This is an oracle
The term "oracle" in Hebrew is "מַשָּׂא" (massa), which can be translated as a burden or a pronouncement. In the prophetic context, it often signifies a message of judgment or revelation from God. This word sets the tone for the entire chapter, indicating that what follows is a divine message with significant weight and authority. Historically, oracles were seen as direct communications from the divine, and in the biblical context, they often carried both immediate and eschatological implications. This oracle is not merely a human prediction but a divine revelation that demands attention and reverence.

concerning Babylon
Babylon, in the biblical narrative, is more than just a geographical location; it symbolizes human pride, idolatry, and opposition to God. Historically, Babylon was a powerful empire known for its grandeur and influence, particularly during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II. In the context of Isaiah's prophecy, Babylon represents the epitome of worldly power and arrogance that stands in contrast to God's kingdom. The mention of Babylon here foreshadows its eventual downfall, serving as a reminder of the transient nature of human empires compared to the eternal sovereignty of God.

that Isaiah
Isaiah, whose name means "Yahweh is salvation," is one of the major prophets in the Old Testament. His prophetic ministry spanned the reigns of several kings of Judah, and he is known for his messages of both judgment and hope. Isaiah's role as a prophet was to convey God's messages to the people, calling them to repentance and faithfulness. His writings are characterized by their poetic style and profound theological insights, emphasizing God's holiness, justice, and redemptive plans.

son of Amoz
The mention of Isaiah as the "son of Amoz" provides a historical anchor, identifying him within a specific lineage. While little is known about Amoz, this designation helps to authenticate Isaiah's identity and authority as a prophet. In the ancient Near Eastern context, lineage was important for establishing credibility and trustworthiness. This phrase also connects Isaiah to the broader narrative of Israel's history, situating his prophecies within the unfolding account of God's people.

received
The word "received" in Hebrew is "חָזָה" (chazah), which means to see or perceive, often in a visionary or revelatory sense. This indicates that Isaiah's message was not self-generated but was given to him by divine revelation. The prophetic experience often involved visions or direct communication from God, underscoring the supernatural origin of the message. This word emphasizes the passive role of the prophet as a recipient of God's word, highlighting the divine initiative in the communication of the oracle.

Raise a banner
The phrase "Raise a banner" in Isaiah 13:2 signifies a call to action or a signal for gathering. In ancient times, banners were used as rallying points for troops or groups of people. The Hebrew word for "banner" is "נֵס" (nes), which can also mean a standard or ensign. This imagery suggests a divine summons, indicating that God is orchestrating events. The banner serves as a visible sign of God's authority and purpose, calling His people to attention and readiness.

on a barren hilltop
The location "on a barren hilltop" emphasizes visibility and prominence. In the ancient Near East, hilltops were strategic locations for communication and defense. The barrenness of the hilltop may symbolize desolation or purity, free from distractions, ensuring that the message is clear and unmistakable. This setting underscores the urgency and importance of the proclamation being made.

Call aloud to them
The command to "Call aloud to them" indicates a vocal and public announcement. The Hebrew root "קָרָא" (qara) means to call out, proclaim, or summon. This is not a whisper or a private message but a loud, authoritative declaration meant to reach a wide audience. It reflects the seriousness of the message and the need for immediate attention and response.

wave your hand
The gesture to "wave your hand" is an action of signaling or directing. In biblical times, hand gestures were often used to convey messages or commands. This action could be seen as an invitation or a directive, emphasizing the urgency and importance of the message. It symbolizes God's active involvement in guiding and directing His people.

to enter the gates of the nobles
The phrase "to enter the gates of the nobles" suggests an invitation or command to approach a place of authority and power. Gates in ancient cities were places of judgment, commerce, and decision-making. The "nobles" represent those in positions of influence and leadership. This imagery implies that the message being proclaimed is of such significance that it demands the attention of the highest authorities, indicating a divine intervention in the affairs of nations.

I have commanded
The Hebrew root for "commanded" is צָוָה (tsavah), which implies a direct and authoritative order. In the context of Isaiah, this reflects God's sovereign power and authority over all creation. His commands are not mere suggestions but divine decrees that must be fulfilled. This highlights the absolute sovereignty of God, who orchestrates events according to His divine will and purpose.

My sanctified ones
The term "sanctified" comes from the Hebrew קָדוֹשׁ (qadosh), meaning "holy" or "set apart." In this context, it refers to those whom God has set apart for a specific purpose. Historically, this could refer to the Medes and Persians, who were used by God to execute judgment on Babylon. Spiritually, it reminds believers that God sets apart individuals and nations to fulfill His divine plans, emphasizing the call to holiness and dedication to God's purposes.

I have also called
The Hebrew word קָרָא (qara) means "to call" or "to summon." This indicates a personal and intentional act by God to bring forth those He has chosen for a specific task. It underscores the idea that God actively involves Himself in the affairs of the world, calling individuals and groups to participate in His divine plan. This calling is both a privilege and a responsibility, as it involves aligning with God's will.

My mighty ones
The phrase "mighty ones" is derived from the Hebrew גִּבּוֹר (gibbor), meaning "strong" or "mighty." These are individuals or forces empowered by God to carry out His judgment. Historically, this could refer to the armies that God used to bring about His purposes. For believers, it serves as a reminder of the spiritual strength and empowerment that comes from being aligned with God's will, as well as the assurance that God equips those He calls.

for My anger
The Hebrew word for "anger" is אַף (aph), which can also mean "wrath." This reflects God's righteous indignation against sin and injustice. It is a reminder that God's holiness demands justice and that His anger is not arbitrary but a response to evil. This serves as a sobering reminder of the seriousness of sin and the reality of divine judgment, while also pointing to the need for repentance and alignment with God's righteousness.

those who rejoice
The Hebrew root שָׂמַח (samach) means "to rejoice" or "to be glad." This phrase suggests that those who are called by God find joy in fulfilling His purposes. It highlights the joy and fulfillment that come from being part of God's divine plan, even when it involves executing judgment. For believers, it is an encouragement to find joy in serving God and participating in His work, knowing that it leads to ultimate triumph.

in My triumph
The word "triumph" in Hebrew is גֵּאוּת (ge'ut), which can also mean "majesty" or "exaltation." This signifies the ultimate victory and glory of God over His enemies. It is a declaration of God's supreme power and the certainty of His victory over evil. For Christians, it is a source of hope and assurance that, despite present challenges, God's ultimate triumph is assured, and they are invited to share in that victory through faith and obedience.

Listen
The Hebrew word for "listen" is "שִׁמְעוּ" (shim'u), which is an imperative form, calling for immediate attention and obedience. In the biblical context, this is not merely a passive hearing but an active, attentive listening that demands a response. The call to "listen" is a divine summons, urging the audience to pay heed to the unfolding divine plan. It is a reminder of the importance of being attuned to God's voice amidst the noise of the world.

a tumult on the mountains
The word "tumult" comes from the Hebrew "קוֹל" (qol), meaning sound or voice, often associated with loud, chaotic noise. The "mountains" symbolize places of strength and permanence, often seen as the dwelling places of gods in ancient Near Eastern cultures. Here, the tumult on the mountains signifies a divine intervention that disrupts the natural order, indicating a powerful, awe-inspiring event orchestrated by God.

like that of a great multitude
The phrase "great multitude" in Hebrew is "עַם רָב" (am rav), suggesting a vast assembly of people. This imagery evokes the overwhelming presence and power of God's forces. Historically, large gatherings were often associated with significant events, such as battles or religious festivals. The comparison to a great multitude emphasizes the magnitude and seriousness of the divine action being described.

an uproar among the kingdoms
"Uproar" is translated from the Hebrew "שָׁאוֹן" (sha'on), indicating a loud, chaotic noise, often associated with confusion or commotion. The "kingdoms" refer to the various nations and political entities of the ancient world. This uproar among the kingdoms suggests a divine shaking of the established order, where God asserts His sovereignty over all earthly powers, reminding believers of His ultimate authority.

like nations gathered together
The gathering of "nations" (גּוֹיִם, goyim) implies a coalition or assembly, often for war or judgment. In the biblical narrative, the gathering of nations can signify impending judgment or a significant shift in the divine plan. This phrase underscores the universality of God's reach and the inevitability of His purposes being fulfilled, encouraging believers to trust in His sovereign plan.

The LORD of Hosts
This title, "LORD of Hosts" (יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת, Yahweh Tseva'ot), emphasizes God's supreme command over the heavenly armies. "Hosts" refers to the angelic beings and celestial bodies that serve God. This title is a powerful reminder of God's omnipotence and His ability to marshal all of creation to accomplish His will. It reassures believers of God's protection and the certainty of His victory.

is mustering an army for war
The verb "mustering" comes from the Hebrew "פָּקַד" (paqad), meaning to gather, appoint, or muster. This action indicates a deliberate and strategic preparation for battle. The "army" (חַיִל, chayil) represents not only physical forces but also spiritual power. The phrase "for war" highlights the impending divine judgment and the decisive nature of God's intervention. It serves as a call to readiness and faithfulness, reminding believers of the spiritual battle they are part of and the ultimate triumph of God's kingdom.

They are coming
This phrase indicates a movement or approach, suggesting an impending action or event. In the Hebrew context, the verb used here often implies a purposeful journey or mission. Historically, this can be seen as a prophetic vision of invading forces, possibly the Medes and Persians, who would come against Babylon. Spiritually, it can also be interpreted as a divine orchestration, where God uses nations as instruments of His will.

from faraway lands
The phrase emphasizes the distant origin of the invaders, highlighting the vast reach of God's influence and control over the nations. In the ancient Near Eastern context, this would have been understood as a formidable threat, as distant lands were often associated with unknown and powerful forces. This also underscores the idea that no place is beyond God's sovereignty.

from the ends of the heavens
This expression poetically describes the vastness and universality of God's dominion. In Hebrew thought, the heavens were seen as the realm of divine activity, and this phrase suggests that the coming judgment is not merely a terrestrial event but one orchestrated from the highest authority. It reflects the belief that God's plans encompass all creation.

the LORD
The use of "the LORD" (Yahweh) here is significant, as it identifies the source of the coming judgment. Yahweh is the covenant name of God, emphasizing His faithfulness and righteousness. This serves as a reminder that the events to unfold are not random acts of violence but are under the direct command of a just and holy God.

and the weapons of His wrath
This phrase indicates that the invaders are instruments in God's hands, used to execute His judgment. The "weapons" symbolize the means by which God enacts His justice. In the broader biblical narrative, God's wrath is always portrayed as a response to sin and rebellion, and His use of "weapons" signifies the seriousness of His judgment.

to destroy the whole country
The term "destroy" conveys totality and completeness, indicating the thoroughness of the impending judgment. Historically, this prophecy was fulfilled in the fall of Babylon, which was known for its pride and idolatry. The "whole country" signifies that no part of the nation would be spared, reflecting the comprehensive nature of divine justice. This serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of turning away from God and the ultimate accountability all nations and individuals have before Him.

Wail
The Hebrew word used here is "ילל" (yalal), which means to howl or lament. This word is often associated with expressions of deep sorrow or distress. In the context of Isaiah 13:6, it serves as a call to the people to express their anguish over the impending judgment. Historically, wailing was a common practice in ancient Near Eastern cultures during times of mourning or disaster. This call to wail is a prophetic warning, urging the people to recognize the seriousness of the coming day of the Lord and to respond with appropriate gravity.

for the day of the LORD
The phrase "the day of the LORD" (יוֹם יְהוָה, yom Yahweh) is a significant eschatological term in the Hebrew Bible. It refers to a future time when God will intervene decisively in human history to judge the wicked and vindicate the righteous. This concept is not limited to Isaiah but is found throughout the prophetic books, emphasizing God's sovereignty and justice. In a conservative Christian perspective, this day is often associated with both historical judgments, such as the fall of Babylon, and ultimate fulfillment in the end times, pointing to the second coming of Christ.

is near
The Hebrew word "קָרוֹב" (qarob) means near or at hand. This conveys a sense of urgency and immediacy. The prophets often used this language to impress upon their audience the need for immediate repentance and preparation. While the exact timing of prophetic events can be debated, the use of "near" serves to remind believers of the ever-present reality of God's impending judgment and the importance of living in readiness for His return.

It will come as destruction
The word "destruction" here is translated from the Hebrew "שֹׁד" (shod), which implies devastation or ruin. This term underscores the severity of the judgment that is to come. In the historical context, this destruction was often manifested through military conquest and the downfall of nations, such as the prophesied fall of Babylon. For the believer, it serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of sin and the ultimate justice of God.

from the Almighty
The term "Almighty" is translated from the Hebrew "שַׁדַּי" (Shaddai), a name for God that emphasizes His power and sovereignty. This name is often used in contexts that highlight God's ability to execute His will and bring about His purposes. The use of "Shaddai" here assures the reader that the prophesied destruction is not a random act of chaos but a deliberate act of divine judgment. It reinforces the belief in God's ultimate control over the affairs of nations and His ability to fulfill His promises.

Therefore
This word connects the preceding verses with the current statement, indicating a consequence or result. In the context of Isaiah 13, it follows the prophecy of judgment against Babylon. The Hebrew word used here is "לָכֵן" (lakhen), which often introduces a conclusion based on prior statements. It emphasizes the certainty of God's judgment as a response to the sins and arrogance of Babylon.

all hands
The phrase "all hands" symbolizes human strength and capability. In ancient times, hands were often seen as a representation of power and action. The Hebrew word "יָד" (yad) is used here, which can mean hand, power, or strength. The imagery suggests that human efforts and defenses will be rendered useless in the face of divine judgment.

will fall limp
This phrase conveys a sense of helplessness and inability to act. The Hebrew verb "רָפָה" (raphah) means to sink, relax, or become weak. It paints a picture of complete surrender and defeat, as the people of Babylon will be unable to resist the overwhelming power of God's wrath.

and every man's heart
The heart in Hebrew thought, represented by the word "לֵב" (lev), is the center of emotion, will, and intellect. It is not just the seat of feelings but also the core of decision-making and moral character. The mention of "every man's heart" underscores the universal impact of the judgment, affecting all individuals without exception.

will melt
The imagery of a melting heart suggests fear, despair, and the loss of courage. The Hebrew verb "מוּג" (mug) means to dissolve or melt away, often used metaphorically to describe overwhelming fear or panic. This phrase indicates that the impending judgment will cause profound emotional and psychological distress, leaving the people paralyzed by terror.

Terror, pain, and anguish
This phrase captures the intense emotional and physical distress that will befall the people. The Hebrew words used here convey a sense of overwhelming fear and suffering. Historically, this reflects the impending judgment upon Babylon, a powerful empire known for its pride and idolatry. In a broader spiritual context, it serves as a reminder of the consequences of turning away from God. The terror and anguish symbolize the ultimate fate of those who reject divine authority, emphasizing the need for repentance and faithfulness.

will seize them
The imagery of being seized suggests an inescapable and sudden onset of distress. The Hebrew root here implies being overtaken or captured, much like a predator capturing its prey. This reflects the certainty and inevitability of God's judgment. In a spiritual sense, it serves as a warning that divine justice is unavoidable and that individuals must be vigilant in their spiritual lives to avoid being caught unprepared.

they will writhe like a woman in labor
This simile draws a vivid picture of intense pain and helplessness. Labor pains are often used in Scripture to describe unavoidable and intense suffering. The comparison to childbirth highlights both the severity and the inevitability of the coming judgment. It also suggests a process that leads to a new beginning, as labor results in birth. Spiritually, this can be seen as a call to endure trials with the hope of eventual redemption and renewal.

They will look at one another
This phrase indicates a shared experience of fear and confusion. The communal aspect of this reaction underscores the widespread nature of the judgment. Historically, it reflects the collective downfall of a nation. In a spiritual context, it serves as a reminder of the importance of community in times of trial and the need for mutual support and encouragement among believers.

their faces aflame with fear
The imagery of faces aflame conveys a vivid picture of intense fear and shame. The Hebrew word for "aflame" suggests burning or glowing, indicating a visible and overwhelming reaction. This reflects the profound impact of God's judgment on the unrepentant. Spiritually, it serves as a sobering reminder of the seriousness of sin and the importance of living in accordance with God's will to avoid such a fate. It also calls believers to reflect on their own lives and ensure they are living in a way that honors God.

Behold
The word "Behold" is a call to attention, urging the reader to focus on the gravity of the message. In Hebrew, it is often translated from "הִנֵּה" (hinneh), which serves as an imperative to look and see what is about to be revealed. This word sets the tone for the prophecy, emphasizing the certainty and importance of the forthcoming events. It is a divine alert, signaling that what follows is of utmost significance and demands our full attention.

the Day of the LORD
This phrase is a central theme in prophetic literature, referring to a time of divine intervention and judgment. In Hebrew, "יוֹם יְהוָה" (Yom Yahweh) signifies a period when God actively engages in human history to execute justice. Historically, this concept is rooted in the understanding that God is sovereign over time and events, and there will be a definitive moment when His righteousness will be fully revealed. The "Day of the LORD" is both a day of reckoning for the wicked and a day of hope for the faithful, as it ultimately leads to the establishment of God's kingdom.

is coming
The phrase "is coming" conveys imminence and certainty. In the Hebrew text, the verb form suggests an action that is both inevitable and approaching. This reflects the prophetic assurance that God's plans are unfolding according to His divine timetable. The certainty of this event is meant to inspire both awe and reverence, reminding believers of the reliability of God's promises and the urgency of aligning with His will.

cruel, with fury and burning anger
These descriptors highlight the intensity and severity of God's judgment. The word "cruel" in Hebrew, "אַכְזָרִי" (akzari), implies a harshness that is unyielding and uncompromising. "Fury" and "burning anger" further emphasize the depth of God's righteous indignation against sin. This language serves to communicate the seriousness of sin and the holiness of God, who cannot tolerate iniquity. It is a sobering reminder of the consequences of rebellion against the Creator and the need for repentance.

to make the earth a desolation
The phrase "to make the earth a desolation" speaks to the comprehensive nature of God's judgment. The Hebrew word for "desolation," "שָׁמָה" (shamah), suggests a state of utter ruin and emptiness. This imagery is often used in the prophetic books to describe the aftermath of divine judgment, where the land is left barren and lifeless. It serves as a stark warning of the devastation that results from persistent sin and the rejection of God's ways.

and to destroy the sinners within it
This final phrase underscores the purpose of the judgment: to eradicate sin and those who persist in it. The Hebrew term for "destroy," "שָׁמַד" (shamad), conveys a sense of complete and total annihilation. The focus on "sinners" highlights the moral and ethical dimensions of God's judgment, which is directed against those who have willfully chosen to defy His commandments. This serves as a call to holiness and a reminder of the ultimate accountability each person has before God. It is both a warning and an invitation to seek refuge in God's mercy through repentance and faith.

For the stars of heaven
The phrase "stars of heaven" refers to the celestial bodies created by God, as described in Genesis 1:16. In Hebrew, the word for stars is "כּוֹכָבִים" (kokhavim), which often symbolizes divine order and guidance. Historically, stars have been used for navigation and as signs of seasons. In a prophetic context, the dimming of stars signifies a disruption of the natural order, indicating divine intervention or judgment. This imagery is consistent with apocalyptic literature, where cosmic disturbances often accompany God's judgment.

and their constellations
The term "constellations" refers to groups of stars forming recognizable patterns. In Hebrew, "מַזָּלוֹת" (mazzalot) is used, which can also imply the zodiac or astrological signs. The mention of constellations emphasizes the comprehensive nature of the cosmic upheaval. In ancient times, constellations were associated with deities and fate, and their darkening symbolizes the futility of relying on such entities instead of the one true God.

will not give their light
This phrase indicates a cessation of the natural function of celestial bodies. Light, in biblical terms, often represents knowledge, purity, and divine presence. The Hebrew word for light is "אוֹר" (or). The absence of light from the stars and constellations suggests a withdrawal of divine favor and a period of judgment. It serves as a metaphor for spiritual darkness and the absence of God's guidance.

The rising sun
The "rising sun" is a symbol of new beginnings and hope, as it marks the start of a new day. In Hebrew, "שֶׁמֶשׁ" (shemesh) is used for the sun. The sun's regular rising is a testament to God's faithfulness and order in creation. Its darkening signifies a profound disruption, indicating that even the most reliable aspects of life are subject to God's sovereign will.

will be darkened
The darkening of the sun is a powerful image of judgment and calamity. In prophetic literature, such as in Joel 2:31 and Matthew 24:29, the darkening of the sun is associated with the Day of the Lord, a time of divine reckoning. This imagery conveys the severity of God's judgment and the urgency for repentance and reliance on His mercy.

and the moon
The moon, "יָרֵחַ" (yareach) in Hebrew, governs the night and is a lesser light compared to the sun. It is often associated with reflection and cycles. The moon's light is essential for navigation and marking time, especially in a lunar calendar. Its failure to give light further emphasizes the totality of the cosmic disturbance and the breakdown of natural cycles.

will not give its light
The moon's inability to shine represents a complete withdrawal of natural illumination, symbolizing a time of deep spiritual and moral darkness. In biblical symbolism, light is often equated with God's presence and truth. The absence of the moon's light underscores the severity of the judgment and the need for humanity to seek the true light found in God alone.

I will punish the world for its evil
This phrase begins with a declaration of divine judgment. The Hebrew word for "punish" is "פָּקַד" (paqad), which can mean to visit, attend to, or reckon with. In this context, it signifies God's active intervention to address the moral failures of humanity. The "world" here refers to the collective human society that has turned away from God's righteous standards. Historically, this reflects the prophetic tradition where God holds nations accountable for their actions, emphasizing His sovereignty over all creation.

and the wicked for their iniquity
The term "wicked" is translated from the Hebrew "רָשָׁע" (rasha), denoting those who are morally wrong or guilty. "Iniquity" comes from "עָוֹן" (avon), which implies perversity or moral evil. This phrase underscores the personal accountability of individuals who engage in sinful behavior. It reflects the biblical principle that God is just and will not overlook the transgressions of those who persist in wrongdoing. The historical context of Isaiah often involved calling out the sins of Israel and surrounding nations, reminding them of the consequences of their actions.

I will put an end to the pomp of the arrogant
"Pomp" is derived from the Hebrew "גָּאוֹן" (gaon), meaning pride or majesty. The "arrogant" are those who exalt themselves above others and, implicitly, above God. This phrase highlights God's opposition to human pride, a recurring theme throughout Scripture. The historical context may refer to the pride of Babylon, a dominant empire during Isaiah's time, known for its grandeur and self-exaltation. This serves as a reminder that no human power or pride can stand against God's ultimate authority.

and humble the pride of the ruthless
The word "humble" comes from the Hebrew "שָׁפֵל" (shafel), meaning to bring low or abase. "Pride" here is again "גָּאוֹן" (gaon), emphasizing the self-exaltation of the "ruthless," translated from "עָרִיץ" (aritz), meaning violent or tyrannical. This phrase assures that God will bring justice to those who oppress others through violence and tyranny. The historical context of Isaiah often involved addressing the injustices perpetrated by powerful leaders and nations, reinforcing the message that God will ultimately vindicate the oppressed and humble the oppressors.

I will make
This phrase indicates a divine action, emphasizing God's sovereignty and power. The Hebrew root for "make" is "עָשָׂה" (asah), which means to do, make, or accomplish. It underscores God's active role in shaping history and executing judgment. In the context of Isaiah, it reflects God's authority to bring about change and fulfill His purposes, often through judgment or redemption.

man scarcer
The word "scarcer" comes from the Hebrew "יָקַר" (yaqar), meaning to be precious, rare, or esteemed. This suggests a significant reduction in the population, highlighting the severity of God's judgment. Historically, this can be seen as a reference to the impending destruction and desolation that would come upon Babylon, making human life rare and valuable due to its scarcity.

than pure gold
Gold, especially "pure gold," is a symbol of immense value and rarity. In ancient times, gold was highly prized for its beauty and durability. The comparison here elevates the worth of human life, suggesting that it will become more precious and rare than even the most valued material possessions. This serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of turning away from God and the resulting divine judgment.

and mankind rarer
The repetition of the theme of rarity emphasizes the thoroughness of the coming judgment. The Hebrew word for "rarer" is "מִפְּזָר" (mipzar), which also conveys the idea of being scattered or dispersed. This could imply not only a reduction in numbers but also a dispersion of people, reflecting the historical context of exile and conquest.

than the gold of Ophir
Ophir is a location mentioned in the Bible known for its fine gold, though its exact historical location remains uncertain. It is often associated with wealth and abundance. By comparing mankind to the gold of Ophir, the text underscores the extreme rarity and value of human life post-judgment. This serves as a powerful metaphor for the devastating impact of God's wrath and the preciousness of life in His eyes.

Therefore
This word connects the preceding judgments and prophecies with the consequences that follow. In Hebrew, it is often used to indicate a logical conclusion or result. Here, it signifies that the actions of God are a direct response to the sins and rebellion of the people. It serves as a reminder that divine justice is not arbitrary but is a response to human actions.

I will make the heavens tremble
The imagery of trembling heavens is powerful and evocative. In Hebrew, the word for "tremble" can also mean to quake or shake violently. This phrase suggests a cosmic disturbance, indicating that God's judgment is not limited to the earth but affects the entire universe. It reflects the sovereignty of God over all creation, emphasizing that His power extends beyond human comprehension.

and the earth will be shaken from its place
This phrase underscores the totality of God's judgment. The earth being "shaken from its place" suggests a complete upheaval of the natural order. In the ancient Near Eastern context, such language would evoke fear and awe, as the earth was seen as stable and unmovable. This imagery serves to remind the reader of the seriousness of God's wrath and the certainty of His judgment.

at the wrath of the LORD of Hosts
The "LORD of Hosts" is a title that emphasizes God's supreme authority and command over the heavenly armies. The term "wrath" in Hebrew conveys intense anger and indignation. This phrase highlights the righteous anger of God against sin and injustice. It reassures believers that God is not indifferent to evil and will act decisively to uphold His holiness and justice.

on the day of His burning anger
The "day" refers to a specific time of divine intervention and judgment. "Burning anger" conveys the intensity and purity of God's response to sin. In the biblical context, fire often symbolizes purification and judgment. This phrase serves as a sobering reminder of the reality of divine judgment, urging believers to live in reverence and obedience to God.

Like a hunted gazelle
The imagery of a "hunted gazelle" evokes a sense of vulnerability and desperation. In the Hebrew context, the gazelle is known for its swiftness and grace, yet when hunted, it becomes a symbol of fear and helplessness. This phrase suggests the impending judgment and chaos that will befall those who are unprepared for God's righteous wrath. The hunted gazelle represents the people of Babylon, who will be pursued relentlessly by their enemies, illustrating the futility of relying on earthly power and the need for divine protection.

like sheep without a shepherd
This phrase draws on the pastoral imagery common in the Bible, where sheep are often used to represent God's people. Without a shepherd, sheep are directionless and vulnerable to predators. In the historical context, this reflects the leadership vacuum and the ensuing disorder in Babylon as it faces divine judgment. Spiritually, it underscores the necessity of godly leadership and guidance, pointing to the ultimate Shepherd, Jesus Christ, who provides direction and protection for His flock.

each will return to his own people
The phrase indicates a scattering and a return to one's origins, suggesting a breakdown of the Babylonian empire's unity and power. Historically, this reflects the fall of Babylon and the dispersal of its inhabitants. Spiritually, it can be seen as a call to return to one's roots in faith and identity, emphasizing the importance of community and belonging in God's plan. It serves as a reminder that in times of crisis, people often seek refuge in familiar and familial bonds.

each will flee to his own land
This phrase emphasizes the urgency and desperation of the situation. The word "flee" suggests a rapid and chaotic retreat, highlighting the fear and panic that will grip the people. In the historical context, it reflects the collapse of Babylon's power and the scattering of its people. Spiritually, it serves as a warning of the consequences of turning away from God and relying on worldly strength. It calls believers to seek refuge in God, who is our true homeland and source of security.

Whoever is caught
The phrase "whoever is caught" suggests a sense of inevitability and divine judgment. In the Hebrew text, the word used here is "נִמְצָא" (nimtza), which conveys the idea of being found or discovered. This reflects the inescapable nature of God's judgment upon those who have turned away from Him. Historically, this prophecy is directed towards Babylon, symbolizing the ultimate downfall of a proud and sinful nation. The imagery of being caught underscores the futility of trying to hide from divine justice.

will be stabbed
The term "stabbed" in Hebrew is "דָּקַר" (dakar), which means to pierce or thrust through. This violent imagery is indicative of the severe consequences of sin and rebellion against God. In the context of ancient warfare, being stabbed was a common fate for those who were defeated in battle. This serves as a stark reminder of the seriousness of God's wrath and the physical and spiritual destruction that comes upon those who oppose His will.

whoever is captured
The phrase "whoever is captured" uses the Hebrew word "תָּפַשׂ" (taphas), meaning to seize or take hold of. This implies a complete and total subjugation, leaving no room for escape. In the historical context of Isaiah's prophecy, it reflects the fate of those who are taken as prisoners during the conquest of Babylon. Spiritually, it can be seen as a metaphor for the bondage of sin and the ultimate captivity of those who reject God's salvation.

will die by the sword
The phrase "die by the sword" is a common biblical expression denoting a violent death, often used to describe the fate of those who fall under God's judgment. The Hebrew word for sword is "חֶרֶב" (cherev), symbolizing not only physical death but also divine retribution. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the sword was a primary instrument of warfare and execution, representing the finality of God's judgment. This serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of living in opposition to God's commandments and the ultimate justice that He will bring upon the earth.

Their infants will be dashed to pieces
This phrase is a stark and vivid depiction of the brutality that accompanies the judgment prophesied against Babylon. The Hebrew word for "infants" (עוֹלֵל, 'olel) refers to very young children, emphasizing the innocence and vulnerability of those who will suffer. The phrase "dashed to pieces" (נָפַץ, naphats) conveys a violent and merciless act, highlighting the severity of the impending judgment. Historically, such acts were not uncommon in ancient warfare, where conquering armies would often show no mercy to the young, symbolizing total destruction and the end of a lineage. This serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of sin and rebellion against God.

before their eyes
This phrase underscores the personal and immediate nature of the judgment. The Hebrew word for "eyes" (עֵינַיִם, 'enayim) suggests not just physical sight but also the perception and awareness of those witnessing the events. The judgment is not distant or abstract; it is something that will be seen and experienced directly by those involved. This immediacy serves to heighten the emotional impact of the prophecy, reminding the audience of the real and tangible nature of divine justice.

Their houses will be looted
The looting of houses signifies the complete plundering and desolation that will befall Babylon. The Hebrew word for "looted" (שָׁסָה, shasah) implies a thorough and systematic stripping away of possessions, leaving nothing behind. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the looting of a city was a common practice following its conquest, symbolizing the total defeat and humiliation of its inhabitants. This imagery serves as a powerful warning of the consequences of pride and idolatry, as Babylon's wealth and splendor will be reduced to nothing.

and their wives ravished
This phrase conveys the ultimate violation and degradation that accompanies the fall of a city. The Hebrew word for "ravished" (שָׁגַל, shagal) is a euphemism for sexual violence, a tragic reality in the aftermath of ancient warfare. This act of brutality not only inflicts deep personal trauma but also serves as a symbol of the complete subjugation and dishonor of a people. In the broader scriptural context, such imagery is used to illustrate the depth of Babylon's fall from power and the severity of God's judgment against sin. This serves as a sobering reminder of the moral and spiritual decay that results from turning away from God.

Behold
The word "Behold" is a call to attention, urging the reader or listener to focus on the significant announcement that follows. In Hebrew, this is often translated from "הִנֵּה" (hinneh), which serves as a divine alert. It emphasizes the certainty and importance of God's actions. In the context of Isaiah, it signals a prophetic declaration that demands the audience's awareness and reflection on God's sovereign plans.

I will stir up
This phrase indicates divine intervention and orchestration. The Hebrew root "עוּר" (ur) means to awaken or incite. It suggests that God is actively involved in the unfolding of historical events. From a conservative Christian perspective, this underscores the belief in God's sovereignty over nations and history, affirming that He can raise up peoples and powers to fulfill His purposes.

the Medes
The Medes were an ancient Indo-Iranian people who lived in the region that is now northwestern Iran. Historically, they were known for their military prowess and eventually formed a significant part of the Medo-Persian Empire. In the biblical context, the Medes are often associated with God's judgment against Babylon. This highlights the theme of divine justice, where God uses one nation to bring judgment upon another, fulfilling His prophetic word.

against them
This phrase specifies the target of the divine stirring—the Babylonians. In the broader context of Isaiah 13, "them" refers to Babylon, a symbol of pride and opposition to God. The prophecy foretells the downfall of Babylon, serving as a reminder of the ultimate futility of human arrogance and rebellion against God.

who have no regard for silver and no desire for gold
This description of the Medes emphasizes their indifference to wealth and material gain. The Hebrew words "כֶּסֶף" (kesef) for silver and "זָהָב" (zahav) for gold highlight the typical motivations for war—plunder and riches. However, the Medes are portrayed as being driven by a divine purpose rather than material greed. This serves as a powerful reminder that God's plans transcend human motivations and that His purposes will be accomplished regardless of earthly desires. It also reflects the biblical theme that true value lies not in material wealth but in fulfilling God's will.

Their bows
The bow, a primary weapon in ancient warfare, symbolizes the might and aggression of the invading forces. In the Hebrew context, the bow ('qesheth') often represents strength and the ability to strike from a distance. Historically, the use of bows by the Medes and Persians, who are implied in this prophecy, was well-documented. This phrase underscores the relentless and far-reaching power of the attackers, emphasizing the inevitability of judgment upon Babylon.

will dash the young men to pieces
The phrase conveys a brutal and merciless attack. The Hebrew word for "dash" ('ratsa') implies a violent shattering or crushing. This imagery is stark and serves to highlight the severity of the impending judgment. In the ancient Near Eastern context, young men were often seen as the strength and future of a nation. Their destruction signifies not just a military defeat but a crippling blow to the nation's future.

they will have no mercy
Mercy ('racham') in Hebrew is deeply connected to compassion and the womb, suggesting a natural, nurturing instinct. The absence of mercy here indicates a complete and utter lack of compassion from the invaders. This phrase serves as a chilling reminder of the totality of God's judgment, where even the most basic human instincts of compassion are overridden by divine decree.

on the fruit of the womb
This phrase refers to unborn children, highlighting the depth of the coming devastation. The "fruit of the womb" ('peri-beten') is a poetic expression for offspring, emphasizing innocence and potential. The lack of mercy towards them underscores the comprehensive nature of the judgment, affecting all levels of society, from the unborn to the elderly.

they will not look with pity
To "look with pity" ('chamal') involves a sense of sparing or showing compassion. The absence of pity indicates a hardened resolve and a divine mandate that leaves no room for human compassion. This phrase reinforces the idea that the judgment is not just a human action but a fulfillment of divine justice.

on the children
Children ('olel') in this context represent the most vulnerable and innocent members of society. The mention of children serves to heighten the emotional impact of the prophecy, illustrating the totality of the destruction. In a broader scriptural context, children are often seen as a blessing and a sign of hope for the future. Their suffering in this passage underscores the complete reversal of fortune for Babylon, as even the most hopeful symbols are caught in the judgment.

And Babylon
Babylon, in the Hebrew "בָּבֶל" (Bavel), was a city of great significance in ancient Mesopotamia, known for its grandeur and influence. It symbolizes human pride and rebellion against God, as seen in the Tower of Babel narrative. In Isaiah's prophecy, Babylon represents the epitome of worldly power and arrogance, destined for divine judgment.

the jewel of kingdoms
This phrase highlights Babylon's status as a preeminent empire, renowned for its wealth, culture, and military prowess. The Hebrew word for "jewel" (צְבִי, tzevi) conveys beauty and desirability, emphasizing Babylon's allure and the height from which it will fall. Historically, Babylon was a center of civilization, but its splendor is temporary in the face of God's eternal kingdom.

the glory of the pride of the Chaldeans
The Chaldeans, or "כַּשְׂדִּים" (Kasdim) in Hebrew, were a Semitic people who rose to power in Babylon. Their pride is rooted in their achievements and conquests. The "glory" (כָּבוֹד, kavod) they possess is a reflection of their self-exaltation, which stands in stark contrast to the humility God desires. This pride leads to their downfall, serving as a warning against hubris.

will be overthrown by God
The Hebrew verb "הָפַךְ" (haphak) means to overturn or destroy, indicating a complete and decisive action by God. This divine intervention underscores God's sovereignty over nations and His ability to humble the proud. The overthrow of Babylon is not merely a historical event but a demonstration of God's justice and power.

like Sodom and Gomorrah
Sodom and Gomorrah, cities destroyed by divine judgment due to their wickedness, serve as a powerful metaphor for total destruction. The comparison implies that Babylon's fall will be sudden and complete, leaving no trace of its former glory. This allusion to Genesis 19 reminds believers of the consequences of sin and the certainty of God's righteous judgment.

It will never be inhabited
The phrase speaks to the complete and utter desolation decreed upon Babylon. The Hebrew root for "inhabited" is "יָשַׁב" (yashab), which means to dwell or sit. Historically, Babylon was a thriving metropolis, a center of culture and power. Yet, this prophecy foretells its permanent desolation, emphasizing the sovereignty of God over nations. The fulfillment of this prophecy serves as a testament to God's control over history and His ability to bring about His divine will.

or settled from generation to generation
The word "settled" comes from the Hebrew "שָׁכַן" (shakan), meaning to abide or dwell. This phrase underscores the enduring nature of Babylon's desolation. The repetition of "generation to generation" highlights the perpetual nature of this judgment. It serves as a warning to all nations that defy God, illustrating the eternal consequences of rebellion against His divine order.

no nomads will pitch their tents there
The term "nomads" refers to wandering tribes, often Bedouins, who were known for their transient lifestyle. The Hebrew word "עֲרָבִים" (aravim) is used here, indicating those who live in temporary shelters. The prophecy that even these transient people will avoid Babylon underscores the severity of its desolation. It suggests a divine curse so profound that even those accustomed to barren lands will find it uninhabitable.

and no shepherds will rest their flocks there
Shepherds were a common sight in the ancient Near East, and their presence often indicated a land's fertility and safety. The Hebrew word "רָבַץ" (rabat) means to lie down or rest, suggesting peace and provision. The absence of shepherds and their flocks signifies a land devoid of life and sustenance. This imagery reinforces the totality of Babylon's destruction, serving as a powerful symbol of God's judgment against pride and idolatry.

But desert creatures will lie there
The phrase "desert creatures" in Hebrew is "tziyyim," which refers to wild animals that inhabit desolate places. This imagery evokes a sense of desolation and abandonment, highlighting the complete destruction and desolation of Babylon as prophesied by Isaiah. In a broader spiritual context, it serves as a reminder of the consequences of turning away from God, leading to spiritual barrenness and isolation.

their houses will be full of owls
The "owls" mentioned here are often associated with desolation and ruin in biblical literature. The Hebrew word "yênšûp" can refer to various types of unclean birds, symbolizing the uninhabitable state of what was once a thriving city. This serves as a powerful metaphor for the emptiness that follows when a society or individual turns away from divine principles, leaving behind only remnants of what once was.

ostriches will dwell there
"Ostriches" in this context are creatures known for inhabiting desolate and barren landscapes. The Hebrew word "bat ya'anah" suggests a creature that thrives in isolation, further emphasizing the theme of desolation. Spiritually, this can be seen as a warning against pride and self-reliance, which can lead to spiritual desolation and separation from God.

and wild goats will leap about
The "wild goats" or "sâ'îr" in Hebrew, often associated with desolate places, are depicted as leaping about, suggesting a sense of freedom in the absence of human habitation. This imagery underscores the complete reversal of Babylon's fortunes—from a bustling city to a wilderness inhabited by wild animals. It serves as a cautionary tale of the fleeting nature of earthly power and the enduring sovereignty of God, who alone determines the rise and fall of nations.

Hyenas will howl
The word "hyenas" in the Hebrew text is "אִיִּים" (iim), which can refer to wild animals or desert creatures. The howling of hyenas is symbolic of desolation and abandonment. In the ancient Near East, hyenas were often associated with uncleanliness and scavenging, reflecting the complete ruin and desolation of a once-thriving city. This imagery serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of turning away from God and the inevitable judgment that follows.

in her fortresses
The term "fortresses" refers to strongholds or fortified places, which in ancient times were symbols of power and security. The presence of hyenas in these fortresses indicates that what was once a place of strength and protection has now become a dwelling for wild animals. This transformation underscores the totality of God's judgment, where even the mightiest structures cannot withstand His decrees.

and jackals
"Jackals" in Hebrew is "תַּנִּים" (tannim), often associated with desolation and ruin. Jackals are nocturnal scavengers, and their presence in the text further emphasizes the theme of desolation. In the biblical context, jackals are frequently mentioned in relation to deserted places, reinforcing the idea that the city has been abandoned and left to decay.

in her luxurious palaces
The phrase "luxurious palaces" highlights the opulence and grandeur that once characterized the city. The Hebrew word for "luxurious" can also imply pride and self-indulgence. The contrast between the former splendor and the current desolation serves as a powerful illustration of the fleeting nature of earthly wealth and glory when it is not grounded in righteousness and obedience to God.

Her time is at hand
This phrase signifies the imminence of judgment. The Hebrew word for "time" (עֵת, et) often denotes a divinely appointed moment. The expression "at hand" suggests that the period of grace has ended, and the time for reckoning has arrived. It serves as a sobering reminder of the certainty and swiftness of God's judgment upon those who persist in rebellion against Him.

and her days will not be prolonged
The final phrase underscores the inevitability and finality of the judgment. The Hebrew concept here is that the days of the city's existence are numbered and will not be extended. This reflects the biblical principle that God's patience, though long-suffering, has limits. It is a call to repentance and a warning that the opportunity for redemption is finite.