While Gallio was proconsul of Achaia
The term "proconsul" refers to a Roman official who governed a senatorial province. Gallio, whose full name was Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus, was the brother of the famous philosopher Seneca. His tenure as proconsul of Achaia, a region in Greece, is historically significant and is corroborated by archaeological findings, such as the Delphi Inscription, which helps date Paul's ministry to around AD 51-52. This historical context underscores the accuracy and reliability of the biblical narrative, affirming the divine orchestration of events in the spread of the Gospel.

the Jews rose up together against Paul
The phrase "rose up together" indicates a collective action, suggesting a unified opposition from the Jewish community in Corinth. This reflects the tension between the nascent Christian movement and traditional Jewish beliefs. The Greek word used here, "κατεφίστημι" (katephistēmi), implies a sudden and forceful uprising. This opposition is a recurring theme in Acts, highlighting the challenges faced by early Christians in proclaiming the message of Christ. It serves as a reminder of the spiritual warfare that accompanies the advancement of God's kingdom.

and brought him before the judgment seat
The "judgment seat," or "βῆμα" (bēma) in Greek, was a raised platform used by Roman officials to address legal matters. In Corinth, the bema was located in the agora, or marketplace, a central and public place. This setting emphasizes the public nature of the accusations against Paul and the potential for widespread impact on his ministry. Theologically, the bema also symbolizes the ultimate judgment seat of Christ, where all will be held accountable. Paul's experience here foreshadows the trials and tribulations believers may face, yet it also reassures us of God's sovereign presence and justice.

(12) And when Gallio was the deputy of Achaia.--"Deputy" stands, as before (see Note on Acts 13:7), for "proconsul." Here, also, St. Luke shows his characteristic accuracy in the use of official titles. Achaia, which included the whole of Greece south of the province of Macedonia, had been an imperial province under Tiberius (Tacitus, Ann. i. 76), and had been governed by a praetor, but had been recently, in the same year as the expulsion of the Jews from Rome, restored to the senate by Claudius, as no longer needing direct military control (Suetonius, Claud. c. 25). Gallio, or to give his full name, M. Annaeus Novatus, who had taken the agnomen of Gallio on his adoption by the rhetorician of that name, was the brother of L. Annaeus Seneca, the tutor of Nero. The philosopher dedicated to him two treatises on Anger and the Blessed Life; and the kindliness of his nature made him a general favourite. He was everybody's "dulcis Gallio," was praised by his brother for his disinterestedness and calmness of temper, as one "who was loved much, even by those who had but little capacity for loving" (Seneca, Ep. 104). On the whole, therefore, we may see in him a very favourable example of what philosophic culture was able to do for a Roman statesman. On the probable connection of the writer of the Acts with his family, see Introduction to the Gospel of St. Luke.

Made insurrection . . . against Paul. Better, perhaps, rose up against, or rushed upon, our word "insurrection" having acquired the special meaning of a revolt of subjects against rulers.

And brought him to the judgment seat.--The habit of the Roman governors of provinces was commonly to hold their court in the agora, or marketplace on certain fixed days (see Note on Acts 19:38), so that any one might appeal to have his grievance heard. Gallio was now so sitting, and the Jews, having probably preconcerted their plans, took advantage of the opportunity.

Verse 12. - But for and, A.V.; proconsul for the deputy, A.V.; with one accord rose up for made insurrection with one accord, A.V.; before for to, A.V. Gallio. Marcus Annaeus Novatus took the name of Lucius Junius Annaeus Gallio, on account of his adoption by L. Junius Gallio. He was the elder brother of Seneca, and a man of ability, and of a most amiable temper and disposition. His brother Seneca said that he had not a fault, and that everybody loved him. He was called "Dulcis Gallio" by Statius. It is unfortunately not known exactly in what year Gallio became either Consul or Proconsul of Achaia. Had it been known, it would have been invaluable for fixing the chronology of St. Paul's life. Lewin puts it (his proconsulate) in the year A.D. , and so does Renan; Howson, between A.D. and A.D. . The circumstantial evidence from secular writers corroborating St. Luke's account is exceedingly curious. There is no account extant either of his consulate or of his proconsulate of Achaia. But Pithy, speaking of the medicinal effect of a sea-voyage on persons in consumption, gives as an example, "as I remember was the case with Annaeus Gallio after his consulate," and seems to imply that he went to Egypt for the sake of the long sea-voyage; which would suit very well his going there from his government in Achaia (Pliny, 'Nat. Hist.,' 31. cap. 6:33). And that his proconsulate was in Achaia is corroborated by a chance quotation in Seneca's Epistle 104, of a saying of "my lord Gallio, when ha had a fever in Achaia and immediately went on board ship," where the phrase "domini met," applied to his own brother, seems also to indicate his high rank. Profane history also shuts up the probable date of Gallio's proconsulate between the year A.D. and the year A.D. or 66, in which he died. There is a diversity of accounts as to his death. Ernesti, in his note on Tacitus, 'Auual.,' 15. 73, where Tacitus speaks of him as frightened at the death of his brother Seneca, and a suppliant for his own life, says, "quem Nero post interfecit," and refers to Dion Cassius, 58,18, and Eusebius. But Dion is there speaking of Junius Gallio in the reign of Tiberius, not of our Gallio at all; though afterwards, speaking of the death of Seneca, he says, "and his brothers also were killed after him "(62, 25). As for Eusebius, the passage quoted is not found in the Greek or Armenian copies of the 'Chronicon,' but only in the Latin of Jerome. But, as Scaliger points out, there is a manifest blunder here, because the 'Chronicon ' places the death of Gallio two years before that of Seneca, whereas we know from Tacitus that Gallio was alive after his brother's death. Moreover, the description "egregius declamator" clearly applies to Junius Gallio the rhetorician, and not to Gallio his adopted son. Though, therefore, Renan says, "Comme son frere il eut l'honneur sous Neron d'expier par, la mort sa distinction et son honnetete" ('St. Paul,' p. 222), if we give duo weight to the silence of Tacitus, it is very doubtful whether he died a violent death at all. St. Luke, as usual, is most accurate in calling him proconsul. Achaia had been recently made a senatorial province by Claudius. For ἀνθύπατος, see Acts 13:7, 8, 12; Acts 19:38. The verb occurs only here in the New Testament. The term deputy was adopted in the A.V. doubtless from that being the title of the Viceroy of Ireland, and other officers who exercise a deputed authority, just as the proconsul was in the place of the consul. Rose up against; κατεπέστησαν, one of Luke's peculiar words, found neither in the New Testament nor in the LXX., nor in classical writers (Steph., 'Thesaur.'). The judgment seat (see note to ver. 12).

Parallel Commentaries ...


[While]
δὲ (de)
Conjunction
Strong's 1161: A primary particle; but, and, etc.

Gallio
Γαλλίωνος (Galliōnos)
Noun - Genitive Masculine Singular
Strong's 1058: Of Latin origin; Gallion, a Roman officer.

was
ὄντος (ontos)
Verb - Present Participle Active - Genitive Masculine Singular
Strong's 1510: I am, exist. The first person singular present indicative; a prolonged form of a primary and defective verb; I exist.

proconsul
ἀνθυπάτου (anthypatou)
Noun - Genitive Masculine Singular
Strong's 446: A proconsul. From anti and a superlative of huper; instead of the highest officer, i.e. a Roman proconsul.

of
τῆς (tēs)
Article - Genitive Feminine Singular
Strong's 3588: The, the definite article. Including the feminine he, and the neuter to in all their inflections; the definite article; the.

Achaia,
Ἀχαΐας (Achaias)
Noun - Genitive Feminine Singular
Strong's 882: Achaia, a country of Europe.

the
οἱ (hoi)
Article - Nominative Masculine Plural
Strong's 3588: The, the definite article. Including the feminine he, and the neuter to in all their inflections; the definite article; the.

Jews
Ἰουδαῖοι (Ioudaioi)
Adjective - Nominative Masculine Plural
Strong's 2453: Jewish. From Iouda; Judaean, i.e. Belonging to Jehudah.

coordinated an
ὁμοθυμαδὸν (homothymadon)
Adverb
Strong's 3661: Adverb from a compound of the base of homou and thumos; unanimously.

attack
κατεπέστησαν (katepestēsan)
Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Plural
Strong's 2721: To rush, assault, rise up against. From kata and ephistemi; to stand over against, i.e. Rush upon.

on Paul
Παύλῳ (Paulō)
Noun - Dative Masculine Singular
Strong's 3972: Paul, Paulus. Of Latin origin; Paulus, the name of a Roman and of an apostle.

and
καὶ (kai)
Conjunction
Strong's 2532: And, even, also, namely.

brought
ἤγαγον (ēgagon)
Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Plural
Strong's 71: A primary verb; properly, to lead; by implication, to bring, drive, go, pass, or induce.

him
αὐτὸν (auton)
Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Accusative Masculine 3rd Person Singular
Strong's 846: He, she, it, they, them, same. From the particle au; the reflexive pronoun self, used of the third person, and of the other persons.

before
ἐπὶ (epi)
Preposition
Strong's 1909: On, to, against, on the basis of, at.

the
τὸ (to)
Article - Accusative Neuter Singular
Strong's 3588: The, the definite article. Including the feminine he, and the neuter to in all their inflections; the definite article; the.

judgment seat.
βῆμα (bēma)
Noun - Accusative Neuter Singular
Strong's 968: From the base of basis; a step, i.e. Foot-breath; by implication, a rostrum, i.e. A tribunal.


Acts 18:12 NIV
Acts 18:12 NLT
Acts 18:12 ESV
Acts 18:12 NASB
Acts 18:12 KJV

Acts 18:12 BibleApps.com
Acts 18:12 Biblia Paralela
Acts 18:12 Chinese Bible
Acts 18:12 French Bible
Acts 18:12 Catholic Bible

NT Apostles: Acts 18:12 But when Gallio was proconsul of Achaia (Acts of the Apostles Ac)