Again
The use of "Again" signifies a continuation or repetition of divine communication. This word indicates that God is persistently reaching out to His people, emphasizing His unwavering commitment to guide and instruct them. In the Hebrew context, this repetition underscores the importance of the message and the reliability of God's promises. It reassures the audience that God’s engagement with His people is ongoing and not a one-time event.

the word
"The word" in Hebrew is "dabar," which conveys not just spoken words but also the power and authority behind them. In the biblical context, "the word" is often synonymous with God's creative and transformative power. It is through His word that God created the universe, and it is through His word that He reveals His will to humanity. This highlights the significance of divine communication as a means of enacting God's purposes.

of the LORD
The term "LORD" is translated from the Hebrew "YHWH," the sacred and personal name of God. This name is deeply rooted in the covenant relationship between God and Israel. It reflects His eternal existence, faithfulness, and unchanging nature. The use of "LORD" here emphasizes the personal and covenantal aspect of the message, reminding the audience of God's promises and His role as the sovereign ruler.

of Hosts
"Hosts" refers to the heavenly armies or angelic beings that serve God. The Hebrew term "Tzva'ot" conveys the idea of God as a divine warrior and commander of celestial forces. This title underscores God's supreme authority and power over all creation, assuring the people of His ability to fulfill His promises and protect His covenant community.

came to me
The phrase "came to me" indicates a direct and personal revelation to the prophet Zechariah. This personal encounter with the divine word highlights the role of prophets as intermediaries between God and His people. It also emphasizes the accessibility of God's guidance to those He chooses to reveal His plans and purposes.

saying
The word "saying" introduces the content of the divine message. It prepares the audience to receive the specific instructions or promises that follow. In the prophetic tradition, this term often precedes a significant revelation or directive from God, underscoring the importance of listening and responding to His voice.

This is what the LORD of Hosts says
The phrase "LORD of Hosts" is a translation of the Hebrew "Yahweh Sabaoth," which emphasizes God's supreme command over the heavenly armies. This title underscores His omnipotence and authority, reminding us that He is not only the God of Israel but the ruler of all cosmic forces. Historically, this title reassures the Israelites of God's power and His ability to fulfill His promises, especially during times of distress or uncertainty.

I am jealous for Zion
The word "jealous" in Hebrew is "qanah," which can also mean zealous. This is not jealousy in the human sense of envy but rather a profound, protective love. Zion, representing Jerusalem and by extension the people of Israel, is the object of God's covenantal love. This phrase indicates God's deep commitment to His people and His desire for their exclusive devotion. It reflects the historical context of Israel's relationship with God, where He consistently sought their faithfulness amidst their tendencies to stray.

with great jealousy
The repetition of "jealousy" with the adjective "great" (Hebrew "gadol") emphasizes the intensity of God's feelings. This is a passionate declaration of His unwavering commitment to His covenant. In the historical context, this would have been a powerful assurance to the Israelites returning from exile, affirming that despite their past unfaithfulness, God's love and commitment to them remain fervent and unyielding.

and I am jealous for her
The repetition of "jealous" here reinforces the depth of God's emotional investment in Zion. The use of "her" personifies Zion, highlighting the intimate relationship between God and His chosen people. This reflects the scriptural theme of God as a husband to Israel, deeply concerned for her welfare and purity.

with great wrath
The term "wrath" (Hebrew "chemah") here is not arbitrary anger but a righteous indignation against anything that threatens His beloved Zion. This wrath is directed towards the enemies of Israel and the sin that leads them away from God. Historically, this would have been a comfort to the Israelites, assuring them that God would act decisively against their oppressors and restore them to their rightful place. It underscores the biblical theme of divine justice, where God's love is inseparable from His holiness and righteousness.

This is what the LORD says
This phrase underscores the divine authority and certainty of the message. The Hebrew term for "LORD" is "YHWH," the sacred and personal name of God, emphasizing His covenant relationship with Israel. This introduction assures the listener that the following promise is not merely a human hope but a divine decree, rooted in God's unchanging nature and His faithfulness to His people.

I will return to Zion
The promise of God's return to Zion is profound, as Zion represents the spiritual and political heart of Israel. Historically, Zion is synonymous with Jerusalem, the city chosen by God for His dwelling place. The Hebrew word "shuv" (return) implies restoration and repentance, suggesting a renewal of God's presence and favor. This return signifies a reversal of past judgments and the re-establishment of God's intimate relationship with His people.

and dwell in Jerusalem
The concept of God dwelling among His people is central to the biblical narrative. The Hebrew word "shakan" (dwell) is related to "Shekinah," the divine presence. This dwelling is not merely a temporary visit but a permanent habitation, indicating God's commitment to be with His people. Historically, this evokes the imagery of the Tabernacle and the Temple, where God's glory resided, and prophetically, it points to the ultimate fulfillment in the New Jerusalem.

Then Jerusalem will be called the City of Truth
The transformation of Jerusalem into the "City of Truth" signifies a profound moral and spiritual renewal. The Hebrew word for "truth" is "emet," which conveys faithfulness, reliability, and integrity. This title indicates that Jerusalem will become a center of divine truth and justice, reflecting God's character. It contrasts with the city's past unfaithfulness and points to a future where God's truth reigns supreme.

and the mountain of the LORD of Hosts
The "mountain of the LORD" refers to Mount Zion, the site of the Temple. The title "LORD of Hosts" (YHWH Sabaoth) emphasizes God's sovereignty and power as the commander of heavenly armies. This phrase highlights the majesty and authority of God, who rules over all creation. The mountain symbolizes stability, strength, and divine presence, serving as a beacon of hope and refuge for God's people.

will be called the Holy Mountain
The designation "Holy Mountain" underscores the sanctity and set-apart nature of this place. The Hebrew word "qadosh" (holy) signifies purity, consecration, and separation from the profane. This holiness is not inherent but derived from God's presence, which sanctifies the mountain. It points to a future where God's holiness permeates all aspects of life, transforming Jerusalem into a place of worship and reverence, fulfilling God's ultimate purpose for His creation.

This is what the LORD of Hosts says
The phrase "LORD of Hosts" is a powerful title for God, emphasizing His supreme command over the heavenly armies and all creation. In Hebrew, "LORD" is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, and "Hosts" is "Sabaoth," referring to the angelic armies. This title reassures the Israelites of God's sovereign power and His ability to fulfill His promises. Historically, this title would have been a source of comfort and strength to the post-exilic community, reminding them that their God is mighty and in control, even amidst their struggles.

Old men and old women
The mention of "old men and old women" signifies a return to normalcy and peace. In ancient times, the presence of elderly people in a community was a sign of stability and blessing, as they were often the first to suffer in times of war or hardship. The Hebrew words "zaken" (old men) and "zkenah" (old women) reflect a society where longevity is a blessing from God, indicating His favor and the restoration of His people.

will again sit along the streets of Jerusalem
The word "again" implies a restoration of what was lost. The streets of Jerusalem, once desolate due to exile and destruction, will be vibrant with life. The Hebrew word "yashab" (sit) suggests a sense of dwelling or abiding, indicating peace and security. Historically, Jerusalem's streets had been places of turmoil, but this prophecy promises a future where they will be filled with the peaceful presence of its inhabitants.

each with a staff in hand because of great age
The "staff" is a symbol of support and guidance, often associated with wisdom and experience. In Hebrew, "mish'enet" (staff) can also imply reliance, both physically and spiritually. The image of the elderly leaning on their staffs "because of great age" highlights the fulfillment of God's promise of long life and prosperity. It reflects a community where the elderly are respected and valued, embodying the blessings of Deuteronomy 5:33, where walking in God's ways leads to prolonged days in the land.

And the streets of the city
The phrase "streets of the city" evokes a vivid image of urban life, bustling with activity and community. In the Hebrew context, the word for "streets" (חוּצוֹת, chutzot) often refers to open spaces within a city where people gather. Historically, cities in ancient Israel were centers of trade, governance, and social interaction. The mention of "the city" here specifically refers to Jerusalem, which holds profound significance as the spiritual and political heart of Israel. This imagery suggests a return to normalcy and peace, contrasting with the desolation experienced during the Babylonian exile.

will be filled
The phrase "will be filled" indicates a future promise of abundance and restoration. The Hebrew root word מָלֵא (male) conveys a sense of completeness and satisfaction. This prophetic vision assures the people of Israel that God will restore their community to a state of fullness and joy. It is a divine promise that the emptiness and sorrow of the past will be replaced by life and vibrancy, reflecting God's faithfulness and the fulfillment of His covenant promises.

with boys and girls
The mention of "boys and girls" highlights the presence of children, symbolizing innocence, joy, and the continuation of life. In ancient cultures, children were seen as a blessing and a sign of hope for the future. The Hebrew words for "boys" (יְלָדִים, yeladim) and "girls" (יְלָדוֹת, yeladot) emphasize the inclusivity of God's promise, encompassing all members of the community. This imagery underscores the idea of generational continuity and the assurance that God's blessings will extend to future generations.

playing there
The word "playing" (מְשַׂחֲקִים, mesachakim) conveys a sense of joy, freedom, and safety. In the context of ancient Israel, play was not only a natural part of childhood but also a sign of peace and security. The ability for children to play openly in the streets without fear reflects a society that is at peace, protected, and thriving under God's care. This image serves as a powerful metaphor for the restoration and renewal that God promises to His people, where joy and laughter replace mourning and fear.

This is what the LORD of Hosts says
The phrase "LORD of Hosts" is a translation of the Hebrew "Yahweh Sabaoth," which emphasizes God's supreme command over the heavenly armies and all creation. This title underscores His omnipotence and authority, reminding the people of Israel that their God is not only a personal deity but also the sovereign ruler of the universe. Historically, this title reassures the Israelites of divine protection and power, especially significant during the post-exilic period when they were rebuilding their community and temple amidst opposition.

If it is impossible in the eyes of the remnant of this people in these days
The "remnant" refers to the small group of Israelites who returned from Babylonian exile to rebuild Jerusalem and the temple. This term carries a rich theological significance, often used to describe those who remain faithful to God despite widespread unfaithfulness. The phrase "in these days" situates the prophecy in a specific historical context, a time of discouragement and seemingly insurmountable challenges. The "impossible" tasks likely refer to the restoration of Jerusalem and the temple, which seemed beyond human capability given their limited resources and opposition.

should it also be impossible in My eyes?
This rhetorical question challenges the people's perception of impossibility by contrasting it with God's limitless power. The Hebrew root for "impossible" (פָּלָא, pala) often denotes something extraordinary or miraculous. By questioning whether what seems impossible to humans is also impossible for Him, God invites His people to trust in His ability to perform miracles and fulfill His promises. This reflects a consistent biblical theme where God's perspective and capabilities far exceed human limitations.

declares the LORD of Hosts
The repetition of "LORD of Hosts" at the end of the verse reinforces the authority and reliability of the message. It serves as a divine seal, assuring the people that the promise comes from the highest authority. This declaration is meant to inspire faith and confidence in God's promises, encouraging the remnant to look beyond their immediate circumstances and trust in God's sovereign plan.

This is what the LORD of Hosts says
The phrase "This is what the LORD of Hosts says" is a powerful introduction, emphasizing the authority and sovereignty of God. The title "LORD of Hosts" (Yahweh Sabaoth) reflects God's supreme command over the heavenly armies and all creation. It reassures the listener of God's omnipotence and His ability to fulfill His promises. Historically, this title was used to remind the Israelites of God's power and protection, especially during times of conflict or uncertainty.

Behold
The word "Behold" is an imperative that calls for attention and reflection. It is a divine summons to witness something significant and transformative. In the Hebrew context, "behold" often introduces a revelation or a promise that demands the audience's focus and contemplation. It serves as a reminder that God's words are not to be taken lightly but are to be observed with expectation and reverence.

I will save
The phrase "I will save" is a declaration of divine intervention and deliverance. The Hebrew root for "save" (yasha) conveys the idea of rescue, salvation, and bringing to safety. This promise of salvation is central to the biblical narrative, reflecting God's ongoing commitment to redeem His people. It is a message of hope and assurance, reminding believers of God's faithfulness and His power to deliver them from any form of bondage or exile.

My people
"My people" signifies a personal and covenantal relationship between God and the Israelites. It underscores the special status of the Israelites as God's chosen people, bound to Him through the covenants made with their forefathers. This phrase is a reminder of God's enduring love and commitment to His people, despite their past disobedience and exile. It also foreshadows the inclusion of all believers into God's family through the New Covenant in Christ.

from the land of the east and from the land of the west
This phrase indicates a comprehensive gathering of God's people from all directions. The "land of the east" and the "land of the west" symbolize the farthest reaches of the known world at the time, suggesting that God's salvation is not limited by geography. Historically, the Israelites were scattered due to exile, and this promise speaks to their physical and spiritual restoration. It also points to the eschatological hope of a future gathering of all believers, united in God's kingdom. The imagery of east and west highlights the universality of God's redemptive plan, encompassing all nations and peoples.

I will bring them back
This phrase signifies God's promise of restoration. The Hebrew root for "bring back" is "שׁוּב" (shuv), which means to return or restore. Historically, this reflects the return of the Jewish exiles from Babylonian captivity, a pivotal moment in Jewish history. Spiritually, it symbolizes God's unending commitment to His people, promising not only physical return but also spiritual renewal. This act of bringing back is a testament to God's sovereignty and faithfulness, emphasizing His role as a shepherd gathering His scattered flock.

to dwell in Jerusalem
"Dwell" comes from the Hebrew "יָשַׁב" (yashab), meaning to sit, remain, or inhabit. Jerusalem, the city of peace, holds profound significance as the center of Jewish worship and the location of the Temple. This promise of dwelling signifies not just a physical habitation but a spiritual re-establishment of God's presence among His people. It points to a future hope where Jerusalem becomes a symbol of divine communion and eternal peace, reflecting the ultimate fulfillment in the New Jerusalem described in Revelation.

They will be My people
This covenantal language echoes throughout the Old Testament, particularly in God's promises to Abraham, Moses, and David. The phrase underscores a relationship of belonging and identity. It signifies a restored relationship where the people acknowledge God as their sovereign Lord. This is a reaffirmation of the Abrahamic covenant, highlighting the continuity of God's promises and His unwavering commitment to His chosen people.

and I will be their God
This phrase is central to the covenant relationship between God and Israel. It emphasizes God's role as protector, provider, and ruler. The Hebrew word for God here is "אֱלֹהִים" (Elohim), denoting power and majesty. This declaration is not just about divine authority but also about intimacy and care. It reflects God's desire for a personal relationship with His people, where He is not just a distant deity but an ever-present help and guide.

in truth and righteousness
"Truth" in Hebrew is "אֱמֶת" (emet), meaning firmness, faithfulness, and reliability. "Righteousness" is "צֶדֶק" (tsedeq), denoting justice and rightness. Together, these terms encapsulate the nature of God's kingdom—one that is founded on absolute truth and moral integrity. This promise assures that God's relationship with His people will be characterized by honesty, justice, and ethical standards. It points to the Messianic hope where Christ embodies these attributes, fulfilling the law and the prophets, and establishing a kingdom where truth and righteousness reign supreme.

This is what the LORD of Hosts says
This phrase introduces a divine proclamation, emphasizing the authority and sovereignty of God. The title "LORD of Hosts" (Yahweh Sabaoth) underscores God's command over the heavenly armies and His supreme power. Historically, this title reassures the Israelites of God's protection and His ability to fulfill His promises. It is a call to listen attentively, as the message comes from the ultimate authority.

Let your hands be strong
This exhortation encourages the people to be resolute and diligent. The Hebrew root for "strong" (חָזַק, chazaq) implies firmness and courage. In the historical context, the Israelites were returning from exile and rebuilding the temple. This command is both a literal encouragement to continue the physical labor and a metaphorical call to spiritual and moral fortitude. It inspires believers to persevere in their faith and duties, trusting in God's strength.

you who now hear these words
This phrase addresses the immediate audience, those who are actively listening to the prophetic message. It highlights the importance of being attentive to God's word. In a broader sense, it calls all believers to be receptive to divine instruction. The act of hearing is not passive but involves a readiness to act upon what is heard, reflecting a heart open to transformation.

spoken by the prophets
This refers to the messages delivered by God's messengers, emphasizing the continuity and consistency of God's revelation. The prophets were God's mouthpieces, and their words carried divine authority. Historically, the prophets had foretold the restoration of Jerusalem and the temple. This phrase reassures the people that the current message aligns with God's longstanding promises, encouraging trust in His faithfulness.

who were present when the foundation was laid
This phrase connects the current generation with the past, specifically those who witnessed the initial stages of the temple's reconstruction. It serves as a reminder of the community's shared history and God's ongoing work among them. The laying of the foundation symbolizes a new beginning and hope for the future. It encourages believers to remember God's past faithfulness as they face present challenges.

for the house of the LORD of Hosts
This refers to the temple, the central place of worship and God's dwelling among His people. The repetition of "LORD of Hosts" reinforces God's majesty and the sacredness of the temple. Historically, the temple was a symbol of God's presence and covenant with Israel. This phrase calls believers to prioritize their relationship with God and the communal worship that strengthens their faith.

so that the temple might be rebuilt
This final phrase underscores the purpose of the exhortation: the completion of the temple. The rebuilding signifies not just physical restoration but spiritual renewal and the reestablishment of proper worship. It reflects God's desire to dwell among His people and bless them. For contemporary believers, it serves as a metaphor for building one's life on the foundation of faith and commitment to God's purposes.

For before those days
This phrase sets a temporal context, referring to a period prior to the restoration and blessings that God promises to His people. Historically, this points to the time of hardship and struggle during the Babylonian exile and the early return to Jerusalem. The Hebrew word for "before" (לִפְנֵי, lifnei) often denotes a time of anticipation or preparation, suggesting that the hardships were a precursor to divine intervention.

neither man nor beast received wages
The absence of wages indicates economic hardship and stagnation. In ancient times, wages were not just monetary but included goods and services necessary for survival. The Hebrew word for "wages" (שָׂכָר, sakar) implies compensation or reward, highlighting the lack of productivity and prosperity. This reflects a period of divine disfavor, where the land and its people were not blessed with abundance.

nor was there any safety from the enemy
This phrase underscores the insecurity and constant threat faced by the people. The Hebrew word for "safety" (שָׁלוֹם, shalom) is often translated as peace, but it encompasses a broader sense of well-being and security. The lack of shalom indicates a time of fear and vulnerability, where external threats were a constant concern.

because I had set every man against his neighbor
This phrase reveals the internal strife and division among the people. The Hebrew verb "set" (שִׁלַּח, shillach) can mean to send or to release, suggesting that God allowed or permitted this discord as a consequence of their disobedience. The internal conflict is a reflection of the broken covenant relationship with God, where societal harmony is disrupted as a result of spiritual unfaithfulness.

But now
This phrase marks a significant transition from past judgment to present grace. In the Hebrew text, the word "now" (עַתָּה, 'attah) indicates a shift in God's dealings with His people. Historically, this reflects a post-exilic period where the Israelites, having returned from Babylonian captivity, are experiencing a renewal of God's favor. Theologically, it underscores the immediacy of God's intervention and the hope that is available in the present moment.

I will not treat
The Hebrew verb here (אֶהְיֶה, 'ehyeh) is a form of "to be," suggesting a change in God's relational stance towards His people. This is a promise of transformation in how God interacts with Israel, moving from a posture of discipline to one of blessing. It reflects God's sovereign ability to alter circumstances and His desire to restore His people.

the remnant of this people
The term "remnant" (שְׁאֵרִית, she'erit) is significant in biblical theology, often referring to a faithful group preserved by God through judgment. This remnant represents those who have survived the exile and are now recipients of God's renewed promises. Historically, this remnant is the group that returned to Jerusalem to rebuild the temple and reestablish the community. It highlights God's faithfulness in preserving a people for Himself despite widespread unfaithfulness.

as I did in the past
This phrase recalls the previous judgments that God brought upon Israel due to their disobedience, such as the Babylonian exile. The past (רִאשׁוֹנִים, rishonim) serves as a backdrop to emphasize the contrast with the new era of blessing. It is a reminder of the consequences of sin but also of God's mercy and willingness to forgive and restore. This historical context serves as a lesson for the present and future generations about the importance of faithfulness to God.

declares the LORD of Hosts
The title "LORD of Hosts" (יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת, Yahweh Tseva'ot) emphasizes God's supreme authority and power. It is a military term that portrays God as the commander of heavenly armies, underscoring His ability to protect and provide for His people. This declaration is not just a promise but a divine decree, assuring the remnant of God's commitment to their welfare. It reflects the covenantal relationship between God and Israel, where God remains faithful to His promises despite human failure.

For the seed will flourish
The Hebrew word for "seed" is "זֶרַע" (zera), which often symbolizes potential and future growth. In the context of Zechariah, this phrase signifies a promise of prosperity and abundance. Historically, the Israelites had experienced periods of desolation and barrenness, both physically and spiritually. This promise of flourishing seed is a divine assurance of restoration and blessing, indicating that their efforts will be fruitful and their future secure under God's provision.

the vine will yield its fruit
The vine is a recurring symbol in Scripture, often representing Israel itself or the blessings of God. The Hebrew word for "vine" is "גֶּפֶן" (gefen). In ancient Israel, vineyards were a sign of wealth and stability. The promise that the vine will yield its fruit suggests a return to a time of peace and prosperity, where the people can enjoy the fruits of their labor. This imagery also points to spiritual fruitfulness, where the people of God will bear spiritual fruit as they live in obedience to Him.

the land will produce its bounty
The "land" in Hebrew is "אֲדָמָה" (adamah), which is deeply connected to the identity and covenant promises given to Israel. The land producing its bounty is a reversal of the curse of barrenness and a return to the blessings of the Promised Land. This phrase reassures the people that God is faithful to His promises and that the land, which had suffered due to disobedience, will once again be a source of blessing and sustenance.

and the skies will provide their dew
"Dew" in Hebrew is "טַל" (tal), which is essential for agriculture in the arid climate of the Near East. Dew represents God's gentle and consistent provision. In a spiritual sense, it symbolizes the refreshing presence of God and His continuous care for His people. The promise of dew from the skies indicates a harmonious relationship between heaven and earth, where God's blessings flow freely to His people.

I will give the remnant of this people all these things as an inheritance
The "remnant" refers to the faithful few who have remained true to God despite adversity. The Hebrew word for "remnant" is "שְׁאֵרִית" (she'erit). This concept is significant throughout the Bible, highlighting God's faithfulness to preserve a group of people who will carry forward His promises. The inheritance mentioned here is not just material but also spiritual, encompassing the fullness of God's blessings and the fulfillment of His covenant promises. This assurance to the remnant underscores God's grace and the hope of restoration for those who remain steadfast in their faith.

As you have been a curse among the nations
The phrase "a curse among the nations" refers to the historical context where both the house of Judah and the house of Israel experienced exile and dispersion due to their disobedience to God. The Hebrew word for "curse" is "קְלָלָה" (qelalah), which implies being an object of scorn or a byword for misfortune. Historically, the Israelites' disobedience led to their downfall, making them a cautionary tale among surrounding nations. This phrase underscores the severity of their past condition and the transformative power of God's promise to change their status.

O house of Judah and house of Israel
This phrase addresses both the southern kingdom (Judah) and the northern kingdom (Israel), emphasizing the unity and collective identity of God's people. Despite their division and separate captivities, God's promise of restoration is inclusive, covering all descendants of Jacob. The historical context here is significant, as it reflects the post-exilic period when the remnant of these tribes returned to their homeland, symbolizing hope and renewal.

so will I save you
The promise "so will I save you" is a declaration of divine intervention and redemption. The Hebrew root "יָשַׁע" (yasha) means to deliver or rescue, indicating God's active role in reversing the fortunes of His people. This salvation is not merely physical but also spiritual, pointing to a future where God's people are restored to a right relationship with Him. It reflects the overarching biblical narrative of redemption and the hope of the Messiah.

and you will be a blessing
The transformation from being a curse to becoming "a blessing" is profound. The Hebrew word for "blessing" is "בְּרָכָה" (berakah), which signifies prosperity, peace, and favor. This promise echoes the Abrahamic covenant in Genesis 12:2, where God promises to make Abraham's descendants a blessing to all nations. It highlights the intended role of Israel as a conduit of God's grace and truth to the world.

Do not be afraid
This exhortation, "Do not be afraid," is a common biblical reassurance found throughout Scripture, often accompanying divine promises. The Hebrew phrase "אַל־תִּירָא" (al-tira) is a call to trust in God's faithfulness and sovereignty. In the context of Zechariah, it encourages the returned exiles to have courage and confidence in God's plans, despite the challenges they face in rebuilding their community and temple.

let your hands be strong
The phrase "let your hands be strong" is an encouragement to persevere in the work God has set before them. The Hebrew word "חָזַק" (chazaq) means to be strong or courageous. This call to action is both practical and spiritual, urging the people to engage diligently in the reconstruction of their society and worship. It serves as a reminder that God's promises often require human cooperation and effort, reflecting the partnership between divine sovereignty and human responsibility.

For thus says the LORD of Hosts
This phrase introduces a divine proclamation, emphasizing the authority and sovereignty of God. The title "LORD of Hosts" (Yahweh Sabaoth) underscores God's command over the heavenly armies and His supreme power. Historically, this title reassures the Israelites of God's protection and His ability to fulfill His promises. It is a reminder of God's covenant faithfulness and His active role in the affairs of His people.

Just as I resolved to bring disaster upon you
The word "resolved" indicates a firm decision or determination. In Hebrew, the root word can imply a deliberate and purposeful action. This reflects God's righteous judgment in response to Israel's disobedience. The historical context here is the Babylonian exile, a period of great suffering for the Israelites due to their persistent idolatry and rebellion against God. This phrase serves as a reminder of the consequences of turning away from God's commandments.

when your fathers provoked Me to anger
The term "provoked" suggests a deliberate action that incites a strong emotional response. The Israelites' ancestors repeatedly engaged in behaviors that angered God, such as idolatry and injustice. This historical pattern of disobedience is well-documented in the Old Testament, particularly in the books of Kings and Chronicles. The phrase highlights the generational impact of sin and the importance of learning from past mistakes.

says the LORD of Hosts
Reiterating the divine authority, this repetition of "LORD of Hosts" reinforces the seriousness and certainty of God's message. It serves as a reminder that the words spoken are not merely human opinions but are decrees from the Almighty, who is both just and merciful.

and I did not relent
The word "relent" implies a change of mind or a withdrawal of intended action. In this context, it signifies God's unwavering commitment to His righteous judgment. Despite the pleas and intercessions, God did not turn back from executing the consequences of Israel's sin. This highlights the holiness and justice of God, who cannot overlook sin but must address it according to His divine standards.

so now I have resolved again in these days to do good to Jerusalem and the house of Judah. Do not be afraid
so now
The phrase "so now" indicates a pivotal moment in the narrative of God's relationship with His people. In Hebrew, this is often a transition from past actions to present intentions. It signifies a shift from previous judgments to a new era of blessing. Historically, this reflects the post-exilic period when the Israelites were returning from Babylonian captivity, a time of rebuilding and renewal.

I have resolved
The Hebrew root for "resolved" conveys a firm decision or determination. This is not a casual intention but a divine decree. God's resolve is unchangeable and reflects His sovereign will. In the context of Zechariah, it underscores God's commitment to His covenant promises despite Israel's past unfaithfulness.

again
The word "again" suggests a return to a previous state of favor. It implies restoration and renewal. Historically, this is significant as it points to God's enduring mercy and His willingness to restore His people after a period of discipline. It reassures the Israelites of God's unchanging love and faithfulness.

in these days
This phrase situates the promise in the present time of the hearers. For the original audience, it was a message of immediate hope and encouragement. Archaeologically, this period corresponds to the rebuilding of Jerusalem and the temple, a tangible sign of God's renewed favor.

to do good
The Hebrew concept of "good" (טוֹב, tov) encompasses well-being, prosperity, and blessing. God's intention "to do good" reflects His desire for the holistic flourishing of His people. Scripturally, it aligns with the blessings promised in the covenant, contrasting with the curses that resulted from disobedience.

to Jerusalem
Jerusalem, the city of God, holds profound theological significance. It is the center of worship and the symbol of God's presence among His people. The promise to do good to Jerusalem indicates a restoration of its spiritual and physical status, aligning with prophetic visions of a renewed Zion.

and the house of Judah
The "house of Judah" refers to the southern kingdom, representing the remnant of God's people. This promise extends beyond the city to the broader community, emphasizing God's inclusive plan for restoration. Historically, Judah's survival and return from exile were crucial for the fulfillment of messianic prophecies.

Do not be afraid
This command is a common biblical exhortation, often accompanying divine promises. It addresses the natural human response to uncertainty and change. In the context of Zechariah, it reassures the people of God's protection and faithfulness. Theologically, it invites trust in God's sovereign plan and His ability to fulfill His promises.

These are the things you must do
This phrase sets a directive tone, emphasizing the importance of the following instructions. In the Hebrew text, the word for "things" (דְּבָרִים, devarim) can also mean "words" or "matters," indicating that these are not mere suggestions but essential principles for living. The use of "must" underscores the non-negotiable nature of these commands, reflecting God's desire for His people to embody His character in their daily lives.

Speak truth to one another
The Hebrew word for "truth" (אֱמֶת, emet) conveys a sense of reliability, faithfulness, and stability. In the context of ancient Israel, where community cohesion was vital, speaking truth was foundational for maintaining trust and justice. This command echoes the ninth commandment against bearing false witness (Exodus 20:16), highlighting the continuity of God's moral expectations. Truth-telling is not just about avoiding lies but actively promoting honesty and integrity in all interactions.

Render true and sound judgments
The phrase "true and sound judgments" (מִשְׁפַּט שָׁלוֹם, mishpat shalom) combines legal and moral dimensions. "Mishpat" refers to justice or judgment, while "shalom" is often translated as peace but encompasses wholeness and well-being. This command calls for decisions that are not only legally correct but also promote the overall welfare of the community. In ancient Israel, judges were expected to reflect God's justice, ensuring that their rulings contributed to societal harmony and righteousness.

In your gates
The "gates" (שַׁעֲרֵיכֶם, sha'areichem) were more than just entry points to a city; they were central places of public life where legal matters were settled, and community decisions were made. The gates served as the courtroom and town hall, symbolizing the heart of civic life. By instructing the people to render judgments in their gates, the verse emphasizes the public and communal nature of justice. It reminds believers that their faith must be lived out in the public sphere, influencing society with God's principles of truth and justice.

Do not plot evil in your hearts
The phrase "do not plot evil in your hearts" calls for an introspective examination of one's intentions and desires. The Hebrew word for "plot" is "חָשַׁב" (chashab), which means to think, plan, or devise. This word suggests a deliberate and conscious effort to scheme or plan something harmful. In the biblical context, the heart is often seen as the seat of thought and intention, not just emotion. Thus, this command is a call to purity of thought and intention, aligning with the broader biblical theme of internal righteousness. Historically, the Israelites were often reminded to maintain purity of heart, as their actions were to reflect God's holiness.

against your neighbor
The term "neighbor" in Hebrew is "רֵעַ" (rea), which can refer to a friend, companion, or fellow citizen. This word emphasizes the communal aspect of the command, highlighting the importance of maintaining harmonious relationships within the community. In ancient Israel, the concept of community was vital, as the people were bound together not only by social ties but also by their covenant relationship with God. This phrase underscores the biblical principle of loving one's neighbor, which is central to both the Old and New Testaments.

and do not love to swear falsely
The phrase "do not love to swear falsely" addresses the issue of integrity and truthfulness. The Hebrew word for "swear" is "שָׁבַע" (shaba), which means to take an oath or make a solemn promise. To "swear falsely" is to make a promise or oath with the intention of deceiving. This command reflects the high value placed on truth in the biblical tradition. In ancient times, oaths were serious commitments, often invoking God's name, and to break them was to dishonor God. This phrase calls believers to a life of honesty and reliability, reflecting God's own faithfulness.

for I hate all these things
The declaration "for I hate all these things" reveals God's character and His standards for His people. The Hebrew word for "hate" is "שָׂנֵא" (sane), which conveys a strong aversion or detestation. This word indicates that these actions are not merely discouraged but are deeply offensive to God. The use of "hate" here underscores the seriousness with which God views these sins, as they are contrary to His nature and His desire for His people to live in truth and love.

declares the LORD
The phrase "declares the LORD" is a prophetic formula that emphasizes the authority and certainty of the message. The Hebrew word for "declares" is "נְאֻם" (ne'um), which is often used in prophetic literature to introduce a divine pronouncement. This phrase assures the reader that the message comes directly from God, carrying His authority and reflecting His will. It serves as a reminder that the standards set forth are not human inventions but divine commands, calling believers to align their lives with God's revealed will.

Then the word of the LORD of Hosts came to me, saying
Then
The word "Then" indicates a continuation or a sequence of events. In the context of Zechariah, this suggests that the message being delivered is part of a larger narrative or series of revelations. It connects this verse to the preceding passages, emphasizing the ongoing communication between God and the prophet Zechariah. This continuity is crucial in understanding the unfolding of God's plans and promises to His people.

the word
In Hebrew, "word" is "dabar," which signifies not just a spoken word but an active, dynamic force. In the biblical context, the "word" of God is powerful and creative, as seen in Genesis where God speaks the world into existence. Here, it underscores the authority and effectiveness of God's communication, which is not merely informative but transformative.

of the LORD
The term "LORD" is translated from the Hebrew "YHWH," the sacred and personal name of God. This name is often associated with God's covenantal faithfulness and His eternal, unchanging nature. It reminds the reader of God's sovereignty and His intimate relationship with His people, Israel. The use of "LORD" here assures the audience of the divine origin and reliability of the message.

of Hosts
"Hosts" refers to "Tzevaot" in Hebrew, meaning armies or multitudes. This title for God, "LORD of Hosts," emphasizes His supreme command over the heavenly armies and all creation. It portrays God as a mighty warrior and protector, reinforcing His ability to fulfill His promises and defend His people against any adversary.

came to me
The phrase "came to me" indicates a personal and direct communication from God to Zechariah. This personal encounter highlights the role of the prophet as a chosen vessel through whom God reveals His will. It also underscores the accessibility of God, who reaches out to His servants to convey His messages.

saying
The word "saying" introduces the content of the divine message. It prepares the reader for the revelation that follows, emphasizing that what is about to be communicated is not of human origin but is a direct utterance from God. This sets the stage for the authoritative and prophetic nature of the message that Zechariah is about to deliver.

This is what the LORD of Hosts says
The phrase "LORD of Hosts" is a translation of the Hebrew "Yahweh Sabaoth," which emphasizes God's supreme command over the heavenly armies and His sovereign power over all creation. This title reassures the people of Judah of God's omnipotence and His ability to fulfill His promises. Historically, this title is used to remind the Israelites of God's protection and His role as a divine warrior who fights on behalf of His people.

The fasts of the fourth, fifth, seventh, and tenth months
These fasts were instituted to commemorate various calamities that befell the Jewish people, particularly related to the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple. The fourth month fast commemorates the breaching of Jerusalem's walls, the fifth month marks the destruction of the Temple, the seventh month remembers the assassination of Gedaliah, and the tenth month recalls the beginning of Nebuchadnezzar's siege. These fasts were times of mourning and reflection on the consequences of sin and disobedience.

will become joyful and glad occasions and happy festivals
The transformation of these fasts into "joyful and glad occasions" signifies a profound shift from mourning to celebration. This change reflects God's promise of restoration and redemption for His people. The Hebrew words for "joyful" and "glad" convey a sense of exuberant happiness and delight, indicating a future where sorrow is replaced by divine blessing and favor. This promise is a foretaste of the Messianic age, where God's kingdom will be fully realized, and His people will experience everlasting joy.

for the house of Judah
The "house of Judah" refers to the southern kingdom of Israel, which remained after the northern kingdom was exiled. This promise is specifically directed to them, highlighting God's continued covenantal relationship with Judah despite their past unfaithfulness. Historically, Judah was the tribe from which King David came, and it holds a special place in God's redemptive plan, ultimately leading to the birth of Jesus Christ, the Lion of the tribe of Judah.

Therefore love truth and peace
The call to "love truth and peace" is a moral and spiritual exhortation. "Truth" in Hebrew is "emet," which implies faithfulness, reliability, and integrity. "Peace," or "shalom," encompasses not just the absence of conflict but a holistic sense of well-being and harmony. This command underscores the ethical response expected from God's people in light of His promises. It is a call to live in a way that reflects God's character and His kingdom values, fostering a community marked by honesty, justice, and reconciliation. This aligns with the broader biblical narrative that emphasizes the importance of living out one's faith through righteous actions and relationships.

This is what the LORD of Hosts says
This phrase introduces a divine oracle, emphasizing the authority and sovereignty of God. The title "LORD of Hosts" (Hebrew: Yahweh Sabaoth) underscores God's command over the heavenly armies and His supreme power. It is a reminder of His ability to fulfill His promises and execute His plans. Historically, this title reassured the Israelites of God's protection and might, especially during times of rebuilding and restoration.

Peoples will yet come
The term "peoples" refers to various nations or ethnic groups, indicating a future gathering of diverse groups. The Hebrew root for "come" (בּוֹא, bo) suggests movement towards a destination, implying a pilgrimage or intentional journey. This reflects the prophetic vision of a time when nations will seek the God of Israel, aligning with the eschatological hope found in other prophetic books.

even the residents of many cities
This phrase expands the scope of the prophecy to include urban dwellers, suggesting a widespread movement across different societal groups. In the ancient Near East, cities were centers of culture and influence. The inclusion of "residents of many cities" highlights the universal appeal and reach of God's future kingdom, transcending geographical and cultural boundaries.

“The residents of one city”
This phrase highlights the communal aspect of worship and spiritual pursuit. In the Hebrew context, the word for "residents" (יֹשְׁבֵי, yoshev) implies those who dwell or inhabit a place. It suggests a sense of belonging and shared identity. Historically, cities in ancient Israel were often close-knit communities where religious and social life were intertwined. This phrase underscores the collective movement towards God, reflecting a revival or awakening among the people.

“will go to another”
The action of going from one city to another signifies a purposeful journey or pilgrimage. In the ancient Near Eastern context, such journeys were often undertaken for religious festivals or significant events. This movement indicates a breaking of routine and a deliberate effort to seek something greater. It reflects a desire for unity and shared purpose among different communities, emphasizing the importance of fellowship in the pursuit of God.

“saying, ‘Let us go at once”
The urgency in "at once" (נֵלְכָה נָא, nelekha na) conveys a sense of immediacy and eagerness. This phrase suggests a spontaneous and heartfelt response to a divine call. It reflects the enthusiasm and determination of the people to seek God without delay. In a spiritual sense, it encourages believers to respond promptly to God's invitations, highlighting the importance of seizing the moment in spiritual matters.

“to entreat the LORD”
To "entreat" (לְחַלּוֹת, lechannot) means to seek favor or mercy. This phrase indicates a humble approach to God, acknowledging His sovereignty and the need for His grace. In the biblical context, entreating the LORD often involved prayer, repentance, and seeking His guidance. It underscores the relational aspect of faith, where believers are invited to communicate with God and seek His will.

“and seek the LORD of Hosts”
The term "seek" (וּלְבַקֵּשׁ, ulebakesh) implies a diligent and intentional pursuit. The "LORD of Hosts" (יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת, Yahweh Tseva'ot) is a title that emphasizes God's supreme authority over the heavenly armies and all creation. This phrase calls believers to recognize God's power and majesty, encouraging them to seek His presence and guidance earnestly. It reflects a deep longing for divine connection and understanding.

“I myself am going.”
This personal declaration signifies individual commitment and responsibility. It highlights the importance of personal initiative in spiritual matters. While the community aspect is vital, this phrase reminds believers that each person must make their own decision to pursue God. It serves as an inspiration for personal dedication and the courage to lead by example in the journey of faith.

So many peoples
The phrase "so many peoples" indicates a multitude of nations and ethnic groups. In the Hebrew text, the word for "peoples" is "עַמִּים" (amim), which often refers to various groups or nations. This suggests a vision of inclusivity and universality, where God's plan extends beyond Israel to encompass all humanity. Historically, this reflects the post-exilic period when the Jewish community was re-establishing itself and there was a growing awareness of God's sovereignty over all nations. This phrase underscores the prophetic vision of a time when diverse groups will recognize the God of Israel.

and strong nations
The term "strong nations" emphasizes the power and influence of these groups. The Hebrew word "גּוֹיִם" (goyim) is often used for nations, and "strong" (עֲצוּמִים, atzumim) implies might and significance. This highlights the prophetic hope that even the most powerful and influential nations will seek the God of Israel. It reflects a reversal of the typical power dynamics, where instead of Israel being subjugated, the nations will come to acknowledge and worship Israel's God.

will come
The verb "will come" (יָבֹאוּ, yavo'u) is in the imperfect tense, indicating an action that is anticipated or expected in the future. This conveys a sense of hope and certainty in the prophetic vision. The movement towards Jerusalem is not just physical but spiritual, symbolizing a turning towards God. This aligns with the eschatological hope found throughout the prophetic literature, where the nations are drawn to the light of God's presence.

to seek the LORD of Hosts
"To seek" (לְבַקֵּשׁ, levakesh) implies a deliberate and earnest pursuit. The "LORD of Hosts" (יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת, Yahweh Tseva'ot) is a title that emphasizes God's supreme command over the heavenly armies and His sovereignty over all creation. This phrase indicates a recognition of God's ultimate authority and a desire to align with His will. It reflects the fulfillment of the prophetic vision where the nations acknowledge the God of Israel as the one true God.

in Jerusalem
Jerusalem is not just a geographical location but a spiritual center, representing God's dwelling place and the heart of His covenant with Israel. In the post-exilic context, Jerusalem was being rebuilt, and this vision underscores its future glory and centrality in God's redemptive plan. Theologically, Jerusalem symbolizes the place where God meets humanity, and the gathering of nations there signifies the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that all nations would be blessed through his descendants.

and to pray before the LORD
The act of praying "before the LORD" (לְהִתְפַּלֵּל אֶת־יְהוָה, lehitpalel et-Yahweh) signifies a relationship of reverence and submission. Prayer is a means of communication with God, reflecting a heart that seeks His guidance and favor. This phrase indicates a transformation among the nations, where they not only acknowledge God's sovereignty but also actively engage in worship and supplication. It points to a future where the barriers between God and humanity are removed, and all people have access to His presence.

This is what the LORD of Hosts says
This phrase emphasizes the authority and sovereignty of God, often used by prophets to assert that the message is directly from God. The title "LORD of Hosts" (Yahweh Sabaoth) signifies God's supreme command over the heavenly armies, underscoring His power and ability to fulfill His promises. Historically, this title reassured Israel of God's protection and might, especially during times of turmoil.

In those days
This phrase points to a future time, often associated with messianic expectations or eschatological events. It suggests a period of divine intervention and fulfillment of God's promises. In the context of Zechariah, it refers to a time of restoration and blessing for Israel, aligning with prophetic visions of a renewed Jerusalem.

ten men from all nations and languages
The number "ten" symbolizes completeness or a significant portion, indicating a large and diverse group. "All nations and languages" highlights the universal scope of God's plan, transcending ethnic and linguistic barriers. This reflects the Abrahamic promise that through Israel, all nations would be blessed (Genesis 12:3), and foreshadows the New Testament vision of the gospel reaching all peoples.

will tightly grasp the robe of a Jew
The act of "tightly grasping" signifies earnestness and desperation, a strong desire to connect with the blessings associated with the Jewish people. The "robe" symbolizes identity and authority, suggesting respect and recognition of the Jew's unique relationship with God. Historically, this reflects the acknowledgment of Israel's role as a light to the nations, as seen in Isaiah 49:6.

saying, Let us go with you, for we have heard that God is with you
This statement reveals a recognition of God's presence and favor with the Jewish people. The desire to "go with you" indicates a willingness to join and learn from them, acknowledging the spiritual truth and blessings they possess. This echoes the prophetic vision of nations streaming to Jerusalem to learn God's ways (Isaiah 2:2-3), and anticipates the New Testament fulfillment where Gentiles are grafted into the spiritual blessings of Israel (Romans 11:17-24).