On the thirteenth day
The thirteenth day holds significant weight in the narrative of Esther. In the Hebrew calendar, numbers often carry symbolic meaning. The number thirteen, while sometimes associated with rebellion or disorder, here marks a day of divine intervention and reversal. Historically, this day was initially set for the destruction of the Jews, as decreed by Haman. However, God's providence turns this day into one of victory and deliverance for His people, showcasing His sovereignty over human plans.

of the twelfth month, the month of Adar
Adar is the twelfth month in the Hebrew calendar, typically falling around February or March. It is a month associated with joy and celebration, especially due to the festival of Purim, which commemorates the events of the Book of Esther. The historical context of Adar as a time of deliverance and joy is deeply rooted in Jewish tradition, reminding believers of God's faithfulness and the joy that follows deliverance.

the edict commanded by the king
The edict refers to the decree issued by King Ahasuerus, initially manipulated by Haman to destroy the Jews. However, through Esther's bravery and Mordecai's wisdom, a counter-edict was issued, allowing the Jews to defend themselves. This highlights the theme of divine justice and the reversal of evil plans. The king's edict, once a symbol of impending doom, becomes a testament to God's ability to turn the hearts of rulers and change the course of history.

was to be executed
The execution of the edict signifies the unfolding of God's plan. In the Hebrew context, the idea of execution is not merely about carrying out orders but fulfilling a divine purpose. This moment underscores the faithfulness of God in ensuring that His promises to His people are realized, even when circumstances seem dire.

On this day the enemies of the Jews had hoped to overpower them
The phrase captures the tension and expectation of the enemies of the Jews. The word "hoped" indicates a misplaced confidence in their ability to destroy God's people. Historically, this reflects the broader narrative of opposition against God's chosen people throughout the Bible. Yet, it serves as a reminder that human hope against God's will is ultimately futile.

but their plan was overturned
The overturning of the enemies' plan is a powerful testament to God's intervention. The Hebrew root for "overturned" suggests a complete reversal, a theme prevalent throughout the Book of Esther. This divine reversal is a source of inspiration, illustrating that no plan against God's people can succeed when He is their defender.

and the Jews overpowered those who hated them
The victory of the Jews is a fulfillment of God's promise to protect and preserve His people. The word "overpowered" indicates not just a physical victory but a spiritual triumph over evil. This victory is a precursor to the celebration of Purim, a time of joy and remembrance of God's deliverance. It serves as an encouragement to believers that God empowers His people to overcome adversity and that His love triumphs over hatred.

In each of the provinces
This phrase highlights the widespread nature of the events described in Esther 9:2. The Persian Empire, during the time of Esther, was vast, stretching from India to Ethiopia, encompassing 127 provinces. The Hebrew word for "provinces" is "medinah," which indicates a jurisdiction or district. This emphasizes the extensive reach of the Jewish people's influence and the divine orchestration of events across a vast territory. Historically, this underscores the miraculous preservation of the Jewish people throughout the empire, a testament to God's sovereignty and faithfulness.

the Jews gathered together
The act of gathering together signifies unity and strength in numbers. The Hebrew root "qahal" means to assemble or congregate, often used in the context of religious or communal gatherings. This unity was crucial for the Jews' survival and victory over their enemies. Spiritually, it reflects the importance of community and solidarity among God's people, a principle that resonates throughout Scripture, encouraging believers to support and stand with one another in times of trial.

in their cities
This phrase indicates that the Jews were not only present in the capital, Susa, but were spread throughout the empire, living in various cities. The Hebrew word "ir" for city suggests a place of habitation and community. This dispersion of the Jewish people was a result of earlier exiles, yet it also positioned them strategically for such a time as this. It serves as a reminder of God's providence, placing His people where they need to be to fulfill His purposes.

to attack those who sought their harm
The phrase reveals the defensive nature of the Jews' actions. The Hebrew verb "naphal" can mean to fall upon or attack, but in this context, it is a response to aggression. The Jews were not the aggressors; rather, they were defending themselves against those who intended to harm them. This aligns with the biblical principle of self-defense and the protection of one's community, highlighting the righteousness of their cause.

No one could stand against them
This statement underscores the divine favor and protection over the Jewish people. The Hebrew word "amad" means to stand or endure, indicating that their enemies were unable to withstand the Jews' defense. This reflects the biblical theme of God fighting for His people, as seen in other Scriptures where God grants victory to His people against overwhelming odds. It serves as an encouragement to believers that when God is for us, no one can stand against us (Romans 8:31).

for fear of them had fallen on all peoples
The fear that fell upon the peoples is indicative of a supernatural dread, often associated with the presence and power of God. The Hebrew word "pachad" denotes terror or dread, suggesting that this fear was divinely inspired. This mirrors other biblical accounts where God instills fear in the hearts of Israel's enemies, ensuring their protection and victory. It is a powerful reminder of God's ability to influence the hearts and minds of people to accomplish His purposes, instilling confidence in His ultimate control over all circumstances.

And all the officials of the provinces
This phrase indicates the widespread influence and reach of the Persian Empire, which was divided into provinces, each governed by officials. Historically, the Persian Empire was vast, stretching from India to Ethiopia, and its administration was complex. The mention of "all the officials" underscores the comprehensive nature of the support the Jews received, highlighting God's providence in orchestrating events for the protection of His people.

the satraps
Satraps were provincial governors in the ancient Persian Empire, responsible for the administration, justice, and security of their regions. The term "satrap" comes from the Old Persian "khshathrapavan," meaning "protector of the province." Their inclusion in this verse signifies the high level of governmental support for the Jews, reflecting the divine favor and the influence Mordecai wielded within the empire.

the governors
Governors were officials who had authority over smaller regions within the provinces. Their role was crucial in maintaining order and implementing the king's decrees. The cooperation of the governors with the Jews illustrates the pervasive impact of Mordecai's rise to power and the fear of God that had spread throughout the empire, ensuring the safety and success of the Jewish people.

and the king’s administrators
These were the king's officials who managed various aspects of the empire's affairs. Their assistance to the Jews indicates a top-down influence, where even those directly serving the king were compelled to support the Jewish cause. This reflects the divine orchestration at play, where God uses even secular authorities to fulfill His purposes.

helped the Jews
The assistance provided to the Jews was not merely passive but active support. This help was crucial in the Jews' defense against their enemies, as decreed by King Ahasuerus. The historical context shows that the Jews were in a precarious position, and this divine intervention through human agents was essential for their survival and victory.

because the fear of Mordecai had fallen upon them
The "fear of Mordecai" signifies the respect and awe that Mordecai commanded due to his position and character. Mordecai's rise to power, as recorded in the Book of Esther, was a direct result of God's intervention. The Hebrew root for "fear" (פחד, pachad) can imply both reverence and dread, suggesting that Mordecai's influence was both respected and feared. This fear was not merely of Mordecai as a person but of the God whom he served, demonstrating how God can use individuals to accomplish His divine purposes and instill His fear among nations.

For Mordecai
The name "Mordecai" is of Hebrew origin, possibly derived from the Babylonian god Marduk, indicating the Jewish people's integration into the Persian Empire. Mordecai's rise to prominence is a testament to God's providence and favor upon His people, even in foreign lands. His account is a reminder of how God can elevate His faithful servants to positions of influence for His purposes.

was prominent in the palace
The phrase "was prominent" suggests a position of high status and influence. In the Hebrew context, this prominence is not merely about power but also about the respect and authority Mordecai commanded. His position in the palace signifies God's hand in placing His people in strategic locations to fulfill His divine plans, echoing Joseph's rise in Egypt.

and his fame spread throughout the provinces
The spreading of Mordecai's fame throughout the provinces indicates the vastness of the Persian Empire, which extended from India to Ethiopia. This fame is not just about personal glory but serves as a testament to God's faithfulness in elevating His people. It reflects the biblical principle that when God blesses His servants, their influence can extend far beyond their immediate surroundings.

he became more and more powerful
The increasing power of Mordecai is a direct result of God's blessing and the fulfillment of His promises to protect and prosper His people. In the Hebrew context, power is often associated with the ability to effect change and bring about justice. Mordecai's growing power is a symbol of God's justice being enacted through His chosen instruments, ensuring the survival and prosperity of the Jewish people in a foreign land.

The Jews
This phrase refers to the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, who were living in exile in the Persian Empire. Historically, the Jewish people have faced numerous threats to their existence, and this moment in the Book of Esther highlights their survival and divine protection. The Hebrew term "Yehudim" emphasizes their identity as God's chosen people, set apart to fulfill His purposes.

struck down
The Hebrew root for "struck down" is "nakah," which conveys a sense of decisive action and judgment. This word is often used in the Old Testament to describe God's judgment against His enemies. Here, it signifies the Jews' active role in defending themselves against those who sought their destruction, underscoring the theme of divine justice.

all their enemies
This phrase indicates the totality of the threat against the Jews. Historically, the enemies of the Jews in the Persian Empire were those who had been incited by Haman's decree to annihilate them. The comprehensive nature of this phrase underscores the complete reversal of fortune orchestrated by God, turning a day of potential disaster into one of victory.

with the sword
The sword is a symbol of warfare and judgment throughout the Bible. In this context, it represents the means by which the Jews defended themselves. The use of the sword highlights the physical reality of the conflict and the necessity of taking up arms to protect their lives, a reminder of the harsh realities faced by God's people in a fallen world.

killing and destroying them
The repetition of these actions emphasizes the thoroughness of the Jews' victory. The Hebrew words "harag" (killing) and "abad" (destroying) convey a sense of finality and completeness. This reflects the seriousness of the threat they faced and the necessity of their actions to ensure their survival.

and they did as they pleased
This phrase suggests a sense of freedom and empowerment. The Jews, once under the threat of annihilation, now had the authority to act according to their own will. This reversal of fortune is a testament to God's providence and the fulfillment of His promises to protect His people.

to those who hated them
The phrase identifies the motivation behind the conflict. The hatred against the Jews was incited by Haman's malice and was rooted in longstanding enmity. This highlights the spiritual battle between God's people and those who oppose His plans. The victory of the Jews serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness to His covenant and His ultimate triumph over evil.

In the citadel of Susa
The phrase "In the citadel of Susa" refers to the fortified palace complex in the ancient city of Susa, which was one of the capitals of the Persian Empire. The Hebrew word for "citadel" is "בְּשׁוּשַׁן" (b'shushan), indicating a place of strength and protection. Susa was a significant location in the narrative of Esther, serving as the backdrop for much of the story. Historically, Susa was a center of power and administration, and its mention here underscores the gravity and reach of the events taking place. The citadel symbolizes the heart of Persian authority, where the Jews, under divine providence, were able to defend themselves against their enemies.

the Jews
The term "the Jews" refers to the descendants of the tribes of Judah, Benjamin, and Levi, who were living in exile in Persia. The Hebrew word "יְהוּדִים" (Yehudim) is used here, emphasizing their identity as God's chosen people, even in a foreign land. This identity is central to the narrative, as it highlights the theme of divine protection and deliverance. The Jews' ability to defend themselves in Susa is a testament to God's faithfulness and the fulfillment of His promises to preserve His people.

killed and destroyed
The words "killed and destroyed" are translated from the Hebrew "וַיַּכּוּ וַיַּשְׁמִידוּ" (vayakku vayashmidu). These terms convey the complete and decisive nature of the Jews' actions against their enemies. The use of both words emphasizes the thoroughness of the victory granted to the Jews. In the context of the narrative, this was not an act of aggression but a divinely sanctioned act of self-defense against those who sought their annihilation. It reflects the biblical principle that God empowers His people to stand against evil and injustice.

five hundred men
The specific number "five hundred men" indicates the scale of the conflict within the citadel of Susa. The Hebrew text uses "חֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת אִישׁ" (chamesh me'ot ish), which underscores the significant threat posed by those who sought to harm the Jews. This number also serves to highlight the miraculous nature of the Jews' victory, as they were able to overcome a substantial force. In the broader biblical context, numbers often carry symbolic meaning, and here, the defeat of five hundred men signifies the completeness of God's deliverance and the protection He provides to His people.

They killed
This phrase marks the execution of justice as the Jews defended themselves against their enemies. The Hebrew root word for "killed" is "הָרַג" (harag), which means to slay or destroy. In the context of Esther, this action is not merely an act of violence but a divinely sanctioned defense against those who sought to annihilate the Jewish people. Historically, this reflects the broader theme of divine justice and protection found throughout the Old Testament, where God often intervenes to protect His chosen people.

Parshandatha
The name Parshandatha is of Persian origin, and its inclusion in the text highlights the historical and cultural setting of the Book of Esther. The presence of Persian names underscores the reality of the Jewish exile and the influence of the Persian Empire. Parshandatha, as one of Haman's ten sons, represents the continuation of Haman's evil intentions against the Jews. His death signifies the downfall of those who oppose God's people, aligning with the biblical theme that those who curse Israel will themselves be cursed (Genesis 12:3).

Dalphon
Like Parshandatha, Dalphon is another son of Haman, and his name is also of Persian origin. The repetition of these names serves to emphasize the complete eradication of Haman's lineage, which is significant in the narrative as it symbolizes the total defeat of evil. Theologically, this can be seen as a foreshadowing of the ultimate victory of good over evil, a theme that resonates throughout Scripture and finds its fulfillment in the New Testament.

Aspatha
The name Aspatha, also Persian, completes the trio mentioned in this verse. The listing of Haman's sons by name is a literary device that underscores the thoroughness of the Jews' victory. In the historical context, naming each son individually serves to document the event with precision, reflecting the importance of this victory in Jewish history. Scripturally, it reinforces the idea that God is attentive to the details of His people's struggles and triumphs, ensuring that justice is served in accordance with His divine plan.

Parshandatha
The name "Parshandatha" is of Persian origin, reflecting the historical context of the Book of Esther, which is set during the reign of King Xerxes (Ahasuerus) of Persia. The inclusion of this name in the list of Haman's sons highlights the deep integration of Jewish life within the Persian Empire. Historically, the Jews were exiled to Babylon and subsequently came under Persian rule. This name, along with others, signifies the cultural and political milieu in which the Jewish people found themselves. Theologically, it underscores the sovereignty of God in preserving His people amidst foreign dominion, as He orchestrates events for their deliverance.

Dalphon
"Dalphon" is another name of Persian origin, and its mention in this verse serves to emphasize the complete downfall of Haman's lineage. The historical context here is crucial; Haman, an Agagite, was an enemy of the Jews, and his plot to annihilate them was thwarted by divine intervention. The listing of his sons' names, including Dalphon, symbolizes the totality of God's justice and the reversal of evil plans. This reflects the biblical theme of divine retribution and the protection of God's covenant people, as seen throughout the Scriptures.

Aspatha
The name "Aspatha" continues the list of Haman's sons, each of whom met their demise as part of the narrative of Esther. This name, like the others, is rooted in the Persian context, illustrating the historical setting of the Jewish diaspora. Theologically, the mention of Aspatha and his brothers serves as a reminder of the biblical principle that those who oppose God's people ultimately face His judgment. The account of Esther is a powerful testament to God's providence and faithfulness, as He uses Esther and Mordecai to bring about the salvation of the Jewish people. This verse, with its list of names, is a testament to the fulfillment of God's promises and His unwavering commitment to His people.

Parmashta
The name Parmashta is one of the ten sons of Haman, the antagonist in the Book of Esther. The etymology of the name is uncertain, but it is believed to be of Persian origin, reflecting the cultural and political milieu of the Persian Empire during the time of Esther. The mention of Parmashta signifies the comprehensive defeat of Haman's lineage, symbolizing the triumph of God's providence and justice over evil. This victory is a reminder of the divine protection over the Jewish people, even when they are in exile and under foreign rule.

Arisai
Arisai, another son of Haman, is listed among those who were killed by the Jews in their defense against the edict that sought their destruction. The name Arisai, like his brothers, is of Persian origin, which underscores the historical setting of the narrative. The inclusion of each son by name emphasizes the thoroughness of the Jews' victory and the complete reversal of Haman's plot. It serves as a testament to the faithfulness of God in delivering His people and the futility of opposing His divine will.

Aridai
Aridai is also one of Haman's sons, and his name contributes to the narrative of justice and retribution found in Esther 9. The historical context of the Persian Empire, where the account unfolds, is crucial to understanding the significance of these events. The downfall of Haman's family illustrates the biblical principle that those who plot evil against God's people will ultimately face divine justice. This serves as an encouragement to believers to trust in God's sovereignty and His ability to protect and vindicate His people.

Vaizatha
Vaizatha, the last of Haman's sons mentioned in this verse, completes the list of those who were executed. The specific naming of each son highlights the totality of the victory and the eradication of the threat posed by Haman's family. In the broader scriptural context, this event is a foreshadowing of the ultimate victory of good over evil, a theme that resonates throughout the Bible. It reassures believers of God's unwavering commitment to His covenant people and His power to bring about justice in His perfect timing.

They killed
The phrase "they killed" indicates a decisive action taken by the Jews against their enemies. In the Hebrew text, the verb used is "הָרַג" (harag), which means to slay or kill. This action was not taken lightly but was a necessary measure for self-defense and survival. The Jews were acting under the decree that allowed them to protect themselves against those who sought their destruction. This reflects the biblical principle of justice and the right to defend one's life and community against aggression.

the ten sons of Haman
Haman's ten sons are named earlier in the chapter, and their deaths signify the complete downfall of Haman's lineage and influence. In ancient Near Eastern culture, the death of a man's sons was seen as the end of his legacy and power. Haman, who had plotted to annihilate the Jews, faced the ultimate defeat as his progeny were also destroyed. This serves as a reminder of the biblical theme that those who plot evil against God's people will ultimately face divine justice.

son of Hammedatha
The mention of Haman as the "son of Hammedatha" serves to identify him clearly and link him to his ancestry. This is significant in the biblical narrative as it emphasizes the continuation of enmity against the Jews from certain lineages. Haman is identified as an Agagite, which connects him to the Amalekites, historical enemies of Israel. This highlights the ongoing spiritual and physical battles faced by God's people throughout history.

the enemy of the Jews
Haman is explicitly labeled as "the enemy of the Jews," underscoring his role as an antagonist in the story. This phrase is crucial as it defines the nature of the conflict in the Book of Esther. The Jews were facing existential threats, and Haman's enmity was not just personal but representative of a larger spiritual battle against God's chosen people. This reflects the biblical understanding that God's people will face opposition, but God remains their protector and deliverer.

But they did not lay a hand on the plunder
This phrase is repeated multiple times in Esther 9, emphasizing the Jews' restraint and moral integrity. The Hebrew word for "plunder" is "בִּזָּה" (bizzah), which refers to the spoils of war. By not taking the plunder, the Jews demonstrated that their actions were not motivated by greed or material gain but by the necessity of self-defense and justice. This restraint aligns with biblical principles of righteousness and the importance of motives in warfare. It also serves as a testimony to their faith and trust in God's provision, rather than relying on the wealth of their enemies.

On that day
This phrase situates the events within a specific timeframe, emphasizing the immediacy and urgency of the actions taken. In the context of the Jewish calendar, this refers to the 13th day of the month of Adar, a day that had been marked for the annihilation of the Jews but was turned into a day of victory. The phrase underscores the divine providence and timing in the unfolding of events, reminding believers of God's sovereignty over time and history.

the number of those killed
This phrase highlights the outcome of the conflict between the Jews and their enemies. The Hebrew root for "killed" is "הָרַג" (harag), which means to slay or destroy. This reflects the severity of the conflict and the deliverance that the Jews experienced. It is a testament to the justice of God, who allowed the Jews to defend themselves against their adversaries. The phrase also serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of enmity against God's people.

in the citadel of Susa
The citadel of Susa was the fortified palace complex in the capital of the Persian Empire. It was a place of power and authority, where King Xerxes (Ahasuerus) resided. The mention of Susa signifies the centrality of the events in the heart of the empire, highlighting the widespread impact of the decree that allowed the Jews to defend themselves. Archaeological findings have confirmed the grandeur of Susa, providing a backdrop to the historical narrative and emphasizing the miraculous nature of the Jews' survival and victory.

was reported to the king
This phrase indicates the communication of the events to King Xerxes. The Hebrew root for "reported" is "נָגַד" (nagad), meaning to declare or make known. It reflects the transparency and accountability in the administration of the kingdom. The king's awareness of the events underscores his role in the unfolding drama and the fulfillment of Esther's plea for her people. It also highlights the importance of truth and communication in leadership, reminding believers of the need for integrity and honesty in all dealings.

And the king said to Queen Esther
This phrase sets the stage for a pivotal moment in the narrative. The king, Ahasuerus, is addressing Esther, who has risen from an orphaned Jewish girl to the queen of Persia. The historical context here is significant; Esther's position is not just one of privilege but of divine appointment. Her role as queen is instrumental in God's plan to save the Jewish people. The Hebrew root for "queen" (מַלְכָּה, malkah) emphasizes her royal authority and influence, which she uses to intercede for her people.

In the citadel of Susa
Susa, the capital of the Persian Empire, is the backdrop for this dramatic unfolding of events. Archaeological discoveries have unearthed the grandeur of this ancient city, highlighting its significance as a center of power. The citadel represents the heart of the empire's political and military might, underscoring the gravity of the situation Esther is navigating.

the Jews have killed and destroyed five hundred men
This phrase reflects the Jews' victory over their enemies, a reversal of the decree that initially sought their destruction. The Hebrew word for "killed" (הָרַג, harag) conveys a sense of decisive action. This victory is not just a physical triumph but a spiritual one, as it demonstrates God's providence and protection over His chosen people. The number "five hundred" signifies completeness and sufficiency in their defense.

and the ten sons of Haman
Haman, the antagonist of the story, represents the forces of evil and opposition to God's people. The mention of his ten sons signifies the complete eradication of his lineage and influence. In the Hebrew tradition, the number ten often symbolizes completeness or totality. This outcome serves as a powerful reminder of the ultimate justice and sovereignty of God, who vindicates His people and fulfills His promises.

What have they done in the rest of the king’s provinces?
This question from the king highlights the widespread impact of the Jews' deliverance. It suggests a curiosity and perhaps an admiration for the extent of their victory. The phrase "the rest of the king’s provinces" indicates the vastness of the Persian Empire, which spanned from India to Ethiopia. This underscores the miraculous nature of the Jews' survival and success across such a vast territory.

Now what is your petition?
The king's inquiry reflects his willingness to grant Esther further requests. This openness is a testament to Esther's favor in the king's eyes, which is ultimately orchestrated by God. The word "petition" (בַּקָּשָׁה, baqqashah) in Hebrew conveys a sense of earnest request or plea, emphasizing the gravity and sincerity of Esther's intercession for her people.

It will be given to you
This promise from the king underscores the assurance of Esther's influence and the certainty of her requests being fulfilled. It reflects the divine favor and authority bestowed upon her, aligning with the biblical theme of God granting favor to those who seek His will.

What is your further request?
The repetition of the king's willingness to hear Esther's desires highlights the ongoing nature of God's provision and the unfolding of His plan. It invites reflection on the power of persistent prayer and advocacy, encouraging believers to continue seeking God's intervention in their lives.

It will be accomplished
This final assurance from the king mirrors the faithfulness of God in bringing His purposes to completion. The phrase "it will be accomplished" resonates with the biblical promise that God will fulfill His plans for His people, offering hope and encouragement to trust in His sovereign will.

If it pleases the king
This phrase reflects the respectful and strategic approach Esther uses in her petition. The Hebrew root for "pleases" is "טוֹב" (tov), which conveys goodness or favor. Esther's deference to the king's authority is a model of humility and wisdom, recognizing the importance of aligning her request with the king's will. This approach is reminiscent of the biblical principle of seeking favor through humility and respect, as seen in Proverbs 15:1, "A gentle answer turns away wrath."

Esther replied
Esther's response is significant as it demonstrates her courage and leadership. The Hebrew name "אֶסְתֵּר" (Esther) is derived from the root "סתר" (satar), meaning "to hide" or "conceal." This is fitting, as Esther's identity and intentions were initially hidden, yet she emerges as a bold advocate for her people. Her reply is a testament to her growth from a passive figure to an active leader, embodying the call to "speak up for those who cannot speak for themselves" (Proverbs 31:8).

may the Jews in Susa also have tomorrow
The request for an additional day highlights the urgency and seriousness of the situation. "Susa," the capital of the Persian Empire, was a significant city, and the Jews' survival there was crucial. The Hebrew term for "Jews" is "יְהוּדִים" (Yehudim), emphasizing their identity as God's chosen people. This plea underscores the theme of divine providence and protection, as God works through Esther to ensure the safety of His people.

to carry out today's edict
The "edict" refers to the decree allowing the Jews to defend themselves against their enemies. The Hebrew word for "edict" is "דָּת" (dat), which signifies a law or decree. This highlights the legal and authoritative nature of the Jews' actions, sanctioned by the king. It reflects the biblical principle of justice and the right to self-defense, as seen in Nehemiah 4:14, where the people are encouraged to fight for their families and homes.

and may the bodies of Haman's ten sons be hanged on the gallows
The hanging of Haman's sons serves as a public display of justice and a deterrent to future aggression. The Hebrew word for "gallows" is "עֵץ" (etz), which can also mean "tree" or "wood." This imagery is reminiscent of Deuteronomy 21:22-23, where hanging on a tree is a sign of being cursed by God. The fate of Haman's sons symbolizes the ultimate triumph of God's justice over evil, reinforcing the theme of divine retribution and the protection of His people.

So the king commanded
This phrase underscores the absolute authority of the Persian king, Ahasuerus, within the narrative. In the historical context of the Persian Empire, the king's word was law, reflecting the centralized power structure of ancient monarchies. The Hebrew root for "commanded" (צָוָה, tsavah) implies a directive that is not to be questioned, highlighting the king's decisive role in the unfolding events. This command also signifies the king's alignment with Esther and Mordecai, showcasing a divine orchestration behind the scenes, as God uses earthly rulers to fulfill His purposes.

that this be done
The phrase indicates the execution of a specific action, which in this context, refers to the hanging of Haman's ten sons. The Hebrew text suggests a sense of immediacy and finality. This action is a continuation of the justice meted out against Haman, who plotted against the Jews. It serves as a reminder of the biblical principle that God’s justice, though sometimes delayed, is ultimately executed. The phrase also reflects the theme of retributive justice prevalent in the Old Testament, where the wicked often face consequences for their actions.

An edict was issued
The issuance of an edict in the Persian Empire was a formal and binding declaration. The Hebrew word for "edict" (דָּת, dath) conveys a sense of legal authority and permanence. Historically, Persian edicts were irrevocable, as seen earlier in the Book of Esther when the king's initial decree against the Jews could not be rescinded, only countered by another decree. This highlights the unchangeable nature of God's Word and His promises, which stand firm regardless of human schemes.

in Susa
Susa, the capital of the Persian Empire, was a significant city both politically and culturally. Archaeological findings have uncovered the grandeur of Susa, affirming its role as a center of power. The mention of Susa emphasizes the widespread impact of the events in Esther, as decisions made in the capital reverberated throughout the empire. Spiritually, it reminds believers that God’s providence is at work in the highest echelons of power, orchestrating events for the good of His people.

and they hanged
The act of hanging, in the context of ancient Persia, was a form of execution that served as a public display of justice. The Hebrew verb used here (תָּלָה, talah) can also mean to impale, which was a common practice in the Persian Empire. This method of execution was intended to serve as a deterrent to others. Biblically, it symbolizes the ultimate defeat of those who oppose God’s people, reinforcing the theme of divine justice and protection found throughout Scripture.

the ten sons of Haman
The ten sons of Haman represent the complete eradication of Haman’s lineage and influence. In biblical numerology, the number ten often signifies completeness or totality. The destruction of Haman’s sons fulfills the retributive justice for Haman’s plot to annihilate the Jews. This act serves as a powerful reminder of God’s covenant faithfulness to His people, ensuring their survival and the continuation of His redemptive plan through history. It also illustrates the biblical truth that those who sow evil will ultimately reap its consequences.

On the fourteenth day of the month of Adar
The month of Adar is the twelfth month in the Jewish calendar, typically falling in February or March. This specific timing is significant as it marks the culmination of the events of Purim, a festival celebrating the deliverance of the Jewish people from their enemies. The fourteenth day is a continuation of the defense against their adversaries, emphasizing the completeness of their victory and the divine providence that allowed them to protect themselves.

the Jews in Susa gathered together again
The gathering of the Jews in Susa, the capital of the Persian Empire, signifies unity and collective strength. This assembly is not just a physical gathering but a spiritual and communal act of solidarity. The repetition of their gathering "again" underscores their determination and the necessity of their actions to ensure their survival. Historically, Susa was a significant city, and the Jews' ability to defend themselves there highlights their resilience and God's favor upon them.

and killed 300 men there
The act of killing 300 men is a continuation of the defensive measures taken by the Jews. It is crucial to understand this within the context of self-defense rather than aggression. The number 300, while specific, also symbolizes a complete and decisive action against those who sought their harm. This reflects the justice and retribution that was permitted by the king's edict, allowing the Jews to protect themselves from annihilation.

but they did not lay their hands on the plunder
This phrase is repeated throughout the narrative and is significant in demonstrating the moral and ethical stance of the Jewish people. By refraining from taking the plunder, the Jews show that their actions were not motivated by greed or material gain but by the necessity of self-preservation. This restraint aligns with the biblical principle of justice and righteousness, emphasizing that their fight was purely for survival and not for personal enrichment. It also serves as a testament to their integrity and faithfulness to God's laws, setting a standard for ethical conduct even in times of conflict.

The rest of the Jews
This phrase refers to the Jewish people living throughout the vast expanse of the Persian Empire, which stretched from India to Ethiopia. The term "rest" indicates that these Jews were not in the capital city of Susa, where Esther and Mordecai resided, but were spread across the provinces. Historically, this highlights the widespread dispersion of the Jewish people, known as the Diaspora, which began with the Babylonian exile. The unity among the Jews, despite their geographical separation, underscores their shared identity and faith.

in the king’s provinces
The Persian Empire was divided into provinces, each governed by a satrap. This administrative structure allowed for efficient control over a vast and diverse empire. The mention of "the king’s provinces" emphasizes the reach of King Xerxes' (Ahasuerus) decree, which was facilitated by the extensive communication networks of the empire, including the famous Royal Road. This context highlights the miraculous nature of the Jews' deliverance, as it occurred across such a vast territory.

also assembled
The act of assembling indicates a deliberate and organized effort by the Jewish communities. In Hebrew, the root word for "assembled" can imply gathering for a specific purpose, often with a sense of urgency or necessity. This assembly was not merely a defensive measure but a fulfillment of the decree that allowed them to protect themselves. It reflects the biblical principle of community and collective action in the face of adversity.

to protect themselves
The phrase underscores the defensive nature of the Jews' actions. They were not aggressors but were responding to a threat against their lives. The Hebrew root for "protect" conveys the idea of safeguarding or preserving life, which aligns with the biblical theme of God as a protector of His people. This self-defense was sanctioned by the king's edict, which reversed the earlier decree that had authorized their destruction.

and rid themselves of their enemies
This phrase indicates the complete removal of those who sought to harm the Jews. The Hebrew root for "rid" can imply a purging or cleansing, suggesting a thorough and decisive action. Historically, this reflects the precarious position of the Jews in exile, often facing hostility from surrounding peoples. The victory over their enemies is seen as a divine intervention, consistent with the biblical narrative of God delivering His people.

They killed seventy-five thousand of their enemies
The specific number, seventy-five thousand, highlights the scale of the threat against the Jews and the magnitude of their victory. In the ancient world, numbers often carried symbolic significance, and large numbers could indicate completeness or totality. This victory is reminiscent of other biblical accounts where God delivers His people against overwhelming odds, reinforcing the theme of divine providence and protection.

but did not lay their hands on the plunder
This phrase is significant as it demonstrates the moral and ethical restraint of the Jewish people. In ancient warfare, taking plunder was common practice, often seen as a reward for victory. However, the Jews' refusal to take plunder aligns with the biblical principle of justice and righteousness. It echoes the earlier account of King Saul's failure to fully obey God's command regarding the Amalekites, where taking plunder was a sign of disobedience. Here, the Jews' actions reflect their commitment to God's laws and their desire to act with integrity.

This was on the thirteenth day
The thirteenth day of Adar is significant in the Jewish calendar as it marks the day when the Jews defended themselves against their enemies, as decreed by King Ahasuerus. The number thirteen, often associated with rebellion or judgment in biblical numerology, here signifies a divine reversal of fortune. Historically, this day was marked by intense conflict, yet it was also a day when God's providence was evident, as the Jews were victorious over their adversaries.

of the month of Adar
Adar is the twelfth month of the Jewish calendar, typically falling in February or March. It is a month associated with joy and deliverance, culminating in the celebration of Purim. The name "Adar" is believed to be of Akkadian origin, meaning "glorious" or "exalted," which is fitting given the deliverance and exaltation of the Jewish people during this time. Archaeological findings, such as the Babylonian calendar, confirm the significance of Adar in ancient times.

and on the fourteenth day
The fourteenth day of Adar is celebrated as Purim, a day of joy and feasting. This day marks the cessation of conflict and the beginning of peace and celebration. The transition from the thirteenth to the fourteenth day symbolizes the shift from struggle to triumph, from mourning to joy, reflecting the overarching theme of divine intervention and protection.

they rested
Rest here signifies not only a physical cessation from battle but also a spiritual and emotional reprieve. In the Hebrew context, rest is often associated with peace and divine blessing, reminiscent of the Sabbath rest. This rest was a gift from God, allowing the Jewish people to pause and reflect on their deliverance and the faithfulness of God.

and made it a day of feasting
Feasting is a common biblical expression of celebration and gratitude. In the context of Esther, it is a communal activity that reinforces unity and shared joy among the Jewish people. The act of feasting is deeply rooted in Jewish tradition, often associated with covenantal celebrations and thanksgiving to God for His provision and protection.

and joy
Joy in this context is a profound, spiritual joy that arises from witnessing God's salvation and deliverance. It is not merely happiness but a deep-seated rejoicing in God's faithfulness and mercy. The Hebrew word for joy, "simchah," conveys a sense of gladness and exultation, reflecting the transformation from sorrow to joy that the Jewish people experienced. This joy is a testament to the enduring hope and resilience of God's people, even in the face of adversity.

But the Jews in Susa
The phrase highlights the specific location of Susa, the capital of the Persian Empire, where the Jewish community resided. Historically, Susa was a significant city, serving as a center of power and influence. The Jews in Susa were directly under the influence of the royal edicts and the events that transpired in the king's court, making their actions particularly noteworthy. This setting underscores the miraculous nature of their deliverance and the divine providence at work in a place of such political significance.

assembled on the thirteenth and fourteenth days
The act of assembling indicates a communal gathering, which in the Hebrew context often implies unity and collective action. The thirteenth and fourteenth days of Adar were initially days of defense against their enemies, as decreed by Mordecai's counter-edict. This assembly was not just a physical gathering but a spiritual and emotional unification of the Jewish people, standing together in faith and courage against their adversaries.

of the month of Adar
Adar is the twelfth month in the Hebrew calendar, typically falling in February or March. It is a month associated with joy and deliverance, culminating in the celebration of Purim. The historical context of Adar as a time of transformation from sorrow to joy is deeply embedded in Jewish tradition, symbolizing God's sovereignty and the reversal of fortunes for His people.

They rested on the fifteenth day
Resting signifies a cessation from labor and conflict, a theme prevalent throughout the Bible as a symbol of peace and divine provision. The fifteenth day marked the end of their struggle and the beginning of their celebration. This rest is reminiscent of the Sabbath rest, a time to reflect on God's faithfulness and to rejuvenate spiritually and physically.

making it a day of feasting and joy
Feasting and joy are expressions of gratitude and celebration in response to God's deliverance. In the Hebrew tradition, feasting is often associated with covenantal meals, communal sharing, and the acknowledgment of God's blessings. The joy experienced by the Jews in Susa was not merely a temporary happiness but a profound, spiritual rejoicing in the Lord's salvation and the reversal of their fate. This celebration laid the foundation for the annual festival of Purim, a perpetual reminder of God's faithfulness and the triumph of His people over adversity.

That is why
This phrase serves as a connective tissue linking the events described earlier in the chapter to the present verse. It indicates a cause-and-effect relationship, emphasizing the significance of the Jews' deliverance from their enemies. The phrase invites readers to reflect on the providential hand of God in orchestrating events for the preservation of His people, a recurring theme throughout the Book of Esther.

the rural Jews
The term "rural Jews" refers to those living outside the fortified cities, in the countryside or villages. Historically, these Jews were more vulnerable to attacks due to their lack of city walls for protection. This distinction highlights the widespread nature of the Jewish community and underscores the unity among them despite geographical differences. It also reflects the inclusivity of God's deliverance, reaching even the most isolated members of His people.

those living in the villages
This phrase further specifies the location of the rural Jews, emphasizing their lifestyle and community structure. Villages in ancient Persia were often small, close-knit communities where people relied heavily on one another for support and protection. The mention of villages underscores the communal aspect of Jewish life and the shared joy in their collective deliverance.

observe the fourteenth day of the month of Adar
The fourteenth day of Adar is significant as it marks the day of rest and celebration following the Jews' victory over their enemies. Adar is the twelfth month in the Hebrew calendar, typically falling in February or March. This observance is a precursor to the festival of Purim, a time of remembrance and gratitude for God's intervention. The specific mention of the date highlights the importance of commemorating God's faithfulness in history.

as a day of joy and feasting
Joy and feasting are common biblical expressions of celebration and thanksgiving. In the context of Esther, they signify the reversal of fortune for the Jews, from mourning to gladness. Feasting is a tangible expression of gratitude and community, reflecting the biblical principle of rejoicing in God's provision and deliverance. This phrase invites believers to consider the importance of celebrating God's victories in their own lives.

a day for sending gifts to one another
The practice of sending gifts fosters community and strengthens bonds among the Jewish people. It is an expression of love, generosity, and unity, reflecting the biblical command to love one's neighbor. This tradition of gift-giving during Purim serves as a reminder of the importance of community support and the joy of sharing blessings with others. It encourages believers to cultivate a spirit of generosity and fellowship in their own communities.

Mordecai recorded these events
The phrase "Mordecai recorded these events" highlights the importance of documentation and remembrance in Jewish tradition. Mordecai, a central figure in the Book of Esther, ensures that the miraculous deliverance of the Jews is not forgotten. The Hebrew root for "recorded" is "כָּתַב" (katav), which means to write or inscribe. This act of recording is significant as it establishes a historical account that would be celebrated annually as the festival of Purim. It underscores the value of preserving God's interventions and the faithfulness of His people for future generations.

and sent letters
The act of sending letters signifies the dissemination of important information and the unification of the Jewish people across the vast Persian Empire. The Hebrew word for "letters" is "אִגֶּרֶת" (iggeret), which refers to written communication. This method of communication was crucial in ancient times for maintaining connections and ensuring that all Jews, regardless of their location, were informed and could participate in the celebration of their deliverance. It reflects the communal nature of Jewish life and the importance of shared experiences and observances.

to all the Jews throughout the provinces of King Xerxes
This phrase emphasizes the widespread nature of the Jewish diaspora during the reign of King Xerxes (also known as Ahasuerus). The Persian Empire was vast, and the Jews were scattered across its many provinces. The Hebrew term for "provinces" is "מְדִינָה" (medinah), indicating a region or district. Mordecai's letters were sent to every corner of the empire, ensuring that no Jew was left uninformed. This action highlights the inclusivity and unity of the Jewish people, as well as the organizational skills required to reach such a dispersed population.

both near and far
The phrase "both near and far" underscores the comprehensive reach of Mordecai's communication. It signifies that the message of deliverance and the instructions for celebrating Purim were intended for every Jew, regardless of their proximity to the center of power in Susa. This inclusivity is a testament to the unity and solidarity among the Jewish people, as well as the importance of collective memory and celebration. It also reflects the biblical theme of God's care and provision for His people, no matter where they are located.

to establish
The Hebrew root for "to establish" is "קוּם" (qum), which means to arise, stand, or set up. In the context of Esther, this word signifies the formalization and institutionalization of a practice. The establishment of Purim as a celebration is not merely a suggestion but a command, ensuring that the memory of God's deliverance is perpetuated through generations. This reflects the importance of remembrance in the Jewish tradition, where God's interventions are celebrated and taught to future generations.

among them
This phrase indicates the communal aspect of the celebration. The deliverance was not just for individuals but for the entire Jewish community. The phrase underscores the unity and collective identity of the Jewish people, who are called to remember and celebrate together. It highlights the importance of community in the faith journey, where shared experiences and collective memory strengthen the bonds among believers.

an annual celebration
The Hebrew word for "celebration" is "שָׂמַח" (samach), which means to rejoice or be glad. The annual nature of the celebration emphasizes the importance of regular remembrance and thanksgiving. It is a time set apart each year to reflect on God's faithfulness and deliverance. This annual observance serves as a reminder of the cyclical nature of life and the need to continually return to God in gratitude and praise.

on the fourteenth and fifteenth days
These specific days mark the time when the Jews gained relief from their enemies, as recorded in the Book of Esther. The precision of these dates underscores the historical reality of the events and the importance of remembering specific acts of divine intervention. It also reflects the Jewish tradition of marking time and events with precision, ensuring that the memory of God's actions is preserved accurately.

of the month of Adar
Adar is the twelfth month of the Jewish calendar, typically falling in February or March. It is a month associated with joy and deliverance, as the events of Purim are celebrated. The mention of Adar situates the celebration within the Jewish liturgical calendar, connecting it to the broader rhythm of Jewish life and worship. This connection to the calendar highlights the integration of faith and daily life, where historical events are remembered and celebrated within the context of ongoing worship and devotion.

as the days on which the Jews gained rest from their enemies
The phrase "gained rest" is rooted in the Hebrew word "נוח" (nuach), which means to rest or settle down. This word is significant in the Jewish tradition, as it echoes the Sabbath rest, a time of peace and cessation from labor. Historically, this rest was not merely physical but also spiritual and emotional, as the Jews were delivered from the threat of annihilation. The "enemies" here refer to those who sought to destroy the Jewish people, as recorded in the earlier chapters of Esther. This victory is a testament to God's providence and protection over His chosen people, a theme that resonates throughout the Old Testament.

and as the month when their sorrow was turned into joy
The transformation from "sorrow" to "joy" is a powerful theme in the Bible, often associated with God's intervention and deliverance. The Hebrew word for "sorrow" is "אֵבֶל" (evel), which denotes mourning or lamentation. In contrast, "joy" is "שִׂמְחָה" (simchah), a term that conveys gladness and celebration. This change signifies a divine reversal of fortune, a hallmark of God's redemptive work. The month referred to is Adar, the twelfth month in the Jewish calendar, which became a time of national celebration and remembrance of God's faithfulness.

and their mourning into a day of celebration
"Mourning" in Hebrew is "אֵבֶל" (evel), similar to "sorrow," indicating a period of grief and lament. The "day of celebration" is a translation of "יוֹם טוֹב" (yom tov), meaning a good or festive day. This transformation underscores the theme of redemption and hope, as God turns despair into rejoicing. The historical context is the Jewish people's deliverance from Haman's plot, which is celebrated annually as the festival of Purim. This celebration is a reminder of God's sovereignty and His ability to bring about justice and joy from situations of deep distress.

These were to be days of feasting, joy
"Feasting" is derived from the Hebrew "מִשְׁתֶּה" (mishteh), which refers to a banquet or festive meal. Feasting is a common biblical expression of joy and gratitude, often associated with God's blessings and provision. "Joy" here reiterates the Hebrew "שִׂמְחָה" (simchah), emphasizing the communal and exuberant nature of the celebration. The days of feasting and joy are not only a response to deliverance but also an act of worship and thanksgiving to God for His miraculous intervention.

and sending portions of food to one another and to the poor
The practice of "sending portions" is rooted in the Hebrew "מִשְׁלוֹחַ מָנוֹת" (mishloach manot), which involves giving gifts of food. This tradition fosters community, generosity, and unity among the Jewish people. The inclusion of "the poor" highlights the biblical mandate to care for the less fortunate, a principle deeply embedded in Jewish law and Christian teaching. This act of charity and kindness reflects God's heart for justice and compassion, reminding believers of their responsibility to love and serve others, especially those in need.

So the Jews agreed
This phrase indicates a collective decision and unity among the Jewish people. The Hebrew root for "agreed" is "קָבַל" (qabal), which means to accept or receive. This reflects a communal acceptance and a harmonious decision-making process. Historically, this agreement signifies the Jewish people's resilience and solidarity in the face of adversity. It is a testament to their faith and trust in God's providence, as they come together to commemorate their deliverance.

to continue the custom
The word "custom" in Hebrew is "מִנְהָג" (minhag), which refers to a practice or tradition that is established over time. This highlights the importance of tradition in maintaining cultural and religious identity. The continuation of this custom underscores the significance of remembering God's deliverance and the importance of passing down these accounts to future generations. It serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness and the importance of gratitude and remembrance in the life of faith.

they had begun
This phrase suggests that the Jews had already initiated this practice before formalizing it. The Hebrew root "הֵחֵל" (hechel) means to begin or to start. This indicates a proactive approach by the Jewish people in commemorating their deliverance. It reflects their eagerness to honor God and to ensure that the memory of their salvation is preserved. This beginning is a spontaneous response to God's intervention, showing their immediate gratitude and recognition of His hand in their lives.

as Mordecai had written to them
Mordecai, a central figure in the Book of Esther, is instrumental in the establishment of this custom. The act of writing, "כָּתַב" (katav), signifies the formalization and documentation of the practice. Mordecai's role as a leader and his wisdom in guiding the Jewish people are evident here. His written instructions ensure that the celebration of Purim is not only a temporary observance but a lasting tradition. This highlights the importance of godly leadership and the impact of wise counsel in guiding a community in faithfulness to God.

For Haman son of Hammedatha the Agagite
This phrase introduces Haman, a central antagonist in the Book of Esther. The identification of Haman as "the Agagite" is significant. Historically, Agag was a king of the Amalekites, a people who were long-standing enemies of Israel (1 Samuel 15). The Amalekites' enmity with Israel dates back to the Exodus, when they attacked the Israelites. By calling Haman an Agagite, the text connects him to this historical enmity, emphasizing the deep-rooted hostility between Haman and the Jewish people. This lineage suggests a continuation of the ancient conflict, highlighting the spiritual and historical battle between God's people and their adversaries.

the enemy of all the Jews
This phrase underscores the extent of Haman's animosity. He is not merely an enemy of Mordecai, who refused to bow to him, but of "all the Jews." This collective enmity reflects the broader spiritual warfare against God's chosen people. In a conservative Christian perspective, this can be seen as a representation of the ongoing struggle between good and evil, where God's people face opposition from those who stand against His purposes.

had plotted against the Jews to destroy them
The word "plotted" indicates a deliberate and malicious intent. Haman's plan was not a spontaneous act of anger but a calculated scheme to annihilate the Jewish people. This reflects the nature of evil as intentional and strategic. The desire "to destroy them" echoes the ultimate aim of evil forces throughout biblical history—to thwart God's plans by attacking His people. This serves as a reminder of the vigilance required by believers to stand firm against such schemes.

and had cast the Pur (that is, the lot)
The casting of "Pur" or "lot" was an ancient practice used to make decisions or determine fate. In this context, it was used by Haman to choose the date for the planned destruction of the Jews. The use of lots suggests a reliance on chance or fate, contrasting with the biblical theme of divine providence. While Haman sought to use chance to execute his evil plan, the narrative of Esther reveals God's sovereign control over events, turning what was meant for harm into deliverance for His people.

to crush and destroy them
The repetition of the intent "to crush and destroy" emphasizes the severity and totality of Haman's plan. This language conveys not just physical destruction but an attempt to obliterate the Jewish identity and heritage. In a broader theological context, this reflects the enemy's desire to eradicate God's covenant people and, by extension, His redemptive plan for humanity. However, the account of Esther ultimately demonstrates God's faithfulness and protection, ensuring the survival and flourishing of His people despite such threats.

But when it came before the king
This phrase indicates a pivotal moment of intervention. The "it" refers to the plea or situation concerning the Jews, which was brought to the attention of King Ahasuerus. In the Hebrew context, the king's role is crucial as he holds the power to reverse or uphold decrees. Historically, Persian kings were seen as ultimate authorities, and their decisions were often viewed as divinely influenced. This highlights the providential timing and divine orchestration in the narrative, where God’s unseen hand guides the events to protect His people.

he commanded by letter
The use of a "letter" signifies the formal and authoritative nature of the king's decree. In ancient Persia, written decrees were binding and irrevocable, emphasizing the seriousness and permanence of the king's command. The Hebrew word for "letter" (אִגֶּרֶת, iggeret) underscores the official communication method in the Persian Empire, reflecting the administrative sophistication of the time. This also illustrates the theme of reversal, as the same medium used to plot the Jews' destruction is now used for their deliverance.

that the wicked scheme Haman had devised
The "wicked scheme" refers to Haman's plot to annihilate the Jewish people. The Hebrew word for "wicked" (רָעָה, ra'ah) conveys not just evil intent but also moral corruption. Haman's plan was not merely a political maneuver but an embodiment of deep-seated malice against God's chosen people. This phrase serves as a reminder of the spiritual battle between good and evil, and the ultimate triumph of righteousness over wickedness.

against the Jews
The Jews, God's covenant people, are central to this narrative. Historically, they have faced numerous threats, yet God's faithfulness to His promises remains steadfast. The mention of "the Jews" here is a testament to their identity and survival against overwhelming odds. It also reflects the broader biblical theme of God's protection and deliverance of His people throughout history.

should return on his own head
This phrase captures the biblical principle of poetic justice, where the evil intended for others comes back upon the perpetrator. The Hebrew concept of retribution is evident here, aligning with Proverbs 26:27, "Whoever digs a pit will fall into it." This serves as a moral lesson on the consequences of sin and the justice of God, who ensures that evil does not go unpunished.

and that he and his sons should be hanged on the gallows
The "gallows" (עֵץ, etz) were likely a wooden structure used for execution, possibly a pole or a stake. The execution of Haman and his sons signifies the complete eradication of the threat against the Jews. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the death of one's sons alongside the perpetrator was seen as a total judgment, ensuring the end of a family line. This act of justice not only removes the immediate danger but also serves as a deterrent to future adversaries. It underscores the theme of divine justice and the protection of God's people, reinforcing the idea that those who oppose God's plans will ultimately face His judgment.

Therefore these days
This phrase refers to the specific days that were set apart to commemorate the deliverance of the Jewish people from their enemies. In the Hebrew context, "days" (יָמִים, yamim) often signifies appointed times or seasons, which are significant in Jewish tradition for remembrance and celebration. The establishment of these days underscores the importance of remembering God's providence and intervention in history.

were called Purim
The name "Purim" is derived from the word "Pur," which means "lot" in Persian. This is a direct reference to the lots cast by Haman to determine the day on which to annihilate the Jews (Esther 3:7). The transformation of a day of potential destruction into a day of celebration highlights God's sovereignty and the reversal of human plans through divine intervention. The naming of the festival serves as a perpetual reminder of God's deliverance.

from the word Pur
The use of "Pur" emphasizes the randomness of the lots cast by Haman, which were intended to bring about the destruction of the Jews. However, in a divine twist, what was meant for evil was turned to good. This reflects the biblical theme found in Genesis 50:20, where Joseph tells his brothers, "You intended to harm me, but God intended it for good." The casting of lots, a common practice in ancient times, is shown to be under God's control.

Because of everything written in this letter
The "letter" refers to the edict sent out by Mordecai and Esther to establish the observance of Purim (Esther 9:20-22). This written record was crucial for ensuring that the memory of these events would be preserved for future generations. In the ancient Near East, written documents were authoritative and served as a means to formalize and legitimize practices and traditions.

and because of what they had seen
This phrase highlights the eyewitness nature of the events. The Jewish people had personally experienced the threat of annihilation and the subsequent deliverance. Their firsthand experience added weight to the observance of Purim, as it was not merely a tradition handed down but a lived reality. This personal testimony is a powerful aspect of faith, as seen throughout Scripture.

and what had happened to them
The phrase underscores the historical reality of the events. The Jews were not only witnesses but also participants in the unfolding of God's plan. This involvement in God's redemptive history is a recurring theme in the Bible, where God's people are called to remember and recount His mighty acts. The celebration of Purim serves as a testament to God's faithfulness and the fulfillment of His promises.

the Jews established
The Hebrew word for "established" is "קִיֵּם" (kiyem), which conveys the idea of confirming or making something firm. In the context of Esther, this reflects the Jewish community's determination to solidify the observance of Purim as a perpetual celebration. Historically, this act of establishment signifies a collective commitment to remember and honor God's deliverance, emphasizing the importance of communal memory in Jewish tradition.

and agreed upon themselves
The phrase "agreed upon" comes from the Hebrew "קִבֵּל" (qibel), meaning to accept or receive. This indicates a mutual consensus among the Jews, highlighting the unity and shared purpose within the community. It underscores the importance of collective decision-making in maintaining cultural and religious practices, a theme prevalent throughout Jewish history.

and their descendants
The inclusion of "descendants" (Hebrew: "זֶרַע" - zera) emphasizes the transgenerational aspect of the Purim celebration. It reflects the biblical principle of passing down faith and traditions to future generations, ensuring that the memory of God's deliverance remains alive. This mirrors the broader biblical narrative of covenantal continuity from one generation to the next.

and all who join them
This phrase opens the observance to "all who join them," indicating inclusivity. The Hebrew word "נִלְוִים" (nilvim) suggests those who align themselves with the Jewish people, possibly converts or allies. This inclusivity reflects the universal appeal of God's deliverance and the openness of the Jewish community to welcome others into their faith and celebrations.

that they should celebrate
The Hebrew root "עָשָׂה" (asah) for "celebrate" implies action and observance. It is not merely a passive remembrance but an active participation in the festivities. This highlights the importance of joy and gratitude in religious observance, encouraging believers to actively engage in commemorating God's acts of salvation.

the two days without fail
The phrase "without fail" underscores the importance of consistency and faithfulness in observance. The Hebrew "לֹא יַעֲבוֹר" (lo ya'avor) suggests an unbroken tradition, emphasizing the seriousness with which the Jews approached the celebration of Purim. This reflects a broader biblical theme of steadfastness in faith and practice.

according to their written instructions
The reference to "written instructions" (Hebrew: "כְּכָתוּב" - ke-katub) highlights the role of documentation in preserving religious practices. It underscores the importance of Scripture and written records in guiding and maintaining the faith community's traditions, ensuring accuracy and continuity.

and according to their appointed time each year
The phrase "appointed time" (Hebrew: "בְּכָל שָׁנָה וְשָׁנָה" - bechol shanah v'shanah) signifies a divinely ordained schedule, reflecting the biblical concept of sacred time. This annual observance ties the community to a rhythm of remembrance and celebration, reinforcing the cyclical nature of God's faithfulness and the importance of regular, intentional worship.

These days
The phrase "These days" refers specifically to the days of Purim, a Jewish festival commemorating the deliverance of the Jewish people from Haman's plot to annihilate them, as recorded in the Book of Esther. The Hebrew word for "days" is "yāmîm," which often signifies not just a literal day but a period of time marked by significant events. In this context, it underscores the importance of these days as a time of divine intervention and communal celebration.

should be remembered
The Hebrew root for "remembered" is "zākar," which implies more than mere recollection; it involves an active commemoration and acknowledgment of God's providence and faithfulness. This remembrance is a call to keep the account alive, ensuring that the lessons and miracles of the past continue to inspire and guide future generations.

and celebrated
The word "celebrated" comes from the Hebrew "ʿāśâ," meaning to do or make. It suggests an active participation in festivities, highlighting the joy and gratitude that should accompany the remembrance of God's deliverance. This celebration is not just a passive acknowledgment but a vibrant, communal expression of faith and thanksgiving.

by every generation
"Every generation" emphasizes the perpetual nature of this observance. The Hebrew term "dôr" for generation indicates a continuous line of descendants. This phrase underscores the responsibility of each generation to pass down the account and significance of Purim, ensuring that the faith and identity of the Jewish people remain strong and unbroken.

every family
The inclusion of "every family" highlights the intimate and personal nature of the celebration. The Hebrew word "mišpāḥâ" for family signifies a household or clan, suggesting that the observance of Purim is not just a communal or national event but one that should be deeply rooted in the family unit, fostering unity and shared faith.

every province
"Every province" refers to the widespread nature of the Jewish diaspora at the time. The Hebrew "medînâ" indicates a jurisdiction or region, reflecting the vast reach of the Persian Empire. This phrase underscores the inclusivity of the celebration, uniting Jews across diverse regions in a shared history and faith.

and every city
The mention of "every city" further emphasizes the widespread observance of Purim. The Hebrew "ʿîr" for city suggests a populated area, indicating that the celebration should permeate all levels of society, from rural areas to urban centers, ensuring that the memory of deliverance is universally acknowledged.

so that these days of Purim
The specific mention of "these days of Purim" ties the observance directly to the historical events recorded in Esther. "Purim" comes from the word "pur," meaning lot, referring to the lots cast by Haman to determine the day of the Jews' destruction. This phrase serves as a reminder of the reversal of fate orchestrated by God, turning a day of potential doom into one of triumph.

should not fail
The phrase "should not fail" uses the Hebrew "ʿābar," meaning to pass or cease. It conveys the idea that the observance of Purim should never be neglected or forgotten. This is a call to vigilance in maintaining the traditions and accounts that define the Jewish faith and identity.

from among the Jews
"From among the Jews" specifies the primary custodians of this tradition. The Hebrew "Yehûdîm" for Jews identifies the ethnic and religious group responsible for preserving and perpetuating the memory of Purim, highlighting their unique covenant relationship with God.

nor the memory of them perish
The phrase "nor the memory of them perish" uses the Hebrew "šākah," meaning to forget or be forgotten. This is a strong admonition against allowing the significance of Purim to fade into obscurity. It underscores the importance of active remembrance and teaching to ensure that the lessons of the past continue to inform and inspire.

among their descendants
Finally, "among their descendants" emphasizes the generational transmission of faith and tradition. The Hebrew "zeraʿ" for descendants signifies seed or offspring, highlighting the continuity of the Jewish people and their responsibility to instill the values and accounts of Purim in future generations, ensuring that the legacy of God's deliverance endures.

Then Queen Esther
The mention of "Queen Esther" highlights her elevated status and authority within the Persian Empire. Esther, originally a Jewish orphan named Hadassah, rose to prominence as queen, which is a testament to God's providence and the fulfillment of His plans through unexpected means. Her position as queen is crucial, as it allows her to influence the king and protect her people. The Hebrew root for "Esther" is related to the word "hidden," which is fitting given the hidden nature of God's work throughout the book.

daughter of Abihail
This phrase serves to remind readers of Esther's Jewish heritage and lineage. "Abihail" means "my father is might" in Hebrew, which underscores the strength and faith of Esther's family background. It is a subtle reminder of the divine strength and support that undergirds Esther's actions and decisions.

along with Mordecai the Jew
Mordecai's identification as "the Jew" emphasizes his role as a representative of the Jewish people. His partnership with Esther in this endeavor highlights the unity and collaboration necessary for the survival and success of their people. Historically, Mordecai's rise to power as second in command to the king is a remarkable reversal of fortune, showcasing God's ability to elevate the humble and faithful.

wrote with full authority
The phrase "with full authority" indicates the legal and binding nature of the decree. In the Persian Empire, once a decree was written and sealed with the king's signet ring, it could not be revoked. This underscores the seriousness and permanence of the actions taken by Esther and Mordecai. The authority they wield is not just political but divinely orchestrated, as God works through them to ensure the safety of His people.

to confirm this second letter about Purim
The "second letter" refers to the additional communication needed to establish the celebration of Purim as an enduring festival. Purim commemorates the deliverance of the Jews from Haman's plot to annihilate them. The historical context of Purim is significant, as it marks a time of great joy and relief for the Jewish people, transforming a period of mourning into one of celebration. The establishment of Purim as a perpetual observance serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness and deliverance, encouraging future generations to remember and celebrate His providence and protection.

And Mordecai sent letters
Mordecai, a central figure in the Book of Esther, is depicted here as a leader and communicator. The act of sending letters signifies the importance of written communication in the ancient world, especially in a vast empire like that of Xerxes. The Hebrew root for "letters" (אִגֶּרֶת, iggeret) indicates a formal document, often used for official decrees. This highlights Mordecai's authority and the gravity of the message being conveyed. Historically, the use of letters was crucial for maintaining order and communication across the expansive Persian Empire.

with words of peace and truth
The phrase "words of peace and truth" reflects the dual nature of the message Mordecai intended to convey. "Peace" (שָׁלוֹם, shalom) in Hebrew encompasses not just the absence of conflict but a sense of completeness and well-being. "Truth" (אֱמֶת, emet) signifies reliability and faithfulness. Together, these words suggest a message meant to reassure and stabilize the Jewish community after the tumultuous events they had faced. From a scriptural perspective, peace and truth are often linked with God's covenantal promises, indicating that Mordecai's message was not only political but also spiritual, reminding the Jews of God's faithfulness.

to all the Jews
This phrase underscores the inclusivity of Mordecai's message. The Jewish people, scattered throughout the 127 provinces, were diverse in their experiences and challenges. By addressing "all the Jews," Mordecai ensures that no one is left out, emphasizing unity and collective identity. This reflects the biblical theme of the Jewish people as a chosen nation, bound together by their faith and heritage, regardless of geographical dispersion.

in the 127 provinces
The mention of "127 provinces" highlights the vastness of the Persian Empire, which stretched from India to Ethiopia. This detail not only provides historical context but also underscores the miraculous nature of the Jewish survival and victory over their enemies. The number 127, while specific, also symbolizes completeness and the extensive reach of Mordecai's influence and the Jewish community's presence within the empire.

of the kingdom of Xerxes
Xerxes, known in Hebrew as Ahasuerus, was the king of Persia during this period. His kingdom was one of the largest empires in ancient history. The reference to "the kingdom of Xerxes" situates the events of Esther within a specific historical and political context. It reminds readers of the power dynamics at play and the remarkable nature of the Jews' deliverance, which occurred under the reign of a foreign king. This serves as a testament to God's sovereignty and providence, working through human history to protect and preserve His people.

in order to establish
The phrase "in order to establish" indicates a deliberate and purposeful action. The Hebrew root word here is "קוּם" (qum), which means to arise, stand, or confirm. This suggests a sense of permanence and authority in the actions being taken. Historically, the establishment of Purim was not just a temporary measure but a lasting ordinance for the Jewish people, signifying the importance of remembering God's deliverance.

these days of Purim
"Purim" comes from the Hebrew word "פּוּר" (pur), meaning "lot." The festival commemorates the deliverance of the Jewish people from Haman's plot, as recorded in the Book of Esther. The casting of lots was a method used by Haman to determine the date for the annihilation of the Jews, but God turned it into a day of victory. This highlights the theme of divine providence and reversal of fortune.

at their appointed times
The phrase "at their appointed times" underscores the importance of observing these days annually. The Hebrew word "מוֹעֵד" (moed) refers to a set time or season, often used in the context of religious festivals. This indicates that Purim was to be celebrated with regularity and precision, ensuring that the memory of God's intervention would be preserved through generations.

just as Mordecai the Jew and Queen Esther had decreed
This phrase emphasizes the authority and leadership of Mordecai and Esther. Mordecai, a Jew who rose to prominence in the Persian Empire, and Esther, the Jewish queen, were instrumental in the salvation of their people. Their decree carries weight because it is rooted in their God-given positions and experiences. It reflects the biblical principle that God raises leaders to fulfill His purposes.

for them, and as they had established for themselves and their descendants
The inclusion of "for themselves and their descendants" highlights the communal and generational aspect of the decree. The Hebrew concept of "זֶרַע" (zera), meaning seed or offspring, underscores the importance of passing down faith and traditions. This ensures that future generations understand and appreciate their heritage and God's faithfulness.

the matters of their fasting and lamentations
Fasting and lamentations were integral to the Jewish response to the threat they faced. The Hebrew word for fasting, "צוֹם" (tsom), and lamentations, "מִסְפֵּד" (misped), indicate a period of mourning and seeking God's intervention. These practices reflect a deep spiritual discipline and reliance on God, acknowledging human frailty and divine sovereignty. The inclusion of these practices in the observance of Purim serves as a reminder of the humility and repentance that precede deliverance.

So Esther’s decree
The word "decree" in this context refers to an official order issued by a person in authority. In the Hebrew text, the word used is "dath," which signifies a law or edict. Esther, a Jewish queen in a foreign land, uses her position to establish a lasting ordinance for her people. This highlights the providential role she plays in the survival and celebration of the Jewish people. Her decree is not just a temporary measure but a binding command that carries the weight of royal authority, underscoring the theme of divine sovereignty working through human agency.

confirmed these regulations
The term "confirmed" suggests the act of making something valid or binding. In Hebrew, the word "quwm" is often used, meaning to establish or uphold. Esther's actions here are not merely ceremonial; they are a formal ratification of the practices associated with Purim. This confirmation ensures that the Jewish people will remember and celebrate their deliverance annually. It speaks to the importance of remembrance in the Jewish faith, where historical events are commemorated to reinforce identity and faith.

about Purim
Purim is derived from the word "pur," meaning "lot," referring to the lots cast by Haman to determine the day of the Jews' destruction. Instead, it becomes a day of celebration and deliverance. The festival of Purim is a testament to God's providence and reversal of fortune, where what was intended for harm is turned into a cause for joy. This highlights a recurring biblical theme: God’s ability to turn evil intentions into good outcomes for His people.

and it was written into the record
The act of writing "into the record" signifies the importance of documentation and the permanence of the decree. In ancient times, written records were crucial for the preservation of laws and traditions. The Hebrew word "kathab" means to inscribe or record, emphasizing the enduring nature of Esther's decree. This written record ensures that future generations will continue to observe Purim, maintaining the collective memory of God's deliverance. It underscores the biblical principle of passing down faith and history through written testimony, ensuring that God's acts are not forgotten.