Early on the first day of the week
This phrase marks a significant moment in Christian history, as it denotes the beginning of a new creation week, symbolizing the new covenant established through Jesus Christ's resurrection. The "first day of the week" is Sunday, which became the Lord's Day for Christians, replacing the Jewish Sabbath (Saturday) as the primary day of worship. The Greek word for "week" here is "sabbaton," which can refer to the Sabbath or a week. This transition from Sabbath to Sunday worship reflects the early church's recognition of the resurrection's centrality to the Christian faith.

while it was still dark
The mention of darkness not only sets the physical scene but also carries symbolic weight. Darkness often represents confusion, fear, or the absence of understanding in Scripture. In this context, it underscores the despair and uncertainty that Jesus' followers felt after His crucifixion. Yet, it is in this darkness that the light of the resurrection begins to dawn, offering hope and clarity. The Greek word "skotia" for darkness can also imply spiritual blindness, which is about to be dispelled by the revelation of the risen Christ.

Mary Magdalene
Mary Magdalene is a prominent figure in the resurrection narrative. Her presence at the tomb highlights her devotion and love for Jesus. Historically, Mary Magdalene is often misunderstood, but the Gospels portray her as a faithful disciple. Her role as the first to witness the empty tomb and later the risen Christ (as described in subsequent verses) underscores the radical nature of Jesus' ministry, which elevated the status of women in a patriarchal society. Her name, "Magdalene," indicates she was from Magdala, a town on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee.

went to the tomb
Mary's journey to the tomb is an act of devotion and mourning. The Greek verb "erchomai," translated as "went," implies a deliberate and purposeful action. This reflects her commitment to Jesus, even in death. The tomb, a place of burial, becomes a site of revelation and transformation. Archaeological findings of first-century tombs in Jerusalem provide context for understanding the physical setting—a rock-hewn cave sealed with a large stone.

and saw that the stone had been removed from the entrance
The removal of the stone is a pivotal moment, signifying that something extraordinary has occurred. The Greek word "airo," meaning "removed" or "taken away," suggests divine intervention, as the stone was large and would have required significant effort to move. This act is the first indication of the resurrection, challenging the finality of death. The empty tomb becomes a powerful symbol of victory over sin and death, affirming Jesus' promises and the hope of eternal life for believers.

So she came running
The phrase "came running" indicates urgency and distress. In the Greek, the word used is "τρέχω" (trecho), which means to run or to hasten. This reflects Mary Magdalene's immediate reaction to the empty tomb, highlighting her deep concern and the importance of the event. In the cultural context of the time, it was unusual for a woman to run, especially in public, which underscores the gravity of the situation and her devotion to Jesus.

to Simon Peter
Simon Peter, one of Jesus' closest disciples, is often seen as a leader among the apostles. His name, "Peter," comes from the Greek "Πέτρος" (Petros), meaning rock, which signifies the foundational role he would play in the early church. By running to Peter, Mary acknowledges his leadership and seeks his guidance in this moment of crisis.

and to the other disciple, the one Jesus loved
This phrase refers to John, the author of the Gospel, who humbly refers to himself as "the one Jesus loved." The Greek word for love here is "ἀγαπάω" (agapao), indicating a deep, selfless love. This highlights the special relationship between Jesus and John, and John's role as a witness to the resurrection. The phrase also emphasizes the personal nature of Jesus' relationships with His followers.

'They have taken the Lord out of the tomb,'
Mary's statement reflects her initial misunderstanding of the resurrection. The Greek word for "taken" is "αἴρω" (airo), which can mean to lift up or carry away. Her assumption that Jesus' body was moved shows her lack of expectation for the resurrection, a common theme among the disciples at this point. This misunderstanding sets the stage for the revelation of the resurrection.

'and we do not know where they have put Him!'
The use of "we" suggests that Mary was not alone in her discovery, indicating the presence of other women as mentioned in the synoptic Gospels. The phrase "do not know" in Greek is "οὐκ οἴδαμεν" (ouk oidamen), expressing confusion and uncertainty. This highlights the human aspect of the resurrection narrative, as the disciples grapple with the miraculous event that defies their understanding.

So
The word "so" serves as a conjunction, linking the previous events with the actions that follow. In the context of John 20, it connects the discovery of the empty tomb by Mary Magdalene with the response of Peter and the other disciple. This word indicates a continuation of the narrative, emphasizing the immediacy and urgency of the disciples' actions. The Greek word used here is "οὖν" (oun), which often signifies a logical conclusion or result, underscoring the natural progression from hearing the news to taking action.

Peter
Peter, also known as Simon Peter, is one of the most prominent apostles in the New Testament. His name in Greek is "Πέτρος" (Petros), meaning "rock," which reflects his foundational role in the early Church. Historically, Peter is seen as a leader among the disciples, often characterized by his boldness and impulsive nature. His presence in this verse highlights his leadership and eagerness to verify the astonishing news of the resurrection.

and the other disciple
The "other disciple" is traditionally understood to be John, the author of the Gospel. This phrase, "ὁ ἄλλος μαθητής" (ho allos mathētēs), is a humble self-reference, typical of John's writing style. By not naming himself directly, John emphasizes the focus on the events rather than on personal recognition. This anonymity also invites readers to see themselves in the narrative, as followers of Christ who seek to understand and witness His resurrection.

started
The verb "started" is translated from the Greek "ἐξῆλθον" (exēlthon), meaning "went out" or "set out." This word conveys a sense of movement and purpose. It suggests a deliberate action taken by Peter and John in response to the news of the empty tomb. Their immediate departure reflects their desire to seek the truth and their commitment to Jesus, even in the face of uncertainty.

for the tomb
The phrase "for the tomb" indicates the destination of Peter and John. The Greek word for tomb is "μνημεῖον" (mnēmeion), which refers to a burial place or sepulcher. In the historical and archaeological context, tombs during this period were often carved out of rock and sealed with a large stone. The mention of the tomb is significant as it is the focal point of the resurrection narrative. It symbolizes both the reality of Jesus' death and the miraculous nature of His resurrection, serving as a testament to His victory over death.

The two were running together
This phrase sets the scene of urgency and anticipation. The "two" refers to Peter and the "other disciple," traditionally understood to be John, the author of this Gospel. The Greek word for "running" (τρέχω, trechō) conveys a sense of haste and eagerness. This reflects the disciples' deep concern and desire to verify the news of the empty tomb. Historically, running was not a common mode of travel for adults in ancient times, indicating the extraordinary nature of the event. Theologically, this urgency can symbolize the Christian's pursuit of truth and the eagerness to witness the fulfillment of Jesus' resurrection.

but the other disciple outran Peter
The "other disciple" is often identified as John, who humbly refrains from naming himself directly. The Greek word for "outran" (προτρέχω, protrechō) suggests not just speed but a surpassing or excelling. This could imply John's youthful vigor compared to Peter, who was likely older. Spiritually, this may represent the different paces at which individuals come to faith or understanding. John's faster arrival could symbolize a more immediate recognition or acceptance of the resurrection, while Peter's slower pace might reflect a more contemplative or cautious approach.

and reached the tomb first
The phrase "reached the tomb first" highlights the culmination of the race. The Greek word for "reached" (ἔρχομαι, erchomai) is often used in the New Testament to denote coming or arriving, emphasizing the physical and spiritual journey to the truth of the resurrection. The "tomb" is central to the resurrection narrative, serving as the physical evidence of Jesus' victory over death. Historically, tombs were often carved out of rock and sealed with a stone, making the empty tomb a powerful testament to the miraculous event. Theologically, reaching the tomb first can symbolize the privilege and responsibility of being among the first witnesses to the resurrection, a cornerstone of Christian faith.

He bent down
This phrase indicates a posture of humility and careful observation. The Greek word used here is "parakypto," which means to stoop down or to look intently. This action reflects a deep desire to understand and witness the truth of the resurrection. In a spiritual sense, it suggests that approaching the mysteries of God requires humility and a willingness to look closely and carefully.

and looked in
The Greek word "blepo" is used here, which means to see or perceive. This is not just a casual glance but an intentional act of looking with purpose. In the context of the resurrection, it signifies the importance of seeking evidence and understanding the reality of Christ's victory over death. It encourages believers to actively seek and perceive the truths of their faith.

at the linen cloths lying there
The linen cloths are significant as they were used to wrap Jesus' body after His crucifixion. The Greek word "othonia" refers to these strips of linen. Their presence in the tomb, without the body, serves as a silent testimony to the resurrection. Historically, the careful arrangement of these cloths suggests that Jesus' body was not stolen, as grave robbers would not have taken the time to unwrap the body and leave the linens neatly behind.

but he did not go in
This phrase highlights a moment of hesitation or reverence. The Greek word "eiserchomai" means to enter. The disciple's decision not to enter the tomb immediately can be seen as a moment of awe and respect for the sacredness of the place where the resurrection occurred. It reflects a recognition of the holy ground upon which they stood, and it invites believers to approach the mysteries of faith with reverence and contemplation.

Simon Peter
This name refers to one of Jesus' closest disciples, known for his impulsive nature and deep devotion. "Simon" is his given name, while "Peter" (Greek: Petros) means "rock," a name given by Jesus to signify the foundational role Peter would play in the early Church. Historically, Peter is seen as a leader among the apostles, and his presence here underscores his importance in the resurrection narrative.

arrived just after him
This phrase indicates the sequence of events, showing that Peter followed the "other disciple," traditionally understood to be John. The Greek word for "arrived" (ἔρχεται, erchetai) suggests a purposeful coming, emphasizing Peter's determination to witness the events firsthand. This reflects the urgency and importance of the resurrection event for the early followers of Jesus.

He entered the tomb
Peter's action of entering the tomb demonstrates his boldness and eagerness to understand the situation. The Greek verb "entered" (εἰσῆλθεν, eiselthen) implies a decisive action, highlighting Peter's leadership and willingness to confront the unknown. This act of entering the tomb is symbolic of the transition from doubt to faith, a journey that Peter and all believers are invited to undertake.

and saw the linen cloths lying there
The "linen cloths" (Greek: ὀθόνια, othonion) refer to the burial wrappings of Jesus. Their presence in the tomb is significant, as it suggests that Jesus' body was not stolen, as grave robbers would not have taken the time to unwrap the body. The sight of the linen cloths lying undisturbed is a powerful testament to the resurrection, inviting believers to see beyond the physical evidence to the spiritual reality of Jesus' victory over death.

The cloth
The Greek word used here is "soudarion," which refers to a face cloth or napkin. In the context of Jewish burial customs, this cloth was used to cover the face of the deceased. Its mention here is significant, as it highlights the care and orderliness of the resurrection event. Unlike the hurried removal of a body, the presence of the cloth suggests a deliberate and miraculous act, emphasizing the divine nature of Jesus' resurrection.

that had been around Jesus’ head
This phrase underscores the personal and intimate nature of the resurrection. The cloth was specifically around Jesus' head, indicating that the resurrection was not a general event but a personal victory over death for Jesus Himself. It also serves as a testament to the physical reality of Jesus' resurrection, countering any claims that it was merely spiritual or metaphorical.

was rolled up
The Greek word "entylisso" means to wrap or roll up. The fact that the cloth was rolled up suggests intentionality and order. This detail refutes any notion of a grave robbery, as thieves would not take the time to neatly roll up a cloth. Instead, it points to the power and peace of the resurrection, where even in the midst of a miraculous event, there is a sense of calm and purpose.

lying separate
The separation of the head cloth from the linen cloths is a detail rich with meaning. It indicates that the resurrection was not chaotic but orderly. This separation can symbolize the distinction between Jesus' earthly life and His resurrected, glorified state. It also serves as a visual representation of the new covenant, where Jesus' resurrection separates the old from the new, bringing hope and salvation.

from the linen cloths
The linen cloths, or "othonia" in Greek, were used to wrap Jesus' body. Their mention here, along with the separate head cloth, provides a vivid picture of the empty tomb. The presence of these cloths, left behind, is a powerful testament to the reality of the resurrection. It signifies that Jesus' body was not stolen but transformed, leaving behind the trappings of death and emerging victorious over the grave.

Then the other disciple
This phrase refers to John, the author of the Gospel, who often refers to himself in the third person. The Greek word for "disciple" is μαθητής (mathētēs), meaning a learner or follower. John, as a disciple, represents those who earnestly seek to understand and follow Jesus. His humility in not naming himself directly is a testament to his focus on Christ rather than personal recognition.

who had reached the tomb first
John's arrival at the tomb before Peter is significant. The Greek word for "first" is πρῶτος (prōtos), indicating precedence in time or order. This detail underscores John's eagerness and devotion. Historically, this reflects the early Christian community's emphasis on the immediacy and urgency of the resurrection message.

also went in
The act of entering the tomb signifies a deeper level of engagement and commitment. The Greek word for "went in" is εἰσέρχομαι (eiserchomai), which can imply entering into a new understanding or experience. This moment marks a transition from doubt to faith, as John moves from observing to participating in the resurrection reality.

And he saw
The Greek word for "saw" is εἶδον (eidon), which can mean to perceive or understand. This is more than a physical seeing; it is a spiritual insight. John's seeing is a recognition of the truth of the resurrection, a pivotal moment in Christian faith. Archaeologically, the empty tomb is a profound symbol of victory over death, a cornerstone of Christian belief.

and believed
The Greek word for "believed" is ἐπίστευσεν (episteusen), indicating trust and faith. This belief is not just intellectual assent but a deep, personal conviction. Historically, this belief in the resurrection transformed the disciples, empowering them to spread the Gospel. Scripturally, this moment fulfills Jesus' promise of rising again, affirming His divinity and the hope of eternal life for believers.

For they still did not understand
This phrase highlights the disciples' lack of comprehension regarding the resurrection, despite Jesus' prior teachings. The Greek word for "understand" is "οἴδαμεν" (oidamen), which implies a deep, intuitive knowledge. The disciples' failure to grasp the resurrection underscores the profound mystery of this event and the necessity of divine revelation for true understanding. Historically, this reflects the Jewish expectation of a Messiah who would reign politically, not one who would die and rise again.

from Scripture
The term "Scripture" refers to the Hebrew Bible, what Christians call the Old Testament. The Greek word "γραφή" (graphē) is used here, indicating the sacred writings that were authoritative for the Jewish people. This phrase suggests that the resurrection was foretold in the Old Testament, though the disciples had not yet connected these prophecies to Jesus' resurrection. Passages like Psalm 16:10 and Isaiah 53 are often cited as prophetic references to the resurrection.

that Jesus had to rise from the dead
The necessity of Jesus' resurrection is emphasized by the word "had," translated from the Greek "δεῖ" (dei), which means "it is necessary." This necessity is rooted in God's redemptive plan, fulfilling prophecies and validating Jesus' divine nature and mission. The resurrection is central to Christian faith, as it confirms Jesus' victory over sin and death, offering believers the hope of eternal life. Historically, the resurrection was a transformative event for the early church, empowering the disciples to spread the Gospel with boldness.

Then
The word "then" serves as a transitional term, indicating a sequence of events. In the context of John 20, it follows the discovery of the empty tomb by Mary Magdalene and the subsequent visit by Peter and the other disciple, traditionally understood to be John. This moment marks a pivotal transition from confusion and despair to the unfolding revelation of the resurrection. The Greek word used here, "τότε" (tote), often signifies a critical turning point in the narrative, emphasizing the shift from the disciples' initial bewilderment to the beginning of their understanding of the resurrection.

the disciples
This phrase refers specifically to Peter and John, who were among the closest followers of Jesus. The term "disciples" (Greek: μαθηταί, mathētai) denotes learners or students, highlighting their role as those who were taught by Jesus. In the broader context of the Gospel, the disciples are portrayed as witnesses to Jesus' life, death, and resurrection, tasked with carrying forward His teachings. Their return home at this moment reflects a temporary retreat, possibly to process the events they have just witnessed.

returned
The act of returning (Greek: ἀπῆλθον, apēlthon) suggests a movement away from the tomb back to a place of familiarity and safety. This return is not just physical but also symbolic of a return to contemplation and reflection. The disciples are in a state of transition, moving from the shock of the empty tomb to a deeper understanding of its implications. This word captures the human tendency to seek comfort in the familiar when faced with the unknown.

to their homes
The phrase "to their homes" (Greek: πρὸς ἑαυτοὺς, pros heautous) indicates a return to their personal spaces, where they could ponder the events privately. In the cultural and historical context of the time, the home was a place of refuge and reflection. This return signifies a moment of introspection for the disciples, as they grapple with the reality of the resurrection. It underscores the personal nature of faith, as each disciple must come to terms with the resurrection in their own way and time.

But Mary
The verse begins with "But Mary," indicating a contrast or continuation from the previous events. Mary Magdalene is a significant figure in the Gospels, known for her devotion to Jesus. Her presence here highlights her loyalty and love for Christ. In the Greek, "Mary" is "Μαρία" (Maria), a common name in the New Testament, reflecting her Jewish heritage and connection to the people of Israel. Her role as the first to witness the empty tomb underscores the importance of women in the early Christian community.

stood outside the tomb
The phrase "stood outside the tomb" suggests a posture of waiting and expectation. The Greek word for "stood" is "ἑστῶσα" (hestōsa), indicating a firm, resolute stance. This reflects Mary's determination and courage, as she remains at the site of Jesus' burial despite the potential danger and uncertainty. The "tomb" (τάφος, taphos) is a significant archaeological and historical element, as it was a rock-hewn grave typical of Jewish burial practices in the first century. This setting emphasizes the reality of Jesus' death and the miraculous nature of His resurrection.

weeping
Mary's "weeping" (κλαίουσα, klaiousa) is a profound expression of grief and loss. In the Jewish culture of the time, mourning was often a communal and expressive act, involving tears and lamentation. Her tears reflect not only personal sorrow but also the collective despair of Jesus' followers. This emotional display underscores the depth of her love and the seeming finality of death, setting the stage for the revelation of the resurrection.

And as she wept
The repetition of her weeping emphasizes the intensity of her sorrow. The conjunction "And" (καί, kai) connects her emotional state with her subsequent actions, showing that her grief propels her to seek understanding and closure. This persistence in the face of despair is a testament to her faith and hope, even when circumstances seem dire.

she bent down
The action of "bent down" (παρέκυψεν, parekypsen) suggests humility and a desire to see more clearly. This physical act of stooping low is symbolic of her willingness to seek truth and encounter the divine mystery. It reflects a posture of reverence and submission, qualities that are essential in the Christian walk of faith.

to look into the tomb
Her intention "to look into the tomb" indicates a search for answers and a longing for understanding. The Greek word for "look" is "βλέπειν" (blepein), which implies careful observation and discernment. This act of looking is not merely physical but also spiritual, as Mary seeks to comprehend the reality of Jesus' resurrection. The empty tomb becomes a symbol of hope and new life, inviting believers to look beyond the visible and trust in God's promises.

and she saw
The Greek word for "saw" is "θεωρεῖ" (theorei), which implies more than just a casual glance; it suggests a careful observation or contemplation. Mary Magdalene's encounter is not merely visual but deeply spiritual and emotional. Her seeing is an act of witnessing the divine, a moment of revelation that transcends ordinary sight. This emphasizes the importance of being spiritually perceptive to recognize God's work in our lives.

two angels
The presence of "two angels" is significant in biblical narratives, often symbolizing a divine testimony or confirmation. In Jewish tradition, two witnesses are required to establish a matter (Deuteronomy 19:15). Here, the angels serve as heavenly witnesses to the resurrection, affirming the truth of Jesus' victory over death. Angels are messengers of God, and their appearance underscores the sacredness of the moment.

in white
The color "white" in biblical symbolism often represents purity, holiness, and divine presence. The angels' white garments reflect their heavenly origin and the purity of the message they bring. White is also associated with victory and celebration, fitting for the context of the resurrection. This imagery invites believers to consider the purity and holiness required to approach the divine.

sitting
The posture of "sitting" suggests a sense of calm authority and readiness. In ancient times, sitting was a position of teaching or judgment. The angels' seated position may indicate their role as divine messengers, ready to impart understanding and assurance to Mary. It also reflects the completed work of Christ, who now sits at the right hand of the Father.

where Jesus’ body had been
This phrase highlights the physical reality of the resurrection. The body of Jesus was once there, but now it is gone, signifying the miraculous event that has taken place. The empty tomb is a powerful testament to the resurrection, a cornerstone of Christian faith. It invites believers to reflect on the transformative power of Christ's victory over death.

one at the head and the other at the feet
The positioning of the angels "one at the head and the other at the feet" evokes the image of the cherubim on the Ark of the Covenant (Exodus 25:18-20), which symbolized God's presence among His people. This imagery suggests that the tomb has become a new Holy of Holies, a sacred space where the divine has acted decisively. It underscores the idea that through Jesus' resurrection, believers have direct access to God. This positioning also frames the place where Jesus lay as a place of honor and reverence, inviting reflection on the sacrificial love of Christ.

They asked her
This phrase introduces the dialogue between Mary Magdalene and the angels at the tomb. The Greek word for "asked" is "λέγουσιν" (legousin), which can also mean "said" or "spoke." This indicates a gentle inquiry rather than an interrogation. The angels' approach is compassionate, reflecting God's tender care for those in distress. In the context of the resurrection narrative, this question opens the door for Mary to express her grief and confusion, setting the stage for the revelation of Christ's victory over death.

Woman
The term "γύναι" (gynai) is used here, which is a respectful form of address. In the cultural context of the time, addressing Mary as "woman" is not dismissive but rather a formal and courteous way to engage her. This reflects the dignity and respect afforded to women in the biblical narrative, countering any cultural norms that might have marginalized them. It also echoes Jesus' own respectful address to His mother at the wedding in Cana (John 2:4).

Why are you weeping?
This question, "τί κλαίεις" (ti klaieis), is both compassionate and probing. It acknowledges Mary's sorrow while inviting her to consider the reason for her tears. In the broader scriptural context, weeping is often associated with mourning and loss, but here it is juxtaposed with the joy of the resurrection. The angels' question gently challenges Mary to look beyond her immediate grief to the hope and promise of new life in Christ.

She replied
The Greek word "λέγει" (legei) indicates that Mary is responding directly to the angels' inquiry. Her reply is an expression of her deep emotional turmoil and confusion. This interaction highlights the personal nature of the resurrection account, where individual encounters with the divine are central to the narrative. Mary's response is a testament to her devotion and love for Jesus, even in the face of uncertainty and despair.

They have taken my Lord away
Mary's statement reflects her misunderstanding of the situation. The phrase "ἦραν τὸν κύριόν μου" (ēran ton kyrion mou) reveals her belief that Jesus' body has been removed, which adds to her distress. The use of "my Lord" underscores her personal relationship with Jesus, emphasizing her loyalty and the depth of her loss. This moment captures the tension between human perception and divine reality, as Mary is on the brink of discovering the truth of the resurrection.

and I do not know where they have put Him
This continuation of Mary's statement, "καὶ οὐκ οἶδα ποῦ ἔθηκαν αὐτόν" (kai ouk oida pou ethēkan auton), conveys her sense of helplessness and confusion. The phrase "I do not know" highlights her lack of understanding, which is a common human experience when faced with the mysteries of God's work. This sets the stage for the revelation that will follow, as Mary's search for Jesus will soon be fulfilled in a way she could not have anticipated. Her words resonate with the longing and seeking that characterize the believer's journey toward faith and understanding.

When she had said this
This phrase refers to Mary Magdalene's conversation with the angels in the tomb. The Greek word for "said" is "eipousa," which indicates a completed action. This moment marks a transition from her dialogue with the angels to her encounter with the risen Christ. It highlights the immediacy and continuity of the resurrection narrative, emphasizing the divine orchestration of events.

she turned around
The Greek word "straphē" suggests a physical turning, but it also implies a deeper, spiritual turning or conversion. This act of turning is symbolic of a shift in perception and understanding. In the broader biblical context, turning often signifies repentance or a new direction in one's spiritual journey.

and saw Jesus standing there
The verb "saw" is translated from the Greek "theōreō," which means to behold or perceive. This is not merely a physical sight but an invitation to spiritual insight. Jesus "standing" there signifies His victory over death and His readiness to reveal Himself to those who seek Him. The resurrection is a pivotal moment in Christian theology, affirming Jesus' divinity and the promise of eternal life.

but she did not recognize that it was Jesus
The Greek word for "recognize" is "egnō," which means to know or perceive. This lack of recognition can be understood in several ways. Historically, it reflects the initial confusion and disbelief of the disciples regarding the resurrection. Spiritually, it suggests that recognition of Jesus requires more than physical sight; it requires faith and spiritual discernment. This moment invites believers to consider how they might fail to recognize Jesus in their own lives and challenges them to seek Him with open hearts and minds.

Woman
The term "woman" (Greek: γύναι, gynai) is a respectful form of address in the cultural context of the time. Jesus uses this term not only here but also in other significant interactions, such as with His mother at the wedding in Cana (John 2:4). It reflects a tone of respect and care, acknowledging Mary's grief while gently redirecting her focus.

why are you weeping?
This question is both compassionate and probing. In the Greek, "weeping" (κλαίεις, klaieis) indicates a deep, mournful crying. Jesus' inquiry is not merely about the physical act of crying but seeks to address the deeper sorrow and misunderstanding of the situation. It invites Mary to reflect on the reason for her tears, setting the stage for the revelation of His resurrection.

Whom are you seeking?
This question shifts the focus from the act of weeping to the object of her search. The Greek word for "seeking" (ζητεῖς, zēteis) implies an earnest and deliberate search. Jesus is gently guiding Mary to consider the true nature of her quest, hinting at the transformative truth that He is not dead but alive.

Supposing He was the gardener
This phrase highlights Mary's initial misunderstanding. The assumption that Jesus was the gardener is significant; gardens in the ancient world were often places of burial, and the gardener would be a caretaker of such a place. This misidentification underscores the unexpectedness of the resurrection and the ordinary guise in which the extraordinary often appears.

Sir, if you have carried Him away
The term "Sir" (κύριε, kyrie) is a polite address, showing respect to whom she believes is a stranger. Her assumption that someone might have moved Jesus' body reflects the confusion and chaos following the crucifixion. It also demonstrates her devotion, as she is willing to take responsibility for the body of Jesus.

tell me where you have put Him
Mary's request is straightforward and earnest. The Greek verb "put" (ἔθηκας, ethēkas) suggests a deliberate action. Her plea is driven by love and a desire to honor Jesus, even in death, by ensuring His body is treated with respect.

and I will get Him
This final phrase reveals Mary's determination and devotion. Despite the practical impossibility of moving a body alone, her love for Jesus compels her to make this offer. It highlights the depth of her commitment and the personal relationship she had with Jesus, which transcends mere duty or obligation.

Jesus said to her
In this phrase, the focus is on the personal nature of Jesus' interaction with Mary Magdalene. The Greek word for "said" is "λέγει" (legei), which is a present tense verb, indicating a continuous or repeated action. This suggests that Jesus' communication with Mary is ongoing and personal. The use of her name, "Mary," highlights the intimate and personal relationship Jesus has with His followers. In the historical context, a rabbi calling a disciple by name was a sign of deep personal connection and recognition.

Mary
The name "Mary" is derived from the Hebrew "Miryam," which can mean "bitterness" or "beloved." In this context, Jesus calling her by name signifies a moment of profound recognition and transformation. It is a turning point for Mary, moving from despair to joy. The use of her name signifies Jesus' deep knowledge and love for her, reflecting the personal relationship He offers to each believer.

She turned
The Greek word "στραφεῖσα" (strapheisa) means "having turned." This physical turning is symbolic of a spiritual awakening or realization. In the context of the resurrection, it signifies a turning from grief to recognition, from death to life. Historically, this moment represents the first recognition of the risen Christ, marking a pivotal moment in Christian faith.

and said to Him in Aramaic
The use of Aramaic, the common language of the Jewish people at the time, underscores the authenticity and historical accuracy of the account. Aramaic was the language Jesus and His disciples would have commonly spoken, and its use here emphasizes the personal and cultural connection between Jesus and Mary. It also highlights the accessibility of Jesus' message to the common people of His time.

Rabboni!
The term "Rabboni" is an Aramaic word that means "my teacher" or "my master." It is a term of respect and recognition of authority. In the Jewish tradition, a rabbi was a revered teacher and spiritual leader. By using this term, Mary acknowledges Jesus' authority and her relationship as His disciple. This moment is significant as it reflects the recognition of Jesus not only as a teacher but as the risen Lord.

(which means Teacher)
The clarification provided here is for the benefit of the Greek-speaking audience of the Gospel. The Greek word "διδάσκαλος" (didaskalos) translates to "teacher." This explanation bridges the cultural and linguistic gap, ensuring that the message of Jesus' resurrection and His role as a teacher is understood universally. It emphasizes the role of Jesus as the ultimate teacher, whose lessons transcend time and culture.

Jesus said to her
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the resurrection narrative. The Greek verb "λέγει" (legei) indicates a present, active voice, emphasizing the immediacy and personal nature of Jesus' communication with Mary Magdalene. Historically, this encounter underscores the radical nature of Jesus' ministry, as He first reveals His resurrected self to a woman, challenging the cultural norms of the time.

Do not cling to Me
The Greek word "ἅπτου" (haptou) can be translated as "touch" or "cling." This suggests a deeper meaning beyond physical touch, implying a call for Mary to release her previous understanding of Jesus' earthly ministry. Theologically, this signifies a transition from the physical presence of Christ to a spiritual relationship through the Holy Spirit, which will be fully realized after His ascension.

for I have not yet ascended to the Father
The term "ascended" comes from the Greek "ἀναβέβηκα" (anabebēka), indicating a future action that is part of God's redemptive plan. This highlights the importance of the ascension as a necessary step in the fulfillment of Jesus' mission. Historically, the ascension is a cornerstone of Christian doctrine, marking the completion of Jesus' earthly ministry and the beginning of His heavenly intercession.

But go and tell My brothers
The use of "brothers" (ἀδελφοί, adelphoi) is significant, as it reflects the new familial relationship established through Christ's death and resurrection. This term extends beyond biological ties, symbolizing the spiritual kinship among believers. Scripturally, it emphasizes the inclusivity of the Gospel message and the formation of the early Christian community.

I am ascending to My Father and your Father
Here, Jesus personalizes the relationship with God, using "My Father and your Father." The Greek possessive pronouns "μου" (mou) and "ὑμῶν" (humōn) highlight the shared relationship believers now have with God through Christ. This phrase bridges the gap between humanity and the divine, affirming the believer's adoption into God's family.

to My God and your God
This repetition of "My God and your God" reinforces the intimate and personal relationship between Jesus, His followers, and the Father. The Greek structure emphasizes both unity and distinction, acknowledging Jesus' unique sonship while inviting believers into a shared spiritual inheritance. Theologically, it underscores the dual nature of Christ as both divine and human, serving as a mediator between God and humanity.

Mary Magdalene
Mary Magdalene is a significant figure in the New Testament, often identified as a devoted follower of Jesus. Her name, "Magdalene," suggests she was from Magdala, a town on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee. Historically, Mary is often remembered for her deliverance from seven demons (Luke 8:2), symbolizing a profound transformation and redemption. Her presence at the crucifixion and the empty tomb underscores her unwavering loyalty and love for Jesus. In a conservative Christian perspective, Mary represents the transformative power of Christ's love and forgiveness.

went and announced
The Greek word for "went" is "πορεύομαι" (poreuomai), which implies a purposeful journey or mission. "Announced" comes from the Greek "ἀγγέλλω" (angellō), meaning to proclaim or declare. This phrase highlights Mary's role as the first evangelist of the Resurrection, entrusted with the critical task of sharing the good news. Her actions fulfill the Great Commission in a personal and immediate way, demonstrating that the message of Christ's victory over death is to be shared with urgency and joy.

to the disciples
The disciples, or "μαθηταί" (mathētai) in Greek, were the chosen followers of Jesus, who had been with Him throughout His ministry. This group, initially consisting of the Twelve, represents the foundation of the early Church. Mary's announcement to them signifies the beginning of their transformation from followers to leaders, tasked with spreading the Gospel to all nations. In a historical context, this moment marks a pivotal shift in the disciples' understanding and mission.

'I have seen the Lord!'
The phrase "I have seen" is translated from the Greek "ἑώρακα" (heōraka), which implies not just physical sight but a deeper, spiritual perception. "The Lord" refers to Jesus, affirming His divine authority and identity. Mary's declaration is a profound statement of faith, recognizing Jesus not only as her teacher but as the risen Savior. This encounter emphasizes the personal relationship believers are invited to have with Christ, seeing Him not just with the eyes but with the heart.

And she told them what He had said to her
This part of the verse underscores the importance of testimony in the Christian faith. Mary's recounting of Jesus' words is an act of obedience and faithfulness, ensuring that His message is preserved and shared. The Greek word for "told" is "λαλέω" (laleō), which means to speak or communicate. This highlights the role of believers as messengers of Christ's teachings, entrusted with the responsibility to convey His words accurately and passionately. In a conservative Christian view, this emphasizes the authority of Scripture and the importance of sharing the Gospel message with others.

It was the evening of the first day of the week
This phrase marks a significant moment in Christian history. The "first day of the week" refers to Sunday, which is now celebrated as the Lord's Day in commemoration of Jesus' resurrection. The Greek word for "week" is "sabbaton," which can also mean "Sabbath," indicating the transition from the Jewish Sabbath (Saturday) to the Christian day of worship (Sunday). This shift underscores the new creation inaugurated by Christ's resurrection, symbolizing a new beginning for humanity.

the disciples were gathered together
The gathering of the disciples highlights the importance of community and fellowship among believers, especially in times of fear and uncertainty. The Greek word "mathētai" for "disciples" emphasizes their role as learners and followers of Jesus. This assembly foreshadows the early Christian church's practice of meeting together for worship, prayer, and mutual encouragement, as seen in Acts 2:42.

with the doors locked for fear of the Jews
The locked doors symbolize the disciples' fear and uncertainty following Jesus' crucifixion. The Greek word "kleio" means "to shut" or "to lock," indicating a physical and emotional barrier. Historically, the "Jews" refers to the Jewish authorities who opposed Jesus, not the Jewish people as a whole. This context reflects the tension and danger faced by early Christians, yet it also sets the stage for Jesus' miraculous appearance, demonstrating His power over physical and spiritual barriers.

Jesus came and stood among them
This phrase captures the miraculous nature of Jesus' resurrection body, which transcends physical limitations. The Greek verb "erchomai" means "to come" or "to appear," suggesting a sudden and divine presence. Jesus' ability to stand among them despite locked doors signifies His victory over death and His continued presence with His followers. This moment fulfills His promise in Matthew 28:20, "I am with you always."

and said, 'Peace be with you.'
The greeting "Peace be with you" is deeply rooted in Jewish tradition, where "shalom" signifies not just the absence of conflict but the presence of wholeness and divine blessing. The Greek word "eirēnē" translates to "peace," reflecting a state of harmony and reconciliation. Jesus' words offer comfort and assurance, dispelling fear and affirming the peace that comes from His victory over sin and death. This peace is a central theme in the Gospel of John, as seen in John 14:27, where Jesus promises His peace to His disciples.

When He had said this
This phrase refers to the preceding words of Jesus, which are crucial for understanding the context. Jesus had just appeared to His disciples after His resurrection, offering them peace. The Greek word for "said" is "eipon," which implies a declaration or proclamation. This moment is significant as it marks the transition from fear to faith for the disciples, emphasizing the authority and assurance in Jesus' words.

He showed them His hands and His side
The act of showing His hands and side is deeply symbolic. The Greek word for "showed" is "edeixen," meaning to make visible or to reveal. This revelation is not just physical but also spiritual, confirming His identity as the crucified and risen Lord. The hands and side bear the marks of crucifixion, serving as tangible evidence of His sacrifice and victory over death. Historically, this act would have been a profound reassurance to the disciples, dispelling doubts and fears.

The disciples rejoiced
The Greek word for "rejoiced" is "echarēsan," which conveys a deep, overwhelming joy. This joy is not merely emotional but is rooted in the fulfillment of Jesus' promises and the realization of His resurrection. The disciples' transformation from despair to joy is a testament to the power of the risen Christ. This joy is a foretaste of the eternal joy promised to all believers.

when they saw the Lord
The phrase "saw the Lord" is pivotal. The Greek word for "saw" is "idontes," which implies more than just physical sight; it suggests understanding and recognition. The term "Lord" (Greek: "Kyrios") is a title of authority and divinity, acknowledging Jesus as sovereign and divine. This recognition is a moment of revelation and faith, as the disciples comprehend the reality of the resurrection and the presence of Jesus among them. Historically, this encounter would have solidified their faith and mission, empowering them to spread the Gospel with conviction.

Peace be with you
This phrase, spoken by Jesus, is a profound declaration of tranquility and assurance. The Greek word for "peace" is "eirēnē," which signifies not just the absence of conflict but a holistic sense of well-being and harmony. In the Jewish context, this echoes the Hebrew "shalom," a blessing of completeness and prosperity. Jesus, having conquered death, offers a peace that transcends human understanding, a peace that reconciles humanity with God.

As the Father has sent Me
Here, Jesus refers to His divine mission. The Greek word for "sent" is "apostellō," which means to send forth with a specific purpose. This reflects the divine authority and intentionality behind Jesus' earthly ministry. The Father’s sending of Jesus is rooted in love and redemption, as seen throughout the Gospel of John. This mission was not just about teaching but about embodying the love and truth of God.

so also I am sending you
In this commission, Jesus uses the same Greek root "apostellō," indicating that the disciples are to continue His mission. This is a pivotal moment, as it transitions the disciples from followers to active participants in the work of the Kingdom. Historically, this commissioning is foundational for the Church's understanding of its mission in the world. The disciples are to carry forward the message of reconciliation and peace, empowered by the Holy Spirit, to all nations.

And when He had said this
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the narrative, following Jesus' resurrection. The context is crucial; Jesus has just appeared to His disciples, who were gathered in fear. The phrase indicates a transition from His comforting words of peace to a profound spiritual act. The Greek word for "said" (εἶπεν, eipen) implies a declaration of authority, underscoring the significance of what follows.

He breathed on them
The act of breathing is deeply symbolic, harking back to Genesis 2:7, where God breathes life into Adam. The Greek word used here is ἐνεφύσησεν (enephysēsen), which is unique in the New Testament, emphasizing the divine impartation of life and spirit. This act signifies the impartation of new spiritual life, echoing the creation narrative and symbolizing the new creation in Christ.

and said
The repetition of "said" (εἶπεν, eipen) highlights the authority and intentionality of Jesus' actions. It underscores the importance of His words, which are not mere suggestions but divine commands with transformative power.

Receive the Holy Spirit
This command is both a promise and a fulfillment. The Greek word for "receive" (λάβετε, labete) is an imperative, indicating an active reception. The Holy Spirit, referred to as πνεῦμα (pneuma), is the third person of the Trinity, essential for the life and mission of the Church. This moment prefigures Pentecost, where the Holy Spirit would be poured out in fullness. Theologically, this act signifies the disciples' empowerment for ministry and the continuation of Jesus' work on earth.

If you forgive
The Greek word for "forgive" here is "ἀφίημι" (aphiēmi), which means to send away, let go, or release. In the context of the New Testament, it often refers to the remission of sins. This phrase emphasizes the authority given to the disciples to act as representatives of Christ on earth. Historically, this authority is seen as a continuation of Jesus' ministry, where He often forgave sins, demonstrating His divine authority. The act of forgiving is not merely a human decision but a divine mandate, reflecting the heart of God who desires reconciliation and restoration.

anyone his sins
The term "sins" in Greek is "ἁμαρτίας" (hamartias), which refers to missing the mark or falling short of God's standards. The phrase underscores the universal nature of sin, affecting all humanity. In the Jewish context, sin was understood as a breach of the covenant with God, requiring atonement. The disciples' role in forgiving sins highlights the transition from the Old Covenant, centered on the law and sacrifices, to the New Covenant, centered on grace and the sacrifice of Christ. This authority to forgive sins is rooted in the work of Jesus on the cross, which provides the basis for true forgiveness.

they are forgiven
The passive voice here, "they are forgiven," indicates that the action is performed by God through the disciples. The Greek word "ἀφέωνται" (apheōntai) suggests a completed action with ongoing results. This reflects the permanence and completeness of divine forgiveness. In the early church, this was understood as part of the apostolic authority, which was passed down through the laying on of hands and the guidance of the Holy Spirit. The assurance of forgiveness is a cornerstone of Christian faith, offering believers peace and reconciliation with God.

if you withhold forgiveness
The phrase "withhold forgiveness" uses the Greek "κρατῆτε" (kratēte), meaning to hold fast or retain. This implies a deliberate decision not to forgive, which carries significant responsibility. In the historical context, this authority was not to be wielded lightly but with discernment and alignment with God's will. The early church fathers saw this as a call to maintain the purity and holiness of the church, ensuring that forgiveness was granted in accordance with genuine repentance and faith.

from anyone, it is withheld
The phrase "it is withheld" uses the Greek "κεκράτηνται" (kekratēntai), indicating a state of being retained. This highlights the serious nature of unrepentance and the consequences of rejecting God's grace. In the scriptural context, this reflects the balance between God's mercy and justice. The withholding of forgiveness serves as a sobering reminder of the need for genuine repentance and the transformative power of God's grace. It underscores the church's role in upholding the truth of the Gospel while extending grace to those who seek it with a contrite heart.

Now Thomas
The name "Thomas" is derived from the Aramaic "T'oma," meaning "twin." This is significant as it highlights the dual nature of doubt and faith that Thomas embodies. In the context of the Gospel, Thomas represents the believer who struggles with doubt but ultimately seeks truth. His journey is a testament to the grace and patience of Christ in addressing our uncertainties.

called Didymus
"Didymus" is the Greek equivalent of "twin." This repetition of the meaning of his name underscores the importance of identity and the personal nature of faith. Thomas's dual name may symbolize the internal conflict between belief and skepticism, a common human experience. It also serves as a reminder that Jesus knows us intimately, including our struggles and doubts.

one of the Twelve
This phrase emphasizes Thomas's role as one of the original apostles chosen by Jesus. Despite his doubts, Thomas is still counted among the Twelve, illustrating the inclusivity of Christ's call. It reassures believers that doubt does not disqualify one from being a disciple. Historically, the Twelve were foundational to the early Church, and Thomas's inclusion highlights the diversity of personalities and faith journeys within the apostolic community.

was not with them
Thomas's absence when Jesus first appeared to the other disciples is crucial. It sets the stage for his later encounter with the risen Christ, which becomes a powerful narrative of personal revelation and transformation. This absence can be seen as a metaphor for spiritual isolation and the importance of community in experiencing the fullness of faith. It also reflects the reality that faith journeys can be deeply personal and unique.

when Jesus came
The phrase "when Jesus came" refers to the post-resurrection appearance of Christ to His disciples. This event is central to Christian faith, affirming the reality of the resurrection. For Thomas, this moment becomes a turning point, transforming his doubt into a profound declaration of faith. The historical context of Jesus's appearances after His resurrection serves to validate the truth of His victory over death and His divine nature. This phrase invites believers to reflect on the transformative power of encountering the risen Christ in their own lives.

So the other disciples told him
This phrase sets the stage for the interaction between Thomas and the other disciples. The Greek word for "told" is "ἔλεγον" (elegon), which is in the imperfect tense, indicating a continuous or repeated action. This suggests that the disciples were persistent in their testimony to Thomas about the risen Christ. Historically, this reflects the early Christian community's commitment to sharing the resurrection news, a cornerstone of their faith. The disciples' insistence underscores the transformative impact of witnessing the risen Lord, a message they were compelled to share despite initial skepticism.

We have seen the Lord!
The declaration "We have seen the Lord!" is central to the Christian faith, as it affirms the resurrection of Jesus. The Greek word for "seen" is "ἑωράκαμεν" (heōrakamen), which implies not just a casual glance but a profound, life-altering encounter. This statement is a testament to the physical resurrection of Jesus, a foundational truth that the disciples were eyewitnesses to. The use of "Lord" (Κύριον, Kurion) emphasizes Jesus' divine authority and identity, reinforcing the belief in His sovereignty and the fulfillment of His promises.

But he replied
Thomas's response introduces a moment of doubt and skepticism. The Greek word "εἶπεν" (eipen) is used here, indicating a definitive reply. This sets the stage for a critical teaching moment about faith and belief. Thomas's reply is not just a personal doubt but represents a broader human struggle with belief in the unseen. This moment is pivotal in the narrative, as it leads to a deeper understanding of faith that transcends physical evidence.

Unless I see in His hands the nail marks
Thomas's demand to see the "nail marks" is significant. The Greek word for "nail marks" is "τύπον" (typon), which refers to an impression or mark. This request highlights the physical reality of Jesus' crucifixion and the tangible evidence Thomas seeks. Historically, crucifixion was a common Roman execution method, and the mention of nail marks underscores the brutality of Jesus' death. Thomas's condition for belief reflects a desire for empirical evidence, a common human inclination when faced with extraordinary claims.

and put my finger where the nails were
The phrase "put my finger" indicates a desire for tactile proof. The Greek word "βάλω" (balō) means to cast or place, suggesting an intimate and personal verification of Jesus' wounds. This reflects a deeper yearning for connection and understanding, as Thomas seeks to bridge the gap between doubt and faith through physical touch. It also foreshadows the later encounter where Jesus invites Thomas to do exactly this, demonstrating His willingness to meet us in our doubts.

and put my hand into His side
Thomas's insistence on placing his hand into Jesus' side further emphasizes his need for concrete evidence. The Greek word "πλευράν" (pleuran) refers to the side, specifically where Jesus was pierced by a spear. This detail is crucial, as it confirms the reality of Jesus' death and the fulfillment of prophecy. Thomas's request is a profound expression of his struggle with belief, highlighting the tension between faith and doubt that many experience.

I will never believe
Thomas's declaration "I will never believe" is emphatic. The Greek phrase "οὐ μὴ πιστεύσω" (ou mē pisteusō) uses a double negative for emphasis, indicating a strong refusal to believe without evidence. This moment captures the essence of human skepticism and the challenge of faith. However, it also sets the stage for a powerful revelation of Jesus' grace and understanding, as He later addresses Thomas's doubts directly. This interaction ultimately leads to a deeper faith, illustrating that doubt can be a pathway to a more profound belief when met with truth and grace.

Eight days later
This phrase indicates the passage of time since Jesus' first appearance to the disciples after His resurrection. In Jewish reckoning, "eight days" includes the starting day, making it a week later, on the following Sunday. This timing underscores the early Christian practice of gathering on the first day of the week, which would later become the Christian Sabbath, celebrating the resurrection of Christ.

His disciples were once again inside
The disciples are gathered together, likely in the same upper room where they had previously met. This setting reflects the early Christian community's need for fellowship and mutual support, especially in times of uncertainty and fear. The gathering of the disciples in a private space also highlights the intimate nature of their relationship with Jesus and each other.

with the doors locked
The locked doors symbolize the fear and uncertainty that the disciples felt after Jesus' crucifixion. Despite their fear, they continue to meet, showing their commitment to each other and to Jesus' teachings. The locked doors also serve to emphasize the miraculous nature of Jesus' appearance, as He enters despite the physical barriers.

and Thomas was with them
Thomas, often referred to as "Doubting Thomas," was absent during Jesus' first appearance to the disciples. His presence here is significant, as it sets the stage for his personal encounter with the risen Christ. Thomas represents those who struggle with doubt and require tangible evidence to believe, making his account a powerful testament to the transformative power of faith.

Jesus came and stood among them
This phrase highlights the miraculous nature of Jesus' resurrected body, which transcends physical limitations. His ability to appear among the disciples despite locked doors demonstrates His divine nature and the reality of His resurrection. Jesus' presence among the disciples reassures them of His continued guidance and support.

and said, 'Peace be with you.'
Jesus' greeting of peace is both a traditional Jewish salutation and a profound declaration of the peace that He offers through His resurrection. This peace is not merely the absence of conflict but a deep, abiding sense of well-being and reconciliation with God. Jesus' words remind the disciples of His earlier promises of peace and the gift of the Holy Spirit, which empowers them to carry out His mission.

Then He said to Thomas
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the narrative, where Jesus directly addresses Thomas, one of His disciples. The Greek word for "said" is "εἶπεν" (eipen), which is often used in the New Testament to denote authoritative speech. This encounter is significant because it highlights Jesus' personal and compassionate approach to addressing doubt. Thomas, often referred to as "Doubting Thomas," represents those who struggle with faith. Jesus' willingness to engage with Thomas personally underscores the importance of addressing doubts within the Christian faith community.

Put your finger here
The invitation to "put your finger here" is a direct challenge to Thomas' earlier skepticism. The Greek word for "put" is "φέρε" (phere), which implies bringing or carrying something. This action is not just physical but also symbolic, representing the transition from doubt to faith. By inviting Thomas to touch His wounds, Jesus provides tangible evidence of His resurrection, affirming the physical reality of His risen body. This act serves as a powerful testament to the truth of the resurrection, a cornerstone of Christian belief.

and look at My hands
The phrase "look at My hands" emphasizes the importance of seeing and believing. The Greek word for "look" is "ἴδε" (ide), which means to see or behold. In the context of the resurrection, seeing is not merely a physical act but a spiritual revelation. The hands of Jesus, bearing the marks of crucifixion, are a testament to His sacrifice and victory over death. This visual confirmation is crucial for Thomas and for all believers, reinforcing the reality of Jesus' resurrection and His identity as the risen Lord.

Reach out your hand
Here, Jesus invites Thomas to "reach out your hand," using the Greek word "φέρων" (pheron), which conveys the idea of extending or offering. This gesture signifies an invitation to engage with the truth of the resurrection personally. It is a call to move beyond doubt and to embrace faith. The act of reaching out symbolizes a proactive step towards belief, illustrating that faith often requires an active response to the evidence presented by God.

and put it into My side
The instruction to "put it into My side" refers to the wound inflicted by the spear during the crucifixion. The Greek word "βάλε" (bale) means to cast or place, indicating a deliberate action. This invitation to touch Jesus' side is a profound moment of intimacy and revelation. It serves as a reminder of the cost of redemption and the reality of Jesus' suffering. By allowing Thomas to touch His side, Jesus provides irrefutable proof of His identity and the truth of His resurrection, inviting Thomas to move from skepticism to faith.

Stop doubting and believe
This command, "Stop doubting and believe," is a call to faith. The Greek word for "doubting" is "ἄπιστος" (apistos), meaning unbelieving or faithless. Jesus' directive to "believe" uses the Greek word "πίστευε" (pisteue), which means to have faith or trust. This statement encapsulates the essence of the Christian journey—moving from doubt to belief. It is an invitation to trust in the risen Christ, to accept the evidence of His resurrection, and to embrace the transformative power of faith. This moment is not just for Thomas but for all believers, encouraging them to overcome doubt and to live in the assurance of the resurrection.

Thomas replied
The name "Thomas" is derived from the Aramaic "Te'oma," meaning "twin." In the Greek, he is also called "Didymus," which carries the same meaning. Thomas is often remembered as "Doubting Thomas" due to his initial skepticism about Jesus' resurrection. However, his response here marks a profound moment of faith and recognition. This reply is not just a casual acknowledgment but a declaration of belief and understanding. Thomas's journey from doubt to faith is a powerful testament to the transformative power of encountering the risen Christ.

My Lord
The Greek word used here is "Kyrios," which can mean "lord," "master," or "owner." In the context of the New Testament, it is often used to denote authority and divinity. By addressing Jesus as "Lord," Thomas acknowledges Jesus' authority over his life. This is a personal confession of faith, recognizing Jesus not only as a teacher or prophet but as the sovereign ruler. Historically, the term "Lord" was also used in the Septuagint (the Greek translation of the Old Testament) to translate the divine name YHWH, further emphasizing the divine status Thomas attributes to Jesus.

and my God
The Greek word for "God" here is "Theos," which is the same term used throughout the New Testament to refer to the one true God. This is one of the clearest and most direct confessions of Jesus' divinity in the New Testament. Thomas's declaration is significant because it comes from a Jewish monotheist who would have been cautious about ascribing deity to anyone other than the God of Israel. This statement is a powerful affirmation of the Christian belief in the divinity of Christ, aligning with the prologue of John's Gospel, which declares, "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God" (John 1:1, BSB). Thomas's confession encapsulates the heart of Christian doctrine: Jesus is both Lord and God, fully divine and fully human.

Jesus said to him
This phrase indicates a direct communication from Jesus to Thomas, one of His disciples. The Greek word for "said" is "λέγει" (legei), which implies a declaration or a statement of importance. In the context of the resurrection appearances, this is a pivotal moment where Jesus addresses doubt and faith directly. Historically, this encounter is significant as it occurs after Jesus' resurrection, a time when He was revealing Himself to His followers to affirm His victory over death.

Because you have seen Me
The word "seen" comes from the Greek "ἑώρακας" (heōrakas), which means to perceive with the eyes, but also to understand or experience. Thomas had demanded physical evidence of Jesus' resurrection, and Jesus graciously provided it. This phrase underscores the tangible reality of the resurrection, which was necessary for the early disciples to become bold witnesses. It also highlights the human tendency to rely on physical evidence for belief.

you have believed
The Greek word for "believed" is "πεπίστευκας" (pepisteukas), which denotes a firm conviction or trust. Thomas' belief was based on empirical evidence, which was a common requirement for faith in the ancient world. This belief, however, was not just intellectual assent but a deep trust in the risen Christ, which transformed Thomas from a doubter to a proclaimer of the Gospel.

blessed are those
The term "blessed" is translated from the Greek "μακάριοι" (makarioi), which means happy or fortunate. In the biblical context, it often refers to a state of spiritual well-being and prosperity. This blessing is pronounced by Jesus Himself, indicating divine favor. It is a beatitude, similar to those found in the Sermon on the Mount, and it sets a standard for faith that transcends physical evidence.

who have not seen
This phrase refers to those who believe without the benefit of physical sight or direct evidence. The Greek "μὴ ἰδόντες" (mē idontes) emphasizes the absence of visual confirmation. This is a call to faith that relies on spiritual insight and the testimony of others. Historically, this would apply to all future believers who would come to faith through the witness of the apostles and the written Word.

and yet have believed
The conjunction "and yet" (καὶ) in Greek connects the lack of sight with the presence of faith. The phrase "have believed" (πιστεύσαντες, pisteusantes) indicates an active, ongoing trust in Jesus Christ. This is the essence of Christian faith—believing in the unseen realities of God, His promises, and His work in the world. It is a faith that is commended by Jesus and is foundational to the Christian experience.

Jesus performed
The Greek word for "performed" is "ἐποίησεν" (epoiesen), which means to make, do, or accomplish. This word emphasizes the active role of Jesus in manifesting His divine power and authority. In the context of the Gospel of John, Jesus' actions are not mere miracles but signs pointing to His identity as the Messiah and the Son of God. The use of "performed" underscores the intentional and purposeful nature of Jesus' ministry, as He fulfills the prophecies and reveals the Kingdom of God.

many other signs
The term "signs" comes from the Greek "σημεῖα" (semeia), which refers to miraculous events that signify deeper spiritual truths. In the Gospel of John, signs are not just wonders to amaze but are meant to lead the observer to faith in Jesus. The phrase "many other" suggests the abundance and variety of Jesus' miraculous works, indicating that what is recorded in the Gospel is only a fraction of His divine activity. This abundance points to the inexhaustible nature of Christ's power and the limitless scope of His mission.

in the presence of His disciples
The Greek word for "presence" is "ἐνώπιον" (enopion), meaning before or in the sight of. This phrase highlights the eyewitness nature of the disciples' testimony. The disciples were not only followers but also primary witnesses to Jesus' life and works. Their presence during these signs lends credibility and authenticity to the Gospel accounts. Historically, the role of eyewitnesses was crucial in the transmission of reliable information, and the disciples' testimony forms the foundation of the Christian faith.

which are not written
The phrase "not written" uses the Greek "οὐκ ἔστιν γεγραμμένα" (ouk estin gegrammena), indicating that there are many acts of Jesus that were not documented in the Gospel. This suggests the selective nature of the Gospel accounts, where the evangelist, under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, chose specific signs to convey theological truths. The unwritten signs remind us of the vastness of Jesus' ministry and the limitations of human records in capturing the fullness of His divine work.

in this book
The term "book" is translated from the Greek "βιβλίῳ" (bibliō), referring to the written Gospel of John. This Gospel is a carefully crafted narrative with a specific purpose: to lead readers to believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that by believing, they may have life in His name (John 20:31). The mention of "this book" emphasizes the intentionality behind the Gospel's composition, serving as a testament to the life and mission of Jesus Christ. It invites readers to delve deeper into the written Word, while also acknowledging the mystery and grandeur of the unwritten works of Jesus.

But these are written
This phrase emphasizes the intentionality and purpose behind the Gospel of John. The Greek word for "written" is "gegraptai," which is in the perfect tense, indicating a completed action with ongoing results. The Apostle John carefully selected and recorded specific events and teachings of Jesus to convey a particular message. Historically, this reflects the early Christian community's need to preserve the teachings of Jesus amidst growing persecution and the passing of eyewitnesses. The written word serves as a testament to the truth and reliability of the Gospel message.

that you may believe
The Greek word for "believe" is "pisteuō," which means to have faith or trust. This is not merely intellectual assent but a deep, personal trust in Jesus Christ. The purpose of John's Gospel is evangelistic, aiming to lead readers to a saving faith. In the historical context, belief was not just a private matter but a public declaration that often came with significant personal cost. This phrase underscores the transformative power of faith, which is central to the Christian experience.

that Jesus is the Christ
"Christ" is the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew "Messiah," meaning "Anointed One." This title affirms Jesus as the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies concerning the coming Savior. In the first-century Jewish context, the Messiah was expected to be a political and military leader. However, Jesus redefined this role through His life, death, and resurrection, emphasizing a spiritual kingdom. Recognizing Jesus as the Christ is essential for understanding His mission and the nature of His kingdom.

the Son of God
This title speaks to the unique and divine nature of Jesus. In the Greco-Roman world, the term "son of god" was sometimes used for emperors or heroes, but in the Jewish context, it carried a deeper theological significance. It denotes a special relationship with God the Father, affirming the deity of Christ. This belief was radical and counter-cultural, challenging both Jewish monotheism and Roman polytheism. Acknowledging Jesus as the Son of God is foundational to Christian doctrine, affirming His authority and divinity.

and that by believing
The repetition of "believing" highlights the continuous and active nature of faith. It is not a one-time event but an ongoing relationship with Jesus. The Greek construction suggests a present and active faith that impacts every aspect of life. Historically, this reflects the early Christians' understanding of faith as a dynamic and living response to God's revelation in Christ. It is through this enduring faith that believers experience the fullness of life promised in the Gospel.

you may have life
The Greek word for "life" is "zōē," which refers to eternal life, a quality of life that begins now and continues forever. This is not merely biological existence ("bios") but a profound, spiritual life that is characterized by a relationship with God. In the context of John's Gospel, life is a central theme, contrasting the spiritual death that comes from sin. This promise of life is both a present reality and a future hope, offering assurance and purpose to believers.

in His name
The "name" of Jesus represents His character, authority, and work. In biblical times, a name was more than a label; it conveyed the essence of a person. To have life "in His name" means to be united with Christ, participating in the salvation He offers. This phrase underscores the exclusivity of salvation through Jesus, as affirmed in Acts 4:12, "Salvation exists in no one else, for there is no other name under heaven given to men by which we must be saved." It is a call to trust wholly in the person and work of Jesus for eternal life.