Now
The word "now" serves as a transitional marker, indicating a shift in the narrative. It connects the preceding events with the current scene, emphasizing the immediacy and relevance of what is about to unfold. In the Greek, "now" is often translated from "δέ" (de), which can also mean "but" or "and," suggesting a continuation or contrast. Here, it sets the stage for a significant moment in Jesus' ministry, highlighting the inclusivity of His message.

all the tax collectors and sinners
This phrase identifies the specific group of people who are drawn to Jesus. Tax collectors, known as "telōnai" in Greek, were often despised by their fellow Jews for collaborating with the Roman authorities and for their reputation of extortion. "Sinners" (Greek: "hamartōloi") refers to those who were considered morally or ritually impure, often marginalized by the religious elite. The inclusion of "all" underscores the comprehensive nature of Jesus' appeal, breaking societal barriers and reaching those deemed unworthy by others.

were gathering around
The Greek verb "ēsan" (were) combined with "eggizontes" (gathering around) conveys a continuous action, suggesting that this was not a one-time event but a recurring phenomenon. The imagery of gathering around implies a sense of community and eagerness, as these individuals sought proximity to Jesus. This reflects the magnetic nature of His teachings and the hope He offered to those on the fringes of society.

to listen to Jesus
Listening, from the Greek "akouein," implies more than just hearing; it suggests an active engagement and a desire to understand and internalize the message. The focus on listening highlights the authority and wisdom of Jesus' words, which transcended social and religious boundaries. In a historical context, rabbis and teachers would often attract followers who would sit at their feet to learn. Here, Jesus assumes the role of the ultimate teacher, offering divine truth and grace to all who would hear.

So the Pharisees and scribes
The Pharisees and scribes were influential Jewish religious leaders during the time of Jesus. The Pharisees were known for their strict adherence to the Law of Moses and the oral traditions. The scribes were experts in the Law, often serving as teachers and interpreters. Their role was crucial in maintaining the religious and legal standards of Jewish society. Historically, these groups held significant power and were often seen as the gatekeepers of religious orthodoxy. Their presence in this verse sets the stage for a confrontation between the established religious order and the radical inclusivity of Jesus' ministry.

began to grumble
The Greek word used here is "διαγογγύζω" (diagogguzō), which conveys a sense of murmuring or complaining in a low tone. This grumbling reflects a deep-seated discontent and disapproval. In the context of the Gospels, such grumbling often signifies a resistance to Jesus' teachings and actions, which challenged the status quo. The Pharisees and scribes' grumbling is indicative of their inability to comprehend the grace and mercy that Jesus extended to those considered unworthy by societal standards.

This man
The phrase "This man" is used here somewhat derogatorily, emphasizing the Pharisees and scribes' disdain for Jesus. It reflects their skepticism and lack of recognition of His divine authority. In the broader narrative of the Gospels, Jesus is often referred to in ways that highlight His humanity, yet His actions and teachings reveal His divine nature. This duality is central to understanding the mystery of the Incarnation, where Jesus is both fully God and fully man.

welcomes sinners
The Greek word for "welcomes" is "προσδέχομαι" (prosdechomai), which means to receive favorably or to accept. Jesus' welcoming of sinners was revolutionary, as it broke the social and religious barriers of His time. Sinners, in this context, refer to those who were marginalized and ostracized by the religious elite due to their perceived moral and spiritual failings. Jesus' acceptance of them underscores the core message of the Gospel: that God's love and grace are available to all, regardless of their past.

and eats with them
In the ancient Near Eastern culture, sharing a meal was a sign of fellowship and acceptance. Eating with someone signified a level of intimacy and relationship. By eating with sinners, Jesus was not only breaking social norms but also demonstrating the inclusive nature of God's kingdom. This act of eating with sinners is a powerful symbol of the reconciliation and restoration that Jesus offers. It challenges believers to reflect on their own attitudes towards those whom society deems unworthy and to embody the same grace and hospitality that Jesus exemplified.

So He
This phrase refers to Jesus Christ, the central figure of the New Testament. In the context of Luke 15, Jesus is addressing the Pharisees and scribes who were critical of His association with tax collectors and sinners. The Greek word for "He" is "αὐτός" (autos), emphasizing the authority and intentionality of Jesus in delivering His message. Jesus, as the Son of God, speaks with divine authority, and His words are meant to reveal the heart of God to His listeners.

told
The Greek word used here is "εἶπεν" (eipen), which is a form of the verb "λέγω" (lego), meaning to speak or to say. This verb indicates not just casual conversation but a purposeful declaration. Jesus is not merely chatting; He is imparting wisdom and truth. His words are meant to instruct, correct, and inspire transformation in the hearts of His audience.

them
This refers to the Pharisees and scribes, as well as the broader audience that included tax collectors and sinners. The Pharisees and scribes were religious leaders who often held a self-righteous attitude, believing themselves to be superior in their adherence to the law. Jesus' parables often challenged their perceptions and invited them to see God's kingdom from a new perspective. The inclusion of "them" highlights the universal nature of Jesus' message, which is intended for all people, regardless of their social or spiritual status.

this parable
The Greek word for "parable" is "παραβολή" (parabole), which means a comparison or an illustration. Parables are a distinctive teaching method used by Jesus to convey deep spiritual truths through simple, relatable stories. They are designed to provoke thought and self-reflection, often revealing the listener's own heart and attitudes. In the context of Luke 15, the parables that follow—such as the Parable of the Lost Sheep, the Lost Coin, and the Prodigal Son—illustrate God's immense love and grace towards sinners, emphasizing themes of repentance, forgiveness, and joy in heaven over one sinner who repents.

What man among you
This phrase opens with a rhetorical question, inviting the listener to place themselves in the scenario Jesus is about to describe. The Greek word for "man" here is "ἄνθρωπος" (anthrōpos), which can refer to a human being, emphasizing the universality of the message. Jesus often used such questions to engage His audience, prompting them to reflect on their own actions and attitudes. This approach is consistent with rabbinic teaching methods of the time, which encouraged self-examination and personal application of spiritual truths.

who has a hundred sheep
The mention of "a hundred sheep" sets the stage for a parable that would have been immediately relatable to Jesus' audience, many of whom were familiar with pastoral life. In ancient Israel, sheep were a common part of agrarian life, and owning a hundred sheep would indicate a person of moderate wealth. The number "hundred" symbolizes completeness and abundance, suggesting that the shepherd has been blessed with a full flock. This detail underscores the value of each individual sheep within the larger group.

and loses one of them
The phrase "loses one of them" introduces the central conflict of the parable. The Greek word for "loses" is "ἀπολλύω" (apollyō), which can mean to destroy or to lose. In this context, it conveys the idea of separation or being led astray. The lost sheep represents those who have wandered from the faith or are spiritually lost. This imagery is consistent with the Old Testament portrayal of Israel as God's flock, with God as the shepherd who seeks out the lost (Ezekiel 34:11-16).

does not leave the ninety-nine
Here, the shepherd's action of leaving the ninety-nine sheep highlights the priority given to the one that is lost. This decision may seem risky, but it illustrates the shepherd's deep commitment to each individual sheep. The Greek verb "καταλείπω" (kataleipō) means to leave behind or abandon, but in this context, it emphasizes the shepherd's trust in the safety of the ninety-nine while he seeks the one. This reflects God's heart for the lost, showing that He values every soul and will go to great lengths to bring them back.

in the open field
The "open field" or "wilderness" (Greek: "ἐρήμος," erēmos) refers to the uninhabited, often rugged terrain where sheep grazed. This setting underscores the vulnerability of the sheep and the shepherd's dedication. The wilderness is a place of testing and revelation in biblical narratives, symbolizing both danger and divine encounter. By leaving the ninety-nine in the open field, the shepherd demonstrates faith in God's protection over the flock, while he focuses on rescuing the one in peril.

and go after the one that is lost
The phrase "go after" (Greek: "πορεύομαι," poreuomai) indicates intentional pursuit. The shepherd actively seeks the lost sheep, reflecting God's proactive love and grace. This pursuit is not passive but involves effort and determination. The lost sheep symbolizes those who have strayed from God's path, and the shepherd's pursuit illustrates the divine initiative in salvation. This action aligns with the biblical theme of God as the seeker of the lost, as seen in Jesus' mission to seek and save the lost (Luke 19:10).

until he finds it?
The concluding phrase "until he finds it" emphasizes the shepherd's perseverance and commitment. The Greek word "εὑρίσκω" (heuriskō) means to find or discover, suggesting a successful outcome. This assurance of finding the lost sheep reflects the certainty of God's redemptive work. The shepherd's relentless search mirrors God's unwavering love and desire for reconciliation with His people. This promise of restoration offers hope and encouragement, affirming that no one is beyond the reach of God's grace.

And when he finds it
This phrase begins with the conjunction "And," indicating a continuation of the narrative. The context is the parable of the lost sheep, where the shepherd represents Jesus, and the lost sheep symbolizes a sinner. The Greek word for "finds" is "εὑρίσκω" (heuriskō), which implies a diligent search and discovery. This reflects the active pursuit of God for those who are lost, emphasizing His initiative in salvation. Historically, shepherds in ancient Israel were known for their dedication to their flock, often risking their own safety to retrieve a lost sheep. This dedication mirrors the relentless love and grace of God towards humanity.

he joyfully puts it on his shoulders
The word "joyfully" is translated from the Greek "χαίρω" (chairō), which conveys a deep, abiding sense of joy and delight. This joy is not just a fleeting emotion but a profound celebration of the sinner's return. The act of putting the sheep "on his shoulders" is significant. In the cultural context of the time, this was a common practice for shepherds, symbolizing care, protection, and responsibility. The shoulders represent strength and support, indicating that the shepherd bears the burden of the sheep's return. This imagery is a powerful representation of Christ's sacrificial love and the joy in heaven over one sinner who repents, as further elaborated in the surrounding verses of the parable.

And when he comes home
This phrase sets the scene for the culmination of the parable of the lost sheep. The Greek word for "comes home" is "erchomai," which implies not just a physical return but a completion of a journey or mission. In the context of the parable, it signifies the shepherd's successful mission to find the lost sheep. Historically, a shepherd's homecoming with a lost sheep would be a moment of great joy and relief, reflecting the deep bond between the shepherd and his flock. This imagery is a powerful representation of God's relentless pursuit of the lost and His joy upon their return.

he calls together his friends and neighbors
The act of calling together "friends and neighbors" underscores the communal aspect of joy in the ancient Near Eastern culture. The Greek word for "calls together" is "sugkaleō," which means to summon or invite. This reflects the importance of community in celebrating significant events. In a spiritual sense, it illustrates the heavenly celebration that occurs when a sinner repents and returns to God. The shepherd's joy is not solitary but shared, emphasizing the collective rejoicing in the kingdom of God.

and tells them
The phrase "and tells them" indicates the shepherd's desire to communicate his joy. The Greek word "legō" is used here, which means to speak or declare. This act of telling is not just about sharing news but about inviting others into his joy. It reflects the evangelistic call to share the good news of salvation and the joy of redemption with others. The shepherd's proclamation is a model for believers to share their testimonies and the joy of their salvation with their community.

‘Rejoice with me
The invitation to "Rejoice with me" is a call to participate in the shepherd's joy. The Greek word "chairo" means to be glad or to rejoice. This is not a passive joy but an active, communal celebration. It reflects the biblical principle that joy is multiplied when shared. In the context of the parable, it signifies the joy in heaven over one sinner who repents, as mentioned later in the chapter. This phrase encourages believers to find joy in the salvation of others and to celebrate God's work in their lives.

for I have found my lost sheep.’
The phrase "for I have found my lost sheep" is the climax of the shepherd's mission. The Greek word "heuriskō" means to find or discover, indicating a successful search. The "lost sheep" symbolizes those who have strayed from God and are in need of redemption. The shepherd's declaration is a testament to his dedication and love for each individual sheep, mirroring God's love for each person. This phrase encapsulates the theme of redemption and the joy of restoration, highlighting the value of every soul in the eyes of God. The shepherd's joy is a reflection of God's heart for the lost and His desire for their return to the fold.

In the same way
This phrase connects the parable of the lost sheep to the heavenly reality Jesus is illustrating. The Greek word "οὕτως" (houtōs) implies a direct comparison, emphasizing that the joy in heaven is akin to the joy of the shepherd finding his lost sheep. This connection underscores the consistency of God's character and His kingdom values, where the lost being found is a cause for celebration.

I tell you
This phrase, "λέγω ὑμῖν" (legō hymin), is a common expression used by Jesus to assert authority and truth. It is a direct address to the listeners, emphasizing the importance and certainty of the statement. Jesus, as the divine teacher, assures His audience of the heavenly perspective, inviting them to trust His insight into spiritual realities.

there will be more joy in heaven
The Greek word for joy, "χαρά" (chara), signifies a deep, abiding gladness. The phrase highlights the heavenly realm's response to repentance, suggesting that the joy is not just human but divine. This joy is "more" (πλεῖον, pleion), indicating a greater intensity compared to other joys, reflecting the immense value God places on each individual soul.

over one sinner who repents
The term "sinner" (ἁμαρτωλός, hamartōlos) refers to someone who has missed the mark of God's holiness. The act of repentance, "μετανοέω" (metanoeō), involves a transformative change of mind and heart, turning away from sin and towards God. This phrase emphasizes the personal nature of salvation; each individual matters profoundly to God, and their turning back to Him is a cause for celestial celebration.

than over ninety-nine righteous ones
The "righteous ones" (δίκαιοι, dikaioi) are those who are in right standing with God, presumably through adherence to the law or moral living. The comparison here is not to diminish the value of the righteous but to highlight the extraordinary joy that comes from redemption and restoration. It challenges the listener to consider the heart of God, who seeks the lost with relentless love.

who do not need to repent
This phrase can be understood in two ways: either as those who are already in a state of grace and do not require repentance, or as a rhetorical device highlighting the perceived self-righteousness of some. The Greek "οὐ χρείαν ἔχουσιν" (ou chreian echousin) suggests a lack of necessity, pointing to the completeness of those already in God's fold. It serves as a reminder of the ongoing need for humility and awareness of one's spiritual state.

Or what woman
This phrase introduces a parable spoken by Jesus, highlighting the universality of His message. The use of "woman" is significant, as it reflects Jesus' inclusive approach, valuing both men and women in His teachings. In the cultural context of the time, women were often marginalized, yet Jesus elevates their role, showing that the Kingdom of God is accessible to all. The Greek word for "woman" here is "γυνή" (gynē), emphasizing her active role in the narrative.

who has ten silver coins
The "ten silver coins" refer to drachmas, a Greek coin that was equivalent to a day's wage. This detail underscores the value of what is lost. The number ten may symbolize completeness or sufficiency, indicating that the woman had a full set, and losing one disrupts this completeness. The coins could also represent a dowry or a significant part of her savings, adding to the urgency and importance of the search.

and loses one of them
The act of losing one coin out of ten highlights the theme of loss and the subsequent desire for restoration. The Greek word for "loses" is "ἀπολλύω" (apollyō), which can mean to destroy or to lose. This suggests a sense of urgency and distress over the loss, reflecting the spiritual truth of God's concern for every lost soul.

does not light a lamp
Lighting a lamp signifies taking deliberate action to remedy the situation. In the historical context, homes were often dark, with few windows, making a lamp necessary for searching. The lamp symbolizes the light of Christ and the illumination of the Holy Spirit, guiding the search for the lost. The Greek word "λύχνος" (lychnos) for lamp indicates a small, portable light, emphasizing personal effort and care.

sweep the house
Sweeping the house indicates thoroughness and diligence in the search. The Greek word "σαρόω" (saroō) means to sweep or clean, suggesting a meticulous and determined effort. This action reflects the comprehensive nature of God's search for the lost, leaving no stone unturned. It also implies a cleansing process, preparing the way for the lost to be found and restored.

and search carefully
The phrase "search carefully" conveys an intense and focused effort. The Greek word "ζητέω" (zēteō) means to seek or strive after, indicating a passionate pursuit. This reflects God's relentless pursuit of each individual, emphasizing His love and commitment to restoring the lost. The careful search underscores the value of each soul in the eyes of God.

until she finds it?
The word "until" indicates perseverance and determination. The Greek "ἕως" (heōs) suggests a continuous action, highlighting the woman's resolve not to give up until the lost coin is found. This mirrors God's unwavering commitment to seek and save the lost, demonstrating His enduring love and grace. The finding of the coin represents the joy and celebration in heaven over one sinner who repents, as emphasized in the broader context of the parable.

And when she finds it
The phrase "finds it" is significant in the context of the parable of the lost coin. The Greek word for "finds" is "εὑρίσκω" (heuriskō), which implies a diligent search and a successful discovery. This reflects the persistent and active nature of God's pursuit of the lost. In a historical context, a lost coin, especially a drachma, would have been of considerable value to a woman in a first-century Jewish household, symbolizing the importance of each individual soul to God.

she calls her friends and neighbors together
The act of calling "friends and neighbors" signifies the communal aspect of joy and celebration in the recovery of something valuable. In ancient Jewish culture, community and relationships were central to daily life. This reflects the broader spiritual truth that the restoration of a lost soul is not just a personal victory but a communal celebration within the body of Christ, the Church.

and says, ‘Rejoice with me
The word "Rejoice" is translated from the Greek "συγχάρω" (syngchairō), which means to share in another's joy. This highlights the shared joy in heaven over one sinner who repents, as emphasized in the broader context of Luke 15. The call to rejoice is an invitation to participate in the divine joy that mirrors the heavenly celebration over repentance and redemption.

for I have found my lost coin
The "lost coin" symbolizes something of great value that was once misplaced but is now recovered. In the parable, the coin represents a sinner who has been found and restored to their rightful place. The Greek word for "lost" is "ἀπολλύω" (apollyō), which can mean destroyed or perished, emphasizing the dire state of being lost without God. The recovery of the coin signifies the redemptive power of God's grace and the immense value He places on each individual soul.

In the same way
This phrase connects the preceding parables of the lost sheep and the lost coin to the current teaching. It emphasizes the consistency of God's joy over repentance. The Greek word "οὕτως" (houtōs) implies a direct comparison, suggesting that just as there is joy over finding what was lost, there is joy in heaven over a sinner's repentance. This connection underscores the theme of redemption and restoration that is central to the Gospel message.

I tell you
This phrase is a direct address from Jesus, emphasizing the authority and importance of His message. The Greek "λέγω ὑμῖν" (legō hymin) is often used by Jesus to introduce a significant truth or teaching. It serves as a call to attention, urging the listener to understand the gravity and joy associated with repentance.

there is joy
The Greek word for joy, "χαρά" (chara), conveys a deep, abiding sense of gladness and delight. This joy is not merely human but divine, reflecting the heart of God. The use of "is" indicates a present and continuous state, suggesting that this joy is an ongoing reality in heaven whenever a sinner repents.

in the presence of the angels of God
This phrase highlights the heavenly realm's involvement in earthly matters. The angels, as messengers and servants of God, are witnesses to His redemptive work. The Greek "ἐνώπιον" (enōpion) means "before" or "in the presence of," indicating that this joy is not hidden but openly celebrated in the heavenly courts. It underscores the communal aspect of joy in heaven, where angels rejoice alongside God.

over one sinner
The focus on "one sinner" emphasizes the value of each individual soul. The Greek "ἁμαρτωλός" (hamartōlos) refers to someone who has missed the mark or fallen short of God's standards. This highlights the personal nature of God's love and the significance He places on each person's repentance. It challenges believers to see the worth of every individual, regardless of their past.

who repents
Repentance, from the Greek "μετανοέω" (metanoeō), means a change of mind or turning away from sin towards God. It is a transformative process that involves both a recognition of sin and a commitment to change. This act of repentance is the catalyst for the heavenly joy described in the verse. It underscores the power of God's grace to bring about change and the hope that is available to all who turn to Him.

Then Jesus said
This phrase introduces a parable, a teaching method frequently used by Jesus. The Greek word for "said" is "εἶπεν" (eipen), which indicates a declaration or proclamation. Jesus often used parables to convey deep spiritual truths in a relatable manner. The context here is crucial; Jesus is addressing the Pharisees and scribes who were critical of His association with sinners. This parable is part of a trilogy in Luke 15, emphasizing God's grace and mercy.

There was a man
The phrase "There was" is translated from the Greek "Ἄνθρωπός" (anthrōpos), meaning "a certain man." This introduces the central figure of the parable, representing God the Father. The use of "man" here is significant, as it grounds the account in a relatable human experience, allowing listeners to connect with the narrative on a personal level. The man symbolizes authority, provision, and love, setting the stage for the unfolding drama of familial relationships.

who had two sons
The "two sons" are central to the narrative, representing different responses to the father's love and authority. In the cultural and historical context of the time, sons were expected to honor and obey their father, and inheritance was a significant aspect of family life. The Greek word for "sons" is "υἱοὺς" (huious), emphasizing their position as legitimate heirs. This familial setup introduces themes of rebellion, repentance, and reconciliation, which are explored in the subsequent verses. The two sons symbolize the spectrum of human response to divine grace: one who strays and returns, and one who remains but misunderstands the father's heart.

The younger son
In the cultural context of ancient Israel, the younger son often held a position of lesser authority and inheritance compared to the firstborn. The Greek word used here, "νεώτερος" (neoteros), emphasizes youth and inexperience. This sets the stage for the son's impulsive and reckless decision, highlighting a theme of immaturity and the desire for independence that is common in human nature.

said to him
The act of speaking to the father indicates a direct and personal request. In the biblical context, communication with one's father was a significant act, often carrying weight and consequence. The Greek verb "εἶπεν" (eipen) suggests a definitive and bold statement, reflecting the son's determination and perhaps a lack of respect for familial hierarchy.

‘Father
The term "πατήρ" (pater) is not just a biological reference but also a title of respect and authority. In Jewish tradition, the father was the head of the household, responsible for the spiritual and material well-being of the family. By addressing him as "Father," the son acknowledges this authority even as he prepares to challenge it.

give me
This phrase, "δός μοι" (dos moi), is a command rather than a request, indicating a sense of entitlement. It reflects a heart attitude that is self-centered and demanding, contrasting with the biblical call to humility and submission to parental authority.

my share of the estate
The "μέρος τῆς οὐσίας" (meros tēs ousias) refers to the portion of the father's wealth that would eventually be inherited. In Jewish law, the estate would typically be divided after the father's death, with the elder son receiving a double portion. The younger son's demand for his share prematurely is a radical departure from tradition, symbolizing a rejection of familial bonds and responsibilities.

So he divided
The father's response, "διεῖλεν" (dieilen), is an act of grace and acquiescence. Despite the son's disrespect, the father honors his request, illustrating the theme of free will and the consequences of our choices. This division of property is a pivotal moment, setting the stage for the unfolding narrative of loss and redemption.

his property between them
The "βίον" (bion) refers to the livelihood or life-sustaining resources of the family. By dividing his property, the father not only gives the younger son his portion but also impacts the entire household. This act underscores the interconnectedness of family and the far-reaching effects of individual decisions. It also foreshadows the father's enduring love and readiness to restore what is lost, a central theme in the parable of the Prodigal Son.

After a few days
This phrase indicates a short period of time between the younger son's request for his inheritance and his departure. The Greek word used here, "οὐ πολλὰς ἡμέρας," suggests a sense of urgency or impatience. This reflects the impulsive nature of the younger son, who is eager to pursue his desires without delay. In a broader spiritual context, this can symbolize the human tendency to seek immediate gratification rather than waiting on God's timing.

the younger son
The younger son in this parable represents those who are spiritually immature or rebellious. In the cultural context of the time, the younger son would have been entitled to a smaller portion of the inheritance, typically one-third, as the elder son received a double portion. This detail highlights the son's disregard for family structure and tradition, emphasizing his desire for independence and self-indulgence.

gathered all he had
This phrase indicates that the younger son liquidated his assets, converting his inheritance into a form that could be easily transported. The Greek word "συναγαγὼν" implies a deliberate and comprehensive action. Spiritually, this can be seen as a metaphor for how individuals might forsake their spiritual heritage and blessings in pursuit of worldly pleasures.

and set out
The decision to set out signifies a deliberate choice to leave the safety and provision of the father's house. The Greek verb "ἀπεδήμησεν" conveys the idea of departing or going away. This action represents a turning away from God and a journey into spiritual exile, where one seeks fulfillment outside of God's will.

for a distant country
The distant country symbolizes a place far removed from the father's influence and authority. It represents the allure of the world and its temptations, which promise freedom and satisfaction but ultimately lead to spiritual emptiness. The distance also signifies the separation from God that occurs when one chooses to live in sin.

and there he squandered his wealth
The word "squandered" comes from the Greek "διεσκόρπισεν," meaning to scatter or disperse. This conveys the idea of reckless and wasteful living. The wealth, which could have been used for good, is instead wasted on temporary pleasures. This reflects the spiritual truth that when we misuse the gifts and blessings God has given us, we end up spiritually bankrupt.

in wild living
The phrase "wild living" is translated from the Greek "ζῶν ἀσώτως," which implies a lifestyle of excess and moral abandon. This paints a picture of a life driven by hedonism and self-indulgence. In a spiritual sense, it represents the futility of seeking fulfillment in anything other than a relationship with God. The younger son's descent into wild living serves as a cautionary tale about the consequences of turning away from divine guidance and wisdom.

After he had spent all
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the parable of the Prodigal Son. The Greek word for "spent" is "dapanao," which implies a complete and reckless expenditure. This reflects the son's total disregard for the future, living in the moment without thought of consequence. In a spiritual sense, it symbolizes humanity's tendency to squander God-given resources and blessings, leading to spiritual bankruptcy. The phrase serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of living outside of God's will and the inevitable emptiness that follows.

a severe famine
The Greek term for "severe" is "ischuros," meaning strong or mighty, indicating the intensity of the famine. Famines were not uncommon in the ancient Near East, often resulting from drought, war, or pestilence. Historically, famines were seen as divine judgments or tests. In the context of the parable, the famine represents the harsh realities of life that often follow poor decisions. Spiritually, it signifies the soul's hunger and longing when separated from God, emphasizing the emptiness of a life lived apart from divine provision.

swept through that country
The phrase "swept through" suggests an overwhelming and unavoidable force. The Greek word "ginomai" is used here, which can mean to become or to happen, indicating the inevitability of the famine's impact. "That country" refers to the distant land where the prodigal son had journeyed, symbolizing a place far from the father's house, or metaphorically, far from God's presence. This highlights the consequences of distancing oneself from God, where external circumstances can exacerbate internal spiritual crises.

and he began to be in need
The Greek word for "need" is "hystereo," which means to lack or to fall short. This marks the beginning of the son's realization of his dire situation. It is a moment of awakening to his physical and spiritual poverty. In a broader theological context, this phrase underscores the human condition of insufficiency without God. It is a call to recognize our dependence on divine grace and provision. The prodigal's need becomes the catalyst for his eventual repentance and return, illustrating the transformative power of acknowledging one's need for God.

So he went
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the parable of the Prodigal Son. The Greek word for "went" is "poreuomai," which implies a deliberate action or journey. This decision signifies the son's descent into a life of desperation and highlights the consequences of his earlier choices. In a broader spiritual context, it reflects the journey away from God that many take when they choose to live according to their own desires rather than divine guidance.

and hired himself out
The Greek term "kollao" is used here, meaning to glue or join closely. This indicates a binding commitment, suggesting that the son has become attached to a foreign way of life. Historically, this reflects the economic realities of the time, where individuals would often become indentured servants to survive. Spiritually, it symbolizes the binding nature of sin and how it can enslave individuals, drawing them away from their true identity in God.

to a citizen of that country
The "citizen" here is a representation of the Gentile world, as the son has left his Jewish homeland. The Greek word "polites" indicates someone who belongs to a particular city or nation. This highlights the son's alienation from his own people and culture, symbolizing the spiritual alienation from God that occurs when one chooses to live in sin. It also reflects the broader theme of the parable, which is God's love for all, including those who are far from Him.

who sent him into his fields
The act of being sent into the fields signifies a position of low status and servitude. The Greek word "agros" for "fields" can also mean a place of labor and toil. This reflects the harsh reality of the son's situation, as he is now working in a menial job far beneath his previous status. Spiritually, it represents the toil and hardship that come with living outside of God's will.

to feed pigs
In Jewish culture, pigs were considered unclean animals, and tending to them would have been seen as degrading and shameful. The Greek word "choiros" for "pigs" emphasizes this uncleanness. This task symbolizes the depth of the son's fall from grace and the extent of his desperation. It serves as a powerful metaphor for the spiritual degradation that occurs when one turns away from God. However, it also sets the stage for redemption, as it is often in the lowest moments that individuals recognize their need for divine grace and forgiveness.

He longed
The Greek word used here is "ἐπεθύμει" (epethymei), which conveys a deep desire or craving. This longing is not just a casual wish but an intense yearning, highlighting the depth of the prodigal son's desperation. In a spiritual sense, this reflects the human soul's deep longing for fulfillment, which can only truly be satisfied by returning to God. The prodigal son's longing symbolizes the emptiness that comes from pursuing worldly pleasures and the innate desire to return to the Father's love.

to fill his belly
The phrase "to fill his belly" indicates a basic, primal need for sustenance. The Greek word for "belly" is "κοιλία" (koilia), often used to describe the innermost part of a person. This suggests that the prodigal son's need was not just physical but also spiritual. In a broader sense, it represents humanity's attempt to fill the void in their lives with material or earthly things, which ultimately cannot satisfy the deeper spiritual hunger.

with the pods
The "pods" refer to the carob pods, which were commonly used as animal fodder in ancient times. The Greek word "κεράτιον" (keration) is used here, indicating something of low value and typically not consumed by humans. This highlights the depth of the prodigal son's fall from grace, as he is now willing to eat what is considered unfit for human consumption. Spiritually, this can be seen as a metaphor for the degradation that comes from sin and the lowly state one finds themselves in when separated from God.

the pigs were eating
Pigs were considered unclean animals according to Jewish law (Leviticus 11:7), and for a Jewish audience, this would underscore the son's degradation and uncleanness. The Greek word "χοίρων" (choirōn) emphasizes the shame and humiliation of the prodigal son, who has sunk to the lowest point by associating with unclean animals. This serves as a powerful image of the consequences of sin and the loss of dignity that comes from turning away from God.

but no one would give him a thing
This phrase highlights the complete abandonment and isolation the prodigal son experiences. The Greek "οὐδεὶς ἐδίδου αὐτῷ" (oudeis edidou autō) indicates that despite his desperate state, there was no compassion or help from others. This reflects the harsh reality of a life lived apart from God, where worldly pursuits and relationships ultimately fail to provide true support or fulfillment. It serves as a reminder of the emptiness of a life without divine connection and the need for God's grace and mercy.

When he came to his senses
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the parable of the Prodigal Son. The Greek word used here is "ἑαυτὸν δὲ ἐλθὼν" (heauton de elthōn), which can be translated as "coming to himself." This suggests a moment of self-realization or awakening. In the context of the parable, it signifies the prodigal son's recognition of his dire situation and the beginning of repentance. Historically, this reflects the Jewish understanding of repentance as a return to one's true self and to God. It is a moment of clarity where the son acknowledges his folly and the need for change, a theme that resonates deeply with the Christian concept of conversion and turning back to God.

he said
The act of speaking here is significant. In the biblical narrative, speech often precedes action and reflects inner conviction. The Greek verb "εἶπεν" (eipen) indicates a deliberate and thoughtful declaration. This internal dialogue is crucial as it shows the prodigal son processing his thoughts and preparing for the next steps. It is a moment of introspection that leads to a decision, highlighting the importance of self-reflection in the journey of faith.

‘How many of my father’s hired servants
This phrase draws attention to the father's household and the status of the hired servants. The Greek word for "hired servants" is "μισθίων" (misthion), which refers to day laborers or temporary workers. In the historical context, these workers were not part of the family but were still under the care of the household. The prodigal son’s reflection on the well-being of these servants underscores the father's generosity and the abundance in his household. It contrasts sharply with the son's current destitution, emphasizing the father's provision and the security found in his care.

have plenty of food
The phrase "plenty of food" highlights the abundance and sufficiency in the father's house. The Greek word "περισσεύονται" (perisseuontai) means to have more than enough, to overflow. This abundance is a metaphor for the spiritual and material blessings available in the father's presence. It serves as a reminder of God's provision and the richness of life found in relationship with Him. The prodigal son’s realization of this abundance is a turning point, prompting his desire to return home.

but here I am starving to death!
This stark contrast between abundance and starvation underscores the consequences of the prodigal son’s choices. The Greek word "λιμῷ" (limō) for "starving" conveys extreme hunger and deprivation. It reflects the spiritual and physical desolation that results from living apart from the father. This phrase captures the desperation and urgency of the son’s situation, driving home the need for repentance and return. It is a powerful illustration of the emptiness of a life lived away from God and the dire need for reconciliation with the Father.

I will arise
This phrase signifies a decisive moment of repentance and action. The Greek word for "arise" is "anistēmi," which implies standing up or awakening. In the context of the Prodigal Son, it marks a turning point from a life of sin to a journey back to righteousness. This decision to "arise" is symbolic of the spiritual awakening that occurs when one recognizes their sinful state and chooses to return to God. It is a call to action, emphasizing that repentance is not just a feeling but a movement towards change.

and go to my father
The phrase "go to my father" reflects the son's recognition of his relationship with his father, which he had previously taken for granted. The Greek word "poreuomai" for "go" suggests a journey or pilgrimage, indicating that returning to the father is not just a physical act but a spiritual journey. This reflects the Christian understanding of repentance as a return to God, our Heavenly Father, who is always ready to welcome us back with open arms. It underscores the importance of acknowledging our need for God's grace and mercy.

and say to him
This phrase indicates the son's intention to confess. The act of speaking, "say," in Greek "eipon," is significant as it involves acknowledgment and confession of one's sins. In the biblical context, confession is a crucial step in the process of repentance and reconciliation. It is not enough to feel remorse; one must also articulate their repentance and seek forgiveness. This aligns with the Christian practice of confessing sins to God, acknowledging our failures, and seeking His forgiveness.

‘Father, I have sinned
The term "Father" here is deeply relational, emphasizing the personal and intimate relationship between the son and his father. In the Christian context, it reflects our relationship with God as our loving Father. The admission "I have sinned" is a direct acknowledgment of wrongdoing. The Greek word "hamartanō" for "sinned" means to miss the mark, highlighting the son's awareness of his failure to live up to the standards set by his father. This confession is a crucial step in the process of repentance, as it involves taking responsibility for one's actions.

against heaven
The phrase "against heaven" indicates that the son's sin is not only against his earthly father but also against God. In Jewish culture, "heaven" is often used as a euphemism for God, reflecting the understanding that all sin is ultimately against God. This acknowledgment is essential in the process of repentance, as it recognizes the spiritual dimension of sin and the need for divine forgiveness. It reminds us that our actions have spiritual consequences and that true repentance involves seeking reconciliation with God.

and before you
The phrase "before you" emphasizes the personal nature of the son's confession. It acknowledges that his actions have directly affected his relationship with his father. The Greek word "enōpion" for "before" suggests being in the presence of someone, highlighting the importance of personal accountability in the process of repentance. This reflects the Christian understanding that sin affects our relationships with others and that true repentance involves seeking forgiveness and reconciliation with those we have wronged. It underscores the importance of humility and honesty in restoring broken relationships.

I am no longer worthy
This phrase reflects a deep sense of unworthiness and humility. The Greek word for "worthy" is "ἄξιος" (axios), which implies deserving or having merit. In the context of the Prodigal Son, this acknowledgment of unworthiness is a pivotal moment of repentance. Historically, this reflects the Jewish understanding of sin and repentance, where one must recognize their own failings before seeking forgiveness. Theologically, it underscores the Christian belief that all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God (Romans 3:23), and thus, no one is inherently worthy of God's grace.

to be called your son
The term "son" in Greek is "υἱός" (huios), which signifies not just a biological relationship but also a position of privilege and inheritance. In the cultural context of the time, being a son meant having a rightful place in the family with all associated rights and responsibilities. The Prodigal Son's admission that he is unworthy to be called a son highlights his understanding of the gravity of his actions and the loss of his status. This reflects the broader biblical theme of adoption and sonship, where believers are made children of God through faith in Christ (Galatians 3:26).

Make me like one of your hired servants
The word "servants" in Greek is "μίσθιος" (misthios), which refers to a hired laborer, someone who works for wages rather than out of familial duty. This request signifies a complete reversal of the son's earlier demand for independence and wealth. It shows his willingness to submit and serve, even at the lowest level, in his father's household. Historically, this reflects the social structure of the time, where hired servants had no permanent place in the family. Spiritually, it illustrates the concept of servanthood in the Christian life, where believers are called to serve God and others humbly, as Jesus Himself came not to be served but to serve (Mark 10:45).

So he got up
This phrase signifies a decisive moment of repentance and action. The Greek word "anastas" implies a rising or standing up, often used in the context of resurrection or awakening. It symbolizes the prodigal son's realization and determination to return to his father, mirroring the spiritual awakening that occurs when a sinner decides to turn back to God.

and went to his father
The journey back to the father represents repentance and reconciliation. The Greek "poreuomai" for "went" suggests a purposeful journey. This reflects the Christian belief in the necessity of turning away from sin and moving towards God, emphasizing the intentionality required in the process of repentance.

But while he was still in the distance
This phrase highlights the father's anticipation and longing for his son's return. The imagery of the father watching from afar suggests God's omniscience and His readiness to welcome back those who stray. It underscores the idea that God is always waiting and watching for the return of His children, no matter how far they have wandered.

his father saw him
The father's ability to see his son from a distance indicates his constant watchfulness and hope. In a spiritual context, it reflects God's omnipresence and His deep desire for the return of the lost. This seeing is not just physical but also a recognition of the son's repentance and change of heart.

and was filled with compassion
The Greek word "splagchnizomai" for "compassion" conveys a deep, visceral emotion, often associated with the innermost being. This compassion is a central attribute of God, demonstrating His mercy and love. It reassures believers of God's readiness to forgive and embrace them, regardless of their past.

He ran to his son
In the cultural context of the time, it was undignified for an elder to run. This action by the father breaks social norms, illustrating the depth of his love and eagerness to restore the relationship. It symbolizes God's proactive grace, reaching out to sinners with urgency and love.

embraced him
The embrace signifies acceptance and reconciliation. The Greek "epipipto" suggests a falling upon, indicating the father's overwhelming joy and affection. This act of embracing reflects the Christian doctrine of God's unconditional love and the restoration of fellowship with Him upon repentance.

and kissed him
A kiss in biblical times was a sign of forgiveness and reconciliation. The Greek "kataphileo" implies a fervent, repeated action, emphasizing the father's joy and complete acceptance. This gesture assures believers of the warmth and completeness of God's forgiveness, welcoming them back into His family with open arms.

The son declared
This phrase introduces the confession of the prodigal son, highlighting the moment of repentance and humility. The Greek word for "declared" is "eipen," which is a simple past tense verb meaning "said" or "spoke." This indicates a decisive moment of acknowledgment and confession. In the context of the parable, this declaration is significant as it marks the turning point in the son's journey from rebellion to reconciliation. It is a reminder of the power of confession in the Christian faith, where speaking one's sins is the first step towards forgiveness and restoration.

Father
The term "Father" here is "pater" in Greek, which not only denotes a biological relationship but also signifies authority, provision, and care. In the parable, the father represents God, who is loving and forgiving. The use of "Father" underscores the personal relationship between the son and the father, reflecting the intimate relationship believers are invited to have with God. It is a term of respect and recognition of the father's position, which the son had previously disregarded.

I have sinned
The Greek word for "sinned" is "hamartanō," meaning to miss the mark or to err. This confession acknowledges a moral and spiritual failure. The son recognizes his actions as a violation of both divine and familial expectations. In the broader biblical context, sin is understood as a separation from God, and this admission is crucial for reconciliation. It reflects the biblical principle that repentance involves recognizing one's wrongdoing and turning away from it.

against heaven
This phrase indicates that the son's sin is not only against his earthly father but also against God. "Heaven" is often used as a metonym for God in Jewish tradition, reflecting reverence and the acknowledgment of divine authority. By confessing his sin against heaven, the son acknowledges the spiritual dimension of his wrongdoing, recognizing that his actions have offended God, who is the ultimate moral authority.

and against you
Here, the son admits his wrongdoing against his earthly father, acknowledging the personal and relational aspect of his sin. This dual confession highlights the comprehensive nature of true repentance, which involves making amends with both God and those we have wronged. It underscores the biblical teaching that sin affects both our relationship with God and with others.

I am no longer worthy
The Greek word for "worthy" is "axios," which means deserving or suitable. The son expresses a deep sense of unworthiness, recognizing that his actions have disqualified him from the privileges of sonship. This humility is a key aspect of repentance, as it involves a recognition of one's own inadequacy and a reliance on the grace and mercy of the father.

to be called your son
This phrase reflects the son's understanding of the consequences of his actions. He acknowledges that he has forfeited his right to be considered a son due to his rebellion. In the cultural context of the time, a son who squandered his inheritance would be seen as having severed his familial ties. However, this acknowledgment sets the stage for the father's gracious response, illustrating the theme of redemption and restoration that is central to the Gospel message. The father's eventual acceptance of the son despite his unworthiness is a powerful illustration of God's grace towards repentant sinners.

But the father said to his servants
In this phrase, the focus is on the father's immediate response to the return of his prodigal son. The Greek word for "father" here is "πατήρ" (patēr), which not only denotes a biological parent but also carries connotations of authority, care, and provision. In the cultural and historical context of the time, a father held a position of respect and leadership within the family. The father's quick command to his servants reflects his eagerness to restore his son, emphasizing the theme of grace and forgiveness that permeates this parable.

Quick! Bring the best robe and put it on him
The word "Quick!" indicates urgency and excitement. The Greek word "ταχύς" (tachus) suggests a swift action, underscoring the father's eagerness to restore his son to a place of honor. The "best robe" symbolizes dignity and acceptance. In ancient times, a robe was a sign of status and identity. By clothing his son with the best robe, the father is not only covering his son's shame but also reinstating him as a member of the family. This act is a powerful representation of God's grace, covering our sins and restoring us to righteousness.

Put a ring on his finger
The "ring" is a symbol of authority and belonging. In the historical context, a ring often bore a family seal and was used to conduct business on behalf of the family. By placing a ring on his son's finger, the father is granting him authority and reinstating his position within the family. This act signifies the complete restoration of the son, not as a servant, but as a beloved child. It reflects the biblical theme of believers being given authority as children of God.

and sandals on his feet
Sandals were a sign of freedom and sonship. In the ancient world, slaves typically went barefoot, while free men wore sandals. By providing sandals, the father is distinguishing his son from a servant, affirming his status as a free and valued member of the household. This gesture highlights the transformative power of forgiveness and the new identity believers receive in Christ.

Bring
The Greek word used here is "φέρω" (pherō), which means to carry or bring forth. In the context of this parable, it signifies an action of urgency and importance. The father is not merely suggesting but commanding that something significant be done. This reflects the joy and eagerness of God to welcome back a repentant sinner, emphasizing the proactive nature of divine grace.

the fattened calf
The term "fattened calf" refers to an animal that has been specially fed and prepared for a significant occasion. In ancient Jewish culture, the fattened calf was reserved for the most joyous celebrations. This symbolizes the lavishness of God's grace and the extraordinary joy in heaven over one sinner who repents, as described earlier in Luke 15:7. The fattened calf represents the best that the father has to offer, illustrating the abundance of God's love and forgiveness.

and kill it
The act of killing the calf is a preparation for a feast, a common practice in ancient times to celebrate important events. This phrase underscores the seriousness and the celebratory nature of the occasion. It is a metaphor for the sacrificial love of Christ, who was slain for our sins, allowing us to partake in the heavenly feast of salvation.

Let us feast
The Greek word "εὐφραίνω" (euphrainō) means to rejoice or make merry. This is an invitation to communal joy and celebration. In the context of the parable, it signifies the collective joy of the community, reflecting the heavenly rejoicing over a sinner's return. It is a call to participate in the joy of salvation and the restoration of a lost soul.

and celebrate
The word "celebrate" here is a continuation of the theme of joy. It is not just a personal joy but a communal one, involving the entire household. This reflects the biblical principle that salvation and repentance are not solitary experiences but are meant to be shared within the community of believers. The celebration is a foretaste of the eternal joy that awaits believers in the kingdom of God.

For this son of mine
This phrase highlights the personal relationship between the father and the son. In the Greek, the word for "son" is "huios," which emphasizes not just a biological connection but a relational and positional one. The father claims ownership and responsibility, reflecting God's covenant relationship with His people. Historically, the father-son relationship in Jewish culture was one of deep significance, often representing inheritance and legacy. This mirrors the spiritual inheritance believers receive from God.

was dead
The term "dead" here is metaphorical, indicating a state of separation or lostness rather than physical death. In Greek, "nekros" is used, which can imply being spiritually dead or inactive. This reflects the biblical theme of spiritual death due to sin, as seen in Ephesians 2:1. The son's previous state symbolizes humanity's condition apart from God, emphasizing the need for spiritual rebirth.

and is alive again
The phrase "alive again" signifies resurrection and restoration. The Greek word "anazao" means to live again, indicating a return to life or vitality. This mirrors the Christian doctrine of being born again, as Jesus explained to Nicodemus in John 3. Theologically, it represents the transformative power of repentance and God's grace, bringing believers from spiritual death to life.

he was lost
"Lost" in this context is translated from the Greek "apollymi," which means to be destroyed or to perish. It conveys a sense of being in a state of ruin or without direction. Biblically, it reflects the condition of those who are separated from God, as seen in the parables of the lost sheep and the lost coin earlier in Luke 15. It underscores the peril of living outside of God's will.

and is found
The word "found" comes from the Greek "heurisko," meaning to discover or come upon after searching. This implies an active pursuit by the father, symbolizing God's relentless search for the lost. It echoes the joy in heaven over one sinner who repents, as mentioned in Luke 15:7. Theologically, it highlights God's initiative in salvation and His joy in restoring the lost to Himself.

So they began to celebrate
Celebration in this context is a communal expression of joy and restoration. The Greek word "euphraino" means to rejoice or be glad. This reflects the biblical theme of joy in salvation, as seen in the rejoicing of the angels over one sinner who repents (Luke 15:10). Historically, feasts and celebrations were significant in Jewish culture, often marking important religious and familial milestones. This celebration signifies the joy of reconciliation and the communal aspect of salvation, inviting others to share in the joy of a restored relationship with God.

Meanwhile
The word "meanwhile" serves as a transitional term, indicating a shift in focus from the previous narrative about the prodigal son to the elder son. It suggests that while one account was unfolding, another was concurrently taking place. This highlights the simultaneous nature of God's work in different lives, reminding us that His grace and lessons are not limited to a single individual or event.

the older son
The "older son" represents those who are steadfast and dutiful, often seen as the Pharisees or religious leaders in the context of Jesus' parable. In Greek, the term for "older" (πρεσβύτερος, presbyteros) can also mean elder or senior, indicating maturity or authority. This son symbolizes those who may outwardly follow God's commands but struggle with inner attitudes of pride or resentment.

was in the field
Being "in the field" suggests labor and diligence, as fields were places of work and harvest. This setting implies that the older son was engaged in his responsibilities, perhaps symbolizing the religious leaders' focus on works and adherence to the law. It serves as a reminder that while work is important, it should not overshadow the joy of relationship and grace.

As he approached the house
The phrase "as he approached the house" indicates a movement towards a place of belonging and family. The house can be seen as a metaphor for the kingdom of God or the community of believers. This approach signifies a moment of transition, where the older son is about to encounter a situation that challenges his understanding of justice and grace.

he heard music and dancing
Hearing "music and dancing" signifies celebration and joy, often associated with restoration and reconciliation. In the cultural context, such festivities were common in times of significant family events. This auditory imagery contrasts with the older son's internal state, setting the stage for the tension between duty and delight, law and grace. The celebration reflects the heavenly joy over a sinner's repentance, as emphasized earlier in the chapter.

So he called one of the servants
In this phrase, the word "called" is translated from the Greek word "φωνέω" (phonéō), which means to summon or to call out. This action signifies a desire for understanding and clarity. The man in the parable seeks information from someone who serves in the household, indicating a hierarchy and a reliance on those who are in positions to observe and report. The servant, in this context, represents those who are often in the background but possess valuable insights. This reflects the biblical principle that wisdom and understanding can come from unexpected places, and it encourages believers to seek counsel and knowledge from those who may not be in positions of power but have a clear view of the situation.

and asked what was happening
The word "asked" comes from the Greek "ἐπυνθάνομαι" (epynthanomai), which implies an inquiry or investigation. This suggests a proactive approach to understanding, rather than passively accepting what is seen or heard. The man’s inquiry reflects a natural human curiosity and a desire to comprehend the events unfolding around him. In a broader spiritual sense, this encourages believers to seek understanding and wisdom, to ask questions, and to pursue knowledge about their faith and the workings of God in their lives. The phrase "what was happening" indicates a search for truth and clarity, a theme that resonates throughout Scripture as believers are called to discern the times and understand God's will.

Your brother has returned
This phrase signifies the central theme of reconciliation and restoration. The Greek word for "returned" is "ἥκω" (hēkō), which implies not just a physical return but a coming back to a rightful place or state. In the context of the parable, it highlights the joy and celebration that accompanies repentance and the return to God. Historically, the return of a family member, especially one who was lost or estranged, was a cause for great celebration in Jewish culture, reflecting the communal and familial values of the time.

he said
The speaker here is a servant, relaying the joyous news to the older brother. This phrase underscores the role of messengers in the biblical narrative, often serving as conduits of important information. In the broader scriptural context, servants and messengers frequently deliver pivotal messages, symbolizing the spread of the Gospel and the sharing of God's work among His people.

your father has killed the fattened calf
The "fattened calf" is a symbol of abundance and festivity. In ancient times, the fattened calf was reserved for special occasions, indicating the significance of the event. The Greek word "μόσχος" (moschos) refers to a young bullock, specifically one that has been fattened for a feast. This act of killing the fattened calf represents the father's overwhelming joy and the lavish grace of God, who spares no expense in celebrating the return of a sinner.

because he has him back
This phrase emphasizes the father's motivation for celebration: the restoration of relationship. The Greek word "ἀπέλαβεν" (apelaben) means to receive back or recover, highlighting the father's deep love and longing for his son. It reflects the biblical theme of God's desire for reconciliation with His children, as seen throughout Scripture.

safe and sound
The phrase "safe and sound" translates the Greek "ὑγιαίνοντα" (hygiainonta), which means healthy or whole. This not only refers to the physical well-being of the son but also to his restored state of being. In a spiritual sense, it signifies the wholeness and peace that come from being in right relationship with God. The father's joy is complete because his son is not only physically returned but also spiritually restored, mirroring the holistic salvation offered through Christ.

The older son
In the context of Luke 15, the older son represents the Pharisees and scribes who were critical of Jesus' association with sinners. The Greek word for "older" is "presbyteros," which can also mean elder or senior, indicating a position of authority or maturity. This son symbolizes those who are entrenched in tradition and self-righteousness, often missing the heart of God's grace and mercy.

became angry
The Greek word used here is "orgizō," which conveys a deep-seated anger or wrath. This reaction is significant as it highlights the older son's inability to understand or accept the father's grace towards the prodigal son. His anger reflects a heart that is more concerned with justice and fairness than with love and forgiveness, a common theme in Jesus' teachings against the legalism of the Pharisees.

and refused to go in
This phrase indicates a deliberate choice to separate himself from the celebration. The Greek word "thelō" for "refused" suggests a strong will or desire not to participate. This refusal symbolizes the self-exclusion of those who cannot accept God's grace extended to others, particularly those they deem unworthy. It serves as a caution against spiritual pride and the danger of isolating oneself from the joy of God's kingdom.

So his father came out
The father's action is a powerful image of God's initiative in seeking out the lost and the self-righteous alike. The Greek word "exerchomai" for "came out" implies a movement towards someone, demonstrating God's proactive love and desire for reconciliation. This mirrors the biblical narrative of God reaching out to humanity, emphasizing His relentless pursuit of relationship with all His children.

and pleaded with him
The Greek word "parakaleō" for "pleaded" can also mean to exhort, comfort, or encourage. This reflects the father's compassionate and patient nature, as he seeks to draw the older son into the celebration. It is a reminder of God's gentle invitation to all, urging them to embrace His grace and join in the joy of salvation. This plea is an expression of divine love that respects human freedom while earnestly desiring unity and reconciliation.

But he answered
The phrase "But he answered" introduces the response of the elder brother in the parable of the Prodigal Son. The Greek word for "answered" is "apokrinomai," which implies a reply or response to a preceding statement or situation. This indicates a dialogue, a moment of confrontation or clarification. In the context of the parable, it highlights the elder brother's reaction to the father's celebration of the younger son's return. This response is pivotal, as it reveals the elder brother's heart and mindset, setting the stage for the lesson Jesus intends to teach about grace, forgiveness, and the human tendency toward self-righteousness.

and said to his father
The phrase "and said to his father" emphasizes the direct communication between the elder son and his father. The Greek word "pater" for "father" is significant, as it denotes a relationship of authority, respect, and familial bond. This interaction is not just a casual conversation; it is a moment of deep emotional expression and familial tension. The elder son is addressing his father, the head of the household, which underscores the gravity of his complaint and the cultural expectations of honor and obedience within a family structure.

‘Look
The word "Look" is translated from the Greek "idou," which is an imperative often used to draw attention or emphasize a point. It is a call to observe or consider something important. In this context, the elder brother is urging his father to pay attention to his grievances. This word sets the tone for the elder brother's emotional state—one of frustration and a desire to be heard and understood. It reflects a sense of urgency and the need for acknowledgment of his perceived injustices.

all these years
The phrase "all these years" reflects the elder brother's sense of time and effort invested in his duties. The Greek word "etos" for "years" indicates a long duration, emphasizing the elder brother's commitment and loyalty over an extended period. This highlights his perception of faithfulness and dedication, which he believes have gone unnoticed or unrewarded. It underscores the human tendency to equate time and effort with merit and entitlement, a theme Jesus addresses in the parable.

I have served you
The phrase "I have served you" is derived from the Greek "douleuo," meaning to serve as a slave or to be in bondage. This choice of word reveals the elder brother's view of his relationship with his father—not as a son, but as a servant. It reflects a transactional mindset, where service is rendered with the expectation of reward. This perspective contrasts with the father's view of unconditional love and grace, challenging the elder brother's understanding of his role in the family.

and never disobeyed your command
The phrase "and never disobeyed your command" highlights the elder brother's claim to obedience and righteousness. The Greek word "paraggello" for "command" implies an authoritative directive or order. The elder brother's assertion of never disobeying suggests a self-righteous attitude, where he equates his worthiness with his adherence to rules. This reflects a legalistic mindset, which Jesus often challenged, emphasizing instead the importance of the heart's condition over mere outward compliance.

yet you never gave me
The phrase "yet you never gave me" reveals the elder brother's sense of injustice and unmet expectations. The Greek word "didomi" for "gave" implies a gift or bestowal, something given freely. The elder brother's complaint is rooted in his belief that he deserves recognition and reward for his service. This highlights the human tendency to compare and measure one's worth against others, often leading to resentment and bitterness when expectations are not met.

even a young goat
The phrase "even a young goat" is significant in its cultural and symbolic context. In ancient times, a young goat was considered a modest offering, often used in celebrations or feasts. The elder brother's mention of a young goat underscores his feeling of being undervalued, as he contrasts this modest request with the lavish celebration for his wayward brother. This comparison reveals his misunderstanding of the father's generosity and the nature of grace, which is not based on merit but on love.

so I could celebrate with my friends
The phrase "so I could celebrate with my friends" indicates the elder brother's desire for recognition and communal joy. The Greek word "euphraino" for "celebrate" implies rejoicing or being merry. This desire for celebration with friends reflects a longing for affirmation and acceptance from his peers. It highlights the elder brother's focus on external validation rather than understanding the deeper joy of being in a loving relationship with the father. This serves as a reminder of the true source of joy and fulfillment, which is found in the father's presence and love, not in external accolades or rewards.

But when this son of yours
This phrase is spoken by the elder brother in the parable of the Prodigal Son. The elder brother's words reveal a sense of detachment and resentment. The Greek word for "son" here is "huios," which emphasizes the familial relationship, yet the elder brother distances himself by saying "this son of yours" instead of "my brother." This reflects a heart hardened by jealousy and self-righteousness, a warning against the dangers of pride and lack of compassion within the family of God.

who has squandered your property
The term "squandered" comes from the Greek "diaskorpizó," meaning to scatter or disperse. It paints a vivid picture of reckless and wasteful living. The elder brother's accusation highlights the younger son's past sins, emphasizing the loss and irresponsibility. This serves as a reminder of the consequences of turning away from God's provision and the importance of stewardship over the blessings we receive.

with prostitutes
This phrase is not mentioned earlier in the parable, suggesting that the elder brother might be exaggerating or assuming the worst about his sibling. The Greek word "pornē" refers to a woman who sells her body for sexual purposes. This accusation underscores the elder brother's judgmental attitude and lack of grace. It challenges believers to avoid jumping to conclusions about others' sins and to remember that all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God (Romans 3:23).

comes home
The phrase "comes home" signifies a return, not just to a physical place, but to a state of repentance and reconciliation. The Greek word "erchomai" means to come or go, indicating movement towards a destination. This return is symbolic of the sinner's journey back to God, highlighting the theme of redemption and the open arms of the Father who welcomes back the lost.

you kill the fattened calf for him!
The "fattened calf" was reserved for special occasions, symbolizing celebration and honor. The Greek word "siteutos" refers to an animal that has been specially fed for a feast. The elder brother's complaint reveals his misunderstanding of grace and mercy. The father's actions illustrate God's abundant love and forgiveness, celebrating the return of a repentant sinner. This challenges believers to rejoice in the salvation of others and to embrace the joy of restoration over resentment.

Son
The term "Son" here is translated from the Greek word "τέκνον" (teknon), which conveys a sense of endearment and relationship. In the context of the parable, it emphasizes the father's love and personal connection to his child. This word choice underscores the familial bond and the father's unwavering affection, reflecting God's love for His children. Historically, the use of "son" in Jewish culture signified not only a biological relationship but also an inheritance of the father's legacy and blessings.

you are always with me
This phrase highlights the continuous presence and relationship between the father and the elder son. The Greek word "πάντοτε" (pantote) for "always" suggests an unbroken, enduring companionship. In a spiritual sense, it reflects the believer's constant access to God's presence. Theologically, it reassures Christians of their secure position in God's family, emphasizing that proximity to God is a privilege and a source of blessing.

and all that is mine is yours
The phrase "all that is mine is yours" speaks to the inheritance and the rights of the elder son. In the cultural context of the time, the firstborn son traditionally received a double portion of the inheritance, signifying a position of honor and responsibility. Theologically, this reflects the abundant spiritual blessings available to believers who remain faithful. It serves as a reminder of the richness of God's grace and the fullness of life in Christ, encouraging believers to recognize and appreciate their spiritual inheritance.

But it was fitting
The phrase "it was fitting" in the Greek is "ἔδει," which conveys a sense of necessity or obligation. In the context of the parable of the Prodigal Son, this phrase underscores the moral and spiritual appropriateness of the father's actions. The father’s response to the return of his lost son is not just an emotional reaction but a necessary act of grace and restoration. This reflects the divine necessity of God's grace towards repentant sinners, emphasizing that God's love and forgiveness are not arbitrary but are deeply rooted in His righteous character.

to celebrate
The Greek word used here is "εὐφρανθῆναι," which means to rejoice or be glad. This celebration is not merely a social event but a profound expression of joy that mirrors the heavenly rejoicing over one sinner who repents, as mentioned earlier in Luke 15:7. The celebration signifies the restoration of relationship and the joy of redemption, highlighting the theme of joy that permeates the kingdom of God.

and be glad
The phrase "be glad" comes from the Greek "χαρῆναι," which is related to "χαρά," meaning joy. This gladness is a deep, abiding joy that comes from reconciliation and restoration. It is a joy that transcends circumstances and reflects the eternal joy found in the presence of God. The father's gladness is a picture of the joy that God experiences when a lost soul returns to Him.

because this brother of yours
The emphasis on "this brother of yours" serves as a reminder of the familial relationship that exists despite the younger son's previous waywardness. It is a call to the elder brother, and by extension to all believers, to recognize and embrace the restored relationship. This phrase challenges the audience to see beyond past transgressions and to acknowledge the unity and equality of all believers in the family of God.

was dead
The term "dead" here is metaphorical, representing the spiritual death that results from sin and separation from God. In Ephesians 2:1, Paul speaks of being "dead in trespasses and sins," which aligns with this concept. The younger son's previous state is a depiction of the spiritual death that all humanity faces apart from Christ, emphasizing the dire need for repentance and reconciliation.

and is alive again
The phrase "is alive again" signifies resurrection and new life. In the Greek, "ἀνέζησεν" is used, which means to live again. This mirrors the spiritual rebirth that occurs when one repents and turns back to God. It is a powerful image of transformation and renewal, echoing the promise of eternal life through Jesus Christ.

he was lost
The word "lost" in Greek is "ἀπολωλώς," which conveys the idea of being utterly ruined or perished. This reflects the state of humanity without God, as seen in the parable of the lost sheep and the lost coin earlier in the chapter. The lostness of the son is a poignant reminder of the human condition apart from divine intervention.

and is found
The term "found" is "εὑρέθη" in Greek, indicating discovery or recovery. This finding is not by chance but is the result of the father's active search and longing for his son’s return. It highlights the initiative of God in seeking out the lost and bringing them back into His fold. The joy of finding what was lost is a central theme in Luke 15, illustrating the relentless love and grace of God towards sinners.