And in the first year
The phrase "in the first year" situates the events within a specific historical context, marking a new beginning under a new ruler. The first year of a king's reign was often seen as a time of establishing authority and setting the tone for future governance. This temporal marker emphasizes the immediacy and importance of the actions that follow, suggesting a divine orchestration at the onset of Darius's rule.

of Darius the Mede
"Darius the Mede" is a figure of significant historical and theological interest. Historically, Darius is often identified with a ruler who took control after the fall of Babylon, possibly a governor under Cyrus the Great. The term "Mede" connects him to the Medes, an ancient Iranian people, highlighting the shifting powers in the region. Theologically, Darius's reign represents a period where God's sovereignty is demonstrated through the rise and fall of empires, fulfilling prophecies and setting the stage for future events in the biblical narrative.

I stood up
The phrase "I stood up" conveys a sense of readiness and action. In the Hebrew context, standing up often implies taking a position of support or defense. This action signifies a proactive stance, suggesting that the speaker, traditionally understood to be the angelic messenger, is actively involved in the unfolding of God's plan. It reflects a commitment to divine purposes and the protection of God's people during times of political transition.

to strengthen
"To strengthen" indicates the purpose of the speaker's action. The Hebrew root for "strengthen" often implies fortifying or making firm. This suggests that the speaker's role is to provide divine support and encouragement, ensuring that Darius's rule aligns with God's overarching plan. It underscores the theme of divine intervention in human affairs, where God empowers leaders to fulfill His purposes.

and protect him
The phrase "and protect him" further elaborates on the supportive role of the speaker. Protection implies safeguarding against threats, both seen and unseen. In the biblical context, this protection is not merely physical but also spiritual, ensuring that the ruler can carry out his role without hindrance. This divine protection is a testament to God's faithfulness and His active involvement in guiding history according to His will.

And now I will tell you the truth
This phrase introduces a revelation of future events, emphasizing the certainty and divine origin of the message. The Hebrew word for "truth" is "emet," which conveys reliability and faithfulness. In the context of Daniel, this truth is not just factual but divinely ordained, underscoring God's sovereignty over history. The phrase sets the stage for a prophetic unveiling, inviting the reader to trust in God's ultimate plan.

Three more kings will arise in Persia
The mention of "three more kings" refers to the historical succession of Persian rulers following Cyrus the Great. These kings are Cambyses, Bardiya (or Smerdis), and Darius I. The historical accuracy of this prophecy is significant, as it demonstrates the Bible's alignment with known historical events. The Persian Empire was a dominant force, and its rulers played crucial roles in the unfolding of biblical history, particularly in relation to the Jewish people.

and then a fourth
The "fourth" king is identified as Xerxes I, known for his immense wealth and power. Xerxes' reign is well-documented in historical records, including his failed invasion of Greece. His prominence in the prophecy highlights the impact of his rule on the ancient world and sets the stage for the subsequent rise of Greece as a world power.

who will be far richer than all the others
Xerxes' wealth is legendary, and his opulence is recorded in various historical sources. The Hebrew word for "richer" is "ashir," indicating not just material wealth but also influence and power. This wealth enabled Xerxes to undertake massive military campaigns and construction projects, reflecting the grandeur and might of the Persian Empire at its height.

And when he has gained power by his wealth
The phrase underscores the connection between wealth and political power in ancient empires. Xerxes' ability to mobilize resources for war and governance illustrates the biblical theme of the transient nature of earthly power. Despite his wealth, Xerxes' ambitions ultimately led to overreach and decline, serving as a reminder of the limitations of human authority compared to divine sovereignty.

he will stir up everyone against the kingdom of Greece
This prophecy foreshadows the conflict between Persia and Greece, culminating in the famous battles of Thermopylae and Salamis. The phrase "stir up" suggests incitement and provocation, capturing the tension and animosity between these two great civilizations. The eventual Greek victory under leaders like Alexander the Great marks a pivotal shift in world history, aligning with the biblical narrative of empires rising and falling under God's providential hand.

Then a mighty king will arise
The phrase "mighty king" refers to a powerful and influential ruler. In the historical context, this is widely understood to be Alexander the Great, who rose to power swiftly and established a vast empire. The Hebrew word for "mighty" (גִּבּוֹר, gibbor) often denotes strength and valor, characteristics that Alexander exemplified through his military conquests. His rise was sudden and impactful, fulfilling the prophecy of a king who would emerge with significant power.

who will rule with great authority
The phrase "rule with great authority" indicates a dominion that is both extensive and commanding. Alexander's empire stretched from Greece to Egypt and as far east as India, showcasing the breadth of his control. The Hebrew root for "authority" (שָׁלִיט, shalit) implies a sovereign power that is unchallenged and absolute. This reflects the historical reality of Alexander's reign, where his decisions shaped the course of nations and cultures, aligning with the prophetic vision of a ruler with unparalleled influence.

and do as he pleases
This phrase suggests a ruler with the freedom to act according to his own will, without opposition. Alexander's campaigns were marked by his strategic genius and the ability to execute his plans without significant resistance. The Hebrew concept here (רָצוֹן, ratzon) conveys a sense of personal desire and volition, highlighting the autonomy Alexander had in his decisions. His ability to "do as he pleases" underscores the fulfillment of the prophecy, as he reshaped the ancient world according to his vision, leaving a legacy that would endure for centuries.

But as soon as he has arisen
This phrase refers to the sudden rise of a powerful leader. In the historical context, this is often associated with Alexander the Great, whose rapid ascent to power was unprecedented. The Hebrew root for "arisen" (קוּם, qum) implies standing up or establishing oneself, indicating a swift and decisive emergence. This can inspire believers to recognize the transient nature of earthly power and the importance of establishing oneself in faith and righteousness.

his empire will be broken up
The phrase signifies the fragmentation of a once-unified kingdom. Historically, after Alexander's death, his empire was divided among his generals, known as the Diadochi. The Hebrew word for "broken up" (שָׁבַר, shabar) conveys the idea of shattering or breaking into pieces. This serves as a reminder of the fragility of human endeavors and the ultimate sovereignty of God over the affairs of nations.

and parceled out to the four winds of heaven
This imagery of the "four winds" suggests a distribution in all directions, symbolizing the division of Alexander's empire into four major regions. The phrase "four winds" (אַרְבַּע רוּחוֹת, arba ruachot) is often used in Scripture to denote universality or completeness. It underscores the idea that human plans are subject to divine orchestration, and God's purposes encompass the entire world.

It will not go to his descendants
This indicates that the empire will not remain within Alexander's family line. Historically, his sons did not inherit the kingdom, which was instead divided among his generals. The Hebrew term for "descendants" (אַחֲרִית, acharit) can also mean "posterity" or "future generations." This highlights the biblical theme that earthly legacies are uncertain, and true inheritance is found in spiritual lineage.

nor will it have the power he exercised
The phrase points to the diminished authority of the divided kingdoms compared to the original empire. The Hebrew word for "power" (שָׁלִיט, shalit) implies dominion or control. This serves as a cautionary tale about the fleeting nature of worldly power and the enduring strength found in God's kingdom.

because his empire will be uprooted
The imagery of being "uprooted" suggests a complete removal or destruction. The Hebrew root (נָתַשׁ, natash) conveys the idea of pulling up by the roots, indicating a thorough and irreversible change. This can inspire believers to root themselves in the eternal truths of Scripture, which cannot be shaken or removed.

and given to others
This final phrase emphasizes the transfer of power to those outside the original lineage. It reflects the biblical principle that God raises and lowers leaders according to His will. The Hebrew word for "given" (נָתַן, natan) means to bestow or grant, reminding us that all authority ultimately comes from God and is entrusted to individuals for His purposes. This encourages believers to steward their God-given roles with humility and faithfulness.

The king of the South
This phrase refers to the ruler of Egypt, historically identified as Ptolemy I Soter, one of Alexander the Great's generals who took control of Egypt after Alexander's empire was divided. The "South" in the context of Daniel often refers to Egypt, which is geographically south of Israel. Theologically, this highlights the geopolitical significance of Egypt in biblical prophecy and its recurring role as a power player in the region.

will grow strong
The Hebrew root for "grow strong" is "חָזַק" (chazaq), which conveys the idea of becoming mighty or powerful. This suggests not only military strength but also political influence and stability. In a spiritual sense, it can remind believers of the importance of strength that is rooted in God's providence and purpose.

but one of his commanders
This phrase points to Seleucus I Nicator, another of Alexander's generals, who initially served under Ptolemy but later established his own rule over the Seleucid Empire. The term "commander" indicates a person of significant military capability and leadership. This historical context underscores the theme of shifting allegiances and the rise and fall of earthly powers, which are ultimately under God's sovereign control.

will grow even stronger than he
The phrase indicates a surpassing of power and influence. Seleucus I Nicator's empire eventually became larger and more powerful than that of Ptolemy's. This serves as a reminder of the transient nature of human power and the ultimate supremacy of God's kingdom, which is eternal and unshakeable.

and will rule his own kingdom
This highlights the establishment of the Seleucid Empire, which was one of the major Hellenistic states following the fragmentation of Alexander's empire. The notion of ruling one's own kingdom speaks to the divine allowance for human governance and the responsibility that comes with it. It also reflects the biblical theme of God raising and deposing kings according to His divine plan.

with great authority
The Hebrew word for "authority" is "שָׁלִיט" (shalit), which implies dominion and control. This authority is not just political but also carries a sense of legitimacy and recognized power. In a spiritual context, it serves as a reminder that all authority is ultimately derived from God, and those in positions of power are accountable to Him. This can inspire believers to trust in God's ultimate authority over all earthly rulers and kingdoms.

After some years
This phrase indicates a passage of time, suggesting a period of political maneuvering and shifting alliances. In the Hebrew text, the word for "years" (שָׁנִים, shanim) often signifies a significant duration, emphasizing the unfolding of God's sovereign plan over time. Historically, this refers to the period after the initial conflicts between the Ptolemaic and Seleucid empires, highlighting the ebb and flow of power as ordained by divine providence.

they will form an alliance
The Hebrew root for "alliance" (חָבַר, chabar) implies a joining or binding together, often used in the context of political or military agreements. This alliance is a strategic marriage between the Ptolemaic and Seleucid dynasties, reflecting the common ancient Near Eastern practice of using marriage to secure peace and political stability. It underscores the human tendency to seek security through earthly means rather than relying on divine guidance.

the daughter of the king of the South
This phrase refers to Berenice, the daughter of Ptolemy II of Egypt (the king of the South). The term "daughter" (בַּת, bat) in Hebrew not only denotes a biological relationship but also signifies a representative of her father's house and political interests. Berenice's role highlights the vulnerability and instrumentalization of women in ancient political strategies, serving as a reminder of the often harsh realities of historical power dynamics.

will go to the king of the North
The "king of the North" refers to Antiochus II of the Seleucid Empire. The Hebrew verb for "go" (בּוֹא, bo) suggests a purposeful journey or mission, indicating Berenice's role as a diplomatic envoy. This movement from South to North symbolizes the shifting centers of power and the transient nature of human alliances, which are ultimately subject to God's eternal kingdom.

to seal the agreement
The phrase "seal the agreement" (לַעֲשׂוֹת מֵישָׁרִים, la'asot mesharim) in Hebrew conveys the idea of making a covenant or treaty. The use of "seal" implies a formal and binding commitment, yet the subsequent narrative reveals the fragility of human promises. This serves as a theological reflection on the reliability of God's covenants compared to human agreements, which often fail due to sin and betrayal.

But she will not retain her power
The Hebrew word for "retain" (עָמַד, amad) means to stand or endure, indicating that Berenice's influence and position are temporary. This highlights the theme of the impermanence of earthly power and the futility of relying on human strength. It serves as a cautionary tale about the fleeting nature of political authority and the ultimate sovereignty of God over human affairs.

and his strength will not endure
The "strength" (כֹּחַ, koach) of the king of the North, Antiochus II, is similarly transient. The Hebrew verb for "endure" (עָמַד, amad) reiterates the idea of standing firm, yet here it underscores the inevitable decline of those who oppose God's will. This reflects the biblical principle that true strength and endurance come from aligning with God's purposes rather than pursuing worldly power.

In those days she will be betrayed
The phrase "in those days" (בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם, bayamim hahem) situates the events within a specific historical context, emphasizing the fulfillment of prophecy. The Hebrew root for "betrayed" (בָּגַד, bagad) conveys treachery and unfaithfulness, illustrating the moral decay and unreliability of human alliances. This betrayal serves as a poignant reminder of the need for faithfulness to God, who alone is trustworthy.

together with her royal escort and her father and the one who supported her
This part of the verse details the comprehensive nature of the betrayal, affecting not only Berenice but also her entourage and supporters. The Hebrew term for "royal escort" (זוֹרֵעַ, zorea) implies those who are sown or planted with her, indicating close associates or allies. The mention of her father and supporters highlights the widespread impact of political treachery, serving as a sobering reflection on the consequences of placing trust in human institutions rather than in God.

But one from her family line
This phrase refers to a descendant or relative of the "her" mentioned in the previous verses, which contextually refers to the daughter of the king of the South. The Hebrew word for "family line" is "נֵצֶר" (netser), which can mean a branch or a shoot, symbolizing a new growth or continuation of a lineage. This indicates a continuation of the familial line and suggests a divine orchestration in the rise of leaders, emphasizing God's sovereignty over dynastic successions.

will arise to take his place
The Hebrew verb "עָמַד" (amad) means to stand or arise, often used in the context of assuming a position of power or authority. This suggests a divinely appointed moment where this individual steps into a role of leadership or influence. The phrase implies a transition of power, highlighting the theme of God's providence in the rise and fall of leaders, as seen throughout the biblical narrative.

He will attack the forces of the king of the North
The "king of the North" historically refers to the Seleucid Empire, which was north of Israel. The Hebrew word for "attack" is "בּוֹא" (bo), meaning to come or go, often used in military contexts to describe an offensive action. This phrase indicates a proactive and aggressive move against the northern kingdom, symbolizing the ongoing conflict between the Ptolemaic and Seleucid empires. It reflects the broader biblical theme of conflict between earthly kingdoms and the ultimate triumph of God's purposes.

and enter his fortress
The term "fortress" in Hebrew is "מָעוֹז" (ma'oz), meaning a stronghold or place of protection. This suggests a strategic military action where the individual not only confronts but penetrates the defenses of the king of the North. The imagery of entering a fortress conveys a sense of victory and dominance, underscoring the idea that no earthly power can withstand the plans ordained by God.

he will fight against them and prevail
The Hebrew word for "fight" is "לָחַם" (lacham), which means to engage in battle or warfare. The term "prevail" is "חָזַק" (chazaq), meaning to be strong or to overcome. This phrase encapsulates the ultimate victory of this leader over his adversaries, reinforcing the biblical theme of divine empowerment and victory. It serves as a reminder of the assurance of God's support for those who are aligned with His purposes, encouraging believers to trust in God's strength in the face of opposition.

He will take even their gods captive to Egypt
This phrase refers to the historical practice of conquering nations seizing the deities of their enemies as a demonstration of superiority and divine favor. In the ancient Near Eastern context, gods were often represented by idols or images, and capturing these was seen as capturing the power and protection of the enemy nation. The Hebrew word for "gods" here is "אֱלֹהִים" (elohim), which can mean gods, judges, or rulers, depending on the context. The act of taking these gods to Egypt signifies a complete subjugation and humiliation of the conquered people, as their divine protectors are rendered powerless.

along with their metal images
The term "metal images" refers to idols crafted from precious metals, often used in worship and as symbols of wealth and power. The Hebrew word for "images" is "צֶלֶם" (tselem), which can mean likeness or idol. These metal images were not only religious symbols but also represented the economic and cultural wealth of a nation. By taking these images, the conqueror was stripping the defeated nation of its identity and pride.

and their precious articles of silver and gold
The "precious articles" mentioned here are likely to be valuable items used in both religious and royal settings, such as temple vessels, jewelry, and other treasures. The Hebrew word for "precious" is "חֶמְדָּה" (chemdah), meaning desire or delight, indicating the high value placed on these items. Silver and gold were the standard measures of wealth and power in the ancient world, and their seizure would have been a significant economic blow to the defeated nation.

For some years he will stay away from the king of the North
This phrase suggests a period of peace or at least a cessation of hostilities between the king of the South (Egypt) and the king of the North. The Hebrew word for "stay away" is "עָמַד" (amad), which can mean to stand, remain, or endure. This indicates a deliberate choice to refrain from further conflict, possibly to consolidate power or rebuild after the spoils of war. The "king of the North" refers to the Seleucid Empire, which was often in conflict with the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt during this period. This temporary peace would have allowed both kingdoms to focus on internal affairs and strengthen their positions for future confrontations.

In response
This phrase indicates a reaction or counteraction to a preceding event. In the context of Daniel 11, it suggests a strategic or military response. The Hebrew root here implies a deliberate and calculated action, often seen in the historical conflicts between the Ptolemaic Kingdom (the South) and the Seleucid Empire (the North). This reflects the ongoing struggle for power and dominance in the ancient Near East, a theme prevalent throughout the book of Daniel.

the king of the South
This refers to the ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, which was based in Egypt. Historically, the Ptolemaic dynasty was one of the successor states of Alexander the Great's empire. The "king of the South" is a key figure in the geopolitical landscape of the Hellenistic period, often in conflict with the Seleucid Empire to the north. This phrase highlights the historical reality of the divided Greek empire and the constant power struggles that ensued.

will march out
The phrase suggests a military campaign or expedition. The Hebrew verb used here conveys the idea of going forth with purpose, often in a martial context. This reflects the historical military campaigns undertaken by the Ptolemaic kings as they sought to assert their influence and defend their territories against northern aggression. It underscores the theme of conflict and warfare that is central to this chapter of Daniel.

but will return
This indicates a retreat or withdrawal, suggesting that the campaign was not successful. The Hebrew root can imply a turning back or a change in direction, often due to unforeseen circumstances or overwhelming opposition. Historically, this reflects the ebb and flow of military fortunes in the ancient world, where victories and defeats were common. It serves as a reminder of the transient nature of human power and the ultimate sovereignty of God over the affairs of nations.

to his own land
This phrase signifies a return to the homeland, in this case, Egypt. It implies a retreat to a place of safety and origin. The historical context here is the Ptolemaic Kingdom's need to regroup and consolidate power after unsuccessful military ventures. It highlights the importance of national boundaries and the concept of a homeland, which were significant in the ancient world. This return can also be seen as a metaphor for the limitations of human ambition and the need for reliance on divine guidance and protection.

But his sons
This phrase refers to the successors of the king mentioned in the previous verse, specifically the sons of the king of the North. In the historical context, this is often understood to refer to the sons of Seleucus II, namely Seleucus III and Antiochus III (the Great). The Hebrew word for "sons" (בָּנִים, banim) can also imply descendants or successors, emphasizing the continuation of a dynastic struggle. This highlights the generational nature of conflict and the enduring legacy of familial ambition and rivalry.

will prepare for war
The Hebrew root for "prepare" (עָרַךְ, arak) conveys the idea of setting in order or arranging, often used in military contexts to describe the organization and readiness for battle. This preparation indicates a deliberate and strategic approach to warfare, underscoring the calculated nature of the sons' actions. It reflects the broader biblical theme of preparation and readiness, both in physical and spiritual battles.

and assemble a great army
The phrase "assemble a great army" speaks to the mobilization of significant military resources. The Hebrew word for "assemble" (קָבַץ, qavats) suggests gathering or collecting, often used in the context of bringing people together for a common purpose. Historically, this reflects the efforts of Antiochus III to consolidate power and resources to reclaim lost territories. The "great army" signifies not only numerical strength but also the might and influence wielded by these rulers.

which will advance like a flood
The imagery of advancing "like a flood" is powerful, evoking the unstoppable and overwhelming force of water. The Hebrew word for "flood" (שֶׁטֶף, sheteph) can imply a deluge or torrent, suggesting a swift and forceful movement. This metaphor is used throughout Scripture to describe overwhelming military campaigns or divine judgment, emphasizing the relentless and consuming nature of the advance.

and carry the battle
The phrase "carry the battle" indicates the successful prosecution of military campaigns. The Hebrew root for "carry" (בּוֹא, bo) often means to come or go, but in this context, it implies bringing or conducting the battle forward. This suggests not only the initiation of conflict but also the ability to sustain and push the battle lines forward, reflecting the aggressive and determined nature of the campaign.

as far as his fortress
The term "fortress" (מָעוֹז, ma'oz) refers to a place of strength or stronghold, often used in the Bible to denote a place of refuge or defense. In the historical context, this likely refers to the fortified cities or strongholds of the opposing king. The phrase indicates the extent of the military campaign, reaching deep into enemy territory. It underscores the theme of security and the ultimate vulnerability of even the strongest defenses when faced with determined opposition.

In a rage
The phrase "in a rage" suggests a state of intense anger and emotional upheaval. The Hebrew root word here is "חֵמָה" (chemah), which conveys a sense of fury or wrath. This emotional state is significant as it indicates the king of the South's motivation is not just political but deeply personal. Historically, this reflects the intense animosity and rivalry between the Ptolemaic and Seleucid empires, which were often driven by personal vendettas and longstanding enmities.

the king of the South
This phrase refers to the ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, which was based in Egypt. The term "South" is geographically relative to the land of Israel, which serves as a central point in biblical prophecy. The Ptolemaic dynasty was known for its wealth and influence, and its kings often engaged in conflicts with the Seleucid Empire to the north. This historical context underscores the ongoing struggle for dominance in the region.

will march out to fight
The action of marching out to fight indicates a deliberate and strategic military campaign. The Hebrew verb "יָצָא" (yatsa) implies a going forth with purpose. This reflects the historical reality of the frequent military campaigns between these two powers, as they sought to expand their territories and influence. The phrase suggests a proactive and aggressive stance by the king of the South.

against the king of the North
The "king of the North" refers to the ruler of the Seleucid Empire, which was based in the region of Syria. The term "North" is again relative to Israel. The Seleucid kings were known for their military prowess and ambition, often clashing with the Ptolemaic rulers. This phrase highlights the geopolitical tension and the struggle for supremacy in the ancient Near East.

who will raise a great multitude
The phrase "raise a great multitude" indicates the king of the North's ability to muster a large army. The Hebrew word "הָמוֹן" (hamon) suggests a vast number, emphasizing the scale and power of the military force. Historically, the Seleucid Empire had access to vast resources and manpower, enabling it to field large armies. This reflects the formidable challenge faced by the king of the South.

but that multitude will be delivered into his hand
The phrase "will be delivered into his hand" signifies a divinely orchestrated victory for the king of the South. The Hebrew verb "נָתַן" (natan) means to give or deliver, implying that the outcome is determined by a higher power. This reflects the biblical theme of God's sovereignty over the affairs of nations. Despite the overwhelming odds, the king of the South is granted victory, illustrating the principle that divine providence can overturn human expectations and power dynamics.

When the army is carried off
This phrase suggests a significant military defeat or dispersal. The Hebrew root here can be linked to the idea of being swept away or carried off, indicating a forceful removal or destruction. Historically, this could refer to the many battles and conflicts that the kingdoms of the ancient Near East experienced. In the context of Daniel, it reflects the tumultuous period of the Hellenistic kingdoms following the death of Alexander the Great, where armies were often defeated and territories changed hands frequently. Spiritually, this can be seen as a reminder of the transient nature of earthly power and the ultimate sovereignty of God over the affairs of nations.

the king of the South
This refers to the ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, which was based in Egypt. The "South" in the context of Daniel often denotes Egypt, as opposed to the "North," which refers to the Seleucid Empire. The historical context here is the ongoing conflict between these two Hellenistic kingdoms, known as the Syrian Wars. These wars were characterized by shifting alliances and power struggles, which are a backdrop to the prophecies in Daniel. From a spiritual perspective, this highlights the futility of human ambition and the inevitable rise and fall of earthly kingdoms.

will grow proud
The phrase indicates a rise in arrogance or self-exaltation. The Hebrew word often translated as "proud" can also mean to be lifted up or exalted. This pride is a common theme in the Bible, where it often precedes a fall or judgment. Historically, this could refer to the Ptolemaic rulers who, after a victory, might have become overconfident. Spiritually, it serves as a warning against pride, reminding believers of the biblical principle that God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble (James 4:6).

and slaughter many thousands
This phrase indicates a large-scale loss of life, likely in the context of battle. The Hebrew here emphasizes the magnitude of the slaughter, suggesting a devastating military campaign. Historically, this reflects the brutal nature of ancient warfare, where battles often resulted in significant casualties. In the context of Daniel, it underscores the destructive consequences of the conflicts between the Ptolemaic and Seleucid empires. Spiritually, it serves as a sobering reminder of the cost of war and the value of peace, urging believers to seek God's peace and justice in a world often marked by violence.

but he will not remain triumphant
This phrase indicates the temporary nature of the king's success. The Hebrew suggests that his triumph will not endure, pointing to the fleeting nature of human victories. Historically, this reflects the pattern of the Ptolemaic and Seleucid conflicts, where victories were often short-lived, and power dynamics shifted rapidly. Spiritually, this serves as a reminder of the impermanence of worldly success and the enduring nature of God's kingdom. It encourages believers to place their trust not in earthly power but in the eternal sovereignty of God, who alone remains triumphant.

For the king of the North
This phrase refers to a ruler from the northern territories relative to Israel, historically understood as the Seleucid Empire. The "king of the North" is a recurring figure in Daniel's prophecies, representing a succession of rulers. The Hebrew term for "king" is "melek," which denotes a sovereign or ruler, emphasizing authority and power. The geographical designation "North" is significant in biblical prophecy, often symbolizing a place of threat or invasion, as seen in other prophetic books like Jeremiah and Ezekiel.

will raise a greater multitude than the first
The phrase indicates a strategic military buildup. The Hebrew word for "raise" is "amad," meaning to stand or establish, suggesting deliberate preparation and mobilization. The "greater multitude" implies a larger and more formidable force than previously assembled. Historically, this reflects the ongoing conflicts between the Seleucid and Ptolemaic kingdoms, where each sought to outdo the other in military strength. This escalation is a reminder of the transient nature of earthly power and the futility of human ambition without divine guidance.

and after some years
This phrase suggests a period of waiting or delay, indicating that prophetic fulfillment often unfolds over time. The Hebrew word "shanim" for "years" underscores the passage of time, a common theme in biblical prophecy where God's plans are revealed progressively. This waiting period can be seen as a test of faith and patience, reminding believers that God's timing is perfect and His purposes are ultimately for the good of His people.

he will advance with a great army
The word "advance" translates from the Hebrew "bo," meaning to come or go, indicating movement and progression. This military advance signifies a strategic offensive, reflecting the historical campaigns of the Seleucid kings. The "great army" underscores the might and resources at the king's disposal, yet it also serves as a reminder of the limitations of human power in the face of divine sovereignty. In the biblical narrative, true victory is not determined by the size of an army but by the will of God.

and many supplies
The phrase highlights the logistical preparations necessary for sustained military campaigns. The Hebrew term "rekush" for "supplies" refers to goods, equipment, or provisions, emphasizing the importance of preparation and resource management. Historically, this reflects the extensive planning required for ancient warfare. Spiritually, it serves as a metaphor for the believer's need to be equipped with spiritual resources—faith, prayer, and the Word of God—to face life's battles.

In those times
This phrase situates the prophecy within a specific historical context. The "times" refer to the period of conflict between the Seleucid and Ptolemaic kingdoms, which followed the division of Alexander the Great's empire. Historically, this was a tumultuous era marked by frequent wars and shifting alliances. The Hebrew word for "times" (עִתִּים, 'ittim) often denotes appointed or significant periods, suggesting divine orchestration in the unfolding of these events.

many will rise up
The phrase indicates a collective action or rebellion. The Hebrew root קוּם (qum) means "to rise" or "to stand up," implying a significant movement or uprising. This can be seen as a fulfillment of the ongoing struggle for power and influence in the region, where various factions sought to assert their dominance. It reflects the broader theme of human ambition and the quest for power that is prevalent throughout the Book of Daniel.

against the king of the South
The "king of the South" refers to the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. Historically, the Ptolemies were one of the major Hellenistic powers following the fragmentation of Alexander's empire. The phrase underscores the geopolitical tensions of the era, as the Ptolemies and Seleucids frequently clashed over territory and influence. The Hebrew preposition עַל ('al) used here conveys opposition or hostility, highlighting the adversarial nature of these interactions.

The violent ones among your people
This phrase points to a specific group within the Jewish community. The term "violent ones" (בְּנֵי פָרִיצִים, benei paritzim) can be translated as "sons of the violent" or "rebellious ones." It suggests individuals who resort to force or aggression to achieve their ends. This reflects a period of internal strife and division within the Jewish community, as some sought to align with external powers for political gain, contrary to the divine vision for Israel.

will exalt themselves
The Hebrew verb רוּם (rum) means "to lift up" or "to exalt." This action implies pride or self-aggrandizement, often associated with rebellion against divine authority. In the context of Daniel, it suggests a misguided attempt to assert control or influence, driven by human ambition rather than submission to God's will. This serves as a cautionary reminder of the dangers of pride and self-reliance.

to fulfill the vision
The "vision" refers to the prophetic revelations given to Daniel concerning the future of Israel and the surrounding nations. The Hebrew word חָזוֹן (chazon) denotes a divine revelation or insight. The attempt to "fulfill the vision" indicates a misunderstanding or misapplication of God's prophetic word, as these individuals sought to bring about the prophecy through their own means rather than trusting in God's timing and methods.

but they will fail
The phrase underscores the futility of human efforts that are not aligned with God's purposes. The Hebrew verb כָּשַׁל (kashal) means "to stumble" or "to fail," indicating that these attempts will not succeed. This serves as a powerful reminder of the sovereignty of God and the ultimate triumph of His plans, despite human interference. It encourages believers to trust in God's wisdom and timing, rather than relying on their own understanding.

Then the king of the North
This phrase refers to a ruler from the northern territories relative to Israel, historically understood as the Seleucid Empire. The "king of the North" is often associated with Antiochus III, also known as Antiochus the Great. In the Hebrew context, the term "north" (צָפוֹן, tsaphon) often symbolizes a place of threat or invasion, as many historical invasions of Israel came from the north. This highlights the ongoing geopolitical struggles that Israel faced, serving as a reminder of the constant vigilance required to maintain faith amidst external pressures.

will come
The Hebrew verb used here implies a determined advance or approach. This is not a passive arrival but an intentional and strategic movement. It reflects the aggressive nature of the king's campaign, emphasizing the inevitability of conflict and the fulfillment of prophetic events. This serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty over historical events, where even the movements of kings are under divine orchestration.

build up a siege ramp
Siege warfare was a common military tactic in the ancient Near East, involving the construction of ramps to breach city walls. The Hebrew term for "siege ramp" (סֹלְלָה, solelah) indicates a methodical and calculated approach to warfare. This imagery underscores the relentless and overpowering force of the king of the North, symbolizing the trials and tribulations that God's people may face. It serves as a metaphor for the spiritual battles believers encounter, requiring perseverance and faith.

and capture a fortified city
The phrase "fortified city" (עִיר מִבְצָר, ir mibtsar) refers to a city with strong defenses, often seen as impregnable. The capture of such a city by the king of the North signifies a significant military achievement and a shift in power dynamics. Historically, this could refer to the capture of Sidon or other strategic locations. Spiritually, it represents the overcoming of seemingly insurmountable obstacles through divine providence, encouraging believers to trust in God's ultimate victory.

The forces of the South
This phrase refers to the Ptolemaic Kingdom, the southern counterpart to the Seleucid Empire. The "South" (נֶגֶב, negev) in Hebrew often denotes regions below Israel, such as Egypt. The ongoing conflict between the North and South symbolizes the worldly struggles and political machinations that can distract from spiritual focus. It serves as a reminder to prioritize God's kingdom over earthly allegiances.

will not prevail
The Hebrew root for "prevail" (עָמַד, amad) means to stand firm or endure. The inability of the southern forces to prevail highlights the futility of relying solely on human strength and wisdom. This serves as a spiritual lesson on the importance of relying on God's power and guidance rather than our own understanding.

even their best troops
This phrase emphasizes the elite nature of the southern forces, yet even they are unable to withstand the northern assault. It underscores the theme of human limitation and the need for divine intervention. In a spiritual context, it reminds believers that no matter how strong or capable we may seem, our ultimate strength comes from God.

will not have the strength to stand
The inability to stand (עָמַד, amad) signifies defeat and vulnerability. This phrase serves as a poignant reminder of the transient nature of earthly power and the ultimate triumph of God's purposes. It encourages believers to stand firm in their faith, knowing that true strength is found in reliance on God, who empowers us to withstand spiritual battles.

The invader
This phrase refers to a powerful king or ruler who comes with force and authority. In the historical context, this is often interpreted as Antiochus III, also known as Antiochus the Great, who was a Hellenistic Greek king of the Seleucid Empire. The Hebrew root for "invader" suggests someone who comes with overwhelming force, emphasizing the might and determination of this ruler. This reflects the broader biblical theme of earthly powers rising and falling under God's sovereign plan.

will do as he pleases
This phrase indicates the invader's unchecked power and autonomy. In the Hebrew context, it suggests a ruler acting with complete freedom, without opposition. This can be seen as a temporary allowance by God, who ultimately controls the rise and fall of empires. It serves as a reminder of the transient nature of human power compared to God's eternal sovereignty.

and no one will stand against him
This highlights the invader's dominance and the inability of others to resist his power. Historically, this reflects the period when Antiochus III expanded his empire with little effective opposition. Theologically, it underscores the futility of human resistance against divinely permitted events, reminding believers of the ultimate triumph of God's will.

He will establish himself
This phrase suggests a sense of permanence and authority. The Hebrew conveys the idea of setting up or making firm, indicating the invader's intention to solidify his control. This can be seen as a metaphor for the temporary establishment of earthly kingdoms, which contrasts with the eternal kingdom of God.

in the Beautiful Land
This term is often understood to refer to the land of Israel, considered beautiful and precious in biblical literature. The Hebrew word for "beautiful" can also mean "glorious" or "pleasant," reflecting the land's significance as the Promised Land. This highlights the invader's encroachment on a land that holds deep spiritual and historical importance for God's people.

with destruction in his hand
This phrase conveys the invader's intent to bring ruin and devastation. The Hebrew word for "destruction" can imply both physical ruin and moral corruption. This serves as a warning of the consequences of unchecked power and the suffering that can result from human ambition. It also foreshadows the eventual judgment and restoration that God promises to His people.

He will resolve
This phrase indicates a determined decision or plan. In the context of Daniel 11, it refers to a king's strategic and deliberate action. The Hebrew root word here is "שׂוּם" (sum), which means to set, place, or appoint. This suggests a purposeful and intentional act, highlighting the king's resolve to achieve his objectives. Historically, this reflects the calculated political maneuvers of rulers in the Hellenistic period, particularly those of the Seleucid and Ptolemaic dynasties.

to come with the strength of his whole kingdom
This phrase emphasizes the full might and resources of a kingdom being mobilized. The Hebrew word for "strength" is "כֹּחַ" (koach), which denotes power, force, or capacity. It underscores the comprehensive nature of the king's efforts, involving all available military and political resources. In the historical context, this reflects the extensive campaigns and alliances formed by Hellenistic rulers to expand their influence and control.

and will make an agreement with him
The concept of making an agreement, or covenant, is central to biblical narratives. The Hebrew word "בְּרִית" (berit) is often used to describe covenants, which are solemn and binding agreements. This phrase suggests a diplomatic approach, where the king seeks to secure his objectives through negotiation and treaty. Historically, this reflects the alliances and marriages arranged between ruling families to secure peace and mutual benefit.

and give him a daughter in marriage
This phrase highlights the use of marriage as a political tool. The giving of a daughter in marriage was a common practice to seal alliances and ensure loyalty between kingdoms. The Hebrew word "נָתַן" (natan) means to give or present, indicating a strategic offering. In the historical context, this likely refers to the marriage alliances between the Seleucid and Ptolemaic dynasties, where daughters were married off to secure political alliances.

to destroy the kingdom
This phrase reveals the underlying motive of the king's actions. The Hebrew word "שָׁחַת" (shachat) means to destroy, corrupt, or ruin. It suggests a hidden agenda behind the seemingly peaceful gesture of marriage. The king's ultimate goal is to undermine and weaken the opposing kingdom. Historically, this reflects the treacherous and cunning strategies employed by rulers to destabilize their rivals and expand their own power.

but it will not succeed or help him
This concluding phrase indicates the failure of the king's plan. The Hebrew words "לֹא" (lo) and "עָזַר" (azar) mean "not" and "help" or "support," respectively. Despite the king's calculated efforts, his scheme does not achieve the desired outcome. This reflects the biblical theme of divine sovereignty, where human plans are subject to God's ultimate will. Historically, it suggests that despite political maneuvering, the outcomes were often unpredictable and beyond human control.

Then he will turn his attention
This phrase indicates a shift in focus or strategy. In the historical context of Daniel, this likely refers to a ruler or king who changes his military or political objectives. The Hebrew root for "turn" (שׁוּב, shuv) often implies repentance or a change of heart, but here it suggests a strategic redirection. This highlights the transient nature of human plans compared to God's eternal purposes.

to the coastlands
The term "coastlands" (אִי, 'i) refers to distant lands or islands, often associated with maritime regions. Historically, this could point to the Mediterranean regions, which were significant in ancient geopolitical strategies. The coastlands symbolize the reach and ambition of empires, yet they also remind us of the vastness of God's creation and His sovereignty over all lands.

and will capture many
This phrase speaks to conquest and expansion. The Hebrew word for "capture" (לָכַד, lakad) conveys the idea of seizing or taking control. It reflects the aggressive nature of empires seeking dominance. However, in the biblical narrative, such conquests are temporary and subject to divine intervention, reminding believers of the ultimate futility of earthly power without God.

but a commander
The "commander" (קָצִין, qatsin) represents a figure of authority and military prowess. Historically, this could refer to a specific leader who rises to challenge the aggressor. In a broader sense, it symbolizes the unexpected ways God can raise up individuals to fulfill His purposes, often turning the tide against seemingly invincible forces.

will put an end to his insolence
"Insolence" (זָדוֹן, zadon) denotes arrogance or pride. The phrase suggests divine justice against hubris. Throughout Scripture, God consistently opposes the proud and exalts the humble (James 4:6). This serves as a reminder that human arrogance is ultimately self-defeating and that humility before God is the path to true wisdom and strength.

and will turn his insolence back upon him
This phrase indicates a reversal of fortune, where the prideful actions of the aggressor lead to their downfall. The concept of "turning back" (שׁוּב, shuv) echoes the biblical theme of reaping what one sows (Galatians 6:7). It underscores the justice of God, who ensures that evil does not go unpunished and that His righteous order prevails.

After this
This phrase indicates a sequence of events, suggesting that the actions described are part of a larger narrative. In the context of Daniel 11, this refers to the ongoing conflicts and power struggles among the kings of the North and South. The phrase sets the stage for a transition, emphasizing the inevitability of change and the unfolding of God's sovereign plan in history.

he will turn back
The act of turning back implies a retreat or a change in direction. Historically, this can be seen as a strategic withdrawal, often due to external pressures or internal challenges. In the spiritual sense, it can symbolize repentance or a return to one's roots. The Hebrew root for "turn" (שׁוּב, shuv) often carries connotations of returning or restoring, which can be seen as a call to return to God’s ways.

toward the fortresses of his own land
Fortresses represent strength, security, and protection. In ancient times, fortresses were crucial for defense against enemies. The phrase suggests a return to a place of perceived safety or control. Spiritually, it can be a reminder that earthly fortresses are temporary and that true security is found in God. The historical context may refer to a king returning to his homeland after failed campaigns, seeking refuge in familiar strongholds.

but he will stumble
To stumble is to falter or lose one's footing, often unexpectedly. This can symbolize a sudden downfall or failure. The Hebrew word for stumble (כָּשַׁל, kashal) often implies a moral or spiritual failing. It serves as a warning that pride or overconfidence can lead to one's downfall, and it underscores the biblical theme that human strength is insufficient without reliance on God.

and fall
Falling denotes a complete collapse or defeat. In the biblical narrative, falling is often associated with divine judgment or the consequences of sin. The imagery of falling can also be a metaphor for the fall of empires or leaders who oppose God's will. It serves as a reminder of the transient nature of human power and the ultimate sovereignty of God.

and be no more
This phrase signifies total obliteration or disappearance. It highlights the finality of the king's fate, emphasizing that his power and influence will come to an end. In a broader theological context, it reflects the biblical truth that those who oppose God’s purposes will ultimately face judgment. The phrase serves as a sobering reminder of the impermanence of earthly glory and the eternal nature of God's kingdom.

In his place
This phrase indicates a succession, a transition of power from one ruler to another. In the historical context, this refers to the successor of Seleucus IV Philopator, a king of the Seleucid Empire. The Hebrew word used here, "תַּחְתָּיו" (takhtav), implies a direct replacement or someone taking the position of another. This sets the stage for a new character in the unfolding prophecy, emphasizing the transient nature of earthly power and the divine orchestration of leadership changes.

one will arise
The phrase suggests the emergence of a new leader. Historically, this refers to Seleucus IV's son, who was expected to take the throne. The Hebrew verb "עָמַד" (amad) conveys the idea of standing up or establishing oneself, indicating the assumption of authority. This emergence is part of God's sovereign plan, reminding believers that leaders rise according to divine will.

who will send out a tax collector
This phrase highlights a specific action taken by the new ruler. The tax collector, or "נֹגֵשׂ" (noges), was an official responsible for collecting revenue. Historically, Heliodorus was sent by Seleucus IV to collect taxes, which aligns with this prophecy. This action reflects the burdens placed on the people by earthly kingdoms, contrasting with the spiritual freedom offered by God's kingdom.

for the glory of the kingdom
The motivation behind sending the tax collector is for the kingdom's glory, indicating a focus on wealth and splendor. The Hebrew word "הַמַּלְכוּת" (hamalkhut) refers to the realm or dominion of the king. This pursuit of glory through material means serves as a reminder of the temporal nature of earthly glory compared to the eternal glory of God's kingdom.

Yet within a few days
This phrase indicates the brevity of the ruler's reign. The Hebrew "יָמִים" (yamim) can mean days or a short period, emphasizing the fleeting nature of human power. This serves as a reminder of the unpredictability of life and the importance of focusing on eternal truths rather than temporary achievements.

he will be shattered
The term "שָׁבַר" (shabar) means to break or destroy, indicating a sudden and complete downfall. This prophecy was fulfilled when Seleucus IV was assassinated, highlighting the vulnerability of human leaders. It serves as a cautionary tale about the fragility of power and the ultimate sovereignty of God over human affairs.

though not in anger or battle
This phrase clarifies that the ruler's downfall will not be due to external conflict or divine wrath. The Hebrew "אַף" (af) means anger, and "מִלְחָמָה" (milchamah) means battle. This unexpected end underscores the mysterious ways in which God can bring about change, often beyond human understanding or expectation. It serves as a reminder that God's plans are not always aligned with human logic or methods.

In his place
This phrase indicates a transition of power, suggesting a change in leadership or authority. In the historical context of the Book of Daniel, this refers to the succession of rulers in the Seleucid Empire. The Hebrew word used here, "כַּנּוֹ" (kanno), implies a direct replacement, emphasizing the continuity of the prophetic narrative. This transition is not just political but also spiritual, as it reflects the ongoing struggle between good and evil, a theme prevalent throughout the book of Daniel.

a despicable person
The Hebrew word "נִבְזֶה" (nivzeh) is used here, meaning someone who is despised or contemptible. This description is fitting for Antiochus IV Epiphanes, a historical figure known for his tyrannical and blasphemous actions against the Jewish people. From a spiritual perspective, this character embodies the antithesis of godly leadership, serving as a warning against those who rise to power through deceit and moral corruption.

will arise
The phrase suggests an unexpected or sudden emergence. The Hebrew verb "עָמַד" (amad) conveys the idea of standing up or establishing oneself. This reflects the unforeseen nature of Antiochus IV's rise to power, as he was not the rightful heir. Spiritually, it serves as a reminder of the unpredictable nature of evil and the importance of vigilance in maintaining faith and righteousness.

on whom the royal honor has not been conferred
This highlights the illegitimacy of the ruler's claim to the throne. The Hebrew phrase "וְלֹא נָתְנוּ עָלָיו הוֹד מַלְכוּת" (velo natnu alav hod malkut) indicates that this person did not receive the kingdom through rightful means. Historically, Antiochus IV seized power through manipulation and deceit. This serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of ambition unchecked by moral integrity and the divine order.

He will come in a time of peace
The phrase suggests a period of false security or complacency. The Hebrew "בְּשַׁלְוָה" (beshalvah) implies tranquility or ease, which Antiochus exploited to gain control. This reflects the spiritual danger of letting one's guard down, as evil often strikes when least expected. It underscores the need for constant spiritual readiness and discernment.

and seize the kingdom by intrigue
The word "בַּחֲלַקְלַקּוֹת" (bachalaklakot) refers to flattery, smoothness, or deceit. Antiochus IV's rise to power was marked by cunning and manipulation rather than force. This serves as a powerful reminder of the subtlety of sin and the importance of wisdom and discernment in leadership. It also highlights the ultimate sovereignty of God, who allows such events to unfold for His greater purpose, even when human actions seem to defy His will.

Then a flood of forces
The phrase "a flood of forces" evokes imagery of overwhelming power and unstoppable momentum. In Hebrew, the word for "flood" (שֶׁטֶף, sheteph) often symbolizes an overwhelming invasion or calamity. Historically, this can be seen as a reference to the military campaigns of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, whose forces swept through regions with great might. Theologically, it serves as a reminder of the transient nature of earthly power compared to the eternal sovereignty of God.

will be swept away before him
The phrase "swept away" (יִשָּׁטֵף, yishateph) suggests a complete and decisive removal, akin to debris carried away by a flood. This indicates the ease with which these forces are overcome, highlighting the futility of human strength against divine will. In the context of Daniel, it underscores the theme of God's ultimate control over the rise and fall of empires, as seen throughout the prophetic visions.

and destroyed
The word "destroyed" (יֵשָׁמֵד, yeshamed) implies total annihilation. This destruction is not just physical but also symbolic of the spiritual and moral decay that accompanies rebellion against God. Historically, this reflects the fate of those who opposed the covenant people, serving as a warning of the consequences of defying God's purposes.

along with a prince of the covenant
The term "prince of the covenant" (נָגִיד בְּרִית, nagid berit) is often interpreted as a leader or high priest associated with the Jewish covenant community. This could refer to a specific historical figure, such as the high priest Onias III, who was deposed and murdered during the tumultuous period of Antiochus IV's reign. Spiritually, it highlights the vulnerability of even the most sacred institutions when they are caught in the crossfire of worldly power struggles. It serves as a poignant reminder of the need for faithfulness to God's covenant amidst external pressures.

After an alliance is made with him
This phrase indicates a strategic political maneuver. The Hebrew word for "alliance" is "חֶבֶר" (cheber), which can also mean a league or confederacy. Historically, this reflects the cunning diplomacy often seen in ancient Near Eastern politics, where alliances were frequently formed and broken. In the context of Daniel, this alliance suggests a temporary and perhaps insincere agreement, highlighting the transient nature of human political schemes compared to God's eternal plan.

he will act deceitfully
The Hebrew root for "deceitfully" is "רָמָה" (ramah), meaning to betray or deceive. This word underscores the character of the individual in question, who uses cunning and treachery to achieve his ends. In a broader biblical context, deceit is often associated with the adversary's tactics, contrasting with the truth and faithfulness of God. This serves as a reminder of the moral and spiritual battles that believers face, urging them to rely on God's wisdom and discernment.

and with only a few people
This phrase highlights the surprising and unconventional means by which this figure gains power. The Hebrew word "מְעַט" (me'at) means few or little, emphasizing the improbability of his rise. Historically, this could refer to a small but loyal group of supporters or a strategic use of limited resources. Spiritually, it reflects the biblical theme that God often uses the weak and the few to accomplish His purposes, as seen in the accounts of Gideon or David.

he will rise to power
The phrase "rise to power" is translated from the Hebrew "עָצַם" (atsam), which means to be strong or mighty. This suggests a sudden and perhaps unexpected ascent to authority. In the historical context of Daniel, this could refer to a specific ruler or kingdom that gains dominance through shrewd tactics. Scripturally, it serves as a reminder of the transient nature of earthly power and the ultimate sovereignty of God, who raises and deposes kings according to His will.

In a time of peace
This phrase suggests a period of tranquility or false security. The Hebrew word for "peace" here is "shalvah," which implies a sense of ease or prosperity. Historically, this could refer to a deceptive calm before a storm, where the ruler takes advantage of a seemingly stable situation to execute his plans. Spiritually, it serves as a reminder that peace without righteousness can be a facade, urging believers to seek true peace through Christ.

he will enter the richest parts of the province
The "richest parts" indicate areas of great wealth and resources. The Hebrew term "mishman" refers to fatness or abundance, symbolizing prosperity. This action of entering suggests a strategic and possibly aggressive move to control wealth. Historically, this could be seen as a tactic used by rulers to consolidate power. For Christians, it highlights the dangers of coveting material wealth and the importance of storing treasures in heaven.

and will accomplish what neither his fathers nor his forefathers did
This phrase emphasizes unprecedented actions or achievements. The Hebrew word "asah" means to do or make, indicating a significant accomplishment. Historically, this could refer to a ruler surpassing the achievements of his predecessors, possibly through cunning or innovation. Spiritually, it warns against pride and the pursuit of personal glory, reminding believers that true accomplishment is found in serving God.

He will distribute plunder, spoils, and wealth among his followers
The act of distributing wealth suggests a strategy to gain loyalty and support. The Hebrew words "baz" (plunder), "shalal" (spoils), and "rekush" (wealth) indicate the redistribution of resources, often taken by force. Historically, this could be a tactic to secure allegiance and maintain power. For Christians, it serves as a caution against the love of money and the importance of generosity rooted in love, not manipulation.

and he will plot the overthrow of fortresses
The word "plot" implies a calculated and secretive plan. The Hebrew "chashab" means to think, plan, or devise. "Fortresses" (Hebrew "mivtzar") symbolize strongholds or places of security. Historically, this could refer to military or political strategies to weaken opponents. Spiritually, it reminds believers of the spiritual warfare against strongholds of sin and the need for divine wisdom and strength.

but only for a time
This phrase indicates a temporary success or reign. The Hebrew "eth" refers to a specific period or season. Historically, it suggests that the ruler's power and schemes are limited and subject to divine sovereignty. For Christians, it reassures that earthly powers are transient, and God's eternal kingdom will prevail. It encourages believers to remain steadfast in faith, knowing that God's timing is perfect.

With a great army
The phrase "with a great army" indicates the magnitude and preparedness of the forces involved. In the Hebrew text, the word for "army" is "חַיִל" (chayil), which can also mean strength, wealth, or valor. This suggests not only a large number of troops but also a well-equipped and formidable force. Historically, this reflects the military campaigns of the Seleucid Empire, which often mobilized vast resources for their conquests. Theologically, it underscores the futility of relying solely on human strength without divine guidance.

he will stir up his strength and courage
The phrase "he will stir up his strength and courage" speaks to the deliberate and intentional preparation for battle. The Hebrew word for "stir up" is "עוּר" (ur), meaning to awaken or incite. This implies a conscious effort to muster not just physical might but also the resolve and bravery necessary for warfare. In a spiritual sense, it reminds believers of the need to awaken their own spiritual strength and courage through faith and reliance on God.

against the king of the South
"Against the king of the South" refers to the opposition between the northern and southern kingdoms, historically the Seleucid Empire (North) and the Ptolemaic Kingdom (South). The "king of the South" is often identified with the rulers of Egypt. This geopolitical struggle is emblematic of the broader conflict between worldly powers. It serves as a reminder of the transient nature of earthly kingdoms compared to the eternal kingdom of God.

The king of the South will wage war
This phrase highlights the active engagement in conflict by the king of the South. The Hebrew verb "לַחֲמוֹ" (lachamo) means to fight or wage war, indicating a proactive stance in the face of aggression. Historically, this reflects the Ptolemaic attempts to defend their territory. Spiritually, it can be seen as a metaphor for the believer's struggle against spiritual adversaries, emphasizing the need for vigilance and readiness.

with a large and very powerful army
The repetition of the description "large and very powerful army" emphasizes the formidable nature of the forces involved. The Hebrew words "רַב" (rav) and "עָצוּם" (atzum) convey the idea of abundance and might. This serves to highlight the scale of the conflict and the human tendency to trust in numbers and strength. It is a cautionary reminder that true victory comes from God, not from human power.

but he will not stand
The phrase "but he will not stand" indicates the ultimate failure of the king of the South despite his military might. The Hebrew word "עָמַד" (amad) means to stand or endure, suggesting that his efforts will be in vain. This reflects the biblical theme that human plans often fail without divine support. It serves as a reminder of the sovereignty of God over the affairs of nations.

because of the plots devised against him
Finally, "because of the plots devised against him" reveals the internal treachery and betrayal that contribute to the king's downfall. The Hebrew word "מַחֲשָׁבוֹת" (machashavot) means thoughts or plans, indicating deliberate schemes. Historically, this could refer to political intrigue and alliances that undermined the Ptolemaic rule. Spiritually, it warns of the dangers of deceit and the importance of integrity and trust in God's providence.

Those who eat from his provisions
This phrase refers to individuals who are close to the king, likely his trusted advisors or courtiers who share in his wealth and resources. The Hebrew root for "provisions" can be linked to sustenance or food, indicating a deep level of trust and dependency. Historically, this reflects the vulnerability of leaders to betrayal from within their inner circle, a theme prevalent throughout the Bible. It serves as a reminder of the potential for treachery even among those who seem loyal, echoing the betrayal of Jesus by Judas, who also shared in His provisions.

will seek to destroy him
The intent to destroy signifies a deliberate and premeditated act of betrayal. The Hebrew word for "destroy" can also mean to break or ruin, suggesting a complete overthrow of the king's power and authority. This highlights the destructive power of betrayal and the fragility of human alliances. In a broader spiritual context, it serves as a warning against placing ultimate trust in human relationships over divine guidance.

his army will be swept away
The imagery of an army being "swept away" suggests a sudden and overwhelming defeat. The Hebrew conveys a sense of being carried off or overwhelmed, much like a flood. This can be seen as a metaphor for the futility of relying on human strength and military might without God's favor. Biblically, it echoes the fate of those who oppose God's will, as seen in the defeat of Pharaoh's army in the Red Sea.

and many will fall slain
This phrase underscores the tragic outcome of the betrayal and ensuing conflict. The Hebrew word for "slain" implies a violent death, often used in the context of battle or divine judgment. It serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of sin and rebellion against God's ordained order. Spiritually, it calls believers to seek peace and righteousness, avoiding the path that leads to destruction.

And the two kings
This phrase refers to two rulers who are historically understood to be the kings of the North and the South, likely representing the Seleucid and Ptolemaic empires. In the broader context of Daniel, these kings symbolize the ongoing conflict between earthly powers. The Hebrew word for "kings" (מְלָכִים, melakhim) often denotes rulers with significant authority, emphasizing the political and military might involved in their interactions.

with their hearts bent on evil
The phrase highlights the moral and spiritual corruption of these rulers. The Hebrew word for "hearts" (לֵבָב, levav) often signifies the inner being or the seat of intentions and desires. Here, it underscores the deliberate and conscious choice to pursue wickedness, reflecting a broader biblical theme of the fallen nature of humanity and the propensity of leaders to act in self-interest rather than righteousness.

will sit at the same table
This imagery of sitting at a table suggests a formal meeting or negotiation, often associated with diplomacy or treaty-making. In ancient Near Eastern culture, sharing a meal or sitting at a table was a sign of covenant or agreement. However, the context here is one of deceit, indicating that even such solemn occasions can be marred by duplicity.

and speak lies
The act of speaking lies reveals the deceptive nature of the kings' intentions. The Hebrew root for "lies" (כָּזַב, kazab) conveys falsehood and deceit. This reflects a recurring biblical theme where truth is contrasted with falsehood, and the consequences of deceit are often dire. It serves as a reminder of the importance of integrity and truthfulness in leadership.

but to no avail
Despite their efforts and schemes, the plans of these kings will ultimately fail. The phrase suggests the futility of human endeavors that are not aligned with God's purposes. This echoes the biblical principle that human plans are subordinate to divine sovereignty, as seen in Proverbs 19:21, "Many plans are in a man’s heart, but the purpose of the LORD will prevail."

for the end will still come
This part of the verse reassures that despite human machinations, God's predetermined plan will unfold. The "end" here refers to the culmination of events as ordained by God. The Hebrew word for "end" (קֵץ, qets) often denotes a conclusion or fulfillment of a prophetic timeline, emphasizing the certainty and inevitability of God's will.

at the appointed time
The phrase underscores the concept of divine timing. The Hebrew word for "appointed time" (מוֹעֵד, moed) is used throughout the Old Testament to denote fixed times or seasons set by God. This highlights the biblical understanding that history is not random but unfolds according to God's sovereign schedule, offering assurance that He is in control of all events.

The king of the North
This phrase refers to a ruler from the northern territories relative to Israel, historically understood as the Seleucid Empire. The Seleucid kings, particularly Antiochus IV Epiphanes, are often associated with this title. The historical context is crucial here, as the Seleucid Empire was one of the Hellenistic states formed after the division of Alexander the Great's empire. The "king of the North" is a recurring figure in Daniel's prophecies, symbolizing opposition to God's people.

will return to his land
This indicates a retreat or withdrawal back to the king's own territory. Historically, this can be seen as a strategic move after military campaigns, often to consolidate power or regroup. The phrase suggests a temporary cessation of hostilities, but not a change of heart or purpose.

with great wealth
The acquisition of wealth through conquest was a common practice in ancient times. This wealth could include spoils of war, tribute from subjugated peoples, or plundered treasures. The mention of "great wealth" highlights the material success of the king's campaigns, yet it also foreshadows the moral and spiritual corruption that accompanies such greed.

but his heart will be set against the holy covenant
The "holy covenant" refers to the sacred agreement between God and His people, Israel. The king's heart being "set against" it indicates a deliberate and hostile stance towards God's laws and His chosen people. This reflects a deeper spiritual rebellion and animosity, not just political or military opposition. The Hebrew root for "heart" (לֵב, lev) often denotes the inner self, including thoughts, emotions, and will, emphasizing the king's intentional defiance.

so he will do damage
This phrase suggests active harm or destruction. The king's opposition to the holy covenant manifests in tangible actions that cause suffering or desecration. Historically, this could relate to Antiochus IV's persecution of the Jews and desecration of the Temple, as recorded in the books of Maccabees. Theologically, it underscores the destructive nature of opposing God's will.

and return to his own land
The repetition of the king's return to his land signifies a cycle of aggression and retreat. It suggests that while the king may temporarily succeed in his endeavors, his ultimate return to his own land implies a limitation to his power and influence. This cyclical pattern can be seen as a reminder of the transient nature of earthly power compared to the eternal sovereignty of God.

At the appointed time
This phrase suggests a divinely ordained schedule, emphasizing God's sovereignty over historical events. The Hebrew word for "appointed" is "מוֹעֵד" (mo'ed), which often refers to a fixed time or season set by God. This indicates that the events described are not random but are part of God's predetermined plan. In the broader biblical narrative, this underscores the belief that God is in control of history and that His purposes will be fulfilled in His timing.

he will invade the South again
The "he" in this context refers to a king, likely Antiochus IV Epiphanes, a historical figure known for his campaigns in the southern regions, particularly Egypt. The Hebrew verb "בּוֹא" (bo) means "to come" or "to go," indicating a deliberate action of entering or invading. Historically, Antiochus made several attempts to conquer Egypt, reflecting the ongoing power struggles of the Hellenistic period. This phrase highlights the recurring nature of conflict and ambition in human history.

but this time will not be like the former
This suggests a change in outcome or circumstances compared to previous events. The Hebrew word "רִאשׁוֹן" (ri'shon) means "former" or "first," indicating a contrast with past experiences. Historically, Antiochus's earlier campaigns were more successful, but this time, his efforts would be thwarted. This serves as a reminder of the unpredictability of human endeavors and the ultimate futility of opposing God's will.

and the latter
The term "latter" refers to the subsequent events or outcomes that differ from the past. The Hebrew word "אַחֲרוֹן" (acharon) means "last" or "later," emphasizing the distinction between what has happened before and what is to come. This highlights the unfolding of God's plan in stages, with each phase serving a specific purpose in the divine narrative.

Ships of Kittim
The term "Kittim" is often associated with the island of Cyprus and, by extension, the western maritime powers. Historically, this phrase is understood to refer to the Roman fleet, which played a significant role in the geopolitical dynamics of the region. The arrival of these ships signifies a formidable external force that challenges the ambitions of the king mentioned in this prophecy. The presence of these ships indicates a divine intervention in the affairs of men, reminding us that God uses nations and events to fulfill His purposes.

will come against him
This phrase indicates a direct confrontation. The "him" in this context is often interpreted as Antiochus IV Epiphanes, a Seleucid king known for his persecution of the Jewish people. The coming of the ships against him suggests a turning point where his plans are thwarted by a power greater than his own. This serves as a reminder of the sovereignty of God over the affairs of nations and leaders.

he will lose heart and retreat
The phrase "lose heart" reflects a moment of fear and discouragement. In the face of overwhelming opposition, the king's confidence is shattered, leading to a strategic withdrawal. This highlights the vulnerability of even the most powerful rulers when confronted by divine intervention. It serves as a reminder that human pride and ambition are ultimately subject to the will of God.

Then he will rage against the holy covenant
The "holy covenant" refers to the sacred agreement between God and His people, Israel. The king's rage against this covenant indicates a deliberate and hostile action against the Jewish faith and practices. Historically, Antiochus IV sought to suppress Jewish worship and impose Hellenistic culture. This phrase underscores the spiritual battle that often accompanies political and military conflicts, as earthly powers attempt to undermine divine truth.

and do damage
This phrase suggests active persecution and harm. The king's actions result in tangible suffering and desecration. Historically, this included the desecration of the Jewish Temple and the persecution of those who remained faithful to the covenant. It serves as a sobering reminder of the cost of faithfulness in the face of opposition and the reality of spiritual warfare.

He will return and show favor to those who forsake the holy covenant
This phrase indicates a strategic shift in the king's approach. By showing favor to those who abandon their faith, the king seeks to divide and conquer the people of God. This tactic of rewarding apostasy highlights the insidious nature of compromise and the temptation to forsake one's convictions for worldly gain. It serves as a warning to remain steadfast in faith, even when faced with enticing offers of power or security.

His forces will rise up
The phrase "His forces" refers to the military power or armed forces under the command of a ruler or king. In the historical context of Daniel, this is often associated with the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who is known for his aggressive campaigns against the Jewish people. The Hebrew root for "forces" (זרע, zera) can also imply a seed or offspring, suggesting a powerful and influential group. This rising up indicates a deliberate and forceful action, symbolizing the oppressive nature of the ruler's intent to dominate and control.

and desecrate the temple fortress
The "temple fortress" refers to the holy sanctuary in Jerusalem, which was both a place of worship and a stronghold of Jewish faith and identity. The act of desecration implies a profound violation of what is sacred. Historically, Antiochus IV desecrated the Second Temple by erecting an altar to Zeus and sacrificing unclean animals, which was an abomination to the Jewish people. The Hebrew word for "desecrate" (חלל, chalal) means to profane or defile, highlighting the sacrilegious nature of the act. This serves as a powerful reminder of the spiritual warfare against God's people and the importance of maintaining holiness.

They will abolish the daily sacrifice
The "daily sacrifice" was a central aspect of Jewish worship, involving regular offerings made to God as prescribed in the Torah. The abolition of these sacrifices represents a direct attack on the religious practices and covenant relationship between God and His people. The Hebrew term for "abolish" (שבת, shabat) means to cease or put an end to, indicating a forceful interruption of worship. This historical event foreshadows future attempts to suppress true worship and serves as a call for believers to remain steadfast in their devotion to God.

and set up the abomination of desolation
The "abomination of desolation" is a phrase that has sparked much theological discussion and is often seen as a prophetic symbol of ultimate desecration and idolatry. The Hebrew word for "abomination" (שקוץ, shiquts) refers to something detestable or loathsome, often associated with idolatrous practices. The "desolation" (שׁמם, shamem) implies utter devastation or ruin. Historically, this was fulfilled when Antiochus IV set up a pagan altar in the Jewish temple. In a broader prophetic sense, it points to future events of great tribulation and the rise of antichrist figures. This serves as a warning to remain vigilant and faithful, trusting in God's ultimate victory over evil.

With flattery
The Hebrew word for "flattery" here is "chalaqqah," which can also mean smoothness or deceit. This suggests a method of seduction or persuasion that is not straightforward but rather manipulative. Historically, this reflects the tactics used by leaders like Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who sought to win over the Jewish people through deceptive promises and appealing rhetoric. In a spiritual sense, it warns believers to be wary of those who use charming words to lead them away from their faith.

he will corrupt
The term "corrupt" comes from the Hebrew "chaneph," meaning to pollute or defile. This indicates a moral and spiritual degradation, suggesting that the influence of this leader will lead people away from righteousness. Theologically, it underscores the danger of compromising one's beliefs and the ease with which one can be led astray when not firmly grounded in faith.

those who violate the covenant
The "covenant" refers to the sacred agreement between God and His people, particularly the Mosaic Covenant given to the Israelites. To "violate" it means to break or disregard this divine agreement. Historically, this could refer to Jews who abandoned their faith under pressure or temptation. Spiritually, it serves as a reminder of the importance of faithfulness to God's commands and the consequences of turning away from His promises.

but the people who know their God
The phrase "know their God" emphasizes an intimate and personal relationship with the Divine. The Hebrew word "yada" for "know" implies a deep, experiential knowledge rather than mere intellectual understanding. This highlights the strength and resilience that comes from a genuine connection with God. Historically, this could refer to the Maccabees and other faithful Jews who resisted Hellenistic influences. It serves as an inspiration for believers to cultivate a strong, personal faith.

will firmly resist him
The word "resist" in Hebrew is "chazaq," meaning to be strong, courageous, or to hold fast. This implies an active and determined opposition against the corrupting influences of the time. Historically, this resistance was seen in the Maccabean Revolt, where faithful Jews stood against the oppressive regime. Spiritually, it encourages believers to stand firm in their convictions, drawing strength from their relationship with God to withstand trials and temptations.

Those who are wise
The phrase "Those who are wise" refers to individuals possessing understanding and discernment, often associated with spiritual insight. In Hebrew, the word for "wise" is "maskilim," which implies not just intellectual knowledge but a deep, God-given wisdom. This wisdom is often linked to a fear of the Lord, as seen in Proverbs 9:10, "The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom." Historically, these wise individuals are seen as leaders or teachers who guide others in truth, especially during times of persecution or trial.

will instruct many
The role of the wise is to "instruct many," indicating a responsibility to teach and guide others. The Hebrew root "sakal" suggests imparting understanding or making others wise. This instruction is not merely academic but deeply spiritual, aimed at strengthening the faith of others. In the context of Daniel, this could refer to the Maccabean period, where leaders like the Maccabees instructed the Jewish people in the ways of God amidst Hellenistic oppression.

though for a time they will fall
The phrase "though for a time they will fall" acknowledges the temporary nature of their suffering. The Hebrew word "kashal" means to stumble or fall, often used metaphorically for experiencing hardship or persecution. This suggests that the wise will face trials, but these are limited in duration. Historically, this reflects the periods of intense persecution faced by the Jewish people, such as under Antiochus IV Epiphanes, where many faithful suffered but ultimately prevailed.

by sword or flame
"By sword or flame" indicates the forms of persecution and martyrdom that the wise may endure. The sword represents violent death, while flame suggests being burned, a method of execution used historically. This imagery evokes the severe trials faced by the faithful, reminiscent of the fiery furnace in Daniel 3, where Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego were tested but preserved by God.

or be captured or plundered
The phrase "or be captured or plundered" highlights additional forms of suffering, including imprisonment and loss of possessions. "Captured" suggests being taken as prisoners, while "plundered" indicates the confiscation of property. These trials serve to test the faith of the wise, as seen in Hebrews 10:34, where early Christians joyfully accepted the confiscation of their property, knowing they had better and lasting possessions in heaven.

Now when they fall
This phrase refers to a period of persecution or hardship faced by the faithful. The Hebrew root for "fall" is "נָפַל" (naphal), which can mean to fall in battle or to experience a downfall. Historically, this could be linked to the Maccabean Revolt, where the Jewish people faced severe oppression under Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Spiritually, it signifies times when believers face trials and tribulations, testing their faith and resilience.

they will be granted a little help
The "little help" suggests divine intervention or support that is not overwhelming but sufficient to sustain the faithful. The Hebrew word for "help" is "עֵזֶר" (ezer), which often implies assistance or support. This can be seen as God's providential care, providing just enough aid to encourage perseverance. Historically, this could refer to the assistance the Maccabees received, which was modest but pivotal in their struggle. Spiritually, it reminds believers that God's help, though sometimes appearing small, is always timely and effective.

but many will join them insincerely
This phrase highlights the presence of insincere followers who join the faithful not out of genuine belief but for personal gain or safety. The Hebrew word for "insincerely" is "חָנֵף" (chaneph), which means to act hypocritically or deceitfully. Historically, this could refer to those who aligned with the Maccabees for political or social advantage rather than true conviction. In a spiritual context, it serves as a warning to discern the motives of those who claim to be allies, emphasizing the importance of sincerity and true faith in the community of believers.

Some of the wise
The term "wise" in this context refers to those who possess understanding and insight, particularly in spiritual matters. In Hebrew, the word is "maskilim," which denotes those who are skillful in understanding God's will and His prophetic revelations. Historically, these individuals are often seen as leaders or teachers who guide others in righteousness. Their wisdom is not merely intellectual but deeply rooted in a relationship with God, reflecting a life lived in accordance with His statutes.

will fall
The phrase "will fall" suggests a period of trial or persecution. In the Hebrew context, "fall" can mean to stumble or to be overthrown. This indicates that even the wise are not immune to suffering or challenges. Historically, this has been interpreted as the persecution faced by the faithful, particularly during times of great tribulation. It serves as a reminder that trials are a part of the Christian journey, refining and strengthening faith.

so that they may be refined
The process of refining is akin to the purification of metals, where impurities are removed through intense heat. The Hebrew word "tsaraph" is used here, which means to smelt or refine. Spiritually, this signifies the process by which God allows His people to undergo trials to purify their faith and character. It is a transformative process, aligning believers more closely with God's holiness.

purified
To be purified is to be cleansed from impurities. The Hebrew root "barar" implies a thorough cleansing, making something pure and clear. In a spiritual sense, this purification is about removing sin and anything that hinders a close relationship with God. It is a divine work that prepares believers for their ultimate purpose and destiny in God's kingdom.

and made spotless
Being made spotless suggests a state of being without blemish or fault. The Hebrew word "laban" means to make white or to cleanse. This imagery is often used in Scripture to describe the righteousness and holiness that God imparts to His people. It is a call to live a life that reflects God's purity and moral excellence.

until the time of the end
This phrase points to a specific period in God's prophetic timeline. The "time of the end" is often associated with eschatological events, marking the culmination of history as God brings His plans to fulfillment. It is a reminder that the trials and purification processes are temporary and purposeful, leading to the ultimate realization of God's kingdom.

for it will still come
The certainty of this statement underscores the inevitability of God's prophetic word. The Hebrew conveys a sense of assurance that what God has decreed will indeed occur. It is a call to trust in God's sovereignty and faithfulness, knowing that His promises are sure and will be fulfilled in His perfect timing.

at the appointed time
The concept of an "appointed time" reflects God's divine schedule. The Hebrew word "moed" refers to a fixed or set time, often used in the context of God's feasts and significant events. This highlights the precision and intentionality of God's plans, reassuring believers that everything unfolds according to His divine purpose and timing. It encourages patience and faith, trusting that God is in control of history and our lives.

Then the king will do as he pleases
This phrase suggests a ruler with unchecked power and authority, acting according to his own desires without regard for divine or moral law. The Hebrew root for "do as he pleases" (עָשָׂה, `asah`) implies action and accomplishment, often used in contexts where God's sovereign will is executed. Historically, this could refer to Antiochus IV Epiphanes, a Hellenistic king known for his tyrannical rule and persecution of the Jews. In a broader prophetic sense, it foreshadows the Antichrist, who will similarly act with self-serving autonomy.

exalting and magnifying himself above every god
The king's self-exaltation is a direct challenge to divine authority, reminiscent of Lucifer's fall in Isaiah 14:13-14. The Hebrew words for "exalting" (רוּם, `rum`) and "magnifying" (גָּדַל, `gadal`) convey a sense of pride and self-aggrandizement. This behavior is historically consistent with Antiochus IV, who demanded worship as a deity, and prophetically aligns with the Antichrist's future blasphemous claims.

and he will speak outrageous things against the God of gods
The phrase "outrageous things" (נִפְלָאוֹת, `nifla'ot`) indicates blasphemous and astonishingly arrogant statements. The "God of gods" is a title affirming the supremacy of Yahweh over all spiritual entities. This king's blasphemy is a hallmark of both Antiochus IV's desecration of the Jewish temple and the anticipated blasphemies of the Antichrist, as described in 2 Thessalonians 2:4.

He will prosper until the time of wrath is completed
The temporary success of this king is a recurring biblical theme where evil is allowed to flourish for a season. The "time of wrath" (עֵת זַעַם, `et za'am`) refers to a divinely appointed period of judgment. This aligns with the prophetic timeline in Revelation, where the Antichrist's reign is limited by God's sovereign plan.

for what has been decreed must be accomplished
This phrase underscores the certainty of God's prophetic word. The Hebrew root for "decreed" (חָרַץ, `charats`) implies a decision that is firmly determined. The fulfillment of prophecy is inevitable, reflecting God's ultimate control over history. This assurance provides hope and encouragement to believers, affirming that despite present tribulations, God's purposes will prevail.

He will show no regard for the gods of his fathers
This phrase suggests a deliberate rejection of traditional religious beliefs. The Hebrew word for "regard" is "biyn," which implies understanding or consideration. Historically, this could refer to a ruler who dismisses the deities worshiped by his ancestors, indicating a break from cultural and religious heritage. In a broader scriptural context, this reflects a pattern of apostasy seen throughout the Bible, where individuals or nations turn away from the faith of their forebears.

nor for the desire of women
The phrase "desire of women" has been interpreted in various ways. Some scholars suggest it refers to natural affections or desires, possibly indicating celibacy or a lack of interest in traditional family roles. The Hebrew word "chemdah" means desire or delight, which can also imply a broader disregard for what is typically valued by society. This could symbolize a leader who is indifferent to personal relationships or societal norms, focusing solely on power and self-exaltation.

nor will he show regard for any god
Here, the text emphasizes a complete dismissal of all deities, not just those of his heritage. The Hebrew word "elohim" is used for "god," which can refer to any divine being or power. This phrase underscores the character's arrogance and self-sufficiency, as he places himself above all forms of worship and divine authority. This attitude is reminiscent of other biblical figures who defy God, such as Pharaoh in Exodus, highlighting a recurring theme of human pride and rebellion against divine order.

because he will magnify himself above all
The phrase "magnify himself" comes from the Hebrew "gadal," meaning to grow or become great. This indicates an extreme form of self-exaltation, where the individual elevates himself above all others, including divine entities. Historically, this could be seen in rulers who demanded worship or absolute loyalty, reflecting the ultimate form of idolatry—self-worship. In a spiritual sense, this serves as a warning against pride and the dangers of placing oneself above God, a theme echoed throughout Scripture, particularly in the accounts of Lucifer and the Tower of Babel.

And in their place
This phrase indicates a substitution or replacement. The context here is the shifting of allegiance from traditional deities to a new form of worship. Historically, this reflects the tendency of rulers to adopt new gods or ideologies that align with their political or military ambitions. The Hebrew word used here can imply a deliberate and strategic replacement, suggesting a calculated move to gain power or control.

he will honor
The act of honoring implies reverence, respect, or worship. In the Hebrew context, this word often denotes the act of giving weight or significance to something. This suggests that the figure in question is not merely acknowledging this god but is elevating it to a position of great importance. This can be seen as a reflection of the human tendency to prioritize power and security over spiritual truth.

a god of fortresses
This phrase is unique and intriguing, as it suggests a deity associated with military strength and protection. The Hebrew term for "fortresses" can also mean strongholds or places of defense. This god is not one of traditional spiritual or moral values but one that represents might and security. Historically, this could be linked to the deification of military power or the state itself, a common practice in ancient empires.

a god his fathers did not know
This highlights the novelty of this deity, indicating a break from tradition. The Hebrew word for "know" often implies intimate understanding or relationship. This suggests that this god is foreign, not part of the ancestral heritage or religious practices. It reflects the cultural and religious shifts that occur when new ideologies or powers emerge, often leading to a departure from established beliefs.

with gold, silver, precious stones, and riches
The use of these materials signifies wealth, opulence, and the materialistic nature of this worship. In the ancient world, offerings of gold, silver, and precious stones were common in the worship of deities, symbolizing devotion and sacrifice. This reflects the human inclination to equate material wealth with divine favor or power. The emphasis on riches underscores the transactional nature of this worship, where material offerings are used to gain favor or protection from this god of fortresses.

He will attack the strongest fortresses
This phrase suggests a powerful and aggressive campaign against seemingly impregnable defenses. The Hebrew root for "attack" (בָּא) implies a forceful entry or invasion. Historically, this can be seen as a reference to the military strategies of ancient empires, such as those of Alexander the Great or the Roman Empire, which were known for their ability to conquer fortified cities. Spiritually, this can be interpreted as a metaphor for the spiritual battles believers face, where the "strongest fortresses" represent the strongholds of sin or opposition to God's kingdom.

with the help of a foreign god
The "foreign god" here is often understood to be a deity not recognized by the traditional Jewish faith, possibly symbolizing idolatry or false religion. The Hebrew term for "foreign" (נֵכָר) indicates something alien or unfamiliar. In the historical context, this could refer to the syncretism that occurred when conquering nations imposed their gods on the subjugated peoples. From a spiritual perspective, it warns against the dangers of compromising one's faith by aligning with worldly or ungodly influences.

and will greatly honor those who acknowledge him
This phrase highlights the rewards given to those who align themselves with the ruler's agenda. The Hebrew word for "honor" (כָּבֵד) conveys a sense of weightiness or glory. Historically, rulers often bestowed wealth, titles, and power on loyal followers. Spiritually, this can be seen as a caution against seeking worldly honor at the expense of faithfulness to God. It challenges believers to consider where their true allegiance lies and the eternal value of God's honor over human accolades.

making them rulers over many
The granting of authority to those who support the ruler's cause is a common practice in political and military contexts. The Hebrew root for "rulers" (שָׁלַט) implies dominion or control. Historically, this reflects the practice of appointing governors or officials to maintain control over conquered territories. Spiritually, it serves as a reminder of the responsibility that comes with leadership and the importance of using authority to serve God's purposes rather than personal gain.

and distributing land for a price
This phrase indicates the transactional nature of the ruler's dealings, where land is given in exchange for loyalty or payment. The Hebrew word for "price" (מְחִיר) suggests a cost or compensation. Historically, land distribution was a means of securing loyalty and establishing control over regions. Spiritually, this can be seen as a warning against the commodification of God's blessings and the temptation to prioritize material wealth over spiritual integrity. It challenges believers to consider the true cost of their choices and the eternal value of God's promises.

At the time of the end
This phrase indicates a specific eschatological period, often interpreted as the culmination of human history before the establishment of God's kingdom. The Hebrew word for "end" is "קֵץ" (qets), which signifies a determined point in time. In the prophetic context, it suggests a divinely appointed conclusion to the current age, aligning with other biblical prophecies about the end times, such as those found in the books of Revelation and Matthew.

the king of the South
Historically, the "king of the South" has been associated with the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt, as seen in earlier verses of Daniel 11. In a broader eschatological sense, it may represent a power or coalition arising from the southern regions relative to Israel. The Hebrew term "נֶגֶב" (negev) often denotes the southern direction, and in biblical history, Egypt frequently played a significant role in the geopolitics of the region.

will engage him in battle
This phrase suggests a confrontation or conflict, indicating a military engagement. The Hebrew root "נָגַח" (nagach) implies a forceful encounter, often used in the context of warfare. This battle is part of the larger narrative of conflict between opposing forces, symbolizing the spiritual and physical struggles that characterize the end times.

but the king of the North
Traditionally, the "king of the North" has been linked to the Seleucid Empire, particularly figures like Antiochus Epiphanes. In a prophetic sense, it may symbolize a northern power or alliance that opposes the forces of the South. The Hebrew word "צָפוֹן" (tsaphon) means "north," and throughout biblical history, northern invaders often threatened Israel, such as the Assyrians and Babylonians.

will storm out against him
This phrase conveys a sudden and aggressive military action. The Hebrew verb "שָׁטַף" (shataph) means to overflow or rush, suggesting a swift and overwhelming attack. This imagery is consistent with the biblical theme of divine judgment and the unstoppable nature of God's plans, as seen in other prophetic writings.

with chariots, horsemen, and many ships
These elements represent the military might and technological advancements of the time. Chariots and horsemen were symbols of power and speed in ancient warfare, while ships indicate naval strength. The Hebrew words "רֶכֶב" (rekhev) for chariots and "פָּרָשׁ" (parash) for horsemen highlight the formidable nature of this northern force, emphasizing the scale and intensity of the conflict.

He will invade many countries
This phrase indicates a widespread campaign of conquest. The Hebrew verb "בּוֹא" (bo) means to come or enter, suggesting a forceful entry into multiple territories. This action reflects the broader theme of domination and control that characterizes the ambitions of earthly powers, contrasting with the ultimate sovereignty of God.

and sweep through them like a flood
The imagery of a flood conveys overwhelming force and destruction. The Hebrew word "שֶׁטֶף" (sheteph) for flood implies a deluge that cannot be resisted, symbolizing the unstoppable advance of the king of the North. This metaphor is often used in Scripture to describe divine judgment or the overwhelming nature of God's intervention in human affairs, as seen in the account of Noah and the flood.

He will also invade the Beautiful Land
The phrase "He will also invade" suggests a forceful entry or incursion, indicating a military or aggressive action. The Hebrew root for "invade" is "בּוֹא" (bo), which means to come or go in, often with the implication of entering with intent. Historically, this reflects the actions of powerful empires that sought to dominate regions for strategic or resource-based reasons. The "Beautiful Land" is a term often used to describe Israel, particularly Jerusalem, which is considered beautiful due to its spiritual significance and covenantal promises. This land has been the focal point of many historical conflicts due to its religious and geopolitical importance.

and many will fall
The phrase "and many will fall" indicates a significant loss or defeat. The Hebrew word for "fall" is "נָפַל" (naphal), which can mean to fall in battle or to be overthrown. This suggests a time of great turmoil and loss of life, possibly reflecting the consequences of the invasion. Historically, this could refer to the numerous times Israel has been invaded and its people have suffered, yet it also serves as a reminder of the transient nature of earthly powers compared to the eternal sovereignty of God.

but these will escape his hand Edom, Moab, and the prominent people of Ammon
The word "but" introduces a contrast, indicating that despite the widespread devastation, there will be exceptions. "These will escape his hand" suggests divine intervention or a strategic oversight that allows certain groups to avoid destruction. Edom, Moab, and Ammon were ancient nations located east of Israel, often in conflict with Israel but also sharing familial ties through Esau and Lot. The mention of these specific groups could indicate a historical alliance or neutrality that spared them from the immediate consequences of the invasion. It also highlights the selective nature of divine protection and judgment, reminding believers of God's sovereignty and the mysterious ways in which He orchestrates history for His purposes.

He will extend his power
The phrase "He will extend his power" suggests a significant expansion of influence and control. In the Hebrew text, the word for "extend" is "שָׁלַח" (shalach), which means to send out or stretch forth. This implies a deliberate and forceful action, indicating that the ruler in question is actively pursuing dominance. Historically, this can be seen as a reference to the aggressive expansionist policies of empires such as those of Alexander the Great or the Roman Empire. From a scriptural perspective, this reflects the recurring theme of earthly powers seeking to assert their will, often in opposition to God's ultimate sovereignty.

over many countries
The phrase "over many countries" indicates the vast scope of this ruler's ambition. The Hebrew word for "countries" is "אֲרָצוֹת" (aratzot), which can also be translated as "lands" or "territories." This suggests not just political control but also cultural and economic influence. Archaeologically, this aligns with the historical conquests where empires sought to integrate various regions under a single rule, often leading to a blend of cultures and traditions. Biblically, this can be seen as a fulfillment of prophecies concerning the rise and fall of kingdoms, reminding believers of the transient nature of human power compared to God's eternal kingdom.

and not even the land of Egypt
The mention of "the land of Egypt" is significant, as Egypt was historically a powerful and influential nation. The Hebrew term "מִצְרַיִם" (Mitzrayim) refers to Egypt, a land often seen as a symbol of worldly power and wealth in the Bible. Egypt's frequent role as a major player in biblical narratives underscores its importance. This phrase suggests that even a nation as formidable as Egypt will not be immune to the ruler's expansion. Historically, Egypt's strategic location and resources made it a coveted prize for conquering empires, and its mention here highlights the extent of the ruler's reach.

will escape
The phrase "will escape" implies that no nation, regardless of its strength or historical significance, will be able to avoid subjugation. The Hebrew word "פָּלֵט" (palet) means to escape or deliver oneself. This suggests a sense of inevitability and totality in the ruler's conquest. Scripturally, this can be interpreted as a reminder of the futility of relying on earthly powers for security. It serves as a call for believers to place their trust in God, who alone offers true deliverance and refuge. Theologically, it underscores the theme of divine justice and the ultimate accountability of all nations before God.

He will gain control
This phrase indicates a future action of dominance and authority. The Hebrew root word for "gain control" is "mashal," which often implies ruling or having dominion. Historically, this reflects the actions of powerful leaders who sought to expand their empires through conquest and control. In the context of Daniel, it suggests a prophetic vision of a ruler who will exert significant influence over vast resources.

the treasures of gold and silver
Gold and silver have always been symbols of wealth and power. In ancient times, these metals were not only used as currency but also as a means to display opulence and influence. The Hebrew words "zahab" (gold) and "kesef" (silver) are frequently mentioned in the Bible, often in the context of God's blessings or the wealth of nations. This phrase underscores the immense wealth that the ruler will acquire, signifying both material prosperity and the ability to wield power.

and all the riches of Egypt
Egypt, known for its historical wealth and grandeur, was often seen as a land of abundance. The Hebrew word "chayil" for "riches" can also mean strength or resources, indicating not just material wealth but also the strategic advantage that comes with controlling such a prosperous region. Egypt's riches were legendary, and its inclusion here highlights the extent of the ruler's conquests.

with the Libyans and Cushites in submission
Libyans and Cushites represent regions to the west and south of Egypt, respectively. The Hebrew term "kush" refers to the area south of Egypt, often associated with modern-day Sudan. "Libya" in the biblical context refers to the lands west of Egypt. The phrase "in submission" suggests a complete subjugation of these peoples, indicating the ruler's expansive reach and the fulfillment of his ambitions. Historically, these regions were known for their own wealth and military prowess, making their submission a significant achievement.

But news from the east and the north
The phrase "news from the east and the north" suggests a sudden and unexpected development that disrupts the plans of the king described in this chapter. In the Hebrew text, the word for "news" is "שְׁמוּעָה" (shemu'ah), which can mean a report or rumor. Historically, the east and north could refer to regions such as Persia and Media, or even further afield, indicating threats from powerful empires or coalitions. This aligns with the historical context of the Seleucid Empire, which faced threats from Parthia in the east and potential threats from the north. Spiritually, this can be seen as a reminder of the unpredictability of worldly power and the ultimate sovereignty of God over the affairs of nations.

will alarm him
The Hebrew root for "alarm" is "בָּהַל" (bahal), meaning to terrify or disturb. This indicates a deep-seated fear or anxiety that grips the king, causing him to react impulsively. In a broader spiritual sense, this reflects the human tendency to be driven by fear rather than faith, highlighting the importance of trusting in God's plan rather than succumbing to panic in the face of adversity.

and he will go out with great fury
The phrase "great fury" is derived from the Hebrew "חֵמָה גְּדוֹלָה" (chemah gedolah), which conveys intense anger or wrath. This suggests a violent and aggressive response, driven by the king's fear and desire to maintain control. Historically, this could be seen in the actions of rulers who, when threatened, resorted to extreme measures to secure their power. From a spiritual perspective, it serves as a caution against allowing anger to dictate actions, reminding believers of the call to respond with wisdom and restraint.

to destroy and annihilate many
The words "destroy" and "annihilate" come from the Hebrew roots "שָׁמַד" (shamad) and "חָרַם" (charam), respectively. These terms imply complete destruction and utter devastation. This reflects the destructive nature of unchecked power and the consequences of actions driven by fear and anger. In a scriptural context, it serves as a warning of the destructive potential of sin and the importance of seeking God's guidance to avoid such outcomes. It also underscores the transient nature of earthly power compared to the eternal kingdom of God.

He will pitch his royal tents
This phrase suggests a temporary encampment, indicating a military campaign or a strategic positioning. The Hebrew word for "pitch" (נָטָה, natah) implies setting up or stretching out, often used in the context of tents. Historically, this reflects the practice of ancient kings who would set up their command centers in tents during military campaigns. The "royal tents" symbolize authority and power, yet their temporary nature foreshadows the fleeting success of earthly rulers.

between the sea and the beautiful holy mountain
The "sea" likely refers to the Mediterranean Sea, a significant geographical marker in the ancient Near East. The "beautiful holy mountain" is traditionally understood as Mount Zion in Jerusalem, a place of spiritual significance for the Jewish people. The Hebrew word for "beautiful" (צֶבִי, tsevi) conveys the idea of glory or splendor, emphasizing the sacredness of the location. This positioning between the sea and the holy mountain suggests a strategic but ultimately futile attempt to control or influence the region, highlighting the tension between earthly ambitions and divine sovereignty.

Yet he will come to his end
The phrase "come to his end" indicates a definitive conclusion to the ruler's actions and life. The Hebrew word for "end" (קֵץ, qets) signifies a termination or limit, often used in prophetic literature to denote the end of an era or the downfall of a person or nation. This serves as a reminder of the transient nature of human power and the ultimate authority of God over the affairs of men.

and no one will help him
This final phrase underscores the isolation and helplessness of the ruler at the time of his downfall. The Hebrew word for "help" (עָזַר, azar) means to support or assist, and its absence here highlights the complete abandonment and lack of allies. This serves as a sobering reminder of the futility of relying on human strength and alliances, pointing instead to the necessity of seeking divine support and guidance. The prophetic message is clear: despite earthly power and ambition, without God's favor, all efforts are ultimately in vain.