Now King Xerxes
The mention of "King Xerxes" refers to the Persian king known historically as Xerxes I, who reigned from 486 to 465 BC. In Hebrew, he is referred to as Ahasuerus. His reign is marked by significant historical events, including the Greco-Persian Wars. Xerxes is a central figure in the Book of Esther, and his decisions and actions are pivotal to the narrative. From a conservative Christian perspective, Xerxes' role in the account of Esther highlights God's sovereignty and providence, using even pagan rulers to fulfill His divine purposes.

imposed tribute
The phrase "imposed tribute" indicates a form of taxation or levy placed upon the people. In the ancient Near Eastern context, tribute was often a sign of dominance and control, reflecting the king's authority over his subjects. This act of imposing tribute by Xerxes can be seen as a demonstration of his power and the extent of his empire. In the biblical narrative, it serves as a reminder of the temporal nature of earthly kingdoms and the ultimate authority of God over all nations.

throughout the land
The phrase "throughout the land" signifies the vastness of Xerxes' empire, which stretched from India to Ethiopia, encompassing a multitude of peoples and cultures. This extensive reach underscores the historical reality of the Persian Empire's dominance during this period. For the Jewish people living in exile, this vast empire was both a place of danger and divine opportunity, as seen in the account of Esther. It reminds believers of God's ability to work through vast and complex systems to achieve His purposes.

even to its farthest shores
The expression "even to its farthest shores" emphasizes the comprehensive nature of Xerxes' rule and the extent of his influence. It suggests that his authority reached the most distant parts of his empire, highlighting the logistical and administrative capabilities of the Persian administration. From a theological perspective, this phrase can inspire believers to reflect on the omnipresence and omnipotence of God, whose reach and influence extend beyond any earthly ruler, encompassing the entire creation.

And all the acts of his authority and might
This phrase highlights the comprehensive nature of King Ahasuerus's reign, emphasizing both his "authority" and "might." The Hebrew word for "authority" (שָׁלְטָן, sholtan) conveys a sense of dominion and governance, reflecting the king's power to rule and make decisions. "Might" (גְּבוּרָה, geburah) refers to strength and valor, often associated with military prowess and the ability to enforce one's will. Historically, the Persian Empire was known for its vast expanse and military strength, which allowed it to maintain control over a diverse and widespread population. This phrase sets the stage for understanding the context in which Mordecai's rise to prominence occurs, underlining the significance of his achievements within such a powerful empire.

along with the full account of the greatness of Mordecai
The "full account" suggests a detailed and comprehensive record, indicating that Mordecai's deeds were significant enough to be meticulously documented. The "greatness of Mordecai" (מָרְדֳּכַי, Mordekhai) is a testament to his character and accomplishments. In the Hebrew context, "greatness" (גְּדוּלָּה, gedulah) implies not only prominence and influence but also moral and spiritual stature. Mordecai's greatness is not merely in his political position but also in his faithfulness to God and his people. This aligns with the broader biblical narrative where true greatness is often associated with righteousness and service to others.

whom the king had promoted
This phrase underscores the divine providence at work in Mordecai's life. The promotion by the king (מֶלֶךְ, melek) is a pivotal moment, reflecting the biblical theme of God elevating the humble and faithful. The Hebrew root for "promoted" (גָּדַל, gadal) means to make great or to magnify, suggesting that Mordecai's rise was not just a matter of human decision but part of a divine plan. In the historical context of the Persian Empire, such a promotion would have been rare for a Jew, highlighting the extraordinary nature of Mordecai's ascent and the favor he found in the eyes of the king.

are they not written in the Book of the Chronicles of the kings of Media and Persia?
This rhetorical question emphasizes the authenticity and historical veracity of the events described. The "Book of the Chronicles" (סֵפֶר דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים, sefer divrei hayamim) was a record of significant events and acts of the kings, akin to royal annals. The mention of "Media and Persia" (מָדַי וּפָרַס, Madai uParas) situates the narrative within a specific historical and geopolitical context, underscoring the vastness and diversity of the empire. This reference serves to remind readers of the enduring impact of Mordecai's actions, as they were deemed worthy of inclusion in the official records of one of history's greatest empires. It also reflects the biblical theme of God's people being remembered and honored in the annals of history, affirming the lasting legacy of faithfulness and courage.

For Mordecai the Jew
The phrase highlights Mordecai's identity and heritage, emphasizing his Jewish roots. In the Hebrew text, "Mordecai" is derived from the name "Marduk," a Babylonian deity, which may indicate the cultural assimilation of Jews in exile. Despite this, Mordecai's identity as "the Jew" underscores his steadfastness in faith and commitment to his people, serving as a reminder of God's providence in preserving His chosen people even in foreign lands.

was second only to King Xerxes
This phrase indicates Mordecai's elevated position in the Persian Empire, second in command to King Xerxes (also known as Ahasuerus). Historically, this reflects the political structure of the Persian court, where a vizier or prime minister held significant power. Mordecai's rise to such a position is a testament to God's sovereignty and ability to elevate His faithful servants to places of influence, reminiscent of Joseph's rise in Egypt.

preeminent among the Jews
The term "preeminent" signifies Mordecai's leadership and respect among his people. In Hebrew, the word used conveys a sense of greatness and authority. Mordecai's preeminence is not just a result of his position but also his character and actions, which align with God's purposes. This serves as an encouragement for believers to seek godly leadership and to honor those who lead with integrity and righteousness.

and held in high esteem by his many fellow Jews
This phrase highlights the respect and admiration Mordecai received from his community. The Hebrew root for "held in high esteem" suggests honor and reverence. Mordecai's esteem among the Jews was not merely due to his political power but because of his genuine concern for their welfare. It reflects the biblical principle that true leadership is marked by service and selflessness.

because he worked for the good of his people
Mordecai's actions were motivated by a desire to benefit his people, reflecting the biblical call to love and serve others. The Hebrew word for "worked" implies diligent effort and commitment. Mordecai's dedication to the welfare of the Jews exemplifies the Christian call to seek the common good and to be agents of God's love and justice in the world.

and spoke up for the welfare of all the Jews
This phrase underscores Mordecai's role as an advocate and protector. The Hebrew root for "spoke up" conveys the idea of intercession and defense. Mordecai's advocacy for his people is a powerful reminder of the importance of standing up for justice and righteousness. It also foreshadows the ultimate advocacy of Christ, who intercedes on behalf of humanity before God. Mordecai's example inspires believers to be bold in speaking truth and defending the oppressed.