Then I was given
The phrase indicates a divine action where John, the author of Revelation, receives something directly from God or an angelic messenger. The Greek word for "given" (ἐδόθη, edothē) suggests a gift or a task assigned by divine authority. This emphasizes the importance and sacredness of the vision John is about to receive, highlighting the prophetic nature of the book of Revelation.

a measuring rod like a staff
The "measuring rod" (Greek: κάλαμος, kalamos) is a tool used for measurement, symbolizing authority and judgment. In biblical times, a rod or staff was often used by shepherds, symbolizing guidance and protection. Here, it signifies the authority given to John to assess and evaluate the spiritual state of the temple, representing God's standard of holiness and righteousness.

and was told
This phrase indicates direct divine instruction. The passive voice suggests that John is a recipient of a command, underscoring the authoritative nature of the message. It reflects the biblical theme of obedience to God's word, as John is not acting on his own initiative but under divine direction.

Go and measure
The command to "measure" (Greek: μέτρησον, metrēson) implies an evaluation or assessment. In the biblical context, measuring often signifies judgment or the setting apart of something for a specific purpose. It reflects God's sovereignty in determining the spiritual condition and readiness of His people.

the temple of God
The "temple" (Greek: ναός, naos) refers to the inner sanctuary, the dwelling place of God's presence. Historically, the temple in Jerusalem was the center of Jewish worship. In Revelation, it symbolizes the church or the body of believers, emphasizing the need for purity and holiness among God's people.

and the altar
The "altar" (Greek: θυσιαστήριον, thysiastērion) is a place of sacrifice and worship. In the Old Testament, the altar was central to the sacrificial system, representing atonement and communion with God. In the New Testament context, it signifies the sacrificial work of Christ and the worship of believers, highlighting the importance of true worship and devotion.

and count the number of worshipers there
The instruction to "count" (Greek: προσκύνησις, proskynēsis) the worshipers emphasizes the importance of genuine worship and the faithfulness of God's people. It suggests a remnant of true believers who are devoted to God amidst trials and tribulations. This reflects the biblical theme of God preserving a faithful remnant who remain steadfast in their faith.

But exclude the courtyard outside the temple
The phrase "exclude the courtyard outside the temple" refers to a specific instruction given to John in his vision. The Greek word for "exclude" is "ἐκβάλλω" (ekballo), which means to cast out or leave out. This indicates a deliberate action of separation. The "courtyard" (αὐλή, aulē) was a part of the temple complex but not the inner sanctum. Historically, the temple's outer courts were accessible to Gentiles, symbolizing a place of lesser sanctity compared to the inner areas reserved for Jews. This exclusion signifies a boundary between the sacred and the profane, emphasizing the holiness of God's dwelling place.

Do not measure it
The command "Do not measure it" suggests a withholding of divine protection or ownership. In biblical terms, measuring often implies claiming or protecting, as seen in Ezekiel's temple vision (Ezekiel 40-42). The Greek word for "measure" is "μετρέω" (metreo), which means to measure or assess. By instructing John not to measure the courtyard, God indicates that this area is not under His immediate divine protection or favor, contrasting with the measured inner temple, which symbolizes God's preserved remnant.

because it has been given to the nations
The phrase "because it has been given to the nations" reveals a divine allowance for Gentile influence. The Greek word for "nations" is "ἔθνη" (ethnē), often referring to non-Jewish peoples or Gentiles. This reflects a period where God permits the Gentiles to have dominion over the outer court, symbolizing a time of testing or judgment. Historically, this can be seen as a reference to the Roman occupation and the broader Gentile influence over Jerusalem, highlighting the tension between God's chosen people and the surrounding nations.

and they will trample the holy city
The imagery of "trample" (πατέω, pateo) conveys a sense of desecration and domination. The "holy city" refers to Jerusalem, a city set apart for God's purposes. This trampling signifies a period of oppression and persecution, reminiscent of past sieges and destructions of Jerusalem. It echoes prophetic warnings from the Old Testament, where foreign nations were used as instruments of God's judgment against Israel's unfaithfulness.

for forty-two months
The duration "forty-two months" is significant in apocalyptic literature, equating to three and a half years. This period is symbolic of a time of trial and tribulation. In the Jewish calendar, it represents half of a seven-year cycle, often associated with incompleteness or interruption. This timeframe is echoed in Daniel's prophecies and later in Revelation, symbolizing a limited period of suffering before divine intervention and restoration. It reassures believers that while tribulation is real, it is also temporary and under God's sovereign control.

And I will empower
The phrase "I will empower" signifies divine authority and enablement. The Greek word used here is "δίδωμι" (didōmi), which means to give or grant. This empowerment is not of human origin but is a direct endowment from God, emphasizing His sovereignty and the divine nature of the mission. In the biblical context, empowerment by God often precedes significant acts of prophecy or leadership, as seen with figures like Moses and Elijah.

my two witnesses
The "two witnesses" are central figures in this passage. The Greek word for witnesses is "μάρτυς" (martys), which can mean both witness and martyr. Historically, witnesses were those who testified to the truth, often at great personal cost. The number two is significant in biblical terms, as it fulfills the requirement for a valid testimony according to Jewish law (Deuteronomy 19:15). These witnesses are seen as prophetic figures, possibly representing the Law and the Prophets, or the Church and Israel, symbolizing the continuity and fulfillment of God's covenant.

and they will prophesy
The act of prophesying involves speaking forth the word of God. The Greek word "προφητεύω" (prophēteuō) means to speak under divine inspiration. This indicates that their message is not self-derived but is a direct revelation from God. Prophecy in the biblical sense often includes both foretelling future events and forth-telling God's truth to the present generation, calling for repentance and faithfulness.

for 1,260 days
The period of "1,260 days" is significant in apocalyptic literature, corresponding to three and a half years. This timeframe is often associated with periods of trial and tribulation. It is half of the perfect number seven, symbolizing incompleteness and a time of testing. This duration is also mentioned in Daniel and Revelation, indicating a period of intense spiritual conflict and divine intervention.

clothed in sackcloth
Sackcloth is a coarse material traditionally worn as a sign of mourning, repentance, or humility. The Greek word "σάκκος" (sakkos) reflects this cultural practice. The imagery of sackcloth indicates the somber and urgent nature of the witnesses' message. It is a call to repentance, echoing the prophetic tradition of the Old Testament where prophets like Jonah and Jeremiah wore sackcloth to signify the seriousness of their divine message and the need for the people to turn back to God.

These witnesses
The term "witnesses" in the context of Revelation often refers to those who testify to the truth of God, even in the face of persecution. The Greek word for "witness" is "μάρτυς" (martys), which is also the root for the English word "martyr." This highlights the role of these figures as not only proclaimers of God's truth but also as potential sufferers for their testimony. Historically, witnesses in the biblical sense are those who have seen and experienced the truth of God and are called to share it with others, often at great personal cost.

are the two olive trees
The imagery of "olive trees" is rich with Old Testament symbolism, particularly from Zechariah 4:3, where two olive trees stand beside a golden lampstand. Olive trees are symbols of peace, prosperity, and the anointing of the Holy Spirit. In the ancient world, olive oil was used for anointing kings and priests, signifying the presence and blessing of God. The use of "two olive trees" here suggests a dual anointing or a double portion of God's Spirit and favor upon these witnesses, empowering them for their prophetic mission.

and the two lampstands
Lampstands in biblical literature often symbolize the presence of God and the light of His truth. In Revelation 1:20, lampstands represent churches, indicating that these witnesses are bearers of divine light in a dark world. The Greek word for lampstand, "λυχνία" (lychnia), emphasizes the function of holding and displaying light. Historically, lampstands were central in the tabernacle and temple, signifying God's continual presence among His people. The "two lampstands" suggest that these witnesses are not only filled with the Spirit but also tasked with illuminating the truth of God to the nations.

that stand before the Lord of the earth
The phrase "stand before" indicates a position of service and readiness. In biblical terms, to stand before the Lord is to be in a place of honor and duty, akin to the role of a servant or minister. The Greek word "ἑστῶτες" (hestotes) implies a steadfast and enduring presence. "The Lord of the earth" underscores God's sovereignty over all creation, affirming that these witnesses operate under His authority and command. Historically, this phrase reassures believers of God's ultimate control and the certainty of His plans, even amidst earthly turmoil.

If anyone wants to harm them
This phrase introduces the protective power surrounding the two witnesses. The Greek word for "harm" (ἀδικῆσαι, adikēsai) implies an intention to act unjustly or to do wrong. Historically, God's prophets have often faced opposition and persecution, as seen throughout the Old Testament. This phrase underscores the divine protection over those who are called to deliver God's message, echoing the assurance found in passages like Isaiah 54:17, "No weapon formed against you shall prosper."

fire proceeds from their mouths
The imagery of fire is significant in biblical literature, often symbolizing judgment, purification, and the presence of God. The Greek word for "fire" (πῦρ, pyr) is used in various contexts, such as the fire that consumed Elijah's sacrifice on Mount Carmel (1 Kings 18:38). This phrase suggests that the words of the witnesses carry divine authority and power, reminiscent of Jeremiah 5:14, where God declares, "I will make My words in your mouth a fire."

and devours their enemies
The term "devours" (κατεσθίει, katesthiei) conveys a sense of complete consumption or destruction. This reflects the ultimate triumph of God's truth over falsehood and evil. Historically, this can be seen in the fate of those who opposed God's prophets, such as the destruction of the prophets of Baal. The imagery here is not just of physical destruction but also of spiritual defeat, emphasizing the power of God's word to overcome opposition.

In this way, anyone who wants to harm them
Reiterating the earlier phrase, this emphasizes the certainty of divine retribution against those who oppose God's messengers. The repetition serves to highlight the seriousness of opposing God's will and the inevitable consequences of such actions. It is a reminder of the spiritual warfare that believers face and the assurance of God's protection.

must be killed
The phrase "must be killed" (δεῖ αὐτὸν ἀποκτανθῆναι, dei auton apoktanthēnai) indicates a divine necessity or decree. The use of "must" (δεῖ, dei) suggests that this is not merely a possible outcome but an ordained one. This reflects the biblical principle of divine justice, where those who persist in opposing God ultimately face judgment. It serves as a sobering reminder of the seriousness of rejecting God's message and the ultimate victory of God's kingdom.

These men have power
The phrase "These men have power" refers to the two witnesses described earlier in Revelation 11. The Greek word for "power" here is "ἐξουσία" (exousia), which implies authority or the right to act. This authority is divinely granted, emphasizing that their actions are sanctioned by God. Historically, prophets like Elijah and Moses were given similar authority to perform miracles, underscoring the continuity of God's power through His chosen servants.

to shut the sky
The ability "to shut the sky" is reminiscent of the prophet Elijah, who prayed for a drought, and it did not rain for three and a half years (1 Kings 17:1; James 5:17). The Greek word for "shut" is "κλείω" (kleio), meaning to close or lock. This act signifies divine judgment and control over nature, highlighting the witnesses' role in executing God's will on earth.

so that no rain will fall
The phrase "so that no rain will fall" indicates a direct consequence of the witnesses' authority. Rain, a symbol of God's blessing and provision, being withheld signifies judgment and a call to repentance. In the biblical context, rain is often associated with God's favor (Deuteronomy 11:14), and its absence serves as a powerful sign of divine displeasure.

during the days of their prophecy
"During the days of their prophecy" suggests a specific, divinely appointed period for the witnesses' ministry. The Greek word for "prophecy" is "προφητεία" (propheteia), which involves speaking forth God's message. This period is marked by both proclamation and miraculous signs, emphasizing the urgency and importance of their message.

and they have power to turn the waters into blood
The ability "to turn the waters into blood" echoes the first plague in Egypt (Exodus 7:17-21), where Moses turned the Nile into blood. This act serves as a sign of judgment and a call to repentance. The transformation of water, a source of life, into blood, a symbol of death, underscores the severity of God's warnings through His witnesses.

and to strike the earth with every kind of plague
The phrase "and to strike the earth with every kind of plague" indicates the breadth of the witnesses' authority to execute divine judgment. The Greek word for "plague" is "πληγή" (plege), meaning a blow or wound. This power to inflict plagues recalls the plagues of Egypt, serving as a reminder of God's sovereignty and the consequences of rebellion against Him.

as often as they wish
The concluding phrase "as often as they wish" highlights the autonomy granted to the witnesses within the scope of their divine mission. This autonomy underscores the seriousness of their role and the urgency of their message. It serves as a reminder of the patience and mercy of God, who desires repentance but will not withhold judgment indefinitely.

When they have finished their testimony
This phrase indicates a divinely appointed mission that the two witnesses must complete. The Greek word for "finished" is "τελέω" (teleō), which implies bringing something to its intended goal or purpose. The "testimony" refers to their prophetic witness, a theme deeply rooted in the biblical tradition of prophets who speak God's truth to a rebellious world. Historically, this reflects the perseverance required of God's servants, who must fulfill their calling despite opposition.

the beast that comes up from the abyss
The "beast" is a symbol of chaotic evil and opposition to God, often interpreted as a representation of antichrist forces. The Greek word "θηρίον" (thērion) suggests a wild, untamed creature, emphasizing its destructive nature. The "abyss" (Greek: "ἄβυσσος," abyssos) is a place of confinement for evil spirits, indicating the beast's demonic origin. This imagery draws from Jewish apocalyptic literature, where the abyss is a realm of chaos and evil, contrasting with the order and holiness of heaven.

will wage war with them
The phrase "wage war" (Greek: "ποιήσει πόλεμον," poiēsei polemon) signifies a deliberate and aggressive action against the witnesses. This echoes the spiritual warfare theme prevalent throughout Scripture, where God's people face opposition from evil forces. Historically, this reflects the persecution faced by early Christians and serves as a reminder of the ongoing spiritual battle between good and evil.

and will overpower and kill them
The Greek word for "overpower" is "νικήσει" (nikēsei), meaning to conquer or prevail. This suggests a temporary victory for evil, as the witnesses are physically killed. However, in the broader biblical narrative, such apparent defeats often precede divine vindication and victory. The death of the witnesses parallels the martyrdom of early Christians, who, like Christ, triumphed through apparent defeat. This serves as an encouragement to believers to remain faithful, trusting in God's ultimate victory over evil.

Their bodies
This phrase refers to the two witnesses mentioned earlier in Revelation 11. In the Greek, "bodies" (σώματα, sōmata) emphasizes the physicality and mortality of these witnesses, highlighting the reality of their martyrdom. The presence of their bodies in the street signifies a public display of their death, intended to shame and dishonor them. However, from a Christian perspective, this also foreshadows their eventual vindication and resurrection, symbolizing the triumph of God's truth over worldly powers.

will lie in the street
The Greek word for "lie" (κείμενα, keimena) suggests a passive state, indicating that the bodies are left without proper burial. In ancient times, especially in Jewish culture, burial was a significant act of respect. The denial of burial rites to these witnesses underscores the contempt of the world towards God's messengers. Yet, this act of leaving them in the street also serves as a testament to their unwavering witness for Christ, even unto death.

of the great city
The "great city" is a symbolic representation, often interpreted as a metaphor for a world system opposed to God. Historically, some have identified this city with Jerusalem, Rome, or a future symbolic city representing human rebellion against God. The term "great" (μεγάλη, megalē) in Greek denotes not only size but also influence and power, suggesting a city of significant impact on the world stage.

figuratively called Sodom and Egypt
The use of "figuratively" (πνευματικῶς, pneumatikōs) indicates a symbolic interpretation rather than a literal one. "Sodom" and "Egypt" are archetypes of sin and oppression in the Bible. Sodom is synonymous with moral depravity and divine judgment, while Egypt represents bondage and idolatry. By using these names, the text conveys the spiritual corruption and opposition to God present in this "great city."

where their Lord was also crucified
This phrase anchors the symbolic language in a historical reality, pointing to Jerusalem as the place of Jesus' crucifixion. The mention of "their Lord" (κύριος, kyrios) emphasizes the personal relationship between the witnesses and Christ, underscoring their role as His representatives. The crucifixion site serves as a reminder of the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus and the cost of discipleship, calling believers to remain faithful amidst persecution.

For three and a half days
This phrase signifies a specific, limited period of time, echoing the prophetic timeframes found elsewhere in Revelation and Daniel. The "three and a half" is often seen as a period of trial or judgment, half of the perfect number seven, symbolizing incompleteness and imperfection. Historically, this period reflects the time of Jesus' death and resurrection, suggesting a parallel of suffering followed by victory.

all peoples and tribes and tongues and nations
This phrase emphasizes the universal scope of the event. The Greek words used here, "laoi" (peoples), "phyla" (tribes), "glossai" (tongues), and "ethne" (nations), highlight the diversity and inclusivity of the audience. It underscores the global impact and the widespread attention that the event will command, reflecting the universal nature of the Gospel message and the reach of God's sovereignty.

will view their bodies
The Greek word "blepousin" (will view) suggests a deliberate and sustained observation. This indicates that the event is not hidden but is public and visible to all. The bodies of the two witnesses are a testimony to the world, and their exposure signifies the world's rejection and scorn. This public display serves as a stark reminder of the world's hostility towards God's messengers.

and will not permit their bodies to be laid in a tomb
The refusal to bury the bodies is an act of ultimate disrespect and desecration. In ancient cultures, burial was a sacred duty, and to deny it was to deny dignity and honor. This act reflects the depth of animosity towards the witnesses and symbolizes the world's rebellion against God. Theologically, it also sets the stage for God's vindication and the ultimate triumph of His witnesses, as their resurrection will be all the more powerful and undeniable.

And those who dwell on the earth
This phrase refers to the inhabitants of the earth, often used in Revelation to denote those who are opposed to God and His purposes. The Greek word for "dwell" (κατοικέω, katoikeo) implies a settled, permanent residence, suggesting that these individuals are deeply rooted in worldly systems and values. In the context of Revelation, "those who dwell on the earth" are frequently contrasted with the faithful who are described as sojourners or pilgrims, indicating a temporary stay on earth with a focus on heavenly citizenship.

will gloat over them
The Greek word translated as "gloat" (χαίρω, chairo) typically means to rejoice or be glad. However, in this context, it carries a negative connotation, indicating a malicious delight in the misfortune of others. This reaction reveals the hardened hearts of the earth's inhabitants, who celebrate the apparent defeat of God's witnesses. It underscores the spiritual blindness and moral corruption prevalent among those who reject God's truth.

and will celebrate and send gifts to one another
The act of celebrating and exchanging gifts is reminiscent of ancient customs where victories or significant events were marked by feasting and gift-giving. This behavior is a perverse mimicry of genuine joy and fellowship, highlighting the twisted values of those who oppose God. The historical context of gift-giving as a sign of alliance or shared joy further emphasizes the collective rebellion against divine authority.

because these two prophets
The "two prophets" are the two witnesses mentioned earlier in Revelation 11, who prophesy and perform miracles during a period of great tribulation. Prophets in the biblical tradition are God's messengers, often calling people to repentance and warning of impending judgment. The presence of these prophets signifies God's continued outreach to humanity, even in times of widespread apostasy.

had tormented those who dwell on the earth
The word "tormented" (βασανίζω, basanizo) suggests severe distress or suffering. In this context, the torment is not physical but spiritual and moral, as the truth proclaimed by the prophets convicts the consciences of the earth's inhabitants. This torment is a result of the clash between divine truth and human rebellion, illustrating the discomfort and hostility that arise when God's light exposes the darkness of sin.

But after the three and a half days
This phrase marks a significant turning point in the narrative. The "three and a half days" can be seen as a symbolic period of trial and apparent defeat, reminiscent of the "time, times, and half a time" mentioned in Daniel 7:25. In the context of Revelation, this period represents a temporary triumph of evil over good, a theme that resonates throughout the apocalyptic literature. The number three and a half, being half of seven, symbolizes incompleteness and imperfection, suggesting that the period of suffering is limited and under divine control.

the breath of life from God entered them
The "breath of life" is a powerful image that recalls the creation narrative in Genesis 2:7, where God breathes life into Adam. In the Greek, "pneuma" (breath) is often associated with the Holy Spirit, indicating divine intervention and the restoration of life. This act of God breathing life into the witnesses signifies resurrection and renewal, underscoring the theme of God's sovereignty and the ultimate victory of life over death. It is a reminder of the hope and assurance that believers have in the resurrection power of God.

and they stood on their feet
This phrase signifies resurrection and empowerment. The act of standing is symbolic of strength, readiness, and the ability to act. In Ezekiel 37, the vision of the dry bones coming to life and standing on their feet is a powerful image of restoration and hope for Israel. Similarly, in Revelation, the standing of the witnesses represents the vindication and triumph of God's people. It is a testament to the power of God to raise and restore, even in the face of apparent defeat.

and great fear fell upon those who saw them
The reaction of "great fear" among the onlookers highlights the awe-inspiring nature of God's intervention. The Greek word "phobos" (fear) can denote both terror and reverence. This fear is not just a reaction to the miraculous event but also an acknowledgment of the divine authority and power at work. It serves as a warning to the unbelieving world and a call to repentance. The fear that falls upon the witnesses' enemies is a fulfillment of God's justice and a demonstration of His ultimate authority over life and death. This moment serves as a powerful reminder of the reality of God's presence and the certainty of His promises.

And they heard a loud voice from heaven
The phrase begins with "And they heard," indicating a continuation of the narrative. The "loud voice" is a recurring motif in Revelation, often signifying divine authority and command. The Greek word for "loud" is "megas," which implies not just volume but also significance and power. The "voice from heaven" suggests a direct communication from God, emphasizing the divine origin of the message. This heavenly voice is a call to action, a divine summons that cannot be ignored, reflecting God's sovereign control over the events unfolding.

saying to them, 'Come up here.'
The command "Come up here" is an invitation to ascend, symbolizing a transition from earthly suffering to heavenly glory. The Greek word "anabaino" for "come up" is often used in the New Testament to describe ascension, both literal and spiritual. This phrase echoes the call to John in Revelation 4:1, where he is invited to witness heavenly realities. It signifies a divine elevation, a call to enter into God's presence, and a reward for faithfulness. This invitation is a powerful reminder of the hope of resurrection and eternal life for believers.

And they went up to heaven in a cloud
The imagery of "a cloud" is rich with biblical symbolism. In the Old Testament, clouds often represent God's presence and glory, as seen in the Exodus narrative where God leads the Israelites by a pillar of cloud. The Greek word "nephele" for "cloud" suggests a divine vehicle, a means of transport to the heavenly realm. This ascension in a cloud mirrors Christ's own ascension in Acts 1:9, reinforcing the theme of victory over death and the promise of eternal life. It is a visual representation of the believers' ultimate glorification and union with Christ.

as their enemies watched them
The presence of "their enemies" as witnesses to this ascension underscores the vindication of the faithful. The Greek word "theoreo" for "watched" implies a careful observation, suggesting that the enemies are not just passive onlookers but are witnessing a divine act that confirms the truth of the gospel. This public display of God's power serves as a testimony to the unbelieving world, highlighting the ultimate triumph of God's people over persecution and opposition. It is a powerful reminder of God's justice and the eventual defeat of all that stands against His kingdom.

And in that hour
This phrase indicates a specific, divinely appointed time. In biblical prophecy, timing is crucial, often reflecting God's sovereign control over history. The "hour" signifies a moment of judgment and revelation, echoing the urgency and precision of God's plans as seen throughout Scripture.

there was a great earthquake
Earthquakes in biblical literature often symbolize God's powerful intervention in human affairs. The Greek word for earthquake, "seismos," suggests a shaking or upheaval, both physically and spiritually. Historically, earthquakes have been seen as signs of divine judgment or presence, as in the giving of the Law at Sinai (Exodus 19:18).

and a tenth of the city collapsed
The "tenth" represents a significant portion, yet not total destruction, indicating a partial judgment. Biblically, the number ten often symbolizes completeness or God's order. The collapse of a tenth of the city suggests a measured, purposeful act of God, sparing some for repentance and reflection.

Seven thousand were killed in the quake
The number "seven" in Scripture often denotes completeness or perfection, while "thousand" can imply a large, complete group. The death of seven thousand signifies a complete judgment upon those who were unrepentant. This echoes the completeness of God's justice, as seen in other biblical narratives.

and the rest were terrified
Fear, in this context, is a recognition of God's power and holiness. The Greek word "emphobos" implies a deep, reverential fear, often leading to repentance. This terror is not merely physical but spiritual, acknowledging the divine hand behind the events.

and gave glory to the God of heaven
This phrase indicates a turning point, where fear leads to acknowledgment and worship of God. Giving glory to God is a central theme in Scripture, reflecting repentance and recognition of His sovereignty. The "God of heaven" emphasizes His supreme authority over all creation, contrasting with earthly powers.

The second woe has passed
This phrase marks a transition in the apocalyptic narrative of Revelation. The "second woe" refers to the series of judgments unleashed upon the earth, specifically the sixth trumpet judgment described in Revelation 9:13-21. The Greek word for "woe" is "οὐαί" (ouai), which is an expression of grief or denunciation. In the context of Revelation, it signifies severe divine judgment. Historically, the woes are seen as part of God's righteous judgment against sin and rebellion, serving as a call to repentance. The passing of the second woe indicates a progression in the divine plan, moving towards the culmination of God's purposes.

the third woe is coming quickly
This phrase serves as a warning and a reminder of the imminence of God's final judgment. The "third woe" corresponds to the seventh trumpet, which heralds the final series of judgments leading to the end of the age. The Greek word for "quickly" is "ταχύ" (tachy), suggesting not only speed but also certainty and inevitability. This urgency is a call for readiness and perseverance among believers. In a historical and scriptural context, this reflects the consistent biblical theme that God's timing is perfect, and His plans unfold according to His divine schedule. The anticipation of the third woe underscores the need for faithfulness and vigilance in the face of impending divine action.

The seventh angel sounded his trumpet
The phrase marks a pivotal moment in the Book of Revelation. The "seventh angel" signifies the completion of a series of divine judgments, as the number seven often represents perfection or completion in biblical numerology. The "trumpet" is a symbol of proclamation and divine intervention, echoing the use of trumpets in the Old Testament to announce significant events or divine presence (e.g., Joshua 6:4-5). In the Greek, "trumpet" (σάλπιγξ, salpinx) conveys a sense of urgency and authority, heralding the culmination of God's plan.

and loud voices called out in heaven
The "loud voices" suggest a collective and authoritative declaration, possibly by angels or the redeemed saints. The setting "in heaven" indicates the divine origin and cosmic significance of the proclamation. This heavenly chorus underscores the importance of the message, as heaven itself rejoices and affirms the unfolding of God's sovereign will.

The kingdom of the world has become
This phrase marks a transformative moment in redemptive history. The "kingdom of the world" refers to the earthly realm under human and demonic influence, often characterized by sin and rebellion against God. The Greek word for "kingdom" (βασιλεία, basileia) implies a realm of rule and authority. The verb "has become" (ἐγένετο, egeneto) indicates a completed action, signifying a decisive shift in power and governance.

the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ
Here, the "kingdom" is now under the dominion of "our Lord and of His Christ," signifying the ultimate triumph of God's sovereignty. "Our Lord" refers to God the Father, while "His Christ" denotes Jesus the Messiah, the anointed one. This dual reference highlights the unity and shared authority of the Father and the Son in the divine plan. The phrase echoes Psalm 2:2, where the anointed one is established as king, fulfilling messianic prophecies.

and He will reign forever and ever
The promise of eternal reign emphasizes the permanence and unassailable nature of God's kingdom. The Greek verb "will reign" (βασιλεύσει, basileusei) conveys ongoing and unending rule. The repetition of "forever and ever" (εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων, eis tous aiōnas tōn aiōnōn) underscores the eternal duration of Christ's kingship, offering assurance to believers of the ultimate victory over evil and the establishment of divine justice and peace. This eternal reign fulfills the prophetic visions of Daniel 7:14 and Isaiah 9:7, where the Messiah's kingdom is described as everlasting.

And the twenty-four elders
The phrase "twenty-four elders" is significant in the apocalyptic literature of Revelation. The number twenty-four is often interpreted as representing the twelve tribes of Israel and the twelve apostles, symbolizing the fullness of God's people, both Old and New Testament believers. The elders are seen as heavenly representatives of the redeemed, indicating a continuity of God's covenantal relationship with humanity. In the Greek, "presbyteroi" (elders) suggests maturity and authority, reflecting the wisdom and leadership of those who have faithfully served God.

who sit on their thrones
The imagery of thrones is prevalent throughout Revelation, symbolizing authority and governance. The elders sitting on thrones before God indicates a position of honor and responsibility. In the ancient Near Eastern context, thrones were associated with kingship and judgment. The Greek word "thronos" implies a seat of power, suggesting that these elders share in the divine rule and judgment, a theme consistent with the promise to believers that they will reign with Christ (Revelation 5:10).

before God
The phrase "before God" emphasizes the proximity and direct access these elders have to the divine presence. In the biblical tradition, being before God signifies a place of privilege and reverence. The Greek "enopion" conveys the idea of being in the sight or presence of someone, highlighting the intimate relationship between the elders and God. This reflects the ultimate fulfillment of the believer's hope to dwell in the presence of God eternally.

fell on their faces
This act of falling on their faces is a profound expression of worship and submission. In biblical times, prostration was a common gesture of deep reverence and humility before a superior, especially in the presence of deity. The Greek "epesan" (fell) indicates a deliberate and voluntary act of worship, acknowledging God's supreme authority and holiness. This posture is a physical manifestation of the heart's adoration and surrender to God.

and worshiped God
Worship is the central theme of this verse, as the elders respond to God's majesty and sovereignty. The Greek word "proskuneo" (worshiped) means to bow down or to kiss the hand, signifying an act of homage and devotion. Worship in this context is not merely a ritual but a heartfelt acknowledgment of God's worthiness and glory. The elders' worship serves as a model for believers, illustrating the ultimate purpose of creation: to glorify and enjoy God forever. This scene in Revelation underscores the eternal truth that worship is the rightful response to the revelation of God's character and deeds.

We give thanks to You, Lord God Almighty
This phrase begins with an expression of gratitude, a central theme in Christian worship and prayer. The Greek word for "give thanks" is "εὐχαριστοῦμεν" (eucharistoumen), which is the root of the term "Eucharist," a sacrament of thanksgiving in Christian liturgy. The title "Lord God Almighty" emphasizes God's supreme power and authority. The Greek "Κύριος ὁ Θεὸς ὁ Παντοκράτωρ" (Kyrios ho Theos ho Pantokratōr) underscores His omnipotence, a reminder of His sovereignty over all creation, which is a source of comfort and assurance for believers facing trials.

the One who is and who was
This phrase reflects the eternal nature of God, echoing the divine name revealed to Moses in Exodus 3:14, "I AM WHO I AM." The Greek "ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἦν" (ho ōn kai ho ēn) signifies God's timeless existence, transcending past, present, and future. This eternal aspect of God assures believers of His unchanging nature and faithfulness throughout history, providing a foundation for trust and hope.

because You have taken Your great power
Here, the focus shifts to God's active role in history. The Greek "εἴληφας τὴν δύναμίν σου τὴν μεγάλην" (eilēphas tēn dynamin sou tēn megalēn) highlights the decisive action of God exercising His power. This is a moment of divine intervention, where God's might is not just inherent but actively manifested. It reassures believers that God is not distant or passive but is dynamically involved in the unfolding of His divine plan.

and have begun to reign
The phrase "have begun to reign" in Greek "ἐβασίλευσας" (ebasileusas) indicates the commencement of God's direct rule. This is a pivotal moment in eschatological expectation, where God's kingdom is fully realized on earth as it is in heaven. It reflects the fulfillment of prophetic promises and the ultimate victory of God's righteousness and justice. For believers, this is a source of hope and anticipation, affirming that despite present struggles, God's sovereign rule will ultimately prevail, bringing peace and restoration.

The nations were enraged
This phrase captures the hostility of the world against God's sovereign rule. The Greek word for "enraged" is "orgizō," which conveys a deep-seated anger and rebellion. Historically, this reflects the consistent opposition of worldly powers against divine authority, as seen throughout biblical history. The nations' rage is a fulfillment of Psalm 2, where the kings of the earth set themselves against the Lord. This anger is not just a momentary outburst but a persistent state of rebellion against God's kingdom.

and Your wrath has come
The term "wrath" in Greek is "orgē," indicating a righteous and just response from God towards sin and rebellion. This is not a capricious anger but a holy and measured response to the accumulated sins of humanity. The coming of God's wrath signifies the transition from His patience and mercy to judgment, a theme consistent with the prophetic literature of the Old Testament, where God's wrath is often depicted as a purifying and corrective force.

The time has come to judge the dead
This phrase points to the eschatological judgment, where all individuals, living and dead, will be held accountable before God. The Greek word for "judge" is "krinō," which implies a thorough evaluation and rendering of justice. This judgment is a central theme in Christian eschatology, affirming the belief in a final reckoning where God's justice will be fully realized. It echoes Daniel 12:2 and the teachings of Jesus in the Gospels about the resurrection and judgment.

and to reward Your servants the prophets
Here, the focus shifts to the positive aspect of God's judgment—reward. The Greek word for "reward" is "misthos," which denotes a recompense or payment for service. This highlights God's faithfulness in honoring those who have faithfully proclaimed His word. The prophets, often persecuted and marginalized, are now vindicated and rewarded, fulfilling Jesus' promise in Matthew 5:12 about the great reward in heaven for those who are persecuted for righteousness' sake.

and the saints and those who fear Your name, both small and great
This phrase emphasizes the inclusivity of God's reward, extending beyond prophets to all believers who revere God's name. The term "saints" refers to those set apart for God, while "those who fear Your name" underscores a reverential awe and respect for God. The mention of "small and great" signifies that God's reward is not based on earthly status but on faithfulness and devotion. This reflects the biblical principle that God shows no partiality, as seen in Acts 10:34-35.

and to destroy those who destroy the earth
The Greek word for "destroy" is "diaphtheirō," which means to corrupt or ruin. This phrase indicates a divine retribution against those who have brought harm and corruption to God's creation. It underscores the biblical theme of stewardship and the consequences of failing to honor God's creation. This destruction is not arbitrary but a just response to the willful damage inflicted upon the earth, aligning with the prophetic warnings found in Isaiah and Jeremiah about the consequences of sin and rebellion.

Then the temple of God in heaven was opened
The phrase "temple of God in heaven" signifies the heavenly sanctuary, a place of divine presence and holiness. The Greek word for "temple" is "ναός" (naos), which refers to the inner sanctuary, the most sacred part of the temple. This opening of the heavenly temple symbolizes the unveiling of divine mysteries and the accessibility of God's presence to His people. Historically, the temple was the center of worship and the dwelling place of God among His people. In the heavenly context, it represents the ultimate fulfillment of God's promise to dwell with humanity.

and the ark of His covenant appeared in His temple
The "ark of His covenant" is a powerful symbol of God's faithfulness and His promises to His people. The ark, originally housed in the Holy of Holies in the earthly temple, contained the tablets of the Law, Aaron's rod, and a pot of manna, representing God's covenant, authority, and provision. Its appearance in the heavenly temple underscores the eternal nature of God's covenant and His unchanging faithfulness. The Greek word for "appeared" is "ὤφθη" (ōphthē), indicating a revelation or manifestation, emphasizing the visibility and reality of God's promises.

And there were flashes of lightning, and rumblings, and peals of thunder
These phenomena are reminiscent of God's presence at Mount Sinai (Exodus 19:16-19) and are often associated with divine revelation and judgment. The Greek words "ἀστραπαί" (astrapai) for "flashes of lightning," "φωναί" (phōnai) for "rumblings," and "βρονταί" (brontai) for "peals of thunder" convey the awe-inspiring and powerful nature of God's presence. These elements serve as a reminder of God's majesty and the seriousness of His judgments, as well as the dramatic unfolding of His divine plan.

and an earthquake
The "earthquake" symbolizes a significant upheaval or transformation, often associated with divine intervention or judgment. In biblical times, earthquakes were seen as manifestations of God's power and a sign of His direct involvement in human affairs. The Greek word "σεισμός" (seismos) indicates a shaking or disturbance, reflecting the profound impact of God's actions on the world. This imagery reinforces the idea of God's sovereign control over creation and history.

and a great hailstorm
The "great hailstorm" is a symbol of divine judgment and wrath. Hailstorms in the Bible are often associated with God's punishment of the wicked, as seen in the plagues of Egypt (Exodus 9:18-26). The Greek word "χάλαζα" (chalaza) for "hailstorm" emphasizes the severity and destructive power of this judgment. This imagery serves as a warning of the consequences of rejecting God's covenant and a call to repentance and faithfulness.