Then I saw
The phrase "Then I saw" indicates a continuation of John's visionary experience. The Greek word for "saw" is "εἶδον" (eidon), which implies not just a physical sight but a deeper, spiritual perception. This vision is a divine revelation given to John, emphasizing the prophetic nature of the Book of Revelation. It is a reminder of the importance of spiritual insight and the role of prophecy in understanding God's ultimate plan.

a new heaven and a new earth
The term "new" in Greek is "καινός" (kainos), which means new in quality or kind, rather than new in time. This suggests a transformation or renewal rather than a complete replacement. The "new heaven and a new earth" symbolize the fulfillment of God's promise to restore creation to its intended glory, free from the corruption of sin. This echoes the prophetic visions found in Isaiah 65:17 and 2 Peter 3:13, where a renewed creation is promised.

for the first heaven and earth had passed away
The phrase "passed away" comes from the Greek "παρῆλθεν" (parēlthen), indicating a transition or departure. This signifies the end of the current world order, marred by sin and suffering. Theologically, it represents the culmination of God's redemptive plan, where the old, fallen creation gives way to a new, redeemed existence. This transition is a source of hope for believers, affirming that the trials of this world are temporary and will be replaced by eternal joy.

and the sea was no more
In ancient Jewish thought, the sea often symbolized chaos, danger, and separation. The absence of the sea in the new creation signifies the removal of all that is chaotic and threatening. The Greek word "θάλασσα" (thalassa) for "sea" underscores this imagery. In the new heaven and earth, there will be perfect peace and harmony, with no barriers between God and His people. This reflects the ultimate reconciliation and unity that God desires for His creation.

I saw
The phrase "I saw" indicates a personal and direct revelation given to John. The Greek word used here is "εἶδον" (eidon), which implies not just seeing with the eyes but perceiving with understanding. This emphasizes the authenticity and vividness of John's vision, underscoring the divine origin of the revelation. It is a reminder of the prophetic nature of the book of Revelation, where God unveils His ultimate plan for humanity.

the holy city
The term "holy city" refers to a place set apart by God, sanctified and pure. In the Old Testament, Jerusalem was often called the holy city, being the center of Jewish worship and the location of the Temple. Here, it symbolizes the ultimate fulfillment of God's promise to dwell among His people. The holiness of the city reflects the purity and righteousness that will characterize the new creation.

the new Jerusalem
"New Jerusalem" signifies a transformed and glorified city, distinct from the earthly Jerusalem. The Greek word "καινός" (kainos) for "new" suggests something fresh and unprecedented, not merely a renovation of the old. This new Jerusalem represents the eternal dwelling place of God with His people, a place of perfect peace and communion, fulfilling the prophecies of Isaiah and Ezekiel about a restored and glorified city.

coming down out of heaven
This phrase highlights the divine origin of the new Jerusalem. It is not a human creation but a gift from God, descending from heaven. The imagery of coming down signifies God's initiative in establishing His kingdom on earth, bridging the gap between the divine and the human. It reflects the fulfillment of the Lord's Prayer, "Your kingdom come, Your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven."

from God
The source of the new Jerusalem is explicitly stated as "from God," emphasizing its divine nature and purpose. This underscores the grace and sovereignty of God in providing a perfect dwelling place for His people. It is a reminder that all good and perfect gifts come from above, as stated in James 1:17, and that the ultimate hope of believers is rooted in God's promises.

prepared as a bride
The imagery of a bride suggests beauty, purity, and readiness. The Greek word "ἡτοιμασμένην" (hetoimasmenēn) means "prepared" or "made ready," indicating that the new Jerusalem is perfectly suited for its role as the eternal home of God's people. The bridal imagery also evokes the intimate and covenantal relationship between Christ and His Church, as seen in Ephesians 5:25-27.

adorned for her husband
The word "adorned" comes from the Greek "κεκοσμημένην" (kekosmēmenēn), meaning to decorate or beautify. This reflects the splendor and glory of the new Jerusalem, made beautiful for its union with Christ. The husband-bride metaphor is a powerful depiction of the love and commitment between Christ and His Church, culminating in the ultimate union at the end of the age. This imagery inspires believers to live in anticipation of this glorious future, maintaining purity and faithfulness as they await the return of their Savior.

And I heard
The phrase begins with John, the author of Revelation, emphasizing his role as a witness to the divine revelation. The Greek word for "heard" is "ēkousa," which implies not just hearing but understanding and perceiving. This underscores the importance of the message that follows, as it is not merely auditory but deeply comprehended and spiritually significant.

a loud voice
The "loud voice" signifies authority and urgency. In the context of Revelation, such a voice often represents divine proclamation. The Greek term "megalēn phōnēn" suggests a voice that commands attention, indicating that the message is of utmost importance and comes directly from a place of power and sovereignty.

from the throne
The throne is a central symbol in Revelation, representing God's ultimate authority and kingship. The Greek word "thronos" is used throughout the Bible to denote a seat of power. This imagery assures believers of the divine origin of the message and the certainty of its fulfillment, as it emanates from the very seat of God's rule.

saying, 'Behold
The word "Behold" is a call to attention, derived from the Greek "idou," which means to look or see. It is an invitation to witness something extraordinary and significant. This imperative draws the reader into the vision, emphasizing the importance of what is about to be revealed.

the dwelling place of God
The "dwelling place" refers to the Greek "skēnē," which means tent or tabernacle. This evokes the Old Testament imagery of the Tabernacle, where God's presence resided among the Israelites. It signifies God's desire to be intimately present with His people, not in a temporary structure but in a permanent, eternal relationship.

is with man
This phrase highlights the fulfillment of God's promise to dwell among His people. The Greek "meta anthrōpōn" indicates a close, personal relationship. It reflects the culmination of God's redemptive plan, where the separation caused by sin is finally and completely overcome.

and He will dwell with them
The repetition of the concept of dwelling underscores its importance. The Greek "skēnōsei" suggests a permanent residence. This is not a transient visit but an eternal abiding, emphasizing the intimate and unbroken fellowship between God and humanity in the new creation.

They will be His people
This phrase echoes the covenant language found throughout Scripture, particularly in the Old Testament. The Greek "laos autou" signifies a chosen, treasured possession. It reaffirms the identity of believers as God's own, highlighting the fulfillment of His covenant promises.

and God Himself will be with them
The emphasis on "God Himself" underscores the personal nature of God's presence. The Greek "autos ho Theos" indicates that it is not through intermediaries or symbols, but God in His fullness who will be with His people. This direct presence is the ultimate blessing and fulfillment of divine promise.

as their God
This concluding phrase reaffirms the covenant relationship. The Greek "theos autōn" signifies ownership and belonging. It is a declaration of the restored relationship between God and humanity, where God is acknowledged and worshiped as the sovereign Lord, and His people live in perfect harmony with Him. This is the ultimate realization of God's redemptive plan, where His glory and love are fully manifested in the eternal communion with His people.

He will wipe away every tear from their eyes
This phrase speaks to the tender and compassionate nature of God. The Greek word for "wipe away" is "ἐξαλείφω" (exaleiphō), which means to obliterate or erase completely. This indicates not just a temporary relief but a permanent removal of sorrow. The imagery of God personally wiping away tears suggests an intimate and personal relationship with His people. Historically, tears have been a symbol of suffering and grief, and this promise signifies the end of all such pain in the new creation.

And there will be no more death
The Greek word for "death" is "θάνατος" (thanatos), which refers to both physical death and spiritual separation from God. In the context of Revelation, this phrase assures believers that the ultimate enemy, death, will be vanquished. This echoes 1 Corinthians 15:26, where Paul declares that the last enemy to be destroyed is death. The absence of death signifies the eternal life promised to believers, a life in perfect communion with God.

or mourning
"Mourning" in Greek is "πένθος" (penthos), which conveys a deep, sorrowful lamentation. In ancient cultures, mourning was often expressed through rituals and public displays of grief. The promise that there will be no more mourning indicates a complete transformation of the human experience, where the causes of such deep sorrow are eradicated.

or crying
The Greek term "κράζω" (krazo) for "crying" implies a loud, vocal expression of distress. This word captures the raw, unrestrained outpouring of emotion that accompanies profound suffering. The assurance that there will be no more crying points to a future where such expressions of anguish are unnecessary, as all sources of pain and distress are removed.

or pain
"Pain" in Greek is "πόνος" (ponos), which refers to physical and emotional suffering. In the ancient world, pain was often seen as an inevitable part of life. The promise of its absence in the new creation is a radical departure from the current human condition, highlighting the transformative power of God's redemptive plan.

for the former things have passed away.”
The phrase "former things" refers to the current order of existence, characterized by sin, suffering, and death. The Greek word "ἀπέρχομαι" (aperchomai) for "passed away" suggests a complete departure or disappearance. This signifies the ushering in of a new era, where the old order is replaced by the new heaven and new earth, as described earlier in Revelation 21. This transformation is the culmination of God's redemptive work, fulfilling His promises and establishing His eternal kingdom.

He who was seated on the throne
This phrase refers to God Himself, the sovereign ruler of the universe. The imagery of a throne is a powerful symbol of authority and kingship, often used throughout Scripture to denote God's supreme power and governance over all creation. In the Greek, the word for "throne" is "θρόνος" (thronos), which conveys not just a seat of power but a place of judgment and majesty. Historically, thrones were reserved for kings and judges, emphasizing God's role as the ultimate judge and king. This imagery reassures believers of God's control and the fulfillment of His divine plan.

said, 'Behold, I make all things new.'
The word "Behold" is a call to attention, urging the reader to focus on the significance of what follows. In Greek, "ἰδού" (idou) is an imperative, drawing the reader into the immediacy and importance of the statement. The phrase "I make all things new" speaks to God's transformative power. The Greek word for "new" is "καινός" (kainos), which implies not just a renewal but a transformation into something unprecedented and superior. This promise of renewal is a central theme in Christian eschatology, reflecting the hope of a restored creation free from sin and death, as prophesied throughout Scripture.

Then He said, 'Write this down
The command to "Write this down" underscores the importance and certainty of the message. In the Greek, "γράψον" (grapson) is an imperative verb, indicating a direct order. This instruction to record the vision ensures its preservation and dissemination among believers. It highlights the reliability of God's promises and the necessity for the Church to hold fast to these truths. The act of writing serves as a testament to the authenticity and enduring nature of God's word.

for these words are faithful and true
The description of the words as "faithful and true" emphasizes their reliability and trustworthiness. In Greek, "πιστοί" (pistoi) and "ἀληθινοί" (alēthinoi) convey a sense of steadfastness and authenticity. This assurance is crucial for believers, as it affirms that God's promises are not only sincere but will indeed come to pass. Throughout the Bible, God's faithfulness is a recurring theme, providing comfort and hope to His people. This declaration serves as a reminder that, despite present trials, God's ultimate plan is one of redemption and renewal.

And He said to me
This phrase indicates a direct communication from God to John, the author of Revelation. The personal nature of this communication underscores the intimate relationship between God and His people. In the context of Revelation, this is a moment of divine revelation, where God is unveiling His ultimate plan for humanity. The phrase emphasizes the authority and certainty of the message being delivered.

It is done!
This declaration signifies the completion of God's redemptive plan. The Greek word used here, "γέγονεν" (gegonen), implies that something has come to pass or been fulfilled. This echoes Jesus' words on the cross, "It is finished" (John 19:30), signifying the completion of His sacrificial work. Here, it marks the fulfillment of God's promises and the establishment of a new order.

I am the Alpha and the Omega
These are the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet, symbolizing completeness and eternity. This title for God emphasizes His eternal nature and sovereignty over all creation. It is a reminder that God is the beginning and the end of all things, encompassing all of history and existence. This phrase assures believers of God's ultimate control and the fulfillment of His divine purposes.

the Beginning and the End
This phrase reinforces the concept of God's eternal nature and His role as the origin and conclusion of all things. In the biblical context, it highlights God's omnipotence and omniscience. He is the Creator who initiated the universe and the One who will bring it to its consummation. This assurance provides hope and confidence to believers, knowing that their faith rests in an unchanging and eternal God.

To the thirsty
This metaphorical expression refers to those who recognize their spiritual need and longing for God. In biblical symbolism, thirst often represents a deep spiritual desire or need for God's presence and salvation. Jesus used similar language in the Beatitudes, "Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness" (Matthew 5:6). It signifies an invitation to all who seek spiritual fulfillment and eternal life.

I will give freely
The Greek word "δωρεάν" (dorean) means "as a gift" or "without cost." This highlights the grace and generosity of God in offering salvation and eternal life. It underscores the concept that salvation cannot be earned by human effort but is a free gift from God, available to all who accept it. This assurance of God's grace is central to the Christian faith.

from the spring of the water of life
This imagery draws from the rich biblical symbolism of water as a source of life and purification. In the ancient Near East, springs were vital sources of water, essential for survival. Spiritually, the "water of life" represents the eternal life and sustenance that God provides. This echoes Jesus' promise in John 4:14, where He offers living water that leads to eternal life. It is a promise of spiritual renewal and eternal satisfaction for those who come to God.

The one who overcomes
This phrase is central to the message of Revelation and is repeated throughout the letters to the seven churches (Revelation 2-3). The Greek word for "overcomes" is "nikao," which means to conquer or gain victory. In the context of Revelation, it refers to those who remain faithful to Christ despite trials, temptations, and persecution. Historically, the early Christians faced immense pressure from Roman authorities and society to renounce their faith. This promise of overcoming is a call to perseverance, encouraging believers to hold fast to their faith in Jesus Christ, who has already overcome the world (John 16:33).

will inherit all things
The concept of inheritance is deeply rooted in biblical tradition, often associated with the promises given to Abraham and his descendants (Genesis 12:7). In the New Testament, inheritance is expanded to include all believers as co-heirs with Christ (Romans 8:17). The Greek word "kleronomeo" means to receive an inheritance, emphasizing the certainty and fullness of the blessings promised to God's children. This inheritance includes eternal life, the new heaven and new earth, and the fullness of God's kingdom. It is a reminder of the eternal rewards awaiting those who remain faithful.

and I will be his God
This phrase echoes the covenant language found throughout the Old Testament, where God repeatedly promises to be the God of His people (Exodus 6:7, Jeremiah 31:33). It signifies a personal and intimate relationship between God and the believer. In the historical context of Revelation, where Christians were often marginalized and persecuted, this assurance of God's presence and sovereignty would have been a profound source of comfort and hope. It underscores the faithfulness of God to His promises and His unchanging nature.

and he will be My son
The concept of sonship is a powerful theme in Scripture, denoting a special relationship with God. In the New Testament, believers are described as children of God through faith in Christ (John 1:12, Galatians 3:26). The Greek word "huios" for "son" implies not just a child by birth but one who shares in the character and privileges of the family. This phrase highlights the transformation and adoption of believers into God's family, granting them the rights and privileges of sonship, including access to the Father and a share in His eternal kingdom. It is a profound affirmation of identity and belonging for every believer.

But to the cowardly
The Greek word for "cowardly" is "δειλοῖς" (deilois), which conveys a sense of fearfulness or timidity. In the context of Revelation, this term refers to those who shrink back from faithfulness to Christ, especially in the face of persecution or trials. Historically, early Christians faced severe persecution, and this warning serves as a call to courage and steadfastness in faith. The cowardly are those who prioritize personal safety over allegiance to God, a reminder that true discipleship requires boldness and trust in God's sovereignty.

and unbelieving
The term "unbelieving" comes from the Greek "ἀπίστοις" (apistois), meaning those who lack faith or trust in God. This encompasses not only atheists or agnostics but also those who profess belief yet live in a manner inconsistent with their professed faith. In a scriptural context, belief is not merely intellectual assent but involves a deep, abiding trust in God and His promises. The unbelieving are contrasted with the faithful, who are called to live by faith and not by sight.

and abominable
"Abominable" is translated from the Greek "ἐβδελυγμένοις" (ebdelygmenois), referring to those who engage in detestable or morally repugnant acts. This term is often associated with idolatry and practices that are abhorrent to God. In the historical context of Revelation, abominable acts would include participation in pagan rituals and the worship of false gods, which were prevalent in the Roman Empire. This serves as a warning against compromising one's faith through participation in ungodly practices.

and murderers
The Greek word "φονεῦσιν" (phoneusin) refers to those who unlawfully take the life of another. Murder is a direct violation of the sixth commandment and is seen as a grave sin throughout Scripture. In a broader sense, this term can also encompass hatred and anger, as Jesus taught that these attitudes are akin to murder in the heart (Matthew 5:21-22). This highlights the importance of love and reconciliation in the Christian life.

and sexually immoral
"Sexually immoral" is derived from the Greek "πόρνοις" (pornois), which includes all forms of sexual immorality outside the bounds of biblical marriage. In the first-century Greco-Roman world, sexual immorality was rampant, and Christians were called to live counter-culturally in purity and holiness. This admonition underscores the sanctity of marriage and the call to honor God with one's body.

and sorcerers
The term "sorcerers" comes from the Greek "φαρμακοῖς" (pharmakois), which originally referred to those who used drugs or potions in magical practices. Sorcery is condemned in Scripture as it involves reliance on occult powers rather than on God. In the historical context, sorcery was often linked with idolatry and false religion, and this warning serves as a call to reject all forms of occultism and to trust solely in God's power.

and idolaters
"Idolaters" is translated from the Greek "εἰδωλολάτραις" (eidololatrais), referring to those who worship false gods or place anything above God in their lives. Idolatry was a significant issue in the early church, as believers were surrounded by pagan worship. This term serves as a reminder that God demands exclusive worship and that idolatry, in any form, is a serious offense against Him.

and all liars
The phrase "all liars" comes from the Greek "ψευδέσιν" (pseudesin), encompassing those who deceive or speak falsehoods. Lying is contrary to the nature of God, who is truth, and is condemned throughout Scripture. This warning emphasizes the importance of integrity and honesty in the life of a believer, reflecting the character of Christ.

their place will be in the lake that burns with fire and sulfur
This phrase describes the final judgment for those who persist in these sins. The "lake that burns with fire and sulfur" is a vivid depiction of eternal separation from God, often referred to as hell. The imagery of fire and sulfur is reminiscent of the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, symbolizing God's righteous judgment against sin. This serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of unrepentance and the urgency of turning to Christ for salvation.

This is the second death
The "second death" refers to eternal separation from God, distinct from physical death. While physical death is a reality for all, the second death is reserved for those who reject God's offer of salvation through Jesus Christ. This concept underscores the eternal significance of one's response to the gospel and the hope of eternal life for those who believe. It is a call to repentance and faith, highlighting the ultimate victory of God's justice and mercy.

Then one of the seven angels
This phrase introduces a significant figure in the narrative, one of the seven angels who had the seven bowls filled with the seven last plagues. The number seven in biblical terms often symbolizes completeness or perfection, reflecting God's divine order. The presence of an angel signifies a divine messenger, emphasizing the importance and holiness of the revelation that is about to be given. In the context of Revelation, angels frequently serve as intermediaries between God and humanity, delivering messages of both judgment and hope.

with the seven bowls
The seven bowls are symbolic of God's final and complete judgment upon the earth, as described earlier in Revelation. These bowls contain the wrath of God, poured out as a response to the sin and rebellion of humanity. The imagery of bowls suggests a measured and deliberate act of judgment, indicating that God's actions are just and purposeful. The use of bowls, rather than another vessel, may also imply the ceremonial aspect of God's judgment, akin to the offerings and rituals of the Old Testament.

full of the seven final plagues
The plagues represent the culmination of God's judgment, echoing the plagues of Egypt in the book of Exodus. These are not random acts of destruction but are purposeful and serve to bring about repentance and the ultimate fulfillment of God's plan. The term "final" underscores the completeness and the conclusive nature of these judgments, leading to the establishment of a new heaven and a new earth. The historical context of plagues in the Bible often serves as a means for God to demonstrate His power and sovereignty over creation.

came and said to me
This indicates a direct communication from the divine realm to John, the author of Revelation. The angel's approach to John signifies the importance of the message and the personal nature of the revelation. The act of speaking to John highlights the relational aspect of God's communication with humanity, where God uses His messengers to convey His will and purpose. This personal interaction is a reminder of the intimate relationship God desires with His people.

Come, I will show you the bride
The invitation to "come" is a call to witness something extraordinary and divine. The "bride" is a metaphor for the Church, the collective body of believers who are united with Christ. This imagery is rich with covenantal language, reflecting the intimate and committed relationship between Christ and His Church. The concept of the Church as the bride is rooted in the Hebrew tradition of marriage as a covenant, symbolizing faithfulness, love, and unity.

the wife of the Lamb
The "Lamb" refers to Jesus Christ, who is often depicted as the sacrificial Lamb in the New Testament, symbolizing His atoning sacrifice for humanity's sins. The term "wife" further emphasizes the covenantal relationship between Christ and the Church, highlighting themes of fidelity, love, and eternal union. This imagery draws from the prophetic writings of the Old Testament, where Israel is often portrayed as the bride of Yahweh, and it is fulfilled in the New Testament through the relationship between Christ and His followers. The historical and scriptural context of marriage as a sacred covenant enriches the understanding of this divine relationship.

And he carried me away
This phrase indicates a divine transportation, a common theme in prophetic visions. The Greek word for "carried away" is "ἀπήνεγκεν" (apēnenken), suggesting a movement from one realm to another, often used in contexts where God reveals deeper truths. This transportation signifies a transition from earthly understanding to a heavenly perspective, emphasizing the divine origin and authority of the vision.

in the Spirit
The phrase "in the Spirit" underscores the spiritual nature of John's experience. The Greek word "πνεύματι" (pneumati) refers to the Holy Spirit, indicating that this vision is not a product of human imagination but a revelation given through the Holy Spirit. This highlights the necessity of spiritual discernment and the role of the Holy Spirit in understanding divine mysteries.

to a great and high mountain
Mountains in biblical literature often symbolize places of divine revelation and encounter. The "great and high mountain" suggests a vantage point from which John can see the entirety of the vision. Historically, mountains like Sinai and Zion are places where God reveals Himself, indicating that this vision is of utmost importance and divine origin.

and showed me
The verb "showed" (Greek: "ἔδειξεν," edeixen) implies a deliberate act of revelation. This is not a mere glimpse but a purposeful unveiling of divine truth. The use of this word suggests that what John is about to see is significant and meant to be communicated to others, reinforcing the prophetic nature of the vision.

the holy city
The "holy city" refers to the New Jerusalem, a central theme in eschatological prophecy. The term "holy" (Greek: "ἁγίαν," hagian) denotes something set apart for God, emphasizing the city's purity and divine origin. This city contrasts with earthly cities, symbolizing the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises and the eternal dwelling place of His people.

Jerusalem
Jerusalem holds profound historical and theological significance as the center of Jewish worship and the site of the temple. In this context, it represents the culmination of God's redemptive plan. The New Jerusalem is not just a restored city but a transformed one, embodying the perfect communion between God and His people.

coming down out of heaven from God
This phrase emphasizes the divine origin of the New Jerusalem. The city "coming down" signifies that it is a gift from God, not constructed by human hands. The preposition "from" (Greek: "ἐκ," ek) indicates the source, underscoring that this city is a manifestation of God's grace and sovereignty, descending from the heavenly realm to the new earth.

shining with the glory of God
The phrase "shining with the glory of God" captures the divine brilliance and majesty that emanates from the New Jerusalem. The Greek word for "glory" is "doxa," which conveys the idea of splendor, honor, and divine presence. In the biblical context, God's glory often signifies His manifest presence and power, as seen in the Old Testament when the glory of the Lord filled the tabernacle (Exodus 40:34). This shining glory indicates the purity and holiness of God, reflecting His unapproachable light (1 Timothy 6:16). The New Jerusalem, as described here, is a place where God's presence is fully realized, and His glory illuminates everything, symbolizing the ultimate fulfillment of God's promise to dwell among His people.

its radiance like a most precious jewel
The "radiance" of the city is likened to a "most precious jewel," emphasizing its incomparable beauty and value. The Greek word for "radiance" is "phōstēr," which refers to a source of light or luminary. This imagery suggests that the city itself is a beacon of divine light, reflecting God's glory. The comparison to a "most precious jewel" underscores the city's worth and the splendor of God's creation. In ancient times, jewels were not only symbols of wealth but also of divine favor and protection. This description invites believers to anticipate the eternal beauty and richness of the heavenly city, which surpasses all earthly treasures.

like a jasper
The mention of "jasper" is significant in understanding the visual and symbolic aspects of the New Jerusalem. In the ancient world, jasper was a highly valued stone, often associated with royalty and divine attributes. The Greek word "iaspis" refers to a stone that is typically green, but in this context, it is described as "clear as crystal," suggesting a purity and clarity that transcends earthly jasper. This imagery aligns with the biblical theme of transparency and purity in God's kingdom, where nothing is hidden, and everything is revealed in the light of His presence. Jasper, as part of the high priest's breastplate (Exodus 28:20), also signifies God's covenant and faithfulness to His people.

as clear as crystal
The phrase "as clear as crystal" highlights the purity and transparency of the New Jerusalem. The Greek word "krystallos" refers to a clear, glass-like substance, emphasizing the unblemished and perfect nature of the city. This clarity symbolizes the absence of sin and corruption, reflecting the holiness and righteousness of God. In a broader biblical context, crystal is often associated with the throne of God (Revelation 4:6), indicating the divine authority and majesty that permeates the heavenly realm. The description of the city as "clear as crystal" assures believers of the ultimate purification and renewal that awaits them in God's eternal kingdom, where they will see Him face to face (1 Corinthians 13:12).

The city
This phrase refers to the New Jerusalem, a central theme in Revelation 21. The Greek word for "city" is "πόλις" (polis), which signifies a structured and organized community. In the context of Revelation, it symbolizes the ultimate dwelling place of God with His people, a place of divine order and eternal peace. Historically, cities were centers of culture, governance, and protection, and the New Jerusalem represents the culmination of God's redemptive plan, where His presence is fully realized among His people.

had a great and high wall
The "great and high wall" signifies security and separation from all that is unholy. In ancient times, city walls were essential for protection against enemies. The Greek word for "wall" is "τεῖχος" (teichos), emphasizing strength and fortification. Spiritually, this wall represents the impenetrable protection of God over His people, ensuring that nothing impure can enter. It also symbolizes the distinction between the holy and the profane, underscoring the purity and sanctity of the New Jerusalem.

with twelve gates
The number twelve is significant in biblical numerology, often representing completeness and divine authority. The "twelve gates" symbolize access and entry into the presence of God. Each gate provides a way for the redeemed to enter the city, reflecting the inclusivity of God's salvation plan. The gates also remind us of the twelve tribes of Israel, indicating continuity between the Old and New Covenants and the fulfillment of God's promises to His people.

inscribed with the names of the twelve tribes of Israel
The inscription of the "names of the twelve tribes of Israel" on the gates highlights the enduring covenant between God and His chosen people. The Greek word for "inscribed" is "ἐπιγεγραμμένα" (epigegrammena), suggesting permanence and honor. This inscription signifies the fulfillment of God's promises to Israel and the integral role of the tribes in His redemptive history. It also serves as a reminder of the faithfulness of God to His covenant and the unity of all believers, both Jew and Gentile, in the New Jerusalem. The historical context of the twelve tribes, each representing a distinct part of Israel's identity, underscores the diversity and unity within the body of Christ.

There were three gates
The number "three" in biblical numerology often signifies completeness or divine perfection. In the context of Revelation, the use of three gates on each side of the New Jerusalem symbolizes the perfect and complete access to God's eternal city. The gates are a reminder of the Holy Trinity—Father, Son, and Holy Spirit—through whom believers gain entry into eternal life. The gates also reflect the inclusivity of God's kingdom, open to all who believe, regardless of their earthly origin.

on the east
The east holds significant biblical symbolism, often representing the direction of God's glory and the coming of the Messiah. In Ezekiel 43:2, the glory of the God of Israel comes from the east. The placement of gates on the east side of the New Jerusalem may symbolize the anticipation of Christ's return and the dawn of a new era in God's eternal plan. It is a reminder of the hope and expectation that believers hold for the fulfillment of God's promises.

three on the north
The north, in biblical terms, can represent both a place of blessing and a place of judgment. In Isaiah 14:13, the north is associated with the throne of God, while in Jeremiah 1:14, it is a direction from which disaster comes. The presence of gates on the north side of the New Jerusalem signifies that God's kingdom is open to all, transcending earthly associations of direction with either blessing or judgment. It emphasizes the universality of God's invitation to salvation.

three on the south
The south is often associated with warmth and light, as it is the direction of the sun's zenith in the northern hemisphere. In biblical history, the south is also the direction from which the Queen of Sheba came to visit Solomon, seeking wisdom (1 Kings 10:1-13). The gates on the south side of the New Jerusalem may symbolize the enlightenment and wisdom that come from entering God's presence. It is an invitation to all who seek truth and understanding to enter into the light of God's eternal city.

and three on the west
The west, in biblical symbolism, is often associated with the end of the day, sunset, and rest. In the context of the New Jerusalem, the gates on the west side may represent the completion of God's redemptive work and the eternal rest promised to believers. It is a reminder of the peace and fulfillment that await those who enter into God's presence, where there is no more night or darkness, only the eternal light of God's glory.

The wall of the city
The imagery of a "wall" in ancient times often symbolized protection, strength, and separation from the outside world. In the context of Revelation, the "wall" signifies the divine protection and sanctity of the New Jerusalem. Historically, city walls were crucial for defense, and their presence here underscores the security and eternal peace of God's kingdom. Theologically, it represents the separation between the holy and the profane, emphasizing the purity and holiness of the New Jerusalem.

had twelve foundations
The number "twelve" is significant throughout Scripture, often symbolizing completeness and divine order. The "twelve foundations" suggest a strong, unshakeable base, reflecting the eternal and unchanging nature of God's kingdom. In the Old Testament, the twelve tribes of Israel were foundational to God's covenant people. Here, the twelve foundations connect the Old and New Covenants, showing continuity in God's redemptive plan.

bearing the names of the twelve apostles
The "twelve apostles" were chosen by Christ to be His primary messengers and witnesses. Their names on the foundations signify the foundational role of the apostles in the establishment of the Church. This highlights the importance of apostolic teaching and doctrine as the bedrock of Christian faith. Historically, the apostles were instrumental in spreading the Gospel and establishing early Christian communities, and their legacy continues to be foundational for the Church today.

of the Lamb
The "Lamb" is a title for Jesus Christ, emphasizing His sacrificial role in redemption. The imagery of the Lamb is deeply rooted in the Passover lamb of the Old Testament, symbolizing deliverance and salvation. In Revelation, the Lamb is both the sacrificial victim and the triumphant victor. The mention of the Lamb here underscores that the apostles' authority and the Church's foundation are rooted in Christ's sacrificial death and resurrection. It is a reminder that the ultimate foundation of the New Jerusalem is the redemptive work of Jesus, the Lamb of God.

The angel who spoke with me
This phrase introduces the divine messenger, an angel, who is communicating with John. Angels are often depicted as messengers of God throughout the Bible, serving as intermediaries between the divine and human realms. In the book of Revelation, angels play a crucial role in revealing God's plans and purposes. The presence of an angel signifies the importance and divine origin of the message being conveyed. The Greek word for angel, "ἄγγελος" (angelos), means "messenger," emphasizing their role in delivering God's revelations.

had a golden measuring rod
The "golden measuring rod" symbolizes precision, authority, and divine standards. Gold, a precious and incorruptible metal, often represents purity and holiness in biblical literature. The use of a measuring rod indicates that what is being measured is of great importance and is to be constructed or evaluated according to God's perfect standards. In Ezekiel 40-42, a similar measuring rod is used to measure the new temple, signifying God's meticulous plan and order. The act of measuring implies that the city is being prepared and set apart for a divine purpose.

to measure the city
The city being measured is the New Jerusalem, a central theme in Revelation 21. This city represents the ultimate fulfillment of God's promise to dwell among His people. The act of measuring the city signifies its perfection and completeness, as it is designed according to God's divine blueprint. The New Jerusalem is not just a physical place but a symbol of God's eternal presence and the culmination of His redemptive plan. The measurement assures believers of the city's reality and the certainty of God's promises.

and its gates
The gates of the city are significant as they represent access and entry into the New Jerusalem. In ancient cities, gates were crucial for protection and controlled entry, symbolizing security and community. The mention of gates in the New Jerusalem highlights the openness and inclusivity of God's kingdom, where all who are redeemed have access. The gates also signify the fulfillment of God's covenant promises, as they are inscribed with the names of the twelve tribes of Israel (Revelation 21:12), representing the unity of God's people.

and walls
The walls of the city symbolize protection, strength, and separation from all that is unholy. In biblical times, city walls were essential for defense against enemies, and their strength was a measure of the city's security. The walls of the New Jerusalem, described in Revelation 21:18 as being made of jasper, reflect the glory and majesty of God. They signify the eternal security and peace that believers will experience in God's presence. The walls also serve as a boundary, ensuring that nothing impure can enter, highlighting the holiness and sanctity of the city.

The city lies foursquare
The phrase "foursquare" indicates a perfect symmetry and balance, reflecting divine order and completeness. In the ancient world, a square was often seen as a symbol of perfection and stability. The Greek word used here, "τετράγωνος" (tetragōnos), emphasizes the city's perfection and divine origin. This imagery suggests that the New Jerusalem is a place of perfect harmony, designed by God Himself, where His people will dwell in eternal peace.

with its length and width the same
This phrase underscores the idea of equality and uniformity in the dimensions of the city. The equal length and width signify a balanced and harmonious structure, which can be seen as a metaphor for the equality and unity among God's people in the New Jerusalem. The city is designed to be a place where there is no division or inequality, reflecting the perfect justice and righteousness of God.

And he measured the city with the rod
The act of measuring the city with a rod signifies the precision and intentionality of God's design. The Greek word for "rod," "κάλαμος" (kalamos), was often used for measuring, indicating a standard or rule. This measurement assures believers of the certainty and reality of God's promises. It is a reminder that God's plans are exact and trustworthy, and that He has prepared a place for His people with meticulous care.

12,000 stadia in length and width and height are equal
The measurement of "12,000 stadia" is symbolic, representing completeness and divine perfection. The number 12 is significant in biblical numerology, often associated with God's people (e.g., 12 tribes of Israel, 12 apostles). The use of "stadia," an ancient unit of length, emphasizes the vastness and grandeur of the New Jerusalem. The equal dimensions in length, width, and height suggest a perfect cube, reminiscent of the Holy of Holies in the Tabernacle and Temple, where God's presence dwelt. This imagery conveys that the entire city is a sacred space, filled with the presence of God, where believers will experience His glory and fellowship eternally.

And he measured
The act of measuring in biblical terms often signifies the establishment of boundaries or the confirmation of divine order. In the Greek, the word "measured" (ἐμέτρησεν, emetresen) implies precision and intentionality. This measurement is not arbitrary but divinely ordained, reflecting God's meticulous plan for the New Jerusalem. It reassures believers of the certainty and perfection of God's promises.

its wall
The wall represents protection and separation, a common theme in ancient cities where walls were essential for defense. In the context of the New Jerusalem, the wall symbolizes the security and sanctity of God's eternal kingdom. Historically, walls were also a sign of strength and stability, indicating that the New Jerusalem is a place of eternal safety for God's people.

to be 144 cubits
The number 144 is significant, being the product of 12 times 12, which in biblical numerology often represents completeness and divine authority. The use of "cubits" (πηχῶν, pechōn) as a unit of measurement ties back to ancient practices, where a cubit was the length from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger, approximately 18 inches. This specific measurement underscores the perfection and divine order of the heavenly city, reflecting the 12 tribes of Israel and the 12 apostles, symbolizing the unity of God's people.

by the human measure
This phrase emphasizes the comprehensibility of God's design. The Greek word for "human" (ἀνθρώπου, anthrōpou) indicates that the measurement is relatable and understandable to us. It bridges the divine and human realms, showing that God's plans, while divine, are also accessible and relevant to humanity.

the angel was using
The involvement of an angel in this measurement highlights the divine authority and heavenly origin of the New Jerusalem. Angels are often messengers or agents of God's will, and their participation in this act signifies the sacredness and authenticity of the measurement. It reassures believers that what is being described is not merely a human vision but a divine reality, orchestrated by God through His heavenly servants.

The wall was made of jasper
The word "wall" in this context signifies protection and separation, a common theme in ancient cities where walls were essential for defense. The Greek word for "jasper" is "iaspis," which in biblical times referred to a precious stone of various colors, often green. Jasper symbolizes the glory of God, His beauty, and His majesty. In the New Jerusalem, the wall being made of jasper indicates the divine protection and the radiant glory that surrounds the city, reflecting God's eternal presence and His covenant with His people.

and the city was pure gold
The phrase "pure gold" emphasizes the unparalleled value and purity of the New Jerusalem. Gold, in biblical symbolism, often represents kingship, divinity, and eternal value. The Greek word for "gold" is "chrusion," which denotes something precious and enduring. The city being made of pure gold signifies the divine nature of the New Jerusalem, a place of ultimate holiness and perfection, where God's presence dwells fully. It reflects the fulfillment of God's promises and the eternal inheritance of the saints.

as pure as glass
The comparison "as pure as glass" highlights the transparency and clarity of the gold, which is a remarkable image since gold is typically opaque. The Greek word for "glass" is "hualos," which in ancient times was a rare and valuable material, often associated with purity and clarity. This imagery suggests that the glory of God permeates the city so completely that even the most precious materials are transformed to reflect His light perfectly. It symbolizes the purity and holiness of the New Jerusalem, where nothing impure can enter, and where the redeemed live in perfect communion with God, seeing Him face to face.

The foundations of the city walls
The term "foundations" in this context refers to the secure and enduring base upon which the New Jerusalem is established. In ancient architecture, foundations were crucial for the stability and longevity of a structure. Spiritually, this signifies the eternal and unshakeable nature of God's Kingdom. The "city walls" symbolize protection and separation from sin, indicating the holiness and security of the New Jerusalem. Theologically, this reflects the Church's foundation on the apostles and prophets, with Christ as the cornerstone (Ephesians 2:20).

were adorned with every kind of precious stone
The adornment with "precious stones" signifies beauty, value, and divine craftsmanship. In the ancient world, such stones were symbols of wealth and status, often used in royal and religious settings. Spiritually, this adornment represents the glory and splendor of God's creation, reflecting His majesty and the worth of His redeemed people. The variety of stones suggests the diversity and unity of believers, each contributing uniquely to the beauty of the whole.

The first foundation was jasper
"Jasper" is a stone of varied colors, often associated with green, but in biblical symbolism, it is linked to the glory of God (Revelation 4:3). Its mention as the first foundation stone highlights the divine presence and purity that undergird the New Jerusalem. Jasper's durability and beauty make it a fitting symbol for the eternal and glorious nature of God's Kingdom.

the second sapphire
"Sapphire" is a deep blue stone, often associated with the heavens and divine revelation. In Exodus 24:10, the pavement under God's feet is described as sapphire, indicating a connection to divine authority and holiness. As the second foundation, sapphire represents the heavenly origin and divine truth that form the basis of the New Jerusalem.

the third chalcedony
"Chalcedony" is a translucent stone, often with a bluish hue, symbolizing faithfulness and steadfastness. Its inclusion as a foundation stone suggests the enduring faith and commitment required of God's people. Historically, chalcedony was valued for its beauty and strength, reflecting the spiritual resilience and beauty of the Church.

the fourth emerald
"Emerald" is a vibrant green stone, symbolizing life, renewal, and immortality. In biblical literature, green is often associated with growth and flourishing. As the fourth foundation, emerald represents the eternal life and vitality found in the presence of God. Its rich color and rarity underscore the preciousness of the eternal life promised to believers.

the fifth onyx
Onyx, in the biblical context, is a precious stone often associated with beauty and value. The Greek word for onyx is "onyx," which is consistent with its use in the Old Testament, particularly in the description of the high priest's breastplate (Exodus 28:20). Onyx symbolizes strength and durability, reflecting the eternal nature of the New Jerusalem. Its inclusion in the foundation of the heavenly city signifies the enduring and unshakeable foundation of God's kingdom.

the sixth carnelian
Carnelian, known in Greek as "sardios," is a reddish-brown stone that was highly prized in ancient times. It is often associated with warmth and vitality. In the context of Revelation, carnelian represents the fiery passion and zeal of the saints who inhabit the New Jerusalem. This stone's vibrant color can also symbolize the blood of the martyrs, whose sacrifice is honored in the eternal city.

the seventh chrysolite
Chrysolite, from the Greek "chrysolithos," is a golden-yellow gemstone. Historically, it was valued for its brilliance and was believed to have protective properties. In the New Jerusalem, chrysolite reflects the divine light and glory of God, illuminating the city with its radiant presence. This stone serves as a reminder of the purity and holiness that characterizes the eternal dwelling place of the faithful.

the eighth beryl
Beryl, or "beryllos" in Greek, is a gemstone that comes in various colors, often associated with clarity and transparency. In biblical symbolism, beryl represents the clarity of vision and understanding granted to the saints in the presence of God. Its inclusion in the foundation of the New Jerusalem signifies the clear and unobstructed relationship between God and His people, where all mysteries are revealed.

the ninth topaz
Topaz, known as "topazion" in Greek, is a gemstone that ranges in color from yellow to blue. It is often associated with wisdom and discernment. In the context of Revelation, topaz symbolizes the divine wisdom imparted to the inhabitants of the New Jerusalem. This stone's presence in the city's foundation highlights the importance of spiritual insight and understanding in the eternal kingdom.

the tenth chrysoprase
Chrysoprase, from the Greek "chrysoprasos," is an apple-green gemstone. It is associated with growth and renewal. In the New Jerusalem, chrysoprase represents the new life and eternal renewal found in the presence of God. This stone's vibrant color serves as a reminder of the perpetual freshness and vitality of the heavenly city, where all things are made new.

the eleventh jacinth
Jacinth, or "hyakinthos" in Greek, is a deep blue or violet gemstone. It is often linked to royalty and nobility. In the context of Revelation, jacinth symbolizes the royal priesthood of believers who reign with Christ in the New Jerusalem. This stone's regal color reflects the honor and dignity bestowed upon the saints in their eternal home.

the twelfth amethyst
Amethyst, known as "amethystos" in Greek, is a purple gemstone associated with peace and tranquility. In biblical symbolism, amethyst represents the peace and rest found in the presence of God. Its inclusion in the foundation of the New Jerusalem signifies the eternal peace and harmony that characterize the heavenly city, where all strife and conflict are forever banished.

And the twelve gates
The number twelve is significant throughout Scripture, often symbolizing completeness or divine authority. In the context of Revelation, the twelve gates represent the twelve tribes of Israel, indicating the fulfillment of God's promises to His people. The gates serve as entry points into the New Jerusalem, symbolizing access to God's eternal kingdom. Historically, gates were places of authority and decision-making in ancient cities, underscoring the divine governance and order in the heavenly city.

were twelve pearls
Pearls in ancient times were considered extremely valuable and rare, often associated with beauty and purity. The imagery of each gate being a single pearl emphasizes the immense value and beauty of the New Jerusalem. In a spiritual sense, pearls can symbolize wisdom and the kingdom of heaven, as seen in Jesus' parable of the pearl of great price (Matthew 13:45-46). This highlights the preciousness of entering into God's eternal presence.

each gate made of a single pearl
The idea of each gate being made from a single pearl is both astonishing and symbolic. It suggests the perfection and unity of God's creation. In the ancient world, pearls were formed through a process of irritation and transformation, which can be seen as a metaphor for the trials and tribulations that lead to spiritual maturity and the ultimate beauty of God's kingdom.

The great street of the city
The street, or "plateia" in Greek, refers to the main thoroughfare of the city, symbolizing the centrality and accessibility of God's presence. Streets in ancient cities were places of commerce, communication, and community life. In the New Jerusalem, the great street signifies the life and vibrancy of the eternal city, where God's people will dwell in perfect harmony and fellowship.

was of pure gold
Gold has long been a symbol of wealth, purity, and divine glory. The use of pure gold for the street indicates the unparalleled splendor and holiness of the New Jerusalem. In biblical times, gold was used in the construction of the tabernacle and temple, signifying God's presence and majesty. Here, it underscores the divine nature of the heavenly city.

as clear as glass
The description of gold being as clear as glass suggests a level of purity and transparency beyond earthly experience. This imagery conveys the idea of a place where nothing is hidden, and everything is illuminated by God's glory. In a spiritual sense, it represents the clarity and truth of God's kingdom, where believers will see and know God fully, as described in 1 Corinthians 13:12. The transparency also signifies the absence of sin and the perfect holiness of the New Jerusalem.

But I saw no temple in the city
The absence of a physical temple in the New Jerusalem is a profound statement. In the Old Testament, the temple was the central place of worship and the dwelling place of God's presence among His people (1 Kings 8:10-11). The Greek word for "temple" here is "ναός" (naos), which refers to the inner sanctuary, the most sacred part of the temple. The lack of a temple signifies a new era where God's presence is not confined to a building. Historically, the temple was a place of sacrifice and atonement, but in the New Jerusalem, these are no longer necessary because of the completed work of Christ.

because the Lord God Almighty
The phrase "Lord God Almighty" emphasizes the sovereignty and omnipotence of God. The Greek word "παντοκράτωρ" (pantokratōr) means "all-powerful" or "ruler of all," highlighting God's ultimate authority over creation. In the context of Revelation, this title reassures believers of God's control over the unfolding events and His ability to bring about the promised new creation. The presence of God Himself replaces the need for a temple, as He is the source of all holiness and worship.

and the Lamb
The "Lamb" refers to Jesus Christ, a title used throughout Revelation to emphasize His role as the sacrificial Savior (Revelation 5:6). The Greek word "ἀρνίον" (arnion) is used to depict Christ's humility and sacrificial love. The Lamb being part of the temple signifies the unity of God the Father and Jesus in the divine plan of redemption. It also reflects the fulfillment of the Old Testament sacrificial system, as Jesus is the ultimate and final sacrifice for sin (Hebrews 10:10).

are its temple
The phrase "are its temple" indicates that the presence of God and the Lamb is the true sanctuary. The Greek verb "εἰσιν" (eisin) is in the present tense, suggesting an ongoing reality. This signifies the intimate and direct relationship believers will have with God in the new creation. The temple is no longer a physical structure but a living, dynamic presence of God among His people. This fulfills the prophetic vision of God dwelling with His people eternally (Ezekiel 37:27, Revelation 21:3).

The city
In Revelation 21:23, "the city" refers to the New Jerusalem, a central theme in the concluding chapters of Revelation. This city is not just a physical place but represents the culmination of God's redemptive plan, where His presence dwells fully with His people. Historically, Jerusalem was the center of Jewish worship and the location of the Temple, symbolizing God's presence among His people. The New Jerusalem, however, transcends the earthly city, embodying the ultimate fulfillment of God's promise to dwell with humanity eternally.

has no need
The phrase "has no need" emphasizes the sufficiency and completeness of God's provision in the New Jerusalem. In the earthly realm, cities rely on various resources for survival and prosperity. However, the New Jerusalem is depicted as lacking nothing, highlighting the perfection and self-sustaining nature of God's eternal kingdom. This reflects the biblical theme of God's sufficiency, where He provides all that is necessary for life and godliness (2 Peter 1:3).

of sun or moon
The mention of "sun or moon" draws attention to the natural sources of light that govern day and night on earth. In the New Jerusalem, these celestial bodies are rendered unnecessary, signifying a radical transformation of the created order. This imagery echoes Old Testament prophecies, such as Isaiah 60:19-20, where the Lord Himself becomes the everlasting light for His people. It underscores the idea that God's presence will illuminate and sustain the city, rendering all other sources of light obsolete.

to shine on it
The phrase "to shine on it" suggests the function of the sun and moon in providing light and guidance. In the New Jerusalem, this function is fulfilled by God's glory, which surpasses any created light. The Greek word for "shine" (φαίνω, phainō) implies a manifestation or revelation, indicating that God's presence will be fully revealed and experienced by the inhabitants of the city. This reflects the biblical theme of God's light as a source of truth, guidance, and life (John 1:4-5).

for the glory of God
"Glory" in this context refers to the visible manifestation of God's divine presence and majesty. The Greek word for glory (δόξα, doxa) encompasses honor, splendor, and radiance. In the New Jerusalem, God's glory is not just an abstract concept but a tangible reality that illuminates the entire city. This highlights the centrality of God's presence in the eternal state, where His glory is the source of all light and life, fulfilling the ultimate purpose of creation to glorify God.

illuminates it
The term "illuminates" conveys the idea of bringing light and clarity. In the New Jerusalem, God's glory provides illumination, dispelling darkness and revealing truth. This imagery is consistent with the biblical portrayal of God as light (1 John 1:5) and Jesus as the light of the world (John 8:12). The illumination of the city by God's glory signifies the complete eradication of sin, ignorance, and separation from God, resulting in perfect fellowship and understanding.

and the Lamb
The inclusion of "the Lamb" alongside God's glory emphasizes the central role of Jesus Christ in the New Jerusalem. The Lamb, a title for Christ, signifies His sacrificial death and victory over sin and death. In Revelation, the Lamb is both the redeemer and the ruler, highlighting the unity of God's redemptive work and His eternal reign. The presence of the Lamb in the New Jerusalem underscores the fulfillment of God's salvation plan, where Christ's atoning work is eternally celebrated and His authority is fully recognized.

is its lamp
The metaphor of "lamp" suggests a source of light that guides and directs. In the New Jerusalem, the Lamb serves as the lamp, providing illumination and direction for the inhabitants. This imagery reflects the biblical theme of Christ as the light that guides believers (Psalm 119:105) and the source of spiritual enlightenment (John 1:9). The Lamb as the lamp signifies the intimate relationship between Christ and His people, where His presence provides continual guidance, comfort, and assurance in the eternal city.

By its light
The phrase "by its light" refers to the divine illumination provided by the glory of God and the Lamb, as described earlier in Revelation 21:23. The Greek word for "light" here is "φῶς" (phōs), which signifies not just physical light but also spiritual enlightenment and truth. In a historical and scriptural context, light is often associated with God's presence and guidance, as seen in Psalm 119:105, "Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light to my path." This light is not merely for illumination but represents the purity, holiness, and truth of God that guides the nations.

the nations
The term "the nations" comes from the Greek word "ἔθνη" (ethnē), which can refer to Gentiles or peoples distinct from Israel. In the context of Revelation, it signifies all the peoples of the earth who are redeemed and brought into the New Jerusalem. Historically, this reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that all nations would be blessed through his seed (Genesis 22:18). It underscores the inclusivity of God's salvation plan, extending beyond Israel to encompass all ethnicities and cultures.

will walk
The phrase "will walk" is derived from the Greek "περιπατήσουσιν" (peripatēsousin), indicating a continuous action of living or conducting one's life. Biblically, walking is often used metaphorically to describe one's way of life or spiritual journey. In this context, it suggests that the nations will live in accordance with the light of God's truth and righteousness. This walking in light contrasts with walking in darkness, symbolizing a life transformed by the presence of God.

and into it
"Into it" refers to the New Jerusalem, the holy city described in Revelation 21. The Greek preposition "εἰς" (eis) indicates movement towards or into a place. This signifies the gathering of the redeemed from all nations into the eternal city of God. It is a picture of unity and fellowship, where barriers are broken down, and all are welcomed into the presence of God.

the kings of the earth
The phrase "the kings of the earth" uses the Greek "βασιλεῖς τῆς γῆς" (basileis tēs gēs), referring to earthly rulers and leaders. Historically, kings often symbolize power and authority. In the eschatological vision of Revelation, these kings acknowledge the sovereignty of God and bring their allegiance to Him. This is a reversal of the rebellious kings mentioned earlier in Revelation who opposed God, highlighting the ultimate triumph of God's kingdom over earthly powers.

will bring their glory
"Will bring their glory" is translated from the Greek "φέρουσιν τὴν δόξαν" (pherousin tēn doxan), indicating an act of offering or presenting. The word "glory" (δόξα, doxa) can mean honor, splendor, or wealth. In this context, it suggests that the kings will offer their honor and the best of their achievements to God. This act of bringing glory signifies the submission of all earthly authority to the divine rule and the recognition that all true glory belongs to God alone. It reflects the prophetic vision in Isaiah 60:3, where nations and kings are drawn to the light of God's glory.

On no day
This phrase emphasizes the perpetual openness and accessibility of the New Jerusalem. In the ancient world, city gates were typically closed at night for protection against enemies and thieves. The Greek word for "day" here is "ἡμέρα" (hēmera), which signifies a period of light and activity. The absence of a specific day when the gates are shut underscores the eternal security and peace in God's kingdom, contrasting with the temporal and often dangerous nature of earthly cities.

will its gates ever be shut
The gates of the New Jerusalem symbolize entry into the presence of God. In ancient times, gates were not only for protection but also served as places of judgment and commerce. The Greek word "πύλαι" (pulai) refers to large gates or doors. The assurance that these gates will never be shut signifies the unending welcome and the absence of fear or threat. It reflects the complete and eternal safety found in God's presence, where believers have unrestricted access to His glory and fellowship.

for there will be no night there
Night often symbolizes darkness, danger, and evil in Scripture. The Greek word "νύξ" (nyx) refers to the absence of light, a time when activities cease, and vulnerability increases. The declaration that there will be no night in the New Jerusalem highlights the perpetual presence of God's light and glory. This absence of night signifies the eradication of all that is associated with sin and evil. It is a promise of eternal day, where God's presence illuminates everything, and His people live in unbroken communion with Him.

And into the city
The phrase "into the city" refers to the New Jerusalem, a central theme in Revelation 21. This city is depicted as the ultimate dwelling place of God with humanity, a place of perfect communion and eternal peace. The Greek word for "city" is "πόλις" (polis), which historically denotes a place of citizenship and community. In the context of Revelation, it symbolizes the fulfillment of God's promise to dwell among His people, a promise that echoes throughout the Old Testament, particularly in prophecies like Ezekiel 37:27. The New Jerusalem is not just a physical location but represents the culmination of God's redemptive plan, where His presence is fully realized.

will be brought
The phrase "will be brought" indicates a future action, emphasizing the eschatological nature of the vision. The Greek verb "φέρω" (pherō) suggests a deliberate and purposeful action. This conveys the idea that the glory and honor of the nations are not merely incidental but are intentionally gathered and presented. This action reflects the sovereignty of God in orchestrating the events of the end times, ensuring that all things are brought into alignment with His divine will.

the glory and honor
"Glory" and "honor" are terms rich with biblical significance. The Greek word for "glory" is "δόξα" (doxa), often associated with the visible manifestation of God's presence and majesty. "Honor," from the Greek "τιμή" (timē), denotes value, respect, and reverence. Together, these terms suggest that what is most valuable and praiseworthy in the nations will be offered to God. This reflects the biblical theme of all creation ultimately acknowledging God's supremacy, as seen in passages like Philippians 2:10-11, where every knee bows and every tongue confesses the lordship of Christ.

of the nations
The phrase "of the nations" highlights the inclusivity of God's redemptive plan. The Greek word "ἔθνος" (ethnos) refers to peoples or ethnic groups, emphasizing the diversity of those who will partake in the New Jerusalem. This is a fulfillment of the Abrahamic covenant, where God promised that all nations would be blessed through Abraham's seed (Genesis 12:3). It underscores the universal scope of the gospel, as seen in the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19), and the vision of a redeemed humanity from every tribe, tongue, and nation worshiping before the throne of God (Revelation 7:9). This phrase assures believers of the ultimate unity and reconciliation of all peoples under Christ's lordship.

But nothing unclean
The phrase "nothing unclean" refers to anything that is morally or spiritually impure. The Greek word used here is "koinon," which denotes something common or defiled. In the context of the New Jerusalem, this signifies the absolute purity and holiness of God's eternal kingdom. Historically, the concept of cleanliness was deeply rooted in Jewish law, where ceremonial purity was essential for worship. This imagery underscores the complete separation from sin that will characterize the eternal state.

will ever enter it
The phrase "will ever enter it" emphasizes the eternal security and sanctity of the New Jerusalem. The Greek word "eiselthē" is used here, indicating a definitive action of entering. This highlights the permanence of God's kingdom, where no sin or impurity can breach its gates. The historical context of ancient cities with guarded entrances serves as a metaphor for the divine protection and holiness of the heavenly city.

nor anyone who practices an abomination
The term "abomination" is translated from the Greek word "bdelygma," which refers to something detestable or loathsome, often associated with idolatry and moral corruption. In the biblical context, abominations are actions or practices that are utterly offensive to God. This phrase serves as a warning against persistent sinful behavior and underscores the necessity of repentance and holiness.

or a lie
The word "lie" comes from the Greek "pseudos," meaning falsehood or deception. In the biblical narrative, lying is consistently condemned as contrary to God's nature, who is truth. This phrase highlights the incompatibility of deceit with the kingdom of God, where truth reigns supreme. It serves as a reminder of the call to integrity and honesty for believers.

but only those whose names are written
This phrase refers to the divine record of those who belong to God. The concept of names being "written" is rooted in the ancient practice of keeping records or registers, signifying ownership or citizenship. In the biblical context, it represents God's sovereign election and the assurance of salvation for believers. It is a source of comfort and hope, affirming that God knows and claims His own.

in the Lamb’s Book of Life
The "Lamb’s Book of Life" is a symbolic register of those who have received eternal life through faith in Jesus Christ, the Lamb of God. The imagery of the Lamb is central to the Christian faith, representing Christ's sacrificial death and victory over sin. The Book of Life is mentioned throughout Scripture as the record of those who are saved. This phrase encapsulates the promise of eternal life and the ultimate fulfillment of God's redemptive plan. It is a powerful assurance of the believer's eternal destiny in the presence of God.