And a great sign appeared in heaven
The phrase "a great sign" indicates a significant and symbolic event, not a literal occurrence. In the Greek, the word for "sign" is "σημεῖον" (sēmeion), which often denotes a miraculous or divine indication. This sign is "great," suggesting its importance in the unfolding of God's plan. The location "in heaven" implies a divine origin and perspective, setting the stage for a revelation of cosmic significance. This heavenly sign serves as a prelude to the spiritual warfare and redemption narrative that follows.

a woman clothed with the sun
The "woman" is a central figure in this vision, and her description is rich with symbolism. Being "clothed with the sun" suggests glory, radiance, and divine favor. The sun, in biblical symbolism, often represents righteousness and the presence of God (Malachi 4:2). The Greek word for "clothed" is "περιβεβλημένη" (peribeblēmenē), indicating being enveloped or fully covered, which emphasizes the woman's complete association with divine light and purity. This imagery can be interpreted as representing Israel, the Church, or even Mary, the mother of Jesus, depending on theological perspectives.

with the moon under her feet
The "moon under her feet" signifies dominion and victory. In ancient cultures, the moon was often associated with change and the passage of time. By having the moon under her feet, the woman is depicted as transcending temporal changes and earthly cycles, symbolizing stability and eternal truth. This imagery may also reflect the fulfillment of God's promises, as the moon is a lesser light compared to the sun, indicating the subjugation of lesser powers under divine authority.

and a crown of twelve stars on her head
The "crown" (Greek "στέφανος," stephanos) is a symbol of victory and honor. The "twelve stars" are often interpreted as representing the twelve tribes of Israel or the twelve apostles, signifying the people of God. This crown indicates the woman's authority and her role as a representative of God's covenant people. The number twelve is significant in biblical numerology, often associated with completeness and divine governance. The imagery of the crown and stars highlights the woman's exalted status and her integral role in God's redemptive plan.

She was pregnant
The imagery of pregnancy in this verse is rich with symbolic meaning. In the Greek, the word used is "ἐν γαστρὶ ἔχουσα" (en gastri echousa), which literally means "having in the womb." This phrase signifies a state of expectancy and the imminent arrival of something significant. In the context of Revelation, this can be interpreted as the Church or the people of God being in a state of anticipation for the fulfillment of God's promises. Historically, pregnancy has been a powerful symbol of hope and new beginnings, reflecting the Church's role in bringing forth the message of salvation to the world.

and crying out
The Greek word for "crying out" is "κράζουσα" (krazousa), which conveys a loud, urgent cry. This expression of distress and urgency can be seen as the Church's response to the trials and tribulations faced in a fallen world. It reflects the deep yearning for deliverance and the fulfillment of God's kingdom. Throughout scripture, crying out is often associated with prayer and supplication, emphasizing the importance of seeking God's intervention in times of need.

in the pain
The term "pain" here is translated from the Greek word "ὠδίνουσα" (odinousa), which refers to the labor pains of childbirth. This imagery is significant as it highlights the intense struggle and suffering that often precedes the birth of something new and glorious. In a broader biblical context, pain and suffering are seen as part of the human condition due to the fall, but they also serve as a precursor to redemption and new life, as seen in Romans 8:22-23, where creation groans in labor pains awaiting redemption.

and agony
The word "agony" is derived from the Greek "βασανιζομένη" (basanizomenē), which implies severe distress or torment. This term underscores the depth of suffering experienced during the process of bringing forth new life. In the spiritual sense, it can be seen as the intense spiritual warfare and persecution faced by the Church. Historically, the early Christians endured great suffering for their faith, and this agony is a reminder of the cost of discipleship and the ultimate victory that comes through perseverance.

of giving birth
The phrase "of giving birth" is translated from "τεκεῖν" (tekein), which means to bring forth or to bear. This culmination of the pregnancy metaphor signifies the arrival of something new and transformative. In the context of Revelation, it can symbolize the birth of the Messianic age or the ultimate triumph of God's kingdom. The act of giving birth, despite its associated pain, results in joy and fulfillment, reflecting the hope and promise of eternal life and the establishment of God's reign on earth.

Then another sign appeared in heaven
The phrase "another sign" indicates a continuation of the visionary sequence in Revelation. The Greek word for "sign" is "σημεῖον" (sēmeion), which often denotes a symbol or a miraculous event pointing to a deeper reality. In the context of Revelation, signs are symbolic representations of spiritual truths. The "heaven" here is not merely the sky but the spiritual realm where divine revelations occur. This sign is a divine message, revealing the cosmic struggle between good and evil.

a huge red dragon
The "huge red dragon" is a powerful and terrifying symbol. The Greek word for "dragon" is "δράκων" (drakōn), which in ancient mythology often represented chaos and evil. The color "red" (Greek: "πυρρός," pyrrhos) is associated with blood, violence, and destruction, emphasizing the dragon's deadly nature. In the biblical context, this dragon is identified as Satan, the adversary of God and His people, embodying opposition and persecution.

with seven heads
The "seven heads" symbolize completeness and authority, as the number seven often represents perfection or totality in biblical numerology. Each head signifies a realm of influence or power. Historically, this could allude to the various empires or rulers that have opposed God's people throughout history. The imagery suggests a formidable and multifaceted enemy, cunning and strategic in its opposition to God's purposes.

ten horns
Horns in biblical literature are symbols of strength and power. The "ten horns" suggest a complete and overwhelming force, as the number ten often signifies fullness or entirety. This imagery is reminiscent of the beasts in Daniel's visions (Daniel 7), which also represent kingdoms or powers that oppose God. The horns indicate the dragon's ability to exert influence and control over earthly realms, further emphasizing its threat.

and seven royal crowns on his heads
The "seven royal crowns" (Greek: "διαδήματα," diadēmata) on the dragon's heads signify authority and dominion. Crowns are typically associated with kingship and rule. In this context, they represent the dragon's claim to power and his counterfeit authority over the world. This imagery highlights the dragon's attempt to usurp God's rightful rule and deceive the nations, setting himself up as a false ruler in opposition to the true King, Jesus Christ.

His tail swept a third of the stars from the sky
The imagery of the dragon's tail sweeping a third of the stars is rich with symbolic meaning. In the ancient world, stars often represented angels or celestial beings. The Greek word for "swept" (σύρει) suggests a forceful dragging or pulling, indicating the dragon's powerful influence. Historically, this has been interpreted as a reference to the fall of Satan and the angels who followed him, as described in Isaiah 14:12-15 and Ezekiel 28:12-17. The "third" signifies a significant, yet not total, portion, emphasizing the extent of the rebellion against God. This act of sweeping stars to the earth symbolizes the casting down of these rebellious angels, aligning with the theme of spiritual warfare that permeates Revelation.

tossing them to the earth
The act of tossing the stars to the earth signifies a violent and deliberate action. The Greek word for "tossing" (βάλλω) implies a forceful throwing or casting down. This imagery is consistent with the biblical narrative of the fall of Satan and his angels, who were cast out of heaven due to their rebellion. The earth, in this context, becomes the battleground for spiritual conflict, as these fallen beings now operate within the earthly realm. This phrase underscores the reality of spiritual warfare and the presence of evil forces in the world, a theme that resonates throughout the book of Revelation.

And the dragon stood before the woman who was about to give birth
The dragon, identified as Satan in Revelation 12:9, is depicted as standing before the woman, symbolizing his readiness to oppose God's redemptive plan. The Greek word for "stood" (ἔστηκεν) conveys a sense of deliberate positioning and intent. The woman, often interpreted as representing Israel or the faithful remnant, is about to give birth to the Messiah. This scene reflects the historical and spiritual opposition faced by God's people throughout history, as Satan seeks to thwart God's purposes. The dragon's stance before the woman highlights the ongoing spiritual battle and the adversary's determination to hinder the fulfillment of God's promises.

ready to devour her child as soon as she gave birth
The dragon's readiness to devour the child signifies his intent to destroy the Messiah, the one who is destined to rule all nations with an iron scepter (Revelation 12:5). The Greek word for "devour" (καταφάγῃ) implies a voracious and immediate consumption, reflecting Satan's desperate attempt to prevent the coming of the Savior. This imagery echoes the historical attempts to destroy the lineage of the Messiah, from Pharaoh's decree in Egypt to Herod's massacre of the innocents. The phrase underscores the relentless nature of evil and its opposition to God's redemptive work. Yet, it also foreshadows the ultimate victory of Christ, who overcomes the dragon and fulfills God's plan of salvation.

And she gave birth
This phrase introduces the central event of the verse, the birth of a significant figure. The imagery of birth is often used in Scripture to signify the arrival of something new and divinely ordained. In the Greek, "gave birth" (ἔτεκεν) emphasizes the fulfillment of prophecy and divine purpose. Historically, this has been interpreted as the birth of Jesus Christ, the Messiah, who was born of the Virgin Mary, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies such as Isaiah 7:14.

to a son, a male child
The specification of "a son, a male child" underscores the fulfillment of messianic prophecies concerning a male descendant who would deliver and rule. The Greek term for "male child" (ἄρσεν) highlights the gender, which is significant in the context of Jewish expectations of a male Messiah. This phrase connects to the Davidic lineage, as the Messiah was prophesied to come from the line of David, a male kingly line.

who will rule all the nations
This phrase speaks to the authority and dominion of the child. The Greek word for "rule" (ποιμανεῖ) can also mean "to shepherd," indicating a leadership style that is both authoritative and caring. This echoes Psalm 2:8-9, where the Messiah is promised the nations as His inheritance. Historically, this has been seen as a reference to Christ's ultimate reign over all the earth, a reign that is both just and compassionate.

with an iron scepter
The "iron scepter" symbolizes unbreakable authority and power. In the ancient world, iron was a symbol of strength and durability. The Greek word for "scepter" (ῥάβδῳ) is often associated with royal authority. This imagery is drawn from Psalm 2:9, reinforcing the idea of the Messiah's unyielding rule. In a conservative Christian perspective, this points to the future millennial reign of Christ, where He will govern with absolute justice.

And her child was caught up to God and to His throne
The phrase "caught up" (ἡρπάσθη) indicates a sudden and divine action, often associated with protection or exaltation. This is reminiscent of Christ's ascension, where He was taken up to heaven and seated at the right hand of God, as described in Acts 1:9-11. The imagery of being "caught up to God and to His throne" signifies the divine approval and authority bestowed upon the child, affirming His identity as the Son of God and His role in the divine plan of salvation.

The woman
In Revelation 12, "the woman" is often interpreted as a symbol of God's people, Israel, or the Church. The imagery of a woman is deeply rooted in biblical symbolism, often representing a community or collective entity. In the Old Testament, Israel is frequently depicted as a woman, a bride, or a mother (e.g., Isaiah 54:5-6). In the New Testament, the Church is described as the Bride of Christ (Ephesians 5:25-27). This duality reflects the continuity of God's covenant people throughout history.

fled into the wilderness
The "wilderness" is a place of both trial and divine provision in biblical narratives. The Greek word used here, "erēmos," can mean a deserted or solitary place. Historically, the wilderness is where the Israelites wandered for 40 years, relying on God's provision (Exodus 16). It is also where Jesus was tempted but remained faithful (Matthew 4:1-11). In this context, the wilderness represents a place of refuge and divine protection, where God sustains His people amidst persecution and trials.

where God had prepared a place for her
This phrase emphasizes God's sovereignty and providence. The Greek word "hetoimazō" means to prepare or make ready. It suggests that God, in His foreknowledge and care, has already arranged a safe haven for His people. This preparation echoes Jesus' promise in John 14:2-3, where He assures His disciples that He is going to prepare a place for them. It reassures believers of God's active role in their protection and sustenance.

to be nourished
The term "nourished" indicates God's provision and care. The Greek word "trephō" means to feed or support. This nourishment is not only physical but also spiritual, as God provides His people with the strength and sustenance needed to endure trials. It reflects the manna provided to the Israelites in the wilderness (Exodus 16:35) and the spiritual nourishment believers receive through the Word and the Holy Spirit.

for 1,260 days
The "1,260 days" is a prophetic time period found in apocalyptic literature, equivalent to 42 months or 3.5 years. This timeframe is significant in the book of Revelation, symbolizing a period of tribulation and divine protection (Revelation 11:2-3, 13:5). It reflects the "time, times, and half a time" mentioned in Daniel 7:25 and 12:7, indicating a limited period of suffering under God's sovereign control. This assurance of a defined period of trial encourages believers to remain steadfast, knowing that God has set boundaries on their tribulations.

Then a war broke out in heaven
The phrase "Then a war broke out in heaven" introduces a cosmic conflict of immense spiritual significance. The Greek word for "war" is "πόλεμος" (polemos), indicating not just a physical battle but a spiritual struggle of principles and powers. This heavenly war signifies the ongoing battle between good and evil, reflecting the spiritual warfare that believers face on earth. The setting in "heaven" underscores the celestial nature of this conflict, reminding us that the struggles we face have their roots in a larger, unseen spiritual realm.

Michael and his angels fought against the dragon
"Michael" is a significant figure in biblical texts, often depicted as a warrior angel and protector of God's people. The name "Michael" means "Who is like God?" in Hebrew, emphasizing his role as a defender of divine authority. In this context, Michael leads "his angels," indicating a structured and purposeful resistance against evil. The "dragon" is a symbol of Satan, representing chaos, deception, and opposition to God's order. This battle is not just a clash of beings but a confrontation of divine truth against satanic falsehood.

and the dragon and his angels fought back
The phrase "and the dragon and his angels fought back" highlights the resistance and rebellion of Satan and his followers. The dragon's "angels" are fallen beings who have aligned themselves with evil, showcasing the organized opposition against God's kingdom. This resistance is a reminder of the persistent nature of evil and its attempts to thwart God's plans. However, the ultimate outcome of this battle is not in doubt, as Scripture assures us of God's ultimate victory over all forms of evil.

But they were not strong enough
This phrase signifies the ultimate defeat of the forces of evil, represented by the dragon and his angels. The Greek word for "strong" here is "ischuō," which implies having power or ability. In the context of Revelation, this defeat is not just a physical overpowering but a spiritual and moral victory. The forces of evil, despite their attempts, lack the divine authority and righteousness that characterize God's kingdom. This serves as a reminder of the supremacy of God's power and the futility of opposing His will. Historically, this reflects the Christian belief in the inevitable triumph of good over evil, a theme that resonates throughout the Bible.

and there was no longer a place for them
The phrase "no longer a place" indicates a complete and irrevocable expulsion. The Greek word "topos" for "place" suggests a specific location or position. In the heavenly realm, this signifies the removal of any authority or influence that the dragon and his angels once held. This expulsion is not just a physical displacement but a spiritual cleansing of heaven, ensuring that nothing impure remains in God's presence. This echoes the biblical theme of God's holiness and the ultimate purification of His creation. It reassures believers of the finality of God's judgment against evil.

in heaven
Heaven, in this context, represents the divine realm where God's presence is fully manifest. The expulsion of the dragon and his angels from heaven symbolizes the restoration of divine order and the establishment of God's unchallenged sovereignty. In biblical theology, heaven is often depicted as a place of perfect peace and righteousness, free from the corruption and rebellion found on earth. This phrase underscores the hope of believers for a future where God's kingdom is fully realized, and His will is done "on earth as it is in heaven" (Matthew 6:10). It serves as an encouragement to remain steadfast in faith, knowing that God's ultimate plan is one of victory and restoration.

And the great dragon
The term "great dragon" is a symbolic representation of a powerful and malevolent force. In the Greek, "drakōn" refers to a large serpent or sea monster, often associated with chaos and evil. This imagery is rooted in ancient Near Eastern mythology, where dragons were seen as adversaries of the divine order. In the biblical context, the dragon represents Satan, the ultimate adversary of God and His people. The use of "great" emphasizes the formidable nature of this enemy, yet it also foreshadows his ultimate defeat by God's power.

was hurled down
The phrase "was hurled down" signifies a decisive and forceful action. The Greek word "eblēthē" implies being cast down with authority and finality. This action underscores the sovereignty of God over evil, demonstrating that despite the dragon's power, he is subject to God's judgment. The imagery of being cast down also reflects the fall from a position of influence or authority, highlighting the dragon's loss of power and status.

that ancient serpent
The reference to "that ancient serpent" connects the dragon to the serpent in the Garden of Eden (Genesis 3), symbolizing deceit and rebellion against God. The Greek word "archaios" means ancient or original, indicating the serpent's long-standing role as an adversary. This connection serves to remind readers of the ongoing battle between good and evil, tracing back to humanity's earliest history. It also reinforces the idea that Satan's tactics of deception have been consistent throughout time.

called the devil and Satan
The names "devil" and "Satan" provide insight into the character and role of this adversary. "Devil" comes from the Greek "diabolos," meaning slanderer or accuser, highlighting his role in accusing and maligning God's people. "Satan" is derived from the Hebrew "satan," meaning adversary or accuser. Together, these names emphasize the dragon's function as both a tempter and an accuser, working against God's purposes and His people.

who deceives the whole world
This phrase underscores the pervasive influence of the dragon's deception. The Greek word "planōn" means to lead astray or cause to wander, indicating a deliberate effort to mislead humanity. The scope of "the whole world" suggests that no one is immune to his deceit, emphasizing the need for vigilance and reliance on God's truth. This deception is a central theme in the spiritual battle depicted in Revelation, highlighting the importance of discernment and faithfulness.

He was hurled to the earth
The repetition of "was hurled" reinforces the finality of the dragon's defeat. Being cast to the earth signifies a limitation of his power and influence, as well as a shift in the battleground from the heavenly realms to the earthly domain. This action is part of the larger narrative of Revelation, where God's ultimate victory over evil is assured, and His kingdom is established on earth.

and his angels with him
The inclusion of "his angels" indicates that the dragon is not alone in his rebellion. These angels, often referred to as fallen angels or demons, share in his fate and are also cast down. This highlights the collective nature of the rebellion against God and the comprehensive scope of God's judgment. It serves as a reminder of the spiritual forces at work in the world and the need for believers to stand firm in their faith.

And I heard a loud voice in heaven saying
The phrase begins with John, the author of Revelation, hearing a "loud voice in heaven." The Greek word for "loud" is "megas," which implies not just volume but also significance and authority. This voice is not merely a background noise but a proclamation of utmost importance. The setting in "heaven" indicates a divine origin, suggesting that the message is from God or His angels, emphasizing the heavenly perspective and authority behind the forthcoming declaration.

Now have come the salvation and the power and the kingdom of our God
The word "Now" signifies a pivotal moment in the cosmic narrative. It marks the transition from anticipation to fulfillment. "Salvation" (Greek: "soteria") refers to deliverance, not just in a personal sense but in a cosmic, eschatological sense. "Power" (Greek: "dynamis") indicates the active, dynamic force of God at work, overcoming evil. The "kingdom of our God" speaks to the reign and rule of God being established, a theme that resonates throughout Scripture, pointing to the ultimate realization of God's sovereign plan.

and the authority of His Christ
"Authority" (Greek: "exousia") denotes the legitimate power and right to rule. This authority is vested in "His Christ," referring to Jesus as the Messiah, the Anointed One. This phrase underscores the fulfillment of messianic prophecies and the establishment of Christ's dominion, as foretold in the Old Testament. It highlights the divine endorsement and empowerment of Jesus to execute God's will and establish His kingdom.

For the accuser of our brothers has been thrown down
The "accuser" (Greek: "kategoros") is identified as Satan, whose role has been to accuse and slander believers before God. The term "brothers" indicates the familial bond among believers, emphasizing unity and shared identity in Christ. The phrase "has been thrown down" signifies a decisive defeat, echoing the imagery of a courtroom where the accuser is dismissed and discredited. This event marks a turning point in the spiritual battle, showcasing God's justice and the vindication of His people.

he who accuses them day and night before our God
The continuous nature of the accusation "day and night" highlights the relentless nature of Satan's opposition. However, the phrase "before our God" serves as a reminder of God's omnipresence and sovereignty. Despite the constant accusations, God remains the ultimate judge, and His verdict is final. This assurance provides comfort and hope to believers, affirming that their standing before God is secure through Christ's redemptive work.

They have conquered him
The phrase "They have conquered him" refers to the victory of believers over Satan, the accuser. The Greek word for "conquered" is "nikaō," which means to overcome or prevail. This victory is not through human strength but through divine power. Historically, the early Christians faced severe persecution, yet they triumphed spiritually by remaining faithful. This phrase emphasizes the ultimate triumph of good over evil, a recurring theme in Revelation.

by the blood of the Lamb
The "blood of the Lamb" is a central theme in Christian theology, symbolizing the sacrificial death of Jesus Christ. The Greek word "haima" for blood signifies life and atonement. In the Old Testament, blood sacrifices were required for the atonement of sins, foreshadowing Christ's ultimate sacrifice. The Lamb, a reference to Jesus, is a symbol of purity and innocence. This phrase underscores the belief that salvation and victory over sin and Satan are achieved through Christ's sacrifice.

and by the word of their testimony
The "word of their testimony" highlights the power of personal witness and confession of faith. The Greek word "logos" for word implies a message or declaration. Early Christians bore witness to their faith even in the face of persecution, and their testimony was a powerful tool in spreading the Gospel. This phrase encourages believers to boldly proclaim their faith, trusting in the transformative power of their testimony.

and they did not love their lives
This phrase reflects the selflessness and dedication of the early Christians. The Greek word "agapaō" for love indicates a deep, sacrificial love. The believers prioritized their faith over their own lives, demonstrating a willingness to endure suffering for the sake of Christ. This attitude is a call to Christians to value eternal life over earthly existence, embodying the teachings of Jesus about self-denial and taking up one's cross.

so as to shy away from death
The phrase "so as to shy away from death" speaks to the courage and steadfastness of the believers. The Greek word "phobeō" for shy away means to fear or be afraid. Despite the threat of death, the early Christians remained resolute in their faith. This phrase serves as an inspiration for modern believers to stand firm in their convictions, trusting in the promise of eternal life and the ultimate victory over death through Christ.

Therefore rejoice, O heavens
The phrase begins with "Therefore," indicating a conclusion drawn from previous verses, where the defeat of Satan and his expulsion from heaven are described. The call to "rejoice" is directed to the "heavens," which in the biblical context often refers to the dwelling place of God, angels, and the redeemed. The Greek word for "rejoice" is "euphrainesthe," which conveys a sense of joy and gladness. This joy is rooted in the victory of Christ and the triumph of good over evil, a central theme in Revelation. The heavens are called to celebrate because the spiritual realm is now free from the accuser, Satan.

and you who dwell in them!
This phrase extends the call to rejoice to those who inhabit the heavens. In the context of Revelation, this includes angels and possibly the souls of the righteous who have passed on. The Greek word "katoikountes" for "dwell" implies a permanent residence, suggesting a stable and eternal presence in the heavenly realm. The inhabitants of heaven are witnesses to God's ultimate plan unfolding, and their rejoicing is a response to the fulfillment of divine justice and the assurance of God's sovereignty.

But woe to the earth and the sea
The word "woe" is a translation of the Greek "ouai," an expression of grief or denunciation. It serves as a stark contrast to the rejoicing in heaven. The "earth and the sea" represent the realm of human existence and the natural world, which are now subject to the intensified wrath of Satan. This duality between heaven and earth highlights the cosmic scope of the spiritual battle and the temporary suffering that the world must endure.

with great fury
The phrase "great fury" describes the intensity of Satan's anger. The Greek word "thymos" for "fury" conveys a passionate, explosive rage. This fury is "great" because Satan is aware of his limited time, having been cast down to earth. His wrath is directed towards God's creation, and it manifests in increased persecution and tribulation. This serves as a warning to believers to remain steadfast in their faith amidst trials.

because he knows his time is short
The phrase "his time is short" refers to the limited period Satan has to operate on earth before the final judgment. The Greek word "oligon" for "short" emphasizes the brevity and urgency of this time. Satan's awareness of his impending doom fuels his desperation and aggression. For believers, this is a reminder of the temporary nature of suffering and the imminent return of Christ, which will bring about the ultimate defeat of evil and the establishment of God's eternal kingdom.

And when the dragon saw
The "dragon" in this context is a symbolic representation of Satan, as identified earlier in Revelation 12:9. The Greek word for "dragon" is "drakōn," which conveys a sense of a great, fearsome creature. This imagery is rooted in ancient Near Eastern mythology, where dragons often symbolized chaos and evil. The phrase "saw" indicates an awareness or realization, suggesting that Satan is fully conscious of his defeat and the limitations imposed upon him after being cast out of heaven.

that he had been thrown to the earth
The act of being "thrown" signifies a forceful expulsion, emphasizing the authority and power of God over Satan. The Greek word "eblēthē" (thrown) underscores the decisive nature of this action. Being cast "to the earth" indicates a change in Satan's realm of influence, from the heavenly to the earthly, marking a shift in the spiritual battle. This event is a fulfillment of the prophetic vision of Satan's ultimate defeat and serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty.

he pursued the woman
The "woman" is a symbolic figure representing God's people, often interpreted as Israel or the Church. The Greek word "ediōxen" (pursued) implies a relentless and hostile pursuit, reflecting Satan's ongoing opposition to God's redemptive plan. This pursuit is not just physical but spiritual, as Satan seeks to undermine the faith and perseverance of believers. Historically, this can be seen in the persecution of the early Church and the trials faced by God's people throughout history.

who had given birth to the male child
The "male child" is widely understood to represent Jesus Christ, the Messiah, who is destined to rule all nations with a rod of iron (Revelation 12:5). The birth of the "male child" signifies the incarnation of Christ and the fulfillment of God's promise of salvation. The Greek term "eteken" (had given birth) highlights the miraculous and divine nature of Christ's birth. This phrase also connects to the Messianic prophecies in the Old Testament, such as Isaiah 7:14 and Micah 5:2, which foretold the coming of a Savior. The woman's role in giving birth underscores the fulfillment of God's covenant promises through the lineage of Israel.

But the woman
The "woman" in Revelation 12 is often interpreted as representing the people of God, specifically Israel or the Church. In the broader context of Revelation, she symbolizes God's covenant community. Historically, the imagery of a woman is used throughout Scripture to depict God's people, such as in Isaiah 54:5-6 and Jeremiah 3:20. This portrayal emphasizes the intimate and covenantal relationship between God and His people.

was given
The phrase "was given" indicates divine provision and intervention. In the Greek, the verb "didomi" suggests a gift or grant, emphasizing that the protection and deliverance of the woman are acts of God's grace. This reflects the biblical theme of God providing for and sustaining His people, as seen in the Exodus narrative and throughout the Psalms.

two wings of a great eagle
The imagery of "two wings of a great eagle" evokes the Exodus story, where God describes His deliverance of Israel from Egypt as carrying them "on eagles' wings" (Exodus 19:4). Eagles are symbols of strength and swiftness, and in the ancient Near East, they were often associated with divine protection. This phrase underscores God's powerful and protective deliverance of His people from danger.

to fly from the serpent
The "serpent" is a representation of Satan, as identified earlier in Revelation 12. The act of flying away from the serpent signifies escape and divine protection from evil. The Greek word "opheis" for serpent connects back to the Genesis account of the fall, highlighting the ongoing spiritual battle between God's people and the forces of evil.

into the place in the wilderness
The "wilderness" is a recurring biblical motif representing a place of both testing and divine provision. For the Israelites, the wilderness was where they encountered God's presence and received His sustenance. In Revelation, it symbolizes a place of refuge and safety, where God protects and provides for His people during times of tribulation.

where she was nourished
The term "nourished" indicates God's provision and care. In the Greek, "trepho" means to feed or support, suggesting that God sustains His people physically and spiritually. This echoes the manna provided in the wilderness and Jesus' assurance of being the Bread of Life, emphasizing God's faithfulness in sustaining His people.

for a time, and times, and half a time
This phrase is a prophetic time period often interpreted as three and a half years, drawing from Daniel 7:25 and 12:7. It symbolizes a limited period of tribulation and persecution. Theologically, it reassures believers that trials are temporary and under God's sovereign control, pointing to the ultimate victory and deliverance that God promises His people.

Then from the mouth of the serpent
The "serpent" here is a direct reference to Satan, as identified earlier in Revelation 12:9. The imagery of the serpent is deeply rooted in biblical history, harking back to the Garden of Eden (Genesis 3), where the serpent deceived Eve. The "mouth" signifies the source of deceit and lies, as Satan is often depicted as the father of lies (John 8:44). This phrase suggests an aggressive and direct attack from Satan, emphasizing his role as the adversary of God's people.

spewed water like a river
The act of spewing "water like a river" symbolizes a powerful and overwhelming force. In biblical literature, water can represent chaos and destruction, as seen in the flood narrative of Genesis. The Greek word for "spewed" (ἐβάλεν) conveys a forceful expulsion, indicating the intensity of the attack. This imagery suggests an attempt by Satan to drown or overwhelm the woman, representing the people of God, with trials, persecutions, or false teachings.

to overtake the woman
The "woman" in this context is often interpreted as a symbol of God's faithful people, possibly representing Israel or the Church. The serpent's intention "to overtake" her indicates a pursuit to conquer or destroy. Historically, God's people have faced numerous attempts by evil forces to undermine their faith and existence, from the oppression in Egypt to the persecutions in the early Church. This phrase underscores the relentless nature of spiritual warfare against the faithful.

and sweep her away in the torrent
The "torrent" signifies a violent and uncontrollable flood, further emphasizing the destructive intent of the serpent. The Greek word for "torrent" (ποταμός) can also mean a river or stream, but in this context, it conveys the idea of a deluge meant to carry away and obliterate. This imagery is reminiscent of the trials and tribulations faced by believers, where the forces of evil seek to erode their faith and commitment to God. However, the broader narrative of Revelation assures believers of God's ultimate victory and protection over such adversities.

But the earth
In this phrase, "the earth" is depicted as an active participant in the divine narrative. The Greek word for "earth" is "γῆ" (gē), which can refer to the physical land or the world as a whole. In the context of Revelation, the earth often symbolizes the realm of humanity or creation itself. Here, it acts as an instrument of God's providence, suggesting that even the natural world is under divine control and can be used to fulfill God's purposes. This reflects the biblical theme that creation itself longs for redemption and is involved in the cosmic struggle between good and evil (Romans 8:19-22).

helped the woman
The "woman" in Revelation 12 is traditionally interpreted as representing the people of God, often seen as Israel or the Church. The Greek word for "helped" is "βοηθέω" (boētheō), meaning to come to the aid of or to assist. This assistance from the earth signifies divine intervention and protection for God's people amidst persecution. Historically, this can be seen as a reassurance to early Christians facing trials, emphasizing that God provides support and deliverance in times of distress.

and opened its mouth
The imagery of the earth opening its mouth is reminiscent of Old Testament events, such as the earth swallowing Korah and his followers in Numbers 16:32. The phrase suggests a miraculous intervention, where natural elements act in unexpected ways to fulfill God's will. This act of the earth "opening its mouth" symbolizes the swallowing up of threats against God's people, reinforcing the theme of divine protection and the futility of opposing God's plans.

to swallow up the river
The "river" here is symbolic of the flood of persecution and deceit unleashed by the dragon, representing Satan. The Greek word "ποταμός" (potamos) for "river" can also mean a torrent or flood, indicating overwhelming adversity. The act of the earth swallowing the river signifies the nullification of these threats, illustrating that no weapon formed against God's people will prosper (Isaiah 54:17). It serves as a powerful reminder of God's sovereignty over chaos and evil.

that had poured from the dragon’s mouth
The "dragon" is a symbol of Satan, the adversary of God and His people. The Greek word "δράκων" (drakōn) is used for "dragon," evoking images of a fierce and formidable enemy. The "mouth" of the dragon represents the source of lies, accusations, and destructive forces. Historically, this reflects the spiritual warfare faced by the early Church, as well as the ongoing battle between truth and deception. The imagery of the river pouring from the dragon's mouth underscores the relentless nature of these attacks, yet the ultimate futility of Satan's efforts against the divine plan.

And the dragon
The "dragon" in this context is a symbolic representation of Satan, the adversary of God and His people. The Greek word used here is "drakōn," which conveys a sense of a great, fearsome serpent. In the ancient world, dragons were often seen as chaotic forces opposed to divine order. This imagery is consistent with the biblical portrayal of Satan as a deceiver and accuser, as seen in Revelation 12:9, where the dragon is explicitly identified as the devil.

was enraged
The Greek word "orgizō" is used here, meaning to provoke or to be angry. This intense anger of the dragon signifies the deep-seated hatred Satan has towards God's people. Historically, this reflects the ongoing spiritual battle between good and evil, where Satan's fury is directed at those who align themselves with God. This rage is not just an emotional response but a calculated opposition to God's redemptive plan.

at the woman
The "woman" symbolizes God's faithful people, often interpreted as Israel or the Church. In the broader context of Revelation 12, the woman represents the community from which the Messiah, Jesus Christ, came. This imagery draws from Old Testament symbolism, where Israel is often depicted as a woman or bride (e.g., Isaiah 54:5-6). The woman's protection and preservation by God highlight His covenant faithfulness.

and went to make war
The phrase "make war" indicates a deliberate and ongoing campaign against God's people. The Greek word "polemeō" suggests not just a single battle but a sustained conflict. This reflects the spiritual warfare that believers face, as described in Ephesians 6:12, where the struggle is against spiritual forces of evil. Historically, this has been seen in the persecution of Christians and the trials faced by the Church throughout the ages.

with the rest of her children
"Her children" refers to the followers of Christ, those who are spiritually born of the woman. This phrase emphasizes the collective identity of believers as part of God's family. The "rest" implies that while some have been protected or taken to safety, others remain to face the dragon's wrath. This highlights the reality of suffering and persecution in the Christian life, as Jesus Himself warned in John 15:18-20.

who keep the commandments of God
This phrase underscores the defining characteristic of true believers: obedience to God's commandments. The Greek word "tēreō" means to guard or keep watch over, indicating a diligent and faithful adherence to God's laws. This obedience is not merely legalistic but stems from a heart transformed by the Holy Spirit, as seen in John 14:15, where Jesus says, "If you love Me, you will keep My commandments."

and hold to the testimony of Jesus
The "testimony of Jesus" refers to the witness or proclamation of the gospel of Christ. The Greek word "martyria" implies a testimony that may lead to martyrdom, reflecting the cost of discipleship. Holding to this testimony means steadfastly proclaiming and living out the truth of Jesus Christ, even in the face of opposition. This is a call to perseverance and faithfulness, as echoed in Revelation 14:12, which speaks of the endurance of the saints.