After this
This phrase indicates a transition from the events that occurred in the previous chapter. In Acts 17, Paul was in Athens, engaging with philosophers and preaching at the Areopagus. The phrase "after this" suggests a continuation of Paul's missionary journey, emphasizing the relentless nature of his mission. The Greek word used here, "Μετὰ ταῦτα" (Meta tauta), signifies a sequence of events, underscoring the divine orchestration of Paul's travels. It reminds us that in our own lives, God often leads us from one experience to another, each step preparing us for the next phase of our journey.

Paul
Paul, originally Saul of Tarsus, is a central figure in the New Testament. His transformation from a persecutor of Christians to a devoted apostle is a powerful testament to the transformative power of Christ. The name "Paul" itself, derived from the Latin "Paulus," meaning "small" or "humble," reflects his humility and dedication to serving God. Paul's life and ministry are a profound example of how God can use anyone, regardless of their past, to fulfill His purposes.

left Athens
Athens was a city known for its intellectual and philosophical heritage. Paul's departure from Athens signifies a shift from engaging with the intellectual elite to ministering in a city known for its commerce and immorality. The Greek word "ἀπελθὼν" (apelthōn) implies a deliberate departure, suggesting that Paul was guided by the Holy Spirit to move on to new fields of ministry. This reminds us that sometimes God calls us to leave behind familiar or comfortable places to reach those who are in greater need of the Gospel.

and went to Corinth
Corinth was a major city in ancient Greece, known for its wealth, commerce, and moral depravity. The Greek word "ἦλθεν" (ēlthen) indicates a purposeful arrival. Corinth was a strategic location for spreading the Gospel due to its diverse population and status as a trade hub. Paul's decision to go to Corinth demonstrates his strategic approach to ministry, choosing locations where the message of Christ could spread rapidly. Historically, Corinth was a city of great influence, and Paul's work there would lead to the establishment of a strong Christian community, as evidenced by his later letters to the Corinthians. This teaches us the importance of being intentional and strategic in our own efforts to share the Gospel, seeking out opportunities where we can have the greatest impact for God's kingdom.

There he found a Jew named Aquila, a native of Pontus, who had recently come from Italy with his wife Priscilla because Claudius had ordered all the Jews to leave Rome. Paul went to visit them
There he found
The phrase "there he found" indicates a divine appointment orchestrated by God. In the Greek, the word for "found" is "εὗρεν" (heuren), suggesting a discovery or encounter that is significant. This meeting was not by chance but part of God's providential plan for the spread of the Gospel. It reminds us that God often places people in our paths for His purposes.

a Jew named Aquila
Aquila, whose name means "eagle" in Latin, was a Jew by birth. His identity as a Jew is significant in the context of the early church, which was grappling with the integration of Jewish and Gentile believers. Aquila's Jewish heritage would have made him familiar with the Scriptures, providing a strong foundation for his faith in Christ.

a native of Pontus
Pontus was a region in Asia Minor, modern-day Turkey. This detail highlights the diverse backgrounds of early Christians and the widespread reach of the Gospel. The mention of Pontus also connects to the broader narrative of the dispersion of Jews throughout the Roman Empire, which God used to spread the message of Christ.

who had recently come from Italy
The phrase "recently come from Italy" indicates a forced migration due to external circumstances. This movement was not merely a personal decision but was influenced by political edicts, showing how God can use even political events to fulfill His purposes.

with his wife Priscilla
Priscilla, also known as Prisca, is often mentioned alongside her husband, Aquila. Her inclusion here underscores the importance of women in the early church. Priscilla's role in ministry, as seen later in Acts, highlights the partnership in marriage and ministry that God often uses to advance His kingdom.

because Claudius had ordered all the Jews to leave Rome
This historical note refers to an edict by the Roman Emperor Claudius around AD 49, expelling Jews from Rome. This decree is corroborated by historical sources such as Suetonius. It serves as a reminder of the persecution faced by early Christians and Jews, yet also how God uses such trials to spread the Gospel to new regions.

Paul went to visit them
Paul's decision to visit Aquila and Priscilla demonstrates the importance of fellowship and community among believers. The Greek word for "visit" is "προσελθών" (proselthōn), which implies a purposeful approach. This visit would lead to a fruitful partnership in ministry, showing how God often uses relationships to further His work.

And because he was of the same trade
This phrase highlights the commonality between Paul and Aquila, both being tentmakers. The Greek word for "trade" is "τέχνη" (technē), which implies a skill or craft. In the ancient world, trades were often passed down through families, and it was customary for Jewish rabbis to have a trade to support themselves. This reflects the Jewish value of self-sufficiency and the dignity of labor. Paul's engagement in tentmaking underscores his humility and commitment to not be a financial burden on the early Christian communities.

he stayed and worked with them
The phrase "stayed and worked" indicates a close partnership and fellowship. The Greek word for "stayed" is "μένω" (menō), meaning to remain or abide, suggesting a significant period of time spent together. This not only provided Paul with financial support but also allowed him to build relationships and share the gospel in a natural setting. The act of working together would have fostered a sense of community and mutual respect, reflecting the early Christian ideal of living and working in harmony.

with them
The phrase "with them" refers to Aquila and Priscilla, a Jewish couple who had recently come from Italy. Their inclusion in this narrative highlights the importance of partnership in ministry. The Greek preposition "μετά" (meta) implies accompaniment and association, suggesting that their relationship was more than just professional; it was also spiritual. This partnership exemplifies the collaborative nature of the early church, where believers supported one another in both practical and spiritual matters, embodying the unity and love that Jesus taught.

Every Sabbath
The phrase "Every Sabbath" indicates a regular, consistent practice of Paul. The Sabbath, observed from Friday evening to Saturday evening, was a day of rest and worship for the Jewish people, as commanded in the Torah (Exodus 20:8-11). Paul's adherence to this schedule underscores his commitment to reaching the Jewish community first, as was his custom (Romans 1:16). The Greek word for Sabbath, "sabbaton," reflects a period of rest and is rooted in the Hebrew "Shabbat," which means to cease or rest. This practice highlights the continuity between the Old and New Covenants, showing that Paul respected Jewish traditions while preaching the Gospel.

He reasoned
The word "reasoned" comes from the Greek "dialegomai," which means to discuss or argue. This term suggests a methodical and logical approach to sharing the Gospel, engaging in dialogue rather than monologue. Paul's reasoning was not merely a presentation of facts but an interactive discussion, inviting questions and challenges. This approach is consistent with the Jewish tradition of debate and discussion in the synagogue, where ideas were rigorously examined. It reflects the Christian call to be prepared to give a reason for the hope within us (1 Peter 3:15), emphasizing the importance of understanding and articulating one's faith.

In the synagogue
The synagogue was the center of Jewish religious life, serving as a place of worship, teaching, and community gathering. By choosing the synagogue as his platform, Paul strategically positioned himself to reach both Jews and God-fearing Gentiles who were familiar with the Scriptures. The Greek word "synagoge" means assembly or gathering, indicating a place where people come together for a common purpose. Historically, synagogues were established during the Babylonian exile when the Jewish people were separated from the Temple, highlighting their adaptability and commitment to maintaining their faith practices.

Trying to persuade
The phrase "trying to persuade" is derived from the Greek "peitho," which means to convince or win over. This indicates Paul's intent to not only inform but also to transform hearts and minds. Persuasion involves more than just presenting information; it requires understanding the audience's beliefs and values and addressing their concerns. Paul's efforts to persuade reflect the Christian mission to make disciples of all nations (Matthew 28:19), emphasizing the importance of personal conviction and the transformative power of the Gospel.

Jews and Greeks
The mention of "Jews and Greeks" highlights the diverse audience Paul addressed. Jews were the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, who adhered to the Mosaic Law and awaited the Messiah. Greeks, or Gentiles, were non-Jews who often held different religious and philosophical beliefs. The Greek word "Hellenes" refers to those who embraced Greek culture and language. By reaching out to both groups, Paul demonstrated the universality of the Gospel message, breaking down the barriers between Jew and Gentile (Ephesians 2:14-16) and fulfilling the prophecy that all nations would be blessed through Abraham's seed (Genesis 22:18). This inclusivity is a cornerstone of the Christian faith, affirming that salvation is available to all who believe.

And when Silas and Timothy came down from Macedonia
This phrase marks a significant moment in Paul's missionary journey. Silas and Timothy were trusted companions of Paul, and their arrival from Macedonia brought encouragement and support. The Greek word for "came down" (κατέβησαν, katēbesan) suggests a descent, indicating the geographical movement from the higher regions of Macedonia to Corinth. Historically, Macedonia was a Roman province, and the journey would have been arduous, reflecting the dedication of these early Christian missionaries. Their arrival likely provided Paul with both emotional support and news from the churches in Macedonia, which he had previously established.

Paul was consumed with preaching the word
The phrase "consumed with preaching" indicates Paul's intense dedication and focus. The Greek word for "consumed" (συνείχετο, syneicheto) can also mean "compelled" or "pressed," suggesting an inner drive or necessity. This reflects Paul's unwavering commitment to his mission, driven by the Holy Spirit. The "word" refers to the Gospel message, the good news of Jesus Christ. In a historical context, Corinth was a bustling, cosmopolitan city, full of diverse beliefs and practices. Paul's fervor in preaching amidst such a backdrop highlights the transformative power of the Gospel and the urgency he felt in sharing it.

testifying to the Jews that Jesus is the Christ
The act of "testifying" (διαμαρτυρόμενος, diamartyromenos) implies a solemn declaration or witness. Paul, a Jew himself, understood the importance of connecting with his Jewish audience by affirming that Jesus fulfilled the Messianic prophecies of the Hebrew Scriptures. The term "Christ" (Χριστός, Christos) is the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew "Messiah," meaning "Anointed One." This declaration was radical and controversial, as many Jews were expecting a different kind of Messiah. Paul's testimony was not just a proclamation but an invitation to see Jesus as the fulfillment of God's promises, urging his listeners to embrace the new covenant through faith in Christ. This reflects the early church's mission to bridge the old and new, showing continuity in God's redemptive plan.

But when they opposed and insulted him
This phrase captures the resistance Paul faced from the Jewish community in Corinth. The Greek word for "opposed" is "ἀντιτάσσω" (antitassō), which means to arrange in battle against or to resist. This indicates a strong, organized opposition, not just casual disagreement. Historically, this reflects the tension between early Christians and Jews who did not accept Jesus as the Messiah. The word "insulted" comes from the Greek "βλασφημέω" (blasphēmeō), meaning to speak evil or slander. This suggests that the opposition was not only physical but also verbal, attacking Paul's character and message.

he shook out his clothes
This action is symbolic and significant. In Jewish tradition, shaking out one's clothes was a gesture of rejection and disassociation. It was a way of saying that one is not responsible for the consequences of another's actions. This act by Paul signifies a formal and public declaration that he is no longer accountable for their rejection of the Gospel. It echoes Jesus' instruction to His disciples in Matthew 10:14, where they were told to shake the dust off their feet when leaving a town that did not welcome them.

and told them
Paul's declaration is not just an act of frustration but a prophetic statement. The Greek word "εἶπον" (eipon) is used here, which is a common word for "said" or "told," but in this context, it carries the weight of a solemn pronouncement. Paul is making a clear and decisive statement about the consequences of their actions.

‘Your blood be on your own heads!
This phrase is a powerful declaration of responsibility. The concept of "blood on one's head" is rooted in Old Testament imagery, where it signifies guilt and accountability for one's own actions (see Ezekiel 33:4). Paul is stating that he has fulfilled his duty to preach the Gospel, and now the responsibility for rejecting it lies with them. It underscores the seriousness of rejecting the message of salvation.

I am innocent of it
Paul asserts his innocence, using the Greek word "καθαρός" (katharos), meaning clean or pure. This is a declaration of his clear conscience before God. He has done his part in delivering the message, and now he is free from the guilt of their rejection. This reflects the biblical principle that each person is responsible for their own response to God's call.

From now on I will go to the Gentiles
This marks a pivotal moment in Paul's ministry. The phrase "from now on" indicates a decisive shift in focus. The Greek word "ἔθνος" (ethnos) is used for "Gentiles," meaning nations or peoples. This is a fulfillment of God's plan for the Gospel to reach all nations, as seen in Acts 1:8. Paul's turning to the Gentiles is not a rejection of the Jews but an expansion of the mission to include all people, reflecting the inclusive nature of the Gospel. This decision is both strategic and divinely ordained, as Paul becomes the apostle to the Gentiles, spreading the message of Christ beyond the Jewish community.

So he left
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in Paul's ministry in Corinth. The Greek word for "left" (ἐξῆλθεν, exēlthen) implies a decisive action. Paul, after facing opposition in the synagogue, chooses to continue his mission elsewhere. This reflects a pattern in Paul's ministry where he often begins in synagogues but moves to more receptive audiences when faced with rejection. It underscores the importance of discernment and perseverance in ministry.

and went to the house
The act of going to a house signifies a shift from public to private ministry. In the early church, homes were central to the spread of the Gospel. The Greek word for "house" (οἶκος, oikos) not only refers to a physical dwelling but also to a household or community. This move highlights the adaptability of early Christian evangelism and the importance of personal relationships in spreading the faith.

of Titius Justus
Titius Justus is identified as a significant figure in this narrative. His Roman name suggests he was a Gentile, yet he is closely associated with the Jewish community. This reflects the diverse makeup of the early church, which included both Jews and Gentiles. Titius Justus's willingness to host Paul indicates his commitment to the Gospel and his role as a bridge between different cultural groups.

a worshiper of God
This phrase describes Titius Justus as a "God-fearer," a term used for Gentiles who were sympathetic to Judaism and worshiped the God of Israel without fully converting. The Greek term (σεβόμενος τὸν θεόν, sebomenos ton theon) highlights his reverence and devotion. This designation is significant as it shows the openness of the early church to those outside traditional Jewish boundaries, emphasizing the inclusive nature of the Gospel.

whose house was next door to the synagogue
The proximity of Titius Justus's house to the synagogue is noteworthy. It suggests a strategic location for Paul's continued ministry, allowing him to remain connected to the Jewish community while reaching out to Gentiles. This physical closeness symbolizes the theological and cultural tensions of the time, as well as the potential for reconciliation and unity in Christ. The phrase underscores the idea that the Gospel transcends physical and cultural barriers, bringing diverse groups together in worship and fellowship.

Crispus, the synagogue leader
Crispus was a prominent figure in the Jewish community of Corinth, serving as the leader of the synagogue. The Greek word for "synagogue leader" is "archisynagogos," indicating a person of significant authority and respect within the Jewish religious structure. His conversion to Christianity is significant because it demonstrates the power of the Gospel to reach even those deeply entrenched in Jewish tradition. Historically, this conversion would have been a bold statement, as it could lead to social ostracism. Crispus's acceptance of Christ highlights the transformative power of faith and the breaking down of barriers between Jewish and Gentile believers.

and his whole household
The phrase "his whole household" suggests that Crispus's faith had a profound impact on those closest to him. In the cultural context of the time, a household would include not only family members but also servants and others living under the same roof. The Greek term "oikos" encompasses this broader understanding. This collective belief underscores the communal nature of early Christian conversions, where the faith of a leader or head of a household could influence and inspire those around them. It reflects the biblical principle that faith can permeate and transform entire communities.

believed in the Lord
The act of believing "in the Lord" signifies a deep, personal trust and commitment to Jesus Christ as Savior and Lord. The Greek word "pisteuo" conveys a sense of faith that goes beyond intellectual assent to a heartfelt reliance on Christ. This belief is not merely an acknowledgment of Jesus's existence but an acceptance of His lordship and a commitment to follow Him. In the context of Acts, this belief is often accompanied by a radical change in lifestyle and priorities, as seen in the lives of early converts like Crispus.

and many of the Corinthians
The mention of "many of the Corinthians" indicates the widespread impact of the Gospel in Corinth, a city known for its diversity and moral challenges. Corinth was a major trade hub, filled with people from various backgrounds and beliefs. The Greek term "polloi" emphasizes the large number of individuals who were drawn to the message of Christ. This highlights the universal appeal of the Gospel, capable of reaching people from all walks of life and transforming a city known for its secularism and immorality.

who heard the message
The phrase "who heard the message" points to the importance of hearing the Word of God as a catalyst for faith. The Greek word "akouo" implies not just hearing with the ears but understanding and internalizing the message. In Romans 10:17, Paul writes, "So then faith comes by hearing, and hearing by the word of God." This underscores the necessity of preaching and teaching in the spread of the Gospel. The Corinthians' response to the message demonstrates the power of the spoken word to convict hearts and lead to salvation.

believed and were baptized
The sequence of "believed and were baptized" reflects the early Christian practice of baptism as an outward expression of inward faith. The Greek word "baptizo" means to immerse or submerge, symbolizing the believer's identification with the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Baptism served as a public declaration of faith and a rite of initiation into the Christian community. This practice underscores the importance of both personal faith and communal identity in the early Church. The Corinthians' willingness to be baptized signifies their commitment to a new way of life in Christ, leaving behind their former ways and embracing the transformative power of the Gospel.

One night
This phrase sets the scene for a divine encounter, emphasizing the timing and setting of God's intervention. In biblical narratives, nighttime often symbolizes a period of vulnerability or uncertainty, yet it is also a time when God reveals His will, as seen in other scriptural accounts like Jacob's dream (Genesis 28:12). The use of "night" here underscores the personal and intimate nature of God's communication with Paul, suggesting that even in moments of darkness or doubt, God is present and active.

the Lord spoke
The phrase indicates direct divine communication, a hallmark of prophetic experiences in the Bible. The Greek word for "spoke" (λαλέω, laleó) implies a verbal, clear, and authoritative message. This is not a mere impression or feeling but a distinct and unmistakable word from the Lord, affirming the authority and certainty of the message Paul receives. It highlights the personal relationship between God and His servants, where God actively guides and instructs.

to Paul
This personal address signifies the specific calling and mission of Paul as an apostle to the Gentiles. Paul's background as a former persecutor of Christians and his dramatic conversion (Acts 9) make him a unique vessel for God's work. The direct communication to Paul underscores his pivotal role in the early Church and the spread of the Gospel. It also serves as a reminder that God equips and encourages those He calls, regardless of their past.

in a vision
Visions are a common means of divine revelation in Scripture, often used to convey God's plans or encouragement. The Greek word for "vision" (ὅραμα, horama) suggests a supernatural sight or experience beyond ordinary perception. This method of communication assures Paul of the reality and urgency of God's message. Visions in the Bible often serve to strengthen faith and provide direction, as seen in the experiences of prophets like Daniel and Ezekiel.

Do not be afraid
This command is a frequent divine reassurance found throughout Scripture, from God's words to Abraham (Genesis 15:1) to Jesus' encouragement to His disciples (John 14:27). The Greek phrase (μὴ φοβοῦ, mē phobou) is an imperative, urging Paul to reject fear and embrace faith. It acknowledges the natural human tendency towards fear, especially in the face of opposition, and counters it with divine assurance. This encouragement is vital for Paul, who faced significant challenges and persecution in his ministry.

keep on speaking
The instruction to "keep on speaking" emphasizes the importance of perseverance in proclaiming the Gospel. The Greek verb (λαλεῖν, lalein) is in the present active imperative, indicating continuous action. Paul is encouraged to persist in his mission despite obstacles. This directive highlights the power and necessity of the spoken word in spreading the Christian message and the role of the apostle as a herald of truth.

do not be silent
This phrase reinforces the previous command, underscoring the urgency and importance of vocal witness. The Greek word for "silent" (σιωπήσῃς, siopēsēs) suggests a cessation of speech, which Paul is explicitly told to avoid. In the context of Corinth, where Paul was ministering, this command is particularly poignant, as the city was known for its diverse and often contentious environment. The call to not be silent is a reminder of the transformative power of the Gospel and the necessity of its proclamation in all circumstances.

For I am with you
This phrase is a profound assurance of God's presence. The Greek word for "with" is "μετά" (meta), which implies accompaniment and association. In the biblical narrative, God's presence is a recurring theme, providing comfort and courage to His servants. This assurance echoes God's promise to Joshua (Joshua 1:9) and to the disciples in the Great Commission (Matthew 28:20). It signifies that Paul is not alone in his mission; the divine presence accompanies him, offering protection and guidance. This is a reminder to believers that God's presence is a constant source of strength and encouragement in the face of adversity.

and no one will lay a hand on you
The phrase "lay a hand on you" is a metaphor for harm or persecution. In the Greek, "ἐπιθήσει" (epithēsei) means to put upon or to inflict harm. This assurance of protection is significant in the context of Paul's missionary journeys, where he often faced opposition and danger. Historically, Corinth was a city known for its immorality and hostility towards new teachings. God's promise here is a divine intervention, ensuring Paul's safety so that he can continue his work. This protection is not just physical but also spiritual, emphasizing that God's plans cannot be thwarted by human opposition.

because I have many people in this city
The phrase "I have many people" indicates God's sovereign knowledge and election. The Greek word "λαός" (laos) refers to a people or nation, often used to describe God's chosen people. This statement reveals that God has already prepared hearts in Corinth to receive the Gospel. It underscores the concept of divine providence and predestination, where God has a remnant in every place, ready to respond to His call. Historically, Corinth was a melting pot of cultures and beliefs, yet God had His people there, ready to be gathered into His church. This is an encouragement to believers that no place is too dark or resistant for God's light to penetrate, and His purposes will prevail.

So Paul stayed for a year and a half, teaching the word of God among the Corinthians
So Paul stayed
The phrase "So Paul stayed" indicates a deliberate decision by the Apostle Paul to remain in Corinth. The Greek word used here is "ἔμεινεν" (emeinen), which means to abide or continue. This decision reflects Paul's commitment to the mission field despite challenges. Historically, Corinth was a major city in ancient Greece, known for its wealth and moral decadence. Paul's choice to stay underscores his dedication to spreading the Gospel in a place that desperately needed it.

for a year and a half
The duration "for a year and a half" is significant as it shows the longest period Paul spent in any one location during his missionary journeys, apart from Ephesus. This extended stay allowed him to establish a strong foundation for the church in Corinth. The Greek phrase "ἐνιαυτὸν καὶ μῆνας ἕξ" (eniauton kai menas hex) emphasizes the importance of time in ministry, suggesting that effective discipleship and teaching require patience and perseverance.

teaching the word of God
"Teaching the word of God" highlights Paul's primary activity during his stay. The Greek word "διδάσκων" (didaskon) implies a continuous action of instructing or imparting knowledge. This teaching was not merely academic but transformative, as it involved the "word of God," which is living and active (Hebrews 4:12). Paul's teaching would have included the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, as well as practical instructions for living a Christian life.

among the Corinthians
The phrase "among the Corinthians" indicates the audience and context of Paul's ministry. Corinth was a cosmopolitan city, a melting pot of cultures and religions, which presented both opportunities and challenges for the Gospel. The Greek word "ἐν" (en) suggests being in the midst of or within, highlighting Paul's immersion in the community. His presence "among the Corinthians" signifies the incarnational aspect of ministry, where the messenger lives and interacts with those he seeks to reach, embodying the message of Christ in everyday life.

While Gallio was proconsul of Achaia
The term "proconsul" refers to a Roman official who governed a senatorial province. Gallio, whose full name was Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus, was the brother of the famous philosopher Seneca. His tenure as proconsul of Achaia, a region in Greece, is historically significant and is corroborated by archaeological findings, such as the Delphi Inscription, which helps date Paul's ministry to around AD 51-52. This historical context underscores the accuracy and reliability of the biblical narrative, affirming the divine orchestration of events in the spread of the Gospel.

the Jews rose up together against Paul
The phrase "rose up together" indicates a collective action, suggesting a unified opposition from the Jewish community in Corinth. This reflects the tension between the nascent Christian movement and traditional Jewish beliefs. The Greek word used here, "κατεφίστημι" (katephistēmi), implies a sudden and forceful uprising. This opposition is a recurring theme in Acts, highlighting the challenges faced by early Christians in proclaiming the message of Christ. It serves as a reminder of the spiritual warfare that accompanies the advancement of God's kingdom.

and brought him before the judgment seat
The "judgment seat," or "βῆμα" (bēma) in Greek, was a raised platform used by Roman officials to address legal matters. In Corinth, the bema was located in the agora, or marketplace, a central and public place. This setting emphasizes the public nature of the accusations against Paul and the potential for widespread impact on his ministry. Theologically, the bema also symbolizes the ultimate judgment seat of Christ, where all will be held accountable. Paul's experience here foreshadows the trials and tribulations believers may face, yet it also reassures us of God's sovereign presence and justice.

This man
The phrase "This man" refers to the Apostle Paul, who was a central figure in the early Christian church. Paul, formerly known as Saul, was a Pharisee and a zealous persecutor of Christians before his dramatic conversion on the road to Damascus (Acts 9). His transformation and subsequent missionary journeys were pivotal in spreading Christianity throughout the Roman Empire. The use of "this man" by his accusers may imply a dismissive or derogatory tone, highlighting their disdain for Paul and his teachings.

is persuading
The Greek word used here is "ἀναπείθει" (anapeithei), which means to convince or induce someone to believe or do something. Paul's method of persuasion was through reasoned argument, scriptural evidence, and the demonstration of the Holy Spirit's power. His ability to persuade was a testament to his deep understanding of Jewish law and prophecy, as well as his personal experience of Christ's transformative power.

the people
This phrase refers to the Jewish and Gentile audiences that Paul encountered in Corinth, where this event takes place. Corinth was a major city in ancient Greece, known for its diverse population and cultural pluralism. The "people" here could include both Jews who were familiar with the Hebrew Scriptures and Gentiles who were new to the concept of monotheism and the God of Israel.

to worship God
The act of worshiping God was central to Jewish life and identity. However, Paul's message was that worship was not confined to the rituals and sacrifices of the Jewish law but was now accessible to all through faith in Jesus Christ. This was a radical shift from traditional Jewish worship, emphasizing a personal relationship with God through Christ.

in ways contrary to the law
The "law" here refers to the Mosaic Law, which was the foundation of Jewish religious practice. Paul's teaching that salvation and righteousness come through faith in Jesus Christ, rather than adherence to the law, was seen as a direct challenge to Jewish tradition. This accusation reflects the tension between the emerging Christian faith and established Jewish customs. Historically, this was a period of significant conflict as the early church sought to define its identity and beliefs in relation to Judaism.

they said
The accusers were likely Jewish leaders or members of the synagogue in Corinth who felt threatened by Paul's teachings. Their statement reflects the broader conflict between the early Christian movement and traditional Jewish authorities. This opposition was a recurring theme in Paul's ministry, as he often faced resistance and persecution for his message of grace and inclusion.

But just as Paul was about to speak
This phrase sets the scene for a pivotal moment in the narrative. Paul, a central figure in the spread of Christianity, is about to defend himself. The Greek word for "speak" here is "λέγειν" (legein), which implies a formal or reasoned discourse. This moment underscores the readiness of Paul to articulate his defense and the divine timing that often intervenes in the lives of believers. It reminds us of the importance of being prepared to give a reason for our faith, as instructed in 1 Peter 3:15.

Gallio said to the Jews
Gallio, the proconsul of Achaia, is a significant historical figure. His presence in this account provides a chronological anchor, as his tenure is well-documented around AD 51-52. Gallio's response is crucial because it reflects the Roman attitude towards internal Jewish disputes and the nascent Christian movement. His decision not to involve himself in what he perceives as a religious matter sets a precedent for the legal treatment of Christianity under Roman law, highlighting the providential protection over the early church.

If you Jews were making a complaint
The phrase "making a complaint" translates from the Greek "κατηγορίαν" (katēgorian), which means an accusation or charge. This legal terminology indicates the formal nature of the proceedings. Gallio's use of "you Jews" distinguishes between the Jewish leaders and the Christian sect, which was still seen as a Jewish offshoot. This distinction is critical in understanding the early church's struggle for identity and legitimacy within the broader Jewish and Roman contexts.

about some misdemeanor or serious crime
Gallio's reference to "misdemeanor or serious crime" (Greek: "ἀδίκημα" or "ῥᾳδιούργημα") highlights the Roman legal system's focus on civil order and justice. By dismissing the case, Gallio effectively declares that the issues at hand are not of public concern but rather internal religious disputes. This decision reflects the Roman policy of religious tolerance, provided that the practices did not disrupt public order, and underscores the early church's challenge in navigating these legal and cultural landscapes.

it would be reasonable for me to listen to you
The word "reasonable" (Greek: "ἀνέξομαι") implies a willingness to endure or bear with something. Gallio's statement suggests that he is open to hearing cases that fall within his jurisdiction of maintaining civil order. However, his refusal to engage with religious disputes illustrates the separation between civic duty and religious matters in Roman governance. This separation allowed the early church to grow relatively unimpeded by state interference, a testament to God's sovereignty in advancing His kingdom.

But since it is a dispute
The phrase "dispute" here is translated from the Greek word "zētēma," which implies a question or controversy. In the context of Acts 18, this refers to the internal disagreements among the Jews regarding their religious beliefs and practices. Historically, the early Christian movement often found itself at odds with Jewish authorities, as it challenged traditional interpretations of the law and the identity of the Messiah. This dispute highlights the tension between emerging Christianity and established Judaism, a recurring theme in the Acts of the Apostles.

about words and names
The "words and names" refer to theological and doctrinal issues, particularly concerning the identity of Jesus as the Messiah and the interpretation of the Scriptures. The Greek term "onomata" (names) suggests a focus on the significance of Jesus' name and titles, which were central to the early Christian proclamation. This reflects the broader historical context where names held deep spiritual and cultural significance, often representing authority and identity. The early church's insistence on the name of Jesus as the source of salvation was a point of contention with Jewish leaders.

and your own law
The phrase "your own law" indicates the Jewish law, or Torah, which was the foundation of Jewish religious life. The Greek word "nomos" is used here, emphasizing the legal and covenantal aspects of Jewish identity. In the historical context of Acts, the Roman authorities, represented by Gallio in this passage, were generally indifferent to internal Jewish religious disputes, as long as they did not disrupt public order. This reflects the broader Roman policy of allowing subject peoples to maintain their religious practices, provided they did not conflict with Roman law.

see to it yourselves
This directive from Gallio, the proconsul of Achaia, underscores the Roman practice of allowing local populations to handle their internal religious matters. The phrase "see to it yourselves" is a dismissal of the case, indicating that the Roman authorities did not wish to involve themselves in what they perceived as a purely religious issue. This reflects the historical reality of Roman governance, which often sought to maintain peace by avoiding interference in local religious disputes unless they threatened the stability of the region.

I refuse to be a judge of such things
Gallio's refusal to judge the matter highlights the Roman perspective on religious disputes, which were seen as outside the purview of civil law unless they posed a threat to public order. The Greek word "krinō" (judge) implies a legal decision or judgment. Gallio's stance is significant in the narrative of Acts, as it sets a precedent for the treatment of Christian disputes under Roman law. This decision allowed the early Christian movement to continue its mission with a degree of protection from Roman interference, as long as it remained within the bounds of civil peace.

And he drove them away
The phrase "he drove them away" indicates a forceful action taken by Gallio, the proconsul of Achaia, against the accusers of Paul. The Greek word used here is "ἀπήλασεν" (apēlasen), which conveys a sense of expulsion or dismissal. This action reflects Gallio's decision to not entertain the charges brought against Paul by the Jewish leaders. Historically, this moment underscores the Roman authorities' general disinterest in internal Jewish religious disputes, which they often saw as irrelevant to Roman law. Gallio's dismissal is significant as it sets a precedent for the early Christian movement, allowing it to continue spreading without immediate Roman interference.

from the judgment seat
The "judgment seat," or "βῆμα" (bēma) in Greek, was a raised platform used by Roman officials to address legal matters and make public pronouncements. Archaeological findings in Corinth, where this event took place, have uncovered such platforms, providing tangible evidence of the historical context of this passage. The bēma was a place of authority and decision-making, and Gallio's presence there signifies his role as a Roman official with the power to adjudicate legal matters. In the broader scriptural context, the judgment seat is also a metaphor for divine judgment, as seen in other New Testament passages. Here, however, it serves as a literal location where Gallio exercises his authority, ultimately protecting Paul from legal repercussions and allowing the Gospel to continue to flourish. This moment highlights the providence of God in using secular authorities to further His divine purposes.

So the crowd
The Greek word for "crowd" here is "ὄχλος" (ochlos), which often refers to a large group of people, sometimes unruly or easily swayed. In the context of Acts, this crowd likely consisted of both Jews and Gentiles who were present in Corinth. Historically, Corinth was a bustling city with a diverse population, and tensions between different religious and ethnic groups were not uncommon. This crowd's actions reflect the volatile nature of public opinion and mob mentality, which can be swayed by charismatic leaders or prevailing sentiments.

seized Sosthenes
"Sosthenes" is a Greek name, and he is identified as the "synagogue leader." The Greek term for "seized" is "ἐπιλαμβάνομαι" (epilambanomai), which implies a forceful or violent taking. Sosthenes, as a leader, would have been a prominent figure in the Jewish community. His seizure by the crowd indicates a significant shift in the dynamics of power and influence, possibly due to the growing tension between the Jewish community and the early Christians. Sosthenes is later mentioned in 1 Corinthians 1:1, suggesting he may have become a believer, highlighting the transformative power of the Gospel.

the synagogue leader
The term "synagogue leader" is translated from the Greek "ἀρχισυνάγωγος" (archisynagogos), indicating a person of authority and responsibility within the Jewish community. This role involved overseeing the synagogue's activities, teaching, and maintaining order. The position was one of respect and influence, making Sosthenes' public beating a significant event. It underscores the conflict between the Jewish authorities and the burgeoning Christian movement, as well as the societal upheaval caused by the spread of Christianity.

and beat him
The Greek word for "beat" is "τύπτω" (typtō), which means to strike or hit. This act of violence against Sosthenes was likely intended to serve as a public humiliation and a warning to others. In the historical context of Roman rule, such acts of public punishment were not uncommon and were often used to maintain order or express disapproval. The beating of Sosthenes reflects the intense opposition faced by early Christians and their associates, as well as the societal tensions in Corinth.

in front of the judgment seat
The "judgment seat," or "βῆμα" (bēma) in Greek, was a raised platform used by Roman officials to address legal matters and make public pronouncements. In Corinth, the bēma was located in the agora, the city's central marketplace, making it a place of significant public visibility. The fact that Sosthenes was beaten in front of the bēma highlights the public nature of this incident and the involvement of Roman authorities, represented by Gallio, in the affairs of the local community.

But none of this was of any concern to Gallio
Gallio, the proconsul of Achaia, is mentioned here. The Greek phrase "οὐδὲν τούτων τῷ Γαλλίωνι ἔμελεν" (ouden toutōn tōi Galliōni emelen) indicates Gallio's indifference. Gallio's lack of concern can be understood in the context of Roman governance, which often allowed local disputes to be settled internally unless they threatened Roman peace or authority. Gallio's dismissive attitude suggests that he viewed the conflict as an internal Jewish matter, not warranting Roman intervention. This reflects the broader Roman policy of religious tolerance, provided that it did not disrupt public order. Gallio's indifference also allowed the Christian message to continue spreading without immediate Roman interference, illustrating God's providential hand in the early church's growth.

Paul stayed on in Corinth
The Apostle Paul, a pivotal figure in the early Christian church, remained in Corinth, a major city in ancient Greece known for its commercial prosperity and moral challenges. The Greek word for "stayed" (ἐπέμεινεν) suggests a deliberate and extended period of ministry. This indicates Paul's commitment to establishing a strong Christian community amidst a diverse and often challenging cultural environment. His stay in Corinth underscores the importance of perseverance in ministry and the need to nurture new believers in their faith.

for quite some time
The phrase indicates an unspecified but significant duration, emphasizing Paul's dedication to the Corinthian church. Historically, Corinth was a strategic location for spreading the Gospel due to its position as a trade hub. Paul's extended stay allowed him to address the spiritual and moral issues within the church, as evidenced by his later letters to the Corinthians. This highlights the necessity of investing time in discipleship and community building.

before saying goodbye to the brothers
The term "brothers" (ἀδελφοῖς) reflects the familial bond among believers, a common theme in Paul's writings. This farewell was not merely a departure but a heartfelt separation from a community he had deeply invested in. The use of "brothers" signifies the unity and love that should characterize Christian relationships, reminding us of the importance of fellowship and mutual support within the church.

He had his hair cut off in Cenchrea
Cenchrea was a port city near Corinth, serving as a gateway for Paul's travels. The act of cutting his hair is linked to a vow, likely a Nazirite vow, which involved abstaining from certain activities and was a sign of dedication to God (Numbers 6:1-21). The Greek word for "cut off" (κειράμενος) indicates a ritualistic act, suggesting Paul's deep personal devotion and commitment to fulfilling his promises to God. This act serves as a reminder of the importance of personal vows and commitments in our spiritual journey.

because of a vow he had taken
The vow signifies a solemn promise made to God, reflecting Paul's Jewish heritage and his continued observance of certain Jewish customs. Vows were serious commitments, often made in gratitude or in seeking divine favor. This highlights the continuity between the Old and New Testaments and the personal nature of faith. Paul's vow demonstrates the integration of cultural and religious practices in expressing one's devotion to God, encouraging believers to honor their commitments and live out their faith authentically.

When they reached Ephesus
Ephesus was a major city in the Roman province of Asia, known for its grand temple of Artemis, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The city's strategic location made it a hub for commerce and culture. The Greek word for "reached" (κατήντησαν) implies a purposeful arrival, suggesting that Paul and his companions were intentional in their mission. Ephesus would later become a significant center for early Christianity, as evidenced by Paul's extended ministry there and the later establishment of a strong church community.

Paul left Priscilla and Aquila there
Priscilla and Aquila were a Jewish Christian couple who had previously worked with Paul in Corinth. Their presence in Ephesus highlights the importance of lay leadership in the early church. The Greek verb "left" (κατέλιπεν) indicates a strategic decision by Paul, entrusting them with the task of nurturing the nascent Christian community. This act underscores the collaborative nature of early Christian missions and the vital role of women, as Priscilla is often mentioned first, suggesting her prominence in ministry.

but he himself went into the synagogue
Paul's consistent practice was to begin his ministry in a new city by engaging with the Jewish community in the synagogue. The Greek word for "went" (εἰσῆλθεν) conveys a deliberate action, reflecting Paul's commitment to his Jewish heritage and his strategy of reaching Jews first with the message of Jesus as the Messiah. The synagogue served as a familiar setting for theological discussion and debate, providing Paul with an opportunity to connect with those who shared a common scriptural foundation.

and reasoned with the Jews
The Greek word for "reasoned" (διελέξατο) suggests a dialogical approach, involving discussion and persuasion. This method reflects Paul's respect for his audience's intelligence and his desire to engage them thoughtfully. By reasoning with the Jews, Paul sought to demonstrate how Jesus fulfilled the Messianic prophecies of the Hebrew Scriptures. This approach highlights the continuity between Judaism and Christianity and Paul's role as a bridge between the two faiths. His reasoning was not merely intellectual but was driven by a deep love for his fellow Jews and a desire for their salvation.

When they asked him
This phrase indicates a request made by the people in Ephesus to Paul. The Greek word for "asked" here is "ἐρωτάω" (erōtaō), which can also mean to entreat or beseech. This suggests a sense of urgency or earnestness in their request. Historically, Ephesus was a major center of commerce and culture in the Roman Empire, and the people there were likely eager to learn more from Paul, who was a well-traveled and knowledgeable teacher of the Gospel. This reflects the hunger for spiritual truth that was present in many parts of the ancient world.

to stay
The Greek word for "stay" is "μένω" (menō), which means to remain or abide. This word is often used in the New Testament to describe a deeper, more permanent dwelling, not just a temporary visit. The Ephesians' request for Paul to "stay" indicates their desire for a lasting relationship and continued teaching. In a spiritual sense, this reflects the Christian call to abide in Christ, as seen in John 15:4, where believers are encouraged to remain in Jesus as He remains in them.

for a while longer
This phrase suggests that Paul had already spent some time with the Ephesians, and they were asking for an extension of his visit. The Greek word "χρόνος" (chronos) refers to a period of time, emphasizing the Ephesians' desire for more of Paul's presence and teaching. This reflects the early church's recognition of the importance of apostolic teaching and the foundational role it played in establishing and strengthening new believers in their faith.

he declined
The Greek word used here is "οὐκ ἐπένευσεν" (ouk epenusen), which means he did not consent or agree. Paul's decision to decline their request might seem surprising, but it highlights his commitment to the mission God had set before him. Paul was led by the Holy Spirit and had a clear sense of purpose and direction. This decision underscores the importance of following God's leading, even when it means making difficult choices or disappointing others. It also serves as a reminder that God's plans and timing are perfect, even when they differ from our own desires or expectations.

But as he left
This phrase marks a transition in Paul's missionary journey. The Greek word for "left" is "apochōreō," which implies a deliberate departure. Paul’s leaving Ephesus was not abrupt but rather a strategic move in his mission to spread the Gospel. Historically, Ephesus was a significant city in Asia Minor, known for its temple of Artemis, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Paul's departure from such a pivotal location underscores the importance of his mission and the guidance of the Holy Spirit in his travels.

he said
The act of speaking here is significant. The Greek verb "eipon" indicates a declaration or proclamation. Paul’s words are not casual; they are intentional and carry weight. In the context of the early church, verbal communication was a primary means of teaching and encouragement. Paul’s statement reflects his role as a leader and his commitment to the believers in Ephesus.

I will come back to you again
This promise reveals Paul’s deep connection and commitment to the Ephesian believers. The Greek phrase "palin erchomai" suggests a return with purpose. Paul’s intention to return highlights the importance of discipleship and the nurturing of young churches. Historically, Paul did return to Ephesus, as recorded in Acts 19, where he spent significant time teaching and strengthening the church.

if God is willing
This phrase reflects Paul’s submission to divine sovereignty. The Greek "theou thelontos" emphasizes the conditional nature of human plans in light of God’s will. This echoes James 4:15, which advises believers to say, "If it is the Lord’s will, we will live and do this or that." Paul’s acknowledgment of God’s will serves as a model for Christian humility and reliance on divine guidance.

And he set sail from Ephesus
The act of setting sail, "anagō," in Greek, indicates a new phase in Paul’s journey. Ephesus, being a major port city, was a hub for travel and trade, facilitating Paul’s missionary endeavors. This departure signifies the spread of the Gospel beyond Ephesus, illustrating the early church’s mission to reach the ends of the earth. Paul’s journey by sea also reflects the historical context of travel in the ancient world, where maritime routes were crucial for connecting different regions.

When he landed at Caesarea
The phrase "landed at Caesarea" indicates Paul's arrival at a significant port city in ancient Israel. Caesarea Maritima, built by Herod the Great, was a major hub for trade and travel in the Roman Empire. The Greek word for "landed" (καταχθέντα) suggests a deliberate and purposeful arrival. This city was not only a political center but also a place where the early church had a presence, as seen in Acts 10 with Cornelius. Paul's landing here signifies the strategic importance of Caesarea in spreading the Gospel and connecting with the broader Roman world.

he went up and greeted the church
The phrase "went up" is often used in the Bible to describe traveling to Jerusalem, which is geographically elevated. However, in this context, it likely refers to Paul visiting the local assembly of believers in Caesarea. The Greek word for "greeted" (ἀσπασάμενος) implies more than a simple hello; it denotes a warm and affectionate meeting, reflecting the deep bonds within the early Christian community. This greeting underscores the importance of fellowship and encouragement among believers, a theme prevalent throughout Paul's ministry.

and then went down to Antioch
The phrase "went down" is a common biblical expression for traveling from a higher elevation to a lower one. Antioch, located in modern-day Turkey, was a major center for early Christianity and Paul's home base for his missionary journeys. The Greek word for "went down" (κατέβη) indicates a return to a place of origin or significance. Antioch was where believers were first called Christians (Acts 11:26), and it served as a launching point for Paul's missions. This return marks a period of rest and reporting, as Paul would have shared the successes and challenges of his journey with the church that sent him.

After Paul had spent some time in Antioch
The phrase highlights Paul's return to Antioch, a significant center for early Christianity. Antioch was where believers were first called Christians (Acts 11:26). The Greek word for "spent some time" (διετρίβω) suggests a period of intentional rest and fellowship, indicating Paul's commitment to nurturing the church community. Historically, Antioch was a hub of missionary activity, and Paul's presence there underscores the importance of a strong base for launching missions.

he traveled from place to place
This phrase reflects Paul's itinerant ministry, characterized by constant movement and dedication to spreading the Gospel. The Greek verb "διερχομαι" implies a thorough and systematic journey, suggesting Paul's strategic approach to evangelism. His travels were not random but guided by the Holy Spirit, emphasizing the importance of divine direction in ministry.

throughout the region of Galatia and Phrygia
Galatia and Phrygia were regions in Asia Minor, modern-day Turkey. The mention of these regions indicates the geographical spread of early Christianity and Paul's role in establishing and nurturing churches there. Archaeological findings, such as inscriptions and ancient road systems, provide evidence of the extensive travel routes available to Paul, facilitating his missionary journeys. The historical context of these regions, with their diverse cultures and religious practices, highlights the challenges and opportunities Paul faced in preaching the Gospel.

strengthening all the disciples
The Greek word for "strengthening" (ἐπιστηρίζω) means to support or establish firmly. This phrase underscores Paul's pastoral heart and his commitment to ensuring that the believers were grounded in their faith. His efforts were not just about conversion but about building a resilient and mature Christian community. Scripturally, this aligns with Paul's exhortations in his letters, where he emphasizes the importance of spiritual growth and maturity (Ephesians 4:13-15). The phrase also reflects the early church's emphasis on discipleship and the continuous nurturing of believers.

Meanwhile
This word serves as a transitional phrase, indicating that the events concerning Apollos are happening concurrently with other events in the narrative. It suggests the unfolding of God's plan in multiple locations, emphasizing the spread of the Gospel beyond a single focal point. The use of "meanwhile" reminds us of the omnipresence and omnipotence of God, orchestrating His divine will across different regions and through various individuals.

a Jew named Apollos
The name "Apollos" is of Greek origin, possibly indicating Hellenistic influence. Apollos being a Jew highlights the diverse backgrounds of early Christian leaders. His Jewish heritage connects him to the rich tradition of the Old Testament, which he would have been well-acquainted with. This background is significant as it underscores the fulfillment of Jewish prophecy in the person of Jesus Christ, whom Apollos would come to preach.

a native of Alexandria
Alexandria was a major center of learning and culture in the ancient world, home to the famous Library of Alexandria. This detail about Apollos suggests that he was likely well-educated and exposed to a variety of philosophical and theological ideas. The city was also a hub for Jewish scholarship, which may have contributed to Apollos' deep understanding of the Scriptures. His Alexandrian background implies a blend of Jewish tradition and Hellenistic thought, equipping him to engage with diverse audiences.

came to Ephesus
Ephesus was a prominent city in the Roman Empire, known for its temple to Artemis and as a center of commerce and culture. Apollos' arrival in Ephesus is significant as it was a strategic location for the spread of Christianity. The city's diverse population provided a fertile ground for the Gospel message. This movement of Apollos to Ephesus illustrates the early Church's mission strategy of targeting influential urban centers to maximize the impact of the Gospel.

He was an eloquent man
The Greek word for "eloquent" (λόγιος, logios) implies not only skill in speech but also learning and wisdom. Apollos' eloquence would have made him an effective communicator of the Gospel, able to articulate the truths of Christianity persuasively. This characteristic is a reminder of the importance of using our God-given talents to further His kingdom, and how God equips His servants with the necessary skills to fulfill their calling.

well-versed in the Scriptures
The phrase "well-versed in the Scriptures" indicates a deep and thorough knowledge of the Old Testament. The Greek term used here (δυνατός, dynatos) suggests not just familiarity but a powerful understanding. This knowledge would have been crucial for Apollos in demonstrating how Jesus fulfilled the Messianic prophecies. It highlights the importance of grounding one's ministry in the Word of God, ensuring that teaching and preaching are rooted in scriptural truth. Apollos' expertise in the Scriptures serves as an inspiration for believers to diligently study and know the Bible, enabling them to share the Gospel effectively.

He had been instructed in the way of the Lord
This phrase indicates that Apollos, the subject of this verse, had received formal teaching about the Christian faith. The Greek word for "instructed" is "katecheo," which implies a systematic teaching or catechism. This suggests that Apollos had a foundational understanding of Christian doctrine, likely through oral tradition or early Christian teachers. The "way of the Lord" refers to the teachings and life of Jesus Christ, emphasizing the path of righteousness and salvation. Historically, this reflects the early Christian community's efforts to educate new believers in the faith, ensuring they understood the core tenets of Christianity.

and was fervent in spirit
The term "fervent" comes from the Greek "zeo," meaning to boil with heat or to be hot. This indicates Apollos' passionate and enthusiastic nature in his spiritual life. "Spirit" here can refer to both the human spirit and the Holy Spirit, suggesting that Apollos was deeply moved and guided by his faith. This fervency is a model for believers, demonstrating the importance of zeal and dedication in one's spiritual journey. Historically, fervency was crucial for the spread of Christianity, as passionate individuals like Apollos played a significant role in evangelism and teaching.

he spoke and taught accurately about Jesus
The phrase "spoke and taught accurately" highlights Apollos' ability to communicate the truths about Jesus with precision and correctness. The Greek word "akribos" means exact or careful, indicating that Apollos was meticulous in his teaching. This accuracy is essential in preserving the integrity of the Gospel message. In the early church, accurate teaching was vital to prevent heresies and misunderstandings about Jesus' life, death, and resurrection. Apollos' role as a teacher underscores the importance of sound doctrine and the responsibility of teachers to convey the truth faithfully.

though he knew only the baptism of John
This phrase reveals a limitation in Apollos' understanding. The "baptism of John" refers to the baptism of repentance preached by John the Baptist, which prepared the way for Jesus but did not encompass the full revelation of Christian baptism in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. This indicates that Apollos' knowledge was incomplete, lacking the full understanding of the Holy Spirit's role and the new covenant established through Jesus' death and resurrection. This context highlights the transitional period of the early church, where believers were moving from the old covenant to the new, and the need for further instruction and revelation.

He began to speak boldly in the synagogue
The phrase "He began to speak boldly" indicates a significant moment of courage and conviction. The Greek word for "boldly" is "παρρησιάζομαι" (parrēsiazomai), which conveys the idea of speaking freely, openly, and with confidence. This boldness is a hallmark of the early Christian witness, empowered by the Holy Spirit. The setting, "in the synagogue," is crucial as it was the center of Jewish religious life and learning. Speaking boldly in such a place required not only courage but also a deep understanding of the Scriptures, as the synagogue was a place where the Torah was read and discussed.

But when Priscilla and Aquila heard him
The mention of "Priscilla and Aquila" highlights the importance of this couple in the early church. They were tentmakers by trade, like Paul, and had a significant role in the spread of the Gospel. Their presence in the synagogue suggests their active participation in the Jewish community and their commitment to the Christian faith. The fact that they "heard him" indicates their attentiveness and discernment, qualities essential for any believer seeking to understand and teach the Word of God.

they took him aside
The phrase "they took him aside" reflects a gentle and respectful approach to correction and teaching. The Greek word "προσελάβοντο" (proselabonto) implies taking someone to oneself, suggesting a personal and caring interaction. This action demonstrates the importance of mentorship and discipleship in the Christian community, where more mature believers guide and instruct those who are newer or less informed in the faith.

and explained to him the way of God more accurately
The word "explained" comes from the Greek "ἐξέθεντο" (exethento), meaning to set forth or expound. This indicates a thorough and careful teaching process. "The way of God" refers to the Christian faith and doctrine, which Priscilla and Aquila understood deeply. The phrase "more accurately" suggests that Apollos, though knowledgeable, needed further instruction to fully grasp the truth of the Gospel. This highlights the ongoing journey of learning and growth in the Christian life, where believers continually seek a deeper understanding of God's Word and His ways.

When Apollos resolved
The phrase "resolved" indicates a firm decision or determination. In the Greek, the word used is "βουλεύομαι" (bouleuomai), which implies a deliberate and thoughtful decision. Apollos, a learned man and eloquent speaker, made a conscious choice to continue his ministry in Achaia. This reflects the importance of intentionality in ministry and the guidance of the Holy Spirit in directing our paths.

to cross over to Achaia
Achaia was a region in Greece, and crossing over signifies a transition or movement. The Greek word "διαβαίνω" (diabaino) means to pass through or go across. This movement symbolizes the spread of the Gospel beyond local boundaries, emphasizing the missionary nature of the early church. Achaia, being a significant cultural and economic center, highlights the strategic importance of spreading the Gospel in influential regions.

the brothers encouraged him
The term "brothers" refers to fellow believers, indicating the close-knit community of the early church. The Greek word "ἀδελφοί" (adelphoi) is often used to denote spiritual kinship. Encouragement, from the Greek "παρακαλέω" (parakaleo), means to exhort, comfort, or urge. This shows the supportive role of the Christian community in empowering individuals for ministry, underscoring the importance of mutual support and affirmation in the body of Christ.

and wrote to the disciples there to welcome him
Writing letters was a common means of communication in the ancient world. The Greek "γράφω" (grapho) indicates the act of writing, which was crucial for maintaining connections between distant communities. The instruction to "welcome" Apollos, from the Greek "δέχομαι" (dechomai), means to receive or accept warmly. This reflects the hospitality and unity within the early church, as well as the recognition of Apollos' gifts and calling.

On his arrival
This phrase marks the beginning of Apollos' ministry in Achaia. The Greek "παραγίνομαι" (paraginomai) means to come or appear. Apollos' arrival signifies the continuation of God's work through His servants, reminding us that God prepares the way for His messengers and orchestrates divine appointments for the advancement of His kingdom.

he was a great help
The phrase "great help" underscores the significant impact Apollos had on the believers. The Greek "συμβάλλω" (symballo) means to contribute or assist. Apollos' knowledge and eloquence were instrumental in strengthening the faith of the believers, illustrating how God equips individuals with unique gifts to edify the church.

to those who by grace had believed
This phrase highlights the foundation of faith as a result of God's grace. The Greek "χάρις" (charis) refers to unmerited favor, emphasizing that belief is not based on human effort but on divine grace. The believers' faith, from the Greek "πιστεύω" (pisteuo), signifies trust and reliance on God. This underscores the transformative power of grace in bringing individuals to faith and sustaining them in their spiritual journey.

For he powerfully refuted the Jews in public debate, proving from the Scriptures that Jesus is the Christ
For he powerfully refuted
The phrase "powerfully refuted" indicates a strong, compelling argument that Apollos made against the Jews. The Greek word used here is "διακατελέγχετο" (diakatelegchomai), which implies a thorough and convincing refutation. This suggests that Apollos was not only knowledgeable but also eloquent and persuasive in his arguments. His ability to refute powerfully underscores the importance of being well-versed in Scripture and doctrine, as well as being able to communicate effectively. This serves as an inspiration for believers to study diligently and be prepared to defend their faith with clarity and conviction.

the Jews in public debate
The context of "the Jews in public debate" highlights the setting in which Apollos was engaging. Public debates were common in the ancient world, especially in places like synagogues or marketplaces where ideas were exchanged. The Jews here likely refer to those who were skeptical or opposed to the message of Jesus as the Messiah. Apollos's willingness to engage in public debate demonstrates the early Christian commitment to evangelism and the defense of the Gospel. It also reflects the openness of the early church to dialogue and reasoned discussion, rather than avoiding confrontation.

proving from the Scriptures
"Proving from the Scriptures" is a critical phrase that emphasizes the foundation of Apollos's arguments. The Greek word "ἐπιδεικνὺς" (epideiknus) means to demonstrate or show clearly. Apollos used the Hebrew Scriptures, what Christians refer to as the Old Testament, to make his case. This highlights the continuity between the Old and New Testaments and the fulfillment of prophecy in Jesus Christ. It serves as a reminder of the importance of Scripture as the ultimate authority in matters of faith and doctrine, and the need for believers to be adept in using it to explain and defend their beliefs.

that Jesus is the Christ
The declaration "that Jesus is the Christ" is the central claim of the Christian faith. The term "Christ" comes from the Greek "Χριστός" (Christos), meaning "Anointed One," equivalent to the Hebrew "Messiah." Apollos's argument was that Jesus fulfilled the messianic prophecies found in the Scriptures, affirming His identity as the Savior. This assertion is foundational to Christian doctrine, as it affirms Jesus's divine mission and role in God's redemptive plan. For believers, this is a call to recognize and proclaim Jesus as the promised Messiah, the one who brings salvation to all who believe.