come, echoing the New Testament exhortation to "stand firm" in the faith (1 Corinthians 16:13).

in the day of distress
The phrase "day of distress" refers to times of trouble or adversity. The Hebrew word for "distress" is "צָרָה" (tsarah), which can denote affliction, anguish, or tribulation. This term is often used in the Old Testament to describe periods of intense difficulty, whether personal, communal, or national. In the historical context of ancient Israel, such days could include invasions, famines, or personal crises. For the modern believer, this phrase serves as a reminder that trials are an inevitable part of life. It encourages Christians to prepare spiritually for such times, drawing strength from their relationship with God and the community of faith.

how small is your strength!
The word "strength" in Hebrew is "כֹּחַ" (koach), which implies power, might, or vigor. This phrase is a rhetorical question that underscores the insufficiency of one's strength if it fails under pressure. In the biblical context, true strength is often depicted as reliance on God rather than on human ability alone. The historical and scriptural narrative consistently points to God as the source of strength for His people, as seen in verses like Isaiah 40:31, which promises renewed strength to those who hope in the Lord. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, this phrase is a call to cultivate a deep, abiding trust in God, recognizing that human strength is limited but divine strength is boundless. It inspires believers to seek God's empowerment through prayer, scripture, and the Holy Spirit, especially during challenging times.

Rescue those being led away to death
The Hebrew word for "rescue" is "הַצֵּל" (hatzel), which implies an active intervention to save or deliver someone from danger. This word calls for a proactive stance, urging believers to not remain passive in the face of injustice or peril. Historically, this reflects the biblical mandate to protect the innocent and vulnerable, a theme prevalent throughout Scripture. The phrase "being led away to death" suggests a sense of helplessness and inevitability, as if the individuals are caught in a procession toward their demise. This can be seen as a metaphor for spiritual death or moral decay, where individuals are ensnared by sin or societal injustices. The call to "rescue" is a call to action, urging believers to intervene and offer salvation, both physically and spiritually, to those who cannot save themselves.

and restrain those stumbling toward the slaughter
The word "restrain" in Hebrew is "חֲשֹׂךְ" (chasok), which means to hold back or prevent. This implies a responsibility to actively prevent harm or destruction. The imagery of "stumbling toward the slaughter" evokes a sense of urgency and impending doom. The word "stumbling" suggests a lack of awareness or control, indicating that those on this path may not fully comprehend the danger they are in. The term "slaughter" is stark and vivid, emphasizing the severity of the situation. In a historical context, this could refer to literal physical danger, such as war or persecution, but it also holds a spiritual dimension, warning against the ultimate destruction that comes from a life of sin. The verse calls believers to be vigilant and compassionate, to intervene and guide those who are unaware or unable to see the peril ahead. This reflects the broader biblical theme of being a watchman or shepherd, tasked with the care and protection of others.

If you say, 'Behold, we did not know about this,' does not He who weighs hearts consider it?
If you say
This phrase introduces a hypothetical scenario, suggesting a common human tendency to make excuses or plead ignorance. In the Hebrew context, the word for "say" (אָמַר, 'amar) often implies a declaration or assertion. It reflects the human inclination to verbally justify oneself, a theme prevalent throughout Proverbs. The wisdom literature frequently addresses the power and responsibility of speech, urging believers to align their words with truth and integrity.

Behold
The Hebrew word for "behold" (הִנֵּה, hinneh) is an imperative that calls for attention and consideration. It is often used in Scripture to draw the reader's focus to something significant or to introduce a revelation. In this context, it emphasizes the gravity of the claim being made and the importance of self-awareness and honesty before God.

we did not know about this
This phrase represents a claim of ignorance. In the Hebrew tradition, knowledge (דַּעַת, da'at) is not merely intellectual but involves moral and spiritual understanding. The claim of not knowing is often a defense mechanism to avoid responsibility. However, Proverbs consistently teaches that wisdom and understanding are available to those who seek them, leaving little room for such excuses.

does not He who weighs hearts
The imagery of weighing hearts is deeply rooted in the Hebrew understanding of God's omniscience and justice. The word for "weighs" (תֹּכֵן, tochen) suggests measuring or evaluating with precision. In ancient times, scales were used to determine value and authenticity, symbolizing God's ability to discern the true intentions and motivations of the heart (לֵב, lev). This phrase underscores the belief that God is the ultimate judge who sees beyond outward appearances to the core of one's being.

consider it?
The Hebrew verb for "consider" (בִּין, bin) implies understanding, discerning, or perceiving. It suggests that God not only observes but also comprehends the full context and implications of human actions and intentions. This assurance of divine insight serves as both a warning and a comfort: a warning to those who might attempt to deceive or justify themselves falsely, and a comfort to those who seek to live transparently before God.

Eat honey, my son
The phrase "Eat honey, my son" is an invitation to partake in something that is both nourishing and delightful. In the Hebrew context, honey was a symbol of abundance and prosperity, often associated with the Promised Land, described as "a land flowing with milk and honey" (Exodus 3:8). The directive to "eat" suggests an active engagement with wisdom, much like one would actively consume food. The term "my son" is a common address in Proverbs, indicating a personal and intimate instruction from a father to a child, emphasizing the importance of the lesson being imparted.

for it is good
The assertion "for it is good" underscores the inherent value and benefit of honey. In the Hebrew language, the word for "good" (טוֹב, tov) conveys not only a sense of pleasantness but also moral goodness and suitability. This reflects the broader biblical principle that what God provides is inherently good and beneficial for us. The goodness of honey here is a metaphor for the goodness of wisdom, which nourishes the soul and enriches life.

and the honeycomb is sweet to your taste
The "honeycomb" represents the purest and most natural form of honey, directly from the source. In ancient times, honeycomb was a delicacy, symbolizing the richness and depth of wisdom. The phrase "sweet to your taste" highlights the pleasurable and satisfying nature of wisdom. The Hebrew word for "sweet" (מָתוֹק, matoq) suggests not only sweetness in flavor but also delight and joy. This sweetness is a metaphor for the joy and satisfaction that comes from living a life guided by divine wisdom. The imagery of taste connects the physical experience of eating with the spiritual experience of gaining understanding, suggesting that wisdom, like honey, should be savored and enjoyed.

Know that wisdom
The Hebrew word for "know" is "yada," which implies an intimate understanding or recognition. In the biblical context, this is not merely intellectual acknowledgment but a deep, experiential knowledge. Wisdom, or "chokmah" in Hebrew, is more than just knowledge; it is the skillful application of knowledge in daily life. This phrase encourages believers to pursue wisdom with the understanding that it is essential for spiritual and practical living.

is sweet for your soul
The word "sweet" here is "matok" in Hebrew, often used to describe the pleasantness of honey. This metaphor suggests that wisdom is not only beneficial but also delightful and satisfying to the innermost being, the "soul" or "nephesh." In ancient times, honey was a prized commodity, symbolizing abundance and prosperity. Thus, wisdom is portrayed as a source of deep, intrinsic joy and fulfillment.

If you find it
The conditional "if" implies a pursuit or search, indicating that wisdom is something to be actively sought after. The Hebrew root "matsa" means to discover or encounter, suggesting that wisdom is available to those who diligently seek it. This aligns with the biblical principle that God rewards those who earnestly seek Him (Hebrews 11:6).

there is a future for you
The phrase "a future" translates from the Hebrew "acharit," which refers to an end or outcome. In the biblical context, it often denotes a hopeful or prosperous end. This assurance is a promise that the pursuit of wisdom leads to a secure and hopeful future, aligning with God's plans for His people (Jeremiah 29:11).

and your hope will not be cut off
"Hope" in Hebrew is "tiqvah," which conveys expectation and trust. The phrase "will not be cut off" uses the Hebrew "karath," meaning to sever or destroy. This promise assures believers that their hope, grounded in the wisdom and promises of God, is secure and enduring. It reflects the biblical theme of God's faithfulness and the certainty of His promises to those who trust in Him.

Do not lie in wait
This phrase is a direct admonition against premeditated harm. The Hebrew root for "lie in wait" is "אָרַב" (arab), which conveys the idea of lurking or ambushing with malicious intent. Historically, ambushes were a common tactic in ancient warfare and personal vendettas, reflecting a calculated and deceitful approach to harm. The wisdom literature of Proverbs often contrasts the ways of the wicked with the righteous, urging a life of integrity and peace rather than deceit and violence.

O wicked man
The term "wicked" in Hebrew is "רָשָׁע" (rasha), which denotes someone who is morally wrong, guilty, or hostile to God. In the context of Proverbs, the "wicked man" is often portrayed as one who opposes God's ways and seeks to harm others for personal gain. This serves as a warning to those who choose a path contrary to divine wisdom, emphasizing the ultimate futility and self-destructive nature of wickedness.

near the dwelling of the righteous
The "dwelling" refers to the home or habitation, a place of safety and peace. The Hebrew word "מִשְׁכָּן" (mishkan) can also imply a sanctuary or sacred space. The "righteous" (צַדִּיק, tzaddik) are those who live in accordance with God's laws and principles. This phrase highlights the sanctity and protection that surrounds the righteous, suggesting that their homes are under divine watch. It also implies that the wicked's schemes are ultimately powerless against those who are under God's care.

do not destroy
The Hebrew root "שָׁדַד" (shadad) means to devastate or ruin. This command underscores the destructive nature of wickedness and the moral imperative to preserve rather than destroy. In the biblical context, destruction is often associated with divine judgment, and this warning serves as a reminder of the consequences of such actions.

his resting place
The "resting place" (מְנוּחָה, menuchah) signifies a place of repose, peace, and security. In the ancient Near Eastern culture, a resting place was not just a physical location but also a symbol of spiritual and emotional tranquility. For the righteous, their resting place is a reflection of their relationship with God, a sanctuary from the chaos of the world. This phrase reassures believers that God provides peace and protection, even amidst threats from the wicked.

For though a righteous man falls
The phrase "a righteous man" refers to someone who is in right standing with God, living according to His commandments and principles. The Hebrew word for "righteous" is "tsaddiq," which implies a person who is just, ethical, and moral. The idea of falling here is not necessarily about physical stumbling but rather encountering failures, setbacks, or sins. The righteous are not immune to life's challenges or personal failures, but their righteousness is not defined by their falls. Instead, it is characterized by their response to these falls.

seven times
The number "seven" in Hebrew culture often symbolizes completeness or perfection. It is not meant to be taken literally but rather to indicate that the righteous may face numerous and complete challenges or failures. The use of "seven times" suggests that no matter how many times a righteous person falls, the completeness of their trials does not define them. Instead, it highlights the resilience and perseverance that are integral to their character.

he will get up
This phrase emphasizes the resilience and determination of the righteous. The Hebrew verb "qum" means to rise, stand up, or establish. It signifies not just a physical rising but a spiritual and moral recovery. The righteous are characterized by their ability to recover from setbacks, relying on God's strength and grace. This resilience is a testament to their faith and trust in God, who empowers them to overcome adversity.

but the wicked
In contrast to the righteous, "the wicked" refers to those who live in opposition to God's ways. The Hebrew word "rasha" denotes someone who is guilty, criminal, or morally wrong. The wicked are characterized by their lack of a moral foundation and their resistance to God's guidance. Their lives are marked by instability and a lack of true direction.

will stumble into ruin
The phrase "stumble into ruin" indicates a downfall that is both inevitable and destructive. The Hebrew word for "stumble" is "kashal," which means to totter, stagger, or fall. Unlike the righteous, who rise after falling, the wicked's path leads to "ruin," a term that implies destruction, calamity, or disaster. This outcome is a result of their choices and rejection of God's wisdom. The contrast between the righteous and the wicked is stark: while the righteous rise after falling, the wicked's path leads to ultimate destruction.

Do not gloat
The Hebrew word for "gloat" is "שָׂמַח" (samach), which means to rejoice or be glad. In the context of this verse, it carries a negative connotation, warning against taking pleasure in the misfortune of others. This instruction aligns with the broader biblical principle of loving one's neighbor and even one's enemies, as Jesus taught in the New Testament (Matthew 5:44). The conservative Christian perspective emphasizes humility and compassion, recognizing that gloating over another's downfall is contrary to the character of Christ, who calls us to love and pray for those who oppose us.

when your enemy falls
The term "enemy" in Hebrew is "אוֹיֵב" (oyev), referring to an adversary or foe. The imagery of an enemy "falling" suggests a moment of vulnerability or defeat. Historically, the Israelites faced numerous enemies, and the temptation to rejoice in their downfall would have been strong. However, this proverb teaches restraint and empathy, reminding believers that all people are made in the image of God and deserving of dignity. The conservative Christian view encourages believers to see beyond personal grievances and to respond with grace, reflecting God's mercy.

and do not let your heart rejoice
The heart, "לֵב" (lev) in Hebrew, is often seen as the center of emotions and intentions. This phrase warns against internalizing joy over another's misfortune. The heart's condition is crucial in biblical teaching, as it reflects one's true character and relationship with God. In a conservative Christian context, this admonition calls for self-examination and the cultivation of a heart aligned with God's will, one that seeks the good of others and refrains from harboring ill will.

when he stumbles
The word "stumbles" comes from the Hebrew "כָּשַׁל" (kashal), meaning to trip or falter. This can refer to moral, physical, or situational failure. The imagery of stumbling suggests a temporary setback rather than a complete downfall. The conservative Christian perspective encourages believers to offer support and restoration rather than judgment or derision. This aligns with the New Testament teaching of bearing one another's burdens (Galatians 6:2) and reflects the redemptive nature of God's love, which seeks to restore rather than condemn.

or the LORD
The phrase "the LORD" refers to Yahweh, the covenant name of God in the Hebrew Bible. This name emphasizes God's eternal existence and His unchanging nature. In the context of Proverbs, it underscores the divine authority and omniscience of God, who sees all actions and intentions of the heart. The use of "the LORD" here reminds us of the personal relationship God has with His people and His active role in their lives.

will see
The Hebrew root for "will see" is "ra'ah," which means to perceive, consider, or look upon. This word conveys the idea that God is not distant or indifferent; He is actively observing the actions and attitudes of individuals. In the context of this verse, it serves as a warning that God is aware of our reactions to the downfall of others, and He discerns the motives behind our joy or sorrow.

and disapprove
The term "disapprove" comes from the Hebrew word "ra'ah," which can also mean to be displeased or to find something evil. This indicates that God is not only aware of our actions but also evaluates them according to His righteous standards. The disapproval of God is significant because it reflects His holiness and justice, reminding believers that their attitudes should align with His character.

and turn His wrath away
The phrase "turn His wrath away" suggests a redirection or withdrawal of divine anger. The Hebrew word for "wrath" is "aph," which often denotes a fierce anger or indignation. In this context, it implies that God's wrath, which might have been directed at the wrongdoer, could be redirected if He sees inappropriate rejoicing over their misfortune. This serves as a sobering reminder of God's mercy and justice, encouraging believers to maintain a humble and compassionate heart.

from him
The phrase "from him" refers to the individual who has experienced a downfall or judgment. The implication is that God’s wrath, which might have been justly upon this person, can be mitigated or removed. This highlights the theme of divine justice and mercy, where God’s actions are not only punitive but also corrective and redemptive. It encourages believers to trust in God's ultimate judgment and to refrain from taking pleasure in the suffering of others, recognizing that God’s ways are higher than our own.

Do not fret
The Hebrew word for "fret" is "charah," which can mean to burn or be kindled with anger. In the context of this verse, it suggests an emotional agitation or anxiety. The Bible consistently advises against allowing anger or worry to consume us, as seen in Psalm 37:1, which echoes this sentiment. From a conservative Christian perspective, fretting over evildoers can distract believers from their faith and trust in God's ultimate justice and sovereignty. Instead, Christians are encouraged to maintain peace and focus on their relationship with God, trusting that He will address the wrongs in His perfect timing.

over evildoers
The term "evildoers" refers to those who commit acts contrary to God's commandments. Historically, the Israelites faced many adversaries who practiced idolatry and immorality, tempting them to stray from their covenant with God. In a broader sense, evildoers represent any individuals or systems that oppose God's righteousness. The Bible teaches that while evildoers may seem to prosper temporarily, their success is fleeting, and they will ultimately face God's judgment. This assurance allows believers to remain steadfast in their faith without being swayed by the apparent success of the wicked.

and do not be envious
Envy, from the Hebrew "qana," involves a desire for what others possess, often leading to resentment. Envy is a dangerous emotion that can lead to sin, as seen in the account of Cain and Abel. The Bible warns against envy because it can cause believers to lose sight of their blessings and the unique path God has for them. By focusing on God's provision and promises, Christians can cultivate contentment and gratitude, avoiding the pitfalls of envy.

of the wicked
The "wicked" are those who live in opposition to God's laws and principles. In biblical times, the wicked often appeared to thrive, causing the righteous to question God's justice. However, Scripture consistently reassures believers that the prosperity of the wicked is temporary. Psalm 73 provides a powerful reflection on this theme, ultimately affirming that God's presence and guidance are far more valuable than any earthly success. For conservative Christians, this serves as a reminder to prioritize spiritual wealth over material gain, trusting in God's eternal plan and justice.

For the evil man
The Hebrew word for "evil" here is "רָשָׁע" (rasha), which denotes someone who is morally wrong, guilty, or wicked. In the context of Proverbs, the "evil man" is one who lives in opposition to God's righteous standards. Historically, the Israelites understood that living in alignment with God's laws was essential for communal and personal prosperity. The "evil man" is thus not just a personal adversary but a societal threat, undermining the fabric of a community built on divine principles.

has no future
The phrase "has no future" is translated from the Hebrew "אַחֲרִית" (acharit), which can mean "end" or "posterity." This suggests that the evil man's life is ultimately futile and without hope. In a conservative Christian perspective, this aligns with the belief in divine justice, where those who reject God's ways will not partake in the eternal life promised to the faithful. The absence of a future is not just temporal but eternal, emphasizing the ultimate consequence of a life lived apart from God.

the lamp of the wicked
The "lamp" in ancient Near Eastern culture often symbolizes life, guidance, and prosperity. The Hebrew word "נֵר" (ner) is used here, which can also mean "light" or "candle." In biblical times, a lamp was essential for navigating the darkness, symbolizing the presence and favor of God. For the "wicked," those who live in defiance of God's commandments, their "lamp" represents their life and influence. The imagery suggests that their guidance and prosperity are temporary and unreliable.

will be extinguished
The phrase "will be extinguished" comes from the Hebrew "יִדְעָךְ" (yidach), meaning to be put out or quenched. This conveys a sense of finality and judgment. In the biblical context, the extinguishing of a lamp signifies the end of life or influence. For the wicked, it is a stark reminder that their actions lead to a definitive end, devoid of the light and life that comes from God. This serves as a warning and a call to repentance, urging individuals to turn from wickedness and seek the enduring light found in a relationship with God.

My son
This phrase is a common address in the book of Proverbs, indicating a personal and intimate instruction from a father to a child. It suggests a relationship of care and guidance, emphasizing the importance of the wisdom being imparted. In the Hebrew context, "son" can also refer to a disciple or follower, highlighting the role of the teacher in imparting wisdom.

fear the LORD
The Hebrew word for "fear" (yare) encompasses reverence, awe, and respect. It is not merely about being afraid but involves a deep recognition of God's power, holiness, and authority. "The LORD" refers to Yahweh, the covenant name of God, emphasizing His eternal and unchanging nature. Fearing the LORD is foundational to wisdom, as it acknowledges His sovereignty and aligns one's life with His divine order.

and the king
In ancient Israel, the king was God's appointed ruler, responsible for maintaining justice and order. The Hebrew word for "king" (melek) signifies authority and governance. Respecting the king is an extension of fearing the LORD, as the king is seen as God's representative on earth. This phrase underscores the importance of respecting earthly authority as part of a godly life.

do not associate
The Hebrew root for "associate" (arab) implies joining or becoming entangled with. It suggests a warning against forming close ties or alliances. This caution is not just about physical proximity but also about aligning one's values and actions with those who are contrary to God's ways.

with the rebellious
The term "rebellious" (shonim) refers to those who are disobedient or defiant against authority. In the biblical context, rebellion is often associated with sin and a rejection of God's commandments. The rebellious are those who disrupt the social and divine order, and associating with them can lead one away from the path of wisdom and righteousness.

for they will bring sudden destruction
This phrase warns of the consequences that come from opposing or disregarding authority, particularly divine or kingly authority. The Hebrew root for "sudden" (פִּתְאֹם, pit'om) conveys the idea of something unexpected and swift. Historically, the Israelites experienced sudden destruction when they turned away from God, such as during the Babylonian exile. This serves as a reminder of the importance of obedience and reverence towards God and His appointed leaders. The "destruction" (שֶׁבֶר, sheber) implies a breaking or shattering, symbolizing the complete and devastating nature of the consequences that can befall those who act in rebellion.

Who knows what ruin they can bring?
This rhetorical question emphasizes the uncertainty and unpredictability of the consequences of rebellion. The Hebrew word for "ruin" (אֵיד, ed) suggests calamity or disaster, often used in the context of divine judgment. The phrase "Who knows" (מִי יוֹדֵעַ, mi yodea) invites reflection on the limits of human understanding and the vastness of God's wisdom and power. It serves as a humbling reminder that humans cannot fully comprehend the scope of God's plans or the potential outcomes of their actions. This encourages believers to trust in God's sovereignty and to live in accordance with His will, recognizing that He alone knows the full extent of the consequences of disobedience.

These also are sayings of the wise
This phrase introduces a new section within the collection of Proverbs, indicating that what follows is a continuation of wisdom literature. The Hebrew word for "sayings" is "אֵמְרֵי" (emrei), which can also mean "words" or "utterances." This suggests that these are not just casual observations but authoritative teachings. The "wise" refers to those who are skilled in living according to God's principles, often associated with the sages or wise men of Israel. This introduction sets the tone for the importance and reliability of the teachings that follow, emphasizing that they are rooted in divine wisdom.

To show partiality in judgment
The phrase "to show partiality" comes from the Hebrew "נָשָׂא פָּנִים" (nasa panim), which literally means "to lift the face." This idiom conveys the idea of favoring someone based on external factors, such as status or wealth, rather than on the merits of the case. In the context of ancient Israel, justice was a foundational principle, and judges were expected to be impartial, reflecting God's own just nature. The concept of impartiality is deeply embedded in the Torah, where God commands fair treatment of all individuals, regardless of their social standing (Leviticus 19:15). This phrase serves as a reminder that true wisdom aligns with God's character, which is just and fair.

is not good
The Hebrew word for "not good" is "לֹא־טוֹב" (lo-tov), a phrase that carries a strong moral implication. In the biblical context, "good" is often associated with what is righteous, beneficial, and in accordance with God's will. Therefore, "not good" signifies something that is morally wrong and contrary to divine standards. This phrase underscores the seriousness of the warning against partiality, highlighting that such behavior is not merely undesirable but fundamentally opposed to the ethical teachings of Scripture. It serves as a call to uphold justice and integrity, reflecting the character of God in all aspects of life.

Whoever tells the guilty
This phrase addresses the act of declaring someone who is guilty as innocent. In Hebrew, the word for "guilty" is "רָשָׁע" (rasha), which refers to someone who is wicked or morally wrong. The act of telling the guilty they are innocent is a perversion of justice, which is a recurring theme in the Bible. The scriptures consistently emphasize the importance of justice and righteousness, as seen in passages like Isaiah 5:20, which warns against calling evil good and good evil. This phrase serves as a reminder of the moral responsibility to uphold truth and justice.

'You are innocent'
The declaration of innocence to the guilty is a direct contradiction to the biblical principle of justice. The Hebrew word for "innocent" is "נָקִי" (naki), meaning clean or free from guilt. This phrase highlights the danger of false acquittal, which undermines the moral fabric of society. In a biblical context, God is portrayed as a just judge who cannot be swayed by false testimony or bribes (Deuteronomy 10:17). This underscores the importance of integrity and truthfulness in judgment.

peoples will curse him
The term "peoples" refers to groups or communities, indicating a collective response to injustice. The Hebrew word "עַמִּים" (amim) is often used to describe nations or ethnic groups. The act of cursing, "קָלַל" (qalal), implies a strong disapproval or calling down of misfortune. This reflects the societal expectation for justice and the natural human response to injustice. The community's reaction serves as a deterrent against corrupt practices and emphasizes the communal responsibility to uphold righteousness.

and nations will denounce him
The word "nations" expands the scope of the response to a broader, international level. The Hebrew "גּוֹיִם" (goyim) often refers to non-Israelite nations, suggesting that the principles of justice are universally recognized. The act of denouncing, "זָעַם" (za'am), conveys a sense of indignation and condemnation. This phrase illustrates the universal disdain for injustice and the expectation that leaders and judges act with integrity. It serves as a warning that unjust actions have far-reaching consequences, affecting one's reputation and standing among nations.

But it will go well
The phrase "it will go well" suggests a promise of prosperity and favor. In the Hebrew text, the word used here is "טוֹב" (tov), which means good, pleasant, or agreeable. This word is often used in the Old Testament to describe the blessings and favor of God upon His people. The implication is that those who act justly and uphold righteousness will experience a life that is aligned with God's goodness and favor. This aligns with the broader biblical principle that obedience to God's commands leads to blessings.

with those who convict the guilty
The act of convicting the guilty is a demonstration of justice and righteousness. The Hebrew word for "convict" is "מוֹכִיחִים" (mokhiḥim), which can also mean to reprove or correct. This suggests a role of moral and judicial responsibility. In ancient Israel, justice was a communal responsibility, and leaders were expected to uphold the law. Convicting the guilty is not merely a legal action but a moral duty that reflects God's own justice. This phrase underscores the importance of maintaining justice as a reflection of divine order.

and rich blessing
The term "rich blessing" in Hebrew is "בִּרְכַּת־טוֹב" (birkat-tov), which literally translates to "blessing of good." This indicates an abundance of favor and prosperity. In the biblical context, blessings are often tangible expressions of God's favor, such as prosperity, peace, and well-being. The use of "rich" emphasizes the fullness and completeness of the blessing, suggesting that those who uphold justice will not only receive favor but will be abundantly blessed in various aspects of life.

will come upon them
The phrase "will come upon them" indicates the certainty and inevitability of the blessing. The Hebrew verb "יָבוֹא" (yavo) means to come or to arrive, suggesting that the blessing is not only promised but assured. This reflects the biblical principle that God's promises are faithful and true. The imagery here is of blessings actively pursuing and overtaking those who live righteously, reinforcing the idea that God's favor is both intentional and generous towards those who uphold His standards of justice.

An honest answer
The phrase "an honest answer" in Hebrew is "ma'aneh emet," where "ma'aneh" means "answer" and "emet" means "truth" or "faithfulness." In the biblical context, truth is not merely factual accuracy but aligns with God's nature and His covenantal faithfulness. An honest answer reflects integrity and righteousness, qualities highly esteemed in the wisdom literature of the Bible. It suggests a response that is not only correct but also delivered with sincerity and moral uprightness, embodying the character of God Himself.

given
The act of giving an honest answer implies a voluntary and intentional action. In the Hebrew culture, communication was a communal and relational act, often seen as a moral duty. The act of giving here is not just about speaking truth but doing so with the intent to build up, guide, or correct in love. It reflects the biblical principle of speaking the truth in love (Ephesians 4:15), emphasizing the relational aspect of communication that seeks the well-being of others.

is like
The simile "is like" introduces a comparison that invites the reader to consider the nature and impact of an honest answer. In Hebrew poetry, similes and metaphors are used to create vivid imagery and deeper understanding. This comparison suggests that the value and effect of an honest answer are akin to something tangible and deeply appreciated, drawing the reader to reflect on the significance of truthfulness in human interactions.

a kiss on the lips
In ancient Near Eastern culture, a "kiss on the lips" was a sign of deep affection, respect, and intimacy. It was a gesture reserved for close relationships, symbolizing trust and mutual respect. The imagery here conveys that an honest answer fosters closeness and strengthens relationships, much like a kiss would. It suggests that truth spoken in love can bridge gaps, heal wounds, and build trust, reflecting the biblical ideal of community and fellowship. This imagery underscores the power of truth to create bonds of love and respect, aligning with the biblical call to love one another earnestly from a pure heart (1 Peter 1:22).

Complete your outdoor work
This phrase emphasizes the importance of prioritizing tasks and setting a strong foundation before moving on to other endeavors. The Hebrew root for "complete" (כּוּן, kun) suggests establishing or preparing something firmly. In ancient agrarian societies, outdoor work, such as farming, was crucial for survival. This instruction reflects a principle of diligence and foresight, encouraging believers to ensure that their basic needs and responsibilities are met before pursuing additional projects. Spiritually, it can be seen as a call to establish one's life on the solid ground of faith and obedience to God.

and prepare your field
The word "prepare" (עָרַךְ, arak) in Hebrew conveys the idea of arranging or setting in order. Preparing the field was a necessary step to ensure a successful harvest. This preparation involves hard work, planning, and patience. Historically, fields had to be plowed, sown, and maintained, which required significant effort and attention. In a spiritual sense, this can be likened to preparing one's heart and life for God's work, ensuring that we are ready to receive His blessings and fulfill His purposes.

after that
This phrase indicates a sequence of actions, highlighting the importance of timing and order. It suggests that there is a proper time for everything, echoing the wisdom found in Ecclesiastes 3:1. In the context of this proverb, it underscores the necessity of completing foundational tasks before moving on to more personal or luxurious pursuits. This principle can be applied to spiritual growth, where foundational truths and disciplines must be established before deeper understanding and experiences can be pursued.

you can build your house
The act of building a house represents establishing a permanent and secure dwelling place. In ancient times, building a house was a significant undertaking that required resources, planning, and stability. The Hebrew word for "build" (בָּנָה, banah) also carries the connotation of establishing a family or legacy. This phrase suggests that once the essential work is done and the foundation is secure, one can focus on personal growth and development. Spiritually, it can be seen as a metaphor for building one's life on the teachings of Christ, ensuring that our spiritual "house" is built on the rock of His word and not on shifting sands.

Do not testify
The phrase "do not testify" is rooted in the Hebrew word "עֵד" (ed), which means to bear witness or to give evidence. In the ancient context, testimony was a serious matter, often determining the outcome of legal disputes. The command here is a call to integrity, urging believers to refrain from giving false or unnecessary testimony. This aligns with the Ninth Commandment, "You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor" (Exodus 20:16), emphasizing the importance of truthfulness and justice in community life.

against your neighbor
The term "neighbor" (רֵעַ, rea) in Hebrew refers to a fellow member of the community, not just someone living nearby. This broadens the scope of the command to include all individuals with whom one interacts. In a conservative Christian perspective, this highlights the call to love and respect all people, as Jesus taught in the parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25-37), where the definition of "neighbor" is expanded to include even those we might not naturally consider.

without cause
The phrase "without cause" (חִנָּם, chinnam) implies acting without justification or reason. It warns against the misuse of one's words to harm others unjustly. Historically, false accusations could lead to severe consequences, including social ostracism or legal penalties. This admonition serves as a reminder to weigh our words carefully and to ensure that any testimony given is grounded in truth and necessity.

and do not deceive
"Do not deceive" (תַּפְתֶּה, tapteh) is a direct command against misleading others. Deception undermines trust and can lead to the breakdown of relationships and community cohesion. In the biblical context, deception is often associated with sin and is contrary to the nature of God, who is truth (John 14:6). This phrase calls believers to reflect God's character by being honest and transparent in their dealings.

with your lips
The phrase "with your lips" (בִּשְׂפָתֶיךָ, bisfatecha) emphasizes the power of spoken words. In the ancient world, oral communication was the primary means of conveying information, making the integrity of one's speech crucial. The New Testament echoes this sentiment in James 3:5-6, where the tongue is described as a small part of the body that can cause great harm. This serves as a reminder of the responsibility that comes with the ability to speak and the impact our words can have on others.

Do not say
This phrase serves as a direct command, urging restraint in speech and thought. In the Hebrew text, the word "say" (אָמַר, 'amar) often implies not just verbal expression but also internal contemplation. The Bible frequently emphasizes the power of words and thoughts, as seen in James 3:5-6, where the tongue is described as a small part of the body that can cause great harm. This command reflects a call to self-control and wisdom, aligning with the broader biblical principle of guarding one's heart and mind.

I will do to him
This phrase reflects a natural human inclination towards retaliation. The Hebrew culture, like many ancient societies, was familiar with the concept of lex talionis, or the law of retaliation, which is famously encapsulated in the "eye for an eye" principle found in Exodus 21:24. However, this proverb challenges that instinct, urging believers to rise above mere retribution. The New Testament echoes this sentiment in Romans 12:17-19, where Paul instructs believers not to repay evil for evil.

as he has done to me
Here, the focus is on personal justice or revenge. The phrase suggests a mirroring of actions, a tit-for-tat response that is common in human interactions. However, the biblical narrative consistently calls for a higher standard of behavior, one that reflects God's grace and mercy. Jesus' teachings in the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5:38-42) further expand on this idea, encouraging believers to turn the other cheek and go the extra mile.

I will repay the man
The concept of repayment or recompense is central to this phrase. In Hebrew, the word for "repay" (שָׁלַם, shalam) can also mean to make peace or to be complete. This dual meaning suggests that true peace and completeness are not found in personal vengeance but in leaving justice to God. The Bible consistently teaches that God is the ultimate judge and avenger, as seen in Deuteronomy 32:35, where God declares, "Vengeance is Mine, and recompense."

according to his work
This phrase implies a judgment based on actions. In the biblical context, works are often seen as the fruit of one's character and faith. However, the call here is not to judge others by their actions but to trust in God's righteous judgment. The New Testament reinforces this in passages like 2 Corinthians 5:10, which speaks of all appearing before the judgment seat of Christ to receive what is due for things done in the body.

I went past
This phrase suggests an intentional observation, a deliberate act of witnessing. In the Hebrew context, the act of "going past" implies not just physical movement but also a reflective journey. The observer is not merely a passerby but someone who is taking note, learning from what is seen. This aligns with the wisdom literature's emphasis on learning from the world around us, encouraging believers to be attentive and discerning in their daily walk.

the field of a sluggard
The "field" represents one's life work, responsibilities, and the stewardship of what God has entrusted to an individual. In ancient Israel, fields were vital for sustenance and economic stability. The "sluggard" is a recurring character in Proverbs, symbolizing laziness and neglect. The Hebrew word for sluggard, "atsel," conveys a sense of idleness and lack of initiative. This serves as a warning against complacency and the spiritual and material decay that follows neglect.

and by the vineyard
Vineyards in biblical times were symbols of prosperity, blessing, and the fruitfulness of one's labor. They required diligent care and attention. The mention of a vineyard here underscores the potential for abundance and the beauty of a well-tended life. It also alludes to the spiritual fruitfulness that comes from a life lived in accordance with God's wisdom and diligence.

of a man lacking judgment
The phrase "lacking judgment" refers to a deficiency in discernment and wisdom. In Hebrew, the word "lacking" can imply a void or absence, suggesting that this man is devoid of the necessary insight to manage his affairs wisely. Judgment, or "lev" in Hebrew, often refers to the heart or mind, indicating that wisdom is not just intellectual but also moral and spiritual. This highlights the importance of seeking God's wisdom to guide our decisions and actions.

Thorns had grown up everywhere
The Hebrew word for "thorns" is "קִמּוֹשׂ" (qimmosh), which often symbolizes neglect and desolation in the Old Testament. Thorns are frequently associated with the consequences of sin and the curse upon the ground after the Fall (Genesis 3:18). In this context, the presence of thorns indicates a lack of diligence and care, serving as a metaphor for spiritual and moral decay. The phrase "grown up everywhere" suggests a pervasive and unchecked spread, highlighting the importance of vigilance and stewardship in one's spiritual life. Just as a garden requires constant attention to prevent weeds from taking over, so too does the soul require regular nurturing through prayer, study, and obedience to God's Word.

thistles had covered the ground
The term "thistles" in Hebrew is "חָרוּל" (harul), another plant that represents neglect and barrenness. Thistles, like thorns, are a result of the curse and are often used in Scripture to depict the futility and hardship that come from turning away from God. The imagery of thistles covering the ground conveys a sense of overwhelming neglect, where the once fertile and productive land has become unproductive and choked by weeds. This serves as a powerful reminder of the consequences of spiritual laziness and the need for constant cultivation of one's faith. In a broader sense, it calls believers to be proactive in their spiritual growth, ensuring that their lives bear fruit for God's kingdom.

and the stone wall was broken down
The "stone wall" in ancient times was a symbol of protection and security. Walls were essential for safeguarding cities and properties from external threats. The Hebrew word for "broken down" is "נָתַץ" (natats), which implies a deliberate or neglectful destruction. In the context of this proverb, a broken-down wall signifies vulnerability and exposure to danger. Spiritually, it represents the breakdown of moral and ethical boundaries, leaving one susceptible to the attacks of the enemy. This imagery underscores the importance of maintaining strong spiritual defenses through adherence to God's commandments and the cultivation of a disciplined life. It serves as a call to rebuild and fortify one's spiritual walls through repentance, accountability, and the pursuit of holiness.

I observed
The Hebrew root for "observed" is "ra'ah," which means to see, perceive, or consider. In the context of Proverbs, this word suggests a deep, contemplative observation, not just a casual glance. It implies an intentional act of looking beyond the surface to understand the underlying truths. This aligns with the wisdom literature's emphasis on discernment and insight. The act of observing is the first step in gaining wisdom, as it requires one to be attentive and open to learning from the world around them.

and took it to heart
The phrase "took it to heart" comes from the Hebrew "shith leb," which means to set or place in the heart. In biblical terms, the heart is the center of one's inner life, encompassing mind, will, and emotions. To take something to heart is to internalize it, allowing it to influence one's thoughts and actions. This phrase underscores the importance of not just observing but also allowing those observations to transform one's inner being. It reflects a commitment to personal growth and the pursuit of wisdom, which is a central theme in Proverbs.

I looked
The word "looked" is derived from the Hebrew "nabat," which means to gaze or regard with attention. This suggests a deliberate and focused examination, indicating that the observer is actively seeking understanding. In the context of Proverbs, this act of looking is not passive but involves a conscious effort to discern and learn. It highlights the proactive nature of acquiring wisdom, where one must be willing to engage deeply with their surroundings and experiences.

and received instruction
The phrase "received instruction" is rooted in the Hebrew "laqach musar," where "laqach" means to take or receive, and "musar" refers to discipline or correction. This implies a willingness to accept guidance and correction, which is essential for growth in wisdom. In the biblical context, instruction often involves moral and ethical teaching, emphasizing the importance of aligning one's life with God's principles. This phrase encapsulates the essence of Proverbs, which is to guide individuals toward a life of righteousness and understanding through the acceptance of divine instruction.

A little sleep
The phrase "a little sleep" suggests a minimal amount of rest, but in the context of Proverbs, it often implies a warning against laziness or complacency. The Hebrew word for "sleep" here is "שֵׁנָה" (shenah), which can denote a physical state of rest but also symbolizes spiritual or moral lethargy. In the ancient Near Eastern context, diligence was crucial for survival and prosperity. The Bible frequently contrasts the industrious with the slothful, emphasizing that even a small indulgence in idleness can lead to significant consequences. This serves as a reminder that spiritual vigilance and diligence in our daily lives are essential to avoid the pitfalls of complacency.

A little slumber
The repetition of "a little slumber" reinforces the idea of incremental neglect. The Hebrew word "תְּנוּמָה" (tenumah) refers to a light dozing or drowsiness. This subtle form of rest can be seen as a metaphor for spiritual inattentiveness. In a historical context, the Israelites were often warned against becoming spiritually drowsy, which could lead to turning away from God's commandments. For the modern believer, this phrase serves as a caution against allowing small distractions or compromises to erode one's spiritual discipline and commitment to God's work.

A little folding of the hands to rest
This imagery of "folding of the hands" is a vivid depiction of inactivity and surrender to idleness. The Hebrew "חִבּוּק יָדַיִם" (chibbuq yadayim) literally means "embracing of the hands," suggesting a deliberate choice to cease from labor. In the agrarian society of ancient Israel, such behavior could lead to poverty and ruin, as fields left untended would not yield a harvest. Scripturally, this phrase warns against the dangers of procrastination and the false security of thinking that small acts of neglect will not have larger repercussions. For Christians, it is a call to remain active in faith and service, recognizing that spiritual growth requires continuous effort and vigilance.

and poverty
The Hebrew word for "poverty" here is "רֵישׁ" (resh), which signifies a state of destitution or lack. In the context of Proverbs, poverty is often portrayed as a consequence of laziness or neglect of wisdom. The Bible frequently contrasts the diligent with the sluggard, emphasizing that a lack of industriousness leads to material and spiritual impoverishment. This serves as a warning to the reader to be vigilant and proactive in their endeavors, both physically and spiritually.

will come upon you
The phrase "will come upon you" suggests an inevitability and suddenness. The Hebrew verb "בּוֹא" (bo) implies arrival or coming. This indicates that poverty is not just a distant possibility but a certain outcome if one continues in a path of negligence. The imagery here is vivid, portraying poverty as an active force that approaches and overtakes an individual, underscoring the urgency of heeding wisdom and diligence.

like a robber
The term "robber" in Hebrew is "מִתְהַלֵּךְ" (mithalech), which can be understood as a vagabond or marauder. This word choice conveys the idea of stealth and surprise, much like a thief who comes unannounced and uninvited. The comparison to a robber highlights the unexpected and invasive nature of poverty when one is unprepared. It serves as a metaphor for the consequences of ignoring prudent living and the teachings of wisdom.

and need
The word "need" is translated from the Hebrew "מַחְסוֹר" (machsor), meaning lack or deficiency. This term emphasizes the state of being without essential resources. In the biblical context, need is not just a physical condition but also a spiritual one, reflecting a lack of fulfillment and purpose. The verse warns that neglecting wisdom and diligence leads to a life marked by unmet needs and unfulfilled potential.

like an armed man
The phrase "like an armed man" uses the Hebrew "כְּאִישׁ מָגֵן" (ke'ish magen), which literally means "like a man with a shield." This imagery suggests aggression and force, indicating that need can be as overpowering and relentless as a warrior in battle. The comparison to an armed man underscores the formidable and unavoidable nature of the consequences of slothfulness. It serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of vigilance and preparedness in all aspects of life.