Jeremiah 8:2
New International Version
They will be exposed to the sun and the moon and all the stars of the heavens, which they have loved and served and which they have followed and consulted and worshiped. They will not be gathered up or buried, but will be like dung lying on the ground.

New Living Translation
They will spread out their bones on the ground before the sun, moon, and stars—the gods my people have loved, served, and worshiped. Their bones will not be gathered up again or buried but will be scattered on the ground like manure.

English Standard Version
And they shall be spread before the sun and the moon and all the host of heaven, which they have loved and served, which they have gone after, and which they have sought and worshiped. And they shall not be gathered or buried. They shall be as dung on the surface of the ground.

Berean Standard Bible
They will be exposed to the sun and moon, and to all the host of heaven which they have loved, served, followed, consulted, and worshiped. Their bones will not be gathered up or buried, but will become like dung lying on the ground.

King James Bible
And they shall spread them before the sun, and the moon, and all the host of heaven, whom they have loved, and whom they have served, and after whom they have walked, and whom they have sought, and whom they have worshipped: they shall not be gathered, nor be buried; they shall be for dung upon the face of the earth.

New King James Version
They shall spread them before the sun and the moon and all the host of heaven, which they have loved and which they have served and after which they have walked, which they have sought and which they have worshiped. They shall not be gathered nor buried; they shall be like refuse on the face of the earth.

New American Standard Bible
They will spread them out to the sun, the moon, and to all the heavenly lights, which they have loved, which they have served, which they have followed, which they have sought, and which they have worshiped. They will not be gathered nor buried; they will be like dung on the face of the ground.

NASB 1995
“They will spread them out to the sun, the moon and to all the host of heaven, which they have loved and which they have served, and which they have gone after and which they have sought, and which they have worshiped. They will not be gathered or buried; they will be as dung on the face of the ground.

NASB 1977
“And they will spread them out to the sun, the moon, and to all the host of heaven, which they have loved, and which they have served, and which they have gone after, and which they have sought, and which they have worshiped. They will not be gathered or buried; they will be as dung on the face of the ground.

Legacy Standard Bible
And they will spread them out to the sun, the moon, and to all the host of heaven, which they have loved and which they have served, and which they have walked after and which they have sought, and which they have worshiped. They will not be gathered or buried; they will be as dung on the face of the ground.

Amplified Bible
They will [carelessly scatter and] spread them out before the sun and the moon and all the host of heaven, which the dead have loved and which they have served, and which they have walked after and which they have sought, and which they have worshiped. They will not be gathered or be buried; they will be like dung on the face of the earth.

Christian Standard Bible
They will be exposed to the sun, the moon, and all the stars in the sky, which they have loved, served, followed, consulted, and worshiped. Their bones will not be collected and buried but will become like manure on the soil’s surface.

Holman Christian Standard Bible
They will be exposed to the sun, the moon, and the whole heavenly host, which they have loved, served, followed, consulted, and worshiped. Their bones will not be collected and buried but will become like manure on the surface of the soil.

American Standard Version
and they shall spread them before the sun, and the moon, and all the host of heaven, which they have loved, and which they have served, and after which they have walked, and which they have sought, and which they have worshipped: they shall not be gathered, nor be buried, they shall be for dung upon the face of the earth.

Contemporary English Version
who loved and worshiped the sun, moon, and stars. These bones will be scattered and left lying on the ground like trash, where the sun and moon and stars can shine on them.

English Revised Version
and they shall spread them before the sun, and the moon, and all the host of heaven, whom they have loved, and whom they have served, and after whom they have walked, and whom they have sought, and whom they have worshipped: they shall not be gathered, nor be buried; they shall be for dung upon the face of the earth.

GOD'S WORD® Translation
They will be spread out and exposed to the sun, the moon, and all the stars in the sky. These are the things that they had loved, served, gone after, sought, and worshiped. Their bones will not be gathered or buried, but they will become manure on the ground.

Good News Translation
Instead of being gathered and buried, their bones will be like manure lying on the ground. They will be spread out before the sun, the moon, and the stars, which these people have loved and served, and which they have consulted and worshiped.

International Standard Version
They'll be spread out to the sun, the moon, and all the stars of the heavens, which they loved and served, and which they followed, consulted, and worshipped. Their bones won't be collected, nor will they be buried. They'll be like dung on the surface of the ground.

Majority Standard Bible
They will be exposed to the sun and moon, and to all the host of heaven which they have loved, served, followed, consulted, and worshiped. Their bones will not be gathered up or buried, but will become like dung lying on the ground.

NET Bible
They will be spread out and exposed to the sun, the moon and the stars. These are things they adored and served, things to which they paid allegiance, from which they sought guidance, and worshiped. The bones of these people will never be regathered and reburied. They will be like manure used to fertilize the ground.

New Heart English Bible
and they shall spread them before the sun, and the moon, and all the host of heaven, which they have loved, and which they have served, and after which they have walked, and which they have sought, and which they have worshiped: they shall not be gathered, nor be buried, they shall be for dung on the surface of the earth.

Webster's Bible Translation
And they shall spread them before the sun, and the moon, and all the host of heaven, whom they have loved, and whom they have served, and after whom they have walked, and whom they have sought, and whom they have worshiped: they shall not be gathered, nor be buried; they shall be for dung upon the face of the earth.

World English Bible
They will spread them before the sun, the moon, and all the army of the sky, which they have loved, which they have served, after which they have walked, which they have sought, and which they have worshiped. They will not be gathered or be buried. They will be like dung on the surface of the earth.
Literal Translations
Literal Standard Version
And have spread them to sun, and to moon, "" And to all the host of the heavens, that they have loved, "" And that they have served, "" And that they have walked after, "" And that they have sought, "" And to which they have bowed themselves, "" They are not gathered, nor buried, "" They are for dung on the face of the ground.

Young's Literal Translation
And have spread them to sun, and to moon, And to all the host of the heavens, that they have loved, And that they have served, And that they have walked after, And that they have sought, And to which they have bowed themselves, They are not gathered, nor buried, They are for dung on the face of the ground.

Smith's Literal Translation
And they spread them to the sun and to the moon, and to all the army of the heavens which they loved, and which they served, and which they, went after, and which they sought and which they worshiped to them: they shall not be gathered and they shall not be buried; they shall be for dung upon the face of the earth.
Catholic Translations
Douay-Rheims Bible
And they shall spread them abroad to the sun, and the moon, and all the host of heaven, whom they have loved, and whom they have served, and after whom they have walked, and whom they have sought, and adored: they shall not be gathered, and they shall not be buried: they shall be as dung upon the face of the earth.

Catholic Public Domain Version
And they will spread them out before the sun and the moon and the entire army of the heavens, which they have loved, and served, and followed, and which they have sought and adored. They will not be collected, and they will not be buried. They will be like manure upon the face of the earth.

New American Bible
and spread out before the sun, the moon, and the whole host of heaven, which they loved and served, which they followed, consulted, and worshiped. They will not be gathered up for burial, but will lie like dung upon the ground.

New Revised Standard Version
and they shall be spread before the sun and the moon and all the host of heaven, which they have loved and served, which they have followed, and which they have inquired of and worshiped; and they shall not be gathered or buried; they shall be like dung on the surface of the ground.
Translations from Aramaic
Lamsa Bible
And they shall spread them before the sun and the moon and all the host of heaven, which they have loved and which they have served, and after which they have walked, and which they have sought and which they have worshipped; they shall not be gathered nor be buried; but they shall be like rubbish upon the face of the ground.

Peshitta Holy Bible Translated
And they shall spread them out to the sun and to the moon and to all the hosts of Heaven which they loved, and they served them, and they went after them, and they inquired of them, and they worshiped them. They shall not be gathered and they shall not be buried, but they shall be like a dung heap on the face of the ground
OT Translations
JPS Tanakh 1917
and they shall spread them before the sun, and the moon, and all the host of heaven, whom they have loved, and whom they have served, and after whom they have walked, and whom they have sought, and whom they have worshipped; they shall not be gathered, nor be buried, they shall be for dung upon the face of the earth.

Brenton Septuagint Translation
and they shall spread them out to the sun, and the moon, and to all the stars, and to all the host of heaven, which they have loved, and which they have served, and after which they have walked, and to which they have held, and which they have worshipped; they shall not be mourned for, neither shall they be buried; but they shall be for an example on the face of the earth,

Additional Translations ...
Audio Bible



Context
Judah's Sin and Punishment
1“At that time,” declares the LORD, “the bones of the kings of Judah, the bones of the officials, the bones of the priests, the bones of the prophets, and the bones of the people of Jerusalem will be removed from their graves. 2They will be exposed to the sun and moon, and to all the host of heaven which they have loved, served, followed, consulted, and worshiped. Their bones will not be gathered up or buried, but will become like dung lying on the ground. 3And wherever I have banished them, the remnant of this evil family will choose death over life,” declares the LORD of Hosts.…

Cross References
Deuteronomy 4:19
When you look to the heavens and see the sun and moon and stars—all the host of heaven—do not be enticed to bow down and worship what the LORD your God has apportioned to all the nations under heaven.

2 Kings 23:5
Josiah also did away with the idolatrous priests ordained by the kings of Judah to burn incense on the high places of the cities of Judah and in the places all around Jerusalem—those who had burned incense to Baal, to the sun and moon, to the constellations, and to all the host of heaven.

2 Kings 23:11
And he removed from the entrance to the house of the LORD the horses that the kings of Judah had dedicated to the sun. They were in the court near the chamber of an official named Nathan-melech. And Josiah burned up the chariots of the sun.

Ezekiel 8:16
So He brought me to the inner court of the house of the LORD, and there at the entrance to the temple of the LORD, between the portico and the altar, were about twenty-five men with their backs to the temple of the LORD and their faces toward the east; and they were bowing to the east in worship of the sun.

2 Chronicles 33:3
For he rebuilt the high places that his father Hezekiah had torn down, and he raised up altars for the Baals and made Asherah poles. And he worshiped and served all the host of heaven.

2 Chronicles 33:5
In both courtyards of the house of the LORD, he built altars to all the host of heaven.

Isaiah 47:13
You are wearied by your many counselors; let them come forward now and save you—your astrologers who observe the stars, who monthly predict your fate.

Zephaniah 1:5
those who bow on the rooftops to worship the host of heaven, those who bow down and swear by the LORD but also swear by Milcom,

Job 31:26-28
if I have beheld the sun in its radiance or the moon moving in splendor, / so that my heart was secretly enticed and my hand threw a kiss from my mouth, / this would also be an iniquity to be judged, for I would have denied God on high.

Deuteronomy 17:3
and going to worship other gods, bowing down to them or to the sun or moon or any of the host of heaven—which I have forbidden—

Acts 7:42
But God turned away from them and gave them over to the worship of the host of heaven, as it is written in the book of the prophets: ‘Did you bring Me sacrifices and offerings forty years in the wilderness, O house of Israel?

Romans 1:25
They exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is forever worthy of praise! Amen.

Romans 1:23
and exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images of mortal man and birds and animals and reptiles.

2 Peter 3:10
But the Day of the Lord will come like a thief. The heavens will disappear with a roar, the elements will be destroyed by fire, and the earth and its works will be laid bare.

Revelation 9:20
Now the rest of mankind who were not killed by these plagues still did not repent of the works of their hands. They did not stop worshiping demons and idols of gold, silver, bronze, stone, and wood, which cannot see or hear or walk.


Treasury of Scripture

And they shall spread them before the sun, and the moon, and all the host of heaven, whom they have loved, and whom they have served, and after whom they have walked, and whom they have sought, and whom they have worshipped: they shall not be gathered, nor be buried; they shall be for dung on the face of the earth.

and all.

Jeremiah 19:13
And the houses of Jerusalem, and the houses of the kings of Judah, shall be defiled as the place of Tophet, because of all the houses upon whose roofs they have burned incense unto all the host of heaven, and have poured out drink offerings unto other gods.

Jeremiah 44:17-19
But we will certainly do whatsoever thing goeth forth out of our own mouth, to burn incense unto the queen of heaven, and to pour out drink offerings unto her, as we have done, we, and our fathers, our kings, and our princes, in the cities of Judah, and in the streets of Jerusalem: for then had we plenty of victuals, and were well, and saw no evil…

Deuteronomy 4:19
And lest thou lift up thine eyes unto heaven, and when thou seest the sun, and the moon, and the stars, even all the host of heaven, shouldest be driven to worship them, and serve them, which the LORD thy God hath divided unto all nations under the whole heaven.

they shall be.

Jeremiah 9:22
Speak, Thus saith the LORD, Even the carcases of men shall fall as dung upon the open field, and as the handful after the harvestman, and none shall gather them.

Jeremiah 16:4
They shall die of grievous deaths; they shall not be lamented; neither shall they be buried; but they shall be as dung upon the face of the earth: and they shall be consumed by the sword, and by famine; and their carcases shall be meat for the fowls of heaven, and for the beasts of the earth.

Jeremiah 22:19
He shall be buried with the burial of an ass, drawn and cast forth beyond the gates of Jerusalem.

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Jeremiah 8
1. The calamity of the Jews, both dead and alive.
4. He upbraids their foolish and shameless impenitency.
13. He shows their grievous judgment;
18. and bewails their desperate estate.














They will be exposed
The Hebrew root for "exposed" is "שָׁטַח" (shatach), which conveys the idea of being spread out or laid bare. In the context of ancient Israel, exposure of the dead was considered a profound dishonor. This phrase indicates a divine judgment where the bodies of the unfaithful are left unburied, symbolizing ultimate disgrace and rejection by God.

to the sun, the moon, and all the host of heaven
This phrase refers to the celestial bodies that were often objects of worship in ancient Near Eastern cultures. The Hebrew word for "host" is "צָבָא" (tsaba), which can mean an army or a multitude, emphasizing the vast array of heavenly bodies. The Israelites were warned against idolatry, and this exposure to the elements they worshiped signifies the futility and vanity of their misplaced devotion.

which they have loved and served
The Hebrew words "אָהַב" (ahav) for "loved" and "עָבַד" (avad) for "served" denote deep affection and devotion. This phrase highlights the people's idolatrous practices, where they gave their hearts and service to created things rather than the Creator. It serves as a reminder of the first commandment, which calls for exclusive love and service to God.

which they have followed, consulted, and worshiped
The progression of verbs here—"followed" (הָלַךְ, halak), "consulted" (דָּרַשׁ, darash), and "worshiped" (שָׁחָה, shachah)—illustrates a deepening relationship with idolatry. "Followed" suggests a lifestyle or path chosen, "consulted" implies seeking guidance or wisdom, and "worshiped" indicates acts of reverence and submission. This triad underscores the comprehensive nature of their apostasy.

They will not be gathered or buried
In ancient Israelite culture, burial was a sacred duty, and to be denied it was a severe curse. The Hebrew word for "gathered" is "אָסַף" (asaph), which often refers to the gathering of people or things into a place of safety or rest. The absence of burial rites signifies a complete severance from community and covenantal blessings.

but will lie like dung on the face of the earth
The imagery of "dung" (גֶּבֶל, gebel) is one of utter worthlessness and defilement. In the agrarian society of ancient Israel, dung was a waste product, often used as fertilizer but considered unclean. This metaphor starkly portrays the spiritual decay and moral corruption of the people, serving as a vivid warning of the consequences of turning away from God.

(2) Whom they have loved . . .--Here, again, there is a peculiar characteristic emphasis in the piling up, one upon another, of verbs more or less synonymous. So far as there is a traceable order, it is from the first inward impulse prompting to idolatry to the full development of that feeling in ritual. The sun, moon, and stars shall look, not on crowds of adoring worshippers, but on the carcases of those whose love and worship, transferred from Jehovah to the host of heaven, have brought on them that terrible doom.

Verse 2. - And they shall spread them, etc. Not as an act of solemn mockery, for the agents are idolaters themselves, but God so overrules the passions of his unconscious instruments that no more effective ceremonial could have been devised. Whom they have loved, etc. The prophet is designedly diffuse in his description. With all their misspent zeal, these unhappy idolaters cannot even find tombs.

Parallel Commentaries ...


Hebrew
They will be exposed
וּשְׁטָחוּם֩ (ū·šə·ṭā·ḥūm)
Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person common plural | third person masculine plural
Strong's 7849: To spread, spread abroad

to the sun
לַשֶּׁ֨מֶשׁ (laš·še·meš)
Preposition-l, Article | Noun - common singular
Strong's 8121: The sun, the east, a ray, a notched battlement

and moon,
וְלַיָּרֵ֜חַ (wə·lay·yā·rê·aḥ)
Conjunctive waw, Preposition-l, Article | Noun - masculine singular
Strong's 3394: The moon

and all
וּלְכֹ֣ל ׀ (ū·lə·ḵōl)
Conjunctive waw, Preposition-l | Noun - masculine singular construct
Strong's 3605: The whole, all, any, every

the host
צְבָ֣א (ṣə·ḇā)
Noun - common singular construct
Strong's 6635: A mass of persons, reg, organized for, war, a campaign

of heaven
הַשָּׁמַ֗יִם (haš·šā·ma·yim)
Article | Noun - masculine plural
Strong's 8064: Heaven, sky

which
אֲשֶׁ֨ר (’ă·šer)
Pronoun - relative
Strong's 834: Who, which, what, that, when, where, how, because, in order that

they have loved,
אֲהֵב֜וּם (’ă·hê·ḇūm)
Verb - Qal - Perfect - third person common plural | third person masculine plural
Strong's 157: To have affection f

served,
עֲבָדוּם֙ (‘ă·ḇā·ḏūm)
Verb - Qal - Perfect - third person common plural | third person masculine plural
Strong's 5647: To work, to serve, till, enslave

followed,
הָלְכ֣וּ (hā·lə·ḵū)
Verb - Qal - Perfect - third person common plural
Strong's 1980: To go, come, walk

consulted,
דְּרָשׁ֔וּם (də·rā·šūm)
Verb - Qal - Perfect - third person common plural | third person masculine plural
Strong's 1875: To tread, frequent, to follow, to seek, ask, to worship

and worshiped.
הִֽשְׁתַּחֲו֖וּ (hiš·ta·ḥă·wū)
Verb - Hitpael - Perfect - third person common plural
Strong's 7812: To depress, prostrate

Their bones will not
לֹ֤א (lō)
Adverb - Negative particle
Strong's 3808: Not, no

be gathered up
יֵאָֽסְפוּ֙ (yê·’ā·sə·p̄ū)
Verb - Nifal - Imperfect - third person masculine plural
Strong's 622: To gather for, any purpose, to receive, take away, remove

[or]
וְלֹ֣א (wə·lō)
Conjunctive waw | Adverb - Negative particle
Strong's 3808: Not, no

buried,
יִקָּבֵ֔רוּ (yiq·qā·ḇê·rū)
Verb - Nifal - Imperfect - third person masculine plural
Strong's 6912: To inter

but will become
יִֽהְיֽוּ׃ (yih·yū)
Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine plural
Strong's 1961: To fall out, come to pass, become, be

like dung
לְדֹ֛מֶן (lə·ḏō·men)
Preposition-l | Noun - masculine singular
Strong's 1828: Manure

lying on
עַל־ (‘al-)
Preposition
Strong's 5921: Above, over, upon, against

the ground.
הָאֲדָמָ֖ה (hā·’ă·ḏā·māh)
Article | Noun - feminine singular
Strong's 127: Ground, land


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OT Prophets: Jeremiah 8:2 And they shall spread them before (Jer.)
Jeremiah 8:1
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