At that time
This phrase situates the event within a specific historical context. The Israelites had just experienced God's miraculous provision of water from the rock at Horeb. The timing underscores a recurring biblical theme: spiritual victories are often followed by challenges. This serves as a reminder that believers should remain vigilant and reliant on God, even after experiencing His blessings.

the Amalekites
The Amalekites were a nomadic tribe descended from Esau, as noted in Genesis 36:12. Historically, they were known for their guerrilla warfare tactics and hostility towards Israel. Their attack on the Israelites is significant as it represents the ongoing spiritual and physical battles God's people face. The Amalekites symbolize opposition to God's purposes, and their actions foreshadow the perpetual struggle between good and evil.

came and attacked
The Hebrew root for "attacked" (נָשַׁק, nashaq) implies a sudden and aggressive assault. This was not a formal declaration of war but a surprise attack, highlighting the Amalekites' treachery. Spiritually, this reflects how believers can face unexpected challenges and temptations. It emphasizes the need for constant spiritual readiness and dependence on God's strength.

the Israelites
The Israelites, God's chosen people, were on their journey from slavery in Egypt to the Promised Land. This journey is symbolic of the Christian life, moving from bondage to freedom in Christ. The attack on the Israelites serves as a reminder that the path to spiritual maturity is fraught with trials, and believers must trust in God's guidance and protection.

at Rephidim
Rephidim, meaning "resting places," was a location in the desert where the Israelites camped. Ironically, it was here, at a place of supposed rest, that they faced conflict. This juxtaposition highlights the reality that even in times of rest, believers must be prepared for spiritual warfare. Rephidim serves as a metaphor for the Christian life, where peace and conflict often coexist, and reliance on God is essential for victory.

(8) Then came Amalek.--The Amalekites had not been previously (except in the anticipatory notice of Genesis 14:7) mentioned as a nation. Their name marks them for descendants of Amalek, the grandson of Esau (Genesis 36:12; Genesis 36:16); and it would seem that they early became the predominant people in the Sinaitic peninsula. Balaam speaks of them as "the first of the nations" (Numbers 24:20); and though we do lot meet with the name in the Egyptian records, yet it is probable that they were among the hostile nations whom we find constantly contending with the Egyptians upon their north-eastern frontier. Though Edomitesn they are always regarded as a distinct race, and one especially hostile to Israel (Exodus 17:16). Their present hostility was not altogether unprovoked. No doubt they regarded the Sinaitic region as their own, and as the most valuable portion of their territory, since it contained their summer and autumn pastures. During their absence in its more northern portion, where there was pasture for their flocks after the spring rains, a swarm of emigrants had occupied some of their best lands, and threatened to seize the remainder. Naturally, they would resent the occupation. They would not understand that it was only temporary. They would regard the Israelites as intruders, robbers, persons entitled to scant favour at their hands. Accordingly, they swooped upon them without mercy, attacked their rear as they were upon the march, cut off their stragglers, and slew many that were "feeble, faint, and weary" (Deuteronomy 25:17-18). They then encamped in their neighbourhood, with the design of renewing the struggle on the next day. It was under these circumstances that Moses had to make his arrangements. . . . Verses 8-16. - THE WAR WITH AMALEK. The Amalekites seem to have been descendants of Amalek, the grandson of Esau (Genesis 36:12). They separated themselves off from the other Edomites at an early date, and became the predominant tribe in the more northern parts of the Sinaitic peninsula, claiming and exercising a sovereignty over the whole of the desert country between the borders of Palestine and Egypt. We do not find the name Amalek in the Egyptian records; but the people are probably represented by the Mentu, with whom so many of the early Egyptian kings contended. The Pharaohs dispossessed them of the north-western portion of the mountain region; but they probably claimed the suzerainty of the central hills and valleys, which the Egyptians never occupied; and on these they no doubt set a high value as affording water and pasture for their flocks during the height of summer. When the Israelites pressed forward into these parts, the Amale-kites, in spite of the fact that they were a kindred race, determined on giving them battle. They began by "insidiously attacking the rear of the Hebrew army, when it was exhausted and weary" (Deuteronomy 25:18). I-laving cut off many stragglers, they attacked the main body at Rephidim, in the Wady-Feiran, and fought the long battle which the text describes (vers. 10-13). The result was the complete discomfiture of the assailants, who thenceforth avoided all contact with Israel until attacked in their turn at the southern frontier of Canaan, when, in conjunction with the Canaanites, they were victorious (Numbers 14:45). A bitter and long continued enmity followed. Amalek, "the first of the nations" to attack Israel (Exodus 24:20), was pursued with unrelenting hostility (Deuteronomy 25:17-19), defeated repeatedly by Saul and David (1 Samuel 14:48; 1 Samuel 15:7; 1 Samuel 27:8; 1 Samuel 30:17; 2 Samuel 8:12); the last remnant of the nation being finally destroyed by the Simeonites in the reign of king Hezekiah, as related by the author of Chronicles (1 Chronicles 4:41-43). Verse 8. - Then came Amalek. The bulk of the Amalekites would have been passing the spring in the lower plains, where herbage is abundant after the early rains, while later in the year it dries up. They would hear of the threatened occupation of their precious summer pastures by the vast host of the Hebrews, and would seek to prevent it by blocking the way. Hence they are said to have "come" - i.e., to have marched into a position where they were not previously, though it was one situated within their country. We must remember that they were nomads. And fought with Israel For the nature of the fighting on the first day, see Deuteronomy 25:18; by which it appears that the original attack was made on the rear of the long column, and was successful. The Amalekites "smote the hindmost" of the Israelites, "even all that were feeble behind them, when they were faint and weary."

Parallel Commentaries ...


After this, the Amalekites
עֲמָלֵ֑ק (‘ă·mā·lêq)
Noun - proper - masculine singular
Strong's 6002: Amalek -- a descendant of Esau, also his posterity

came
וַיָּבֹ֖א (way·yā·ḇō)
Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Consecutive imperfect - third person masculine singular
Strong's 935: To come in, come, go in, go

and attacked
וַיִּלָּ֥חֶם (way·yil·lā·ḥem)
Conjunctive waw | Verb - Nifal - Consecutive imperfect - third person masculine singular
Strong's 3898: To feed on, to consume, to battle

the Israelites
יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל (yiś·rā·’êl)
Noun - proper - masculine singular
Strong's 3478: Israel -- 'God strives', another name of Jacob and his desc

at Rephidim.
בִּרְפִידִֽם׃ (bir·p̄î·ḏim)
Preposition-b | Noun - proper - feminine singular
Strong's 7508: Rephidim -- a place in the desert


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OT Law: Exodus 17:8 Then Amalek came and fought with Israel (Exo. Ex)