When Jesus had finished saying these things
This phrase marks a transition in the Gospel of Matthew, indicating the conclusion of a significant teaching or discourse by Jesus. In the preceding chapter, Jesus had been teaching about forgiveness and the kingdom of heaven. This pattern of concluding a teaching with a phrase like "when Jesus had finished" is a literary device used by Matthew to structure his Gospel, seen in other sections such as Matthew 7:28, 11:1, 13:53, and 26:1. It highlights the importance of Jesus' teachings and prepares the reader for a new phase in His ministry.

He left Galilee
Galilee was the primary region of Jesus' ministry, where He performed many miracles and taught extensively. It was a region known for its mixed population of Jews and Gentiles, which is significant in understanding Jesus' mission to both groups. Leaving Galilee signifies a shift in Jesus' focus as He moves towards the culmination of His earthly ministry in Jerusalem. This movement also fulfills the prophecy of Isaiah 9:1-2, which speaks of a great light coming from Galilee.

and went into the region of Judea
Judea was the southern part of ancient Israel, encompassing Jerusalem, the religious and political center of Jewish life. This journey to Judea is significant as it sets the stage for the events leading to Jesus' crucifixion and resurrection. Judea was under Roman occupation, and tensions were high between the Jewish leaders and the Roman authorities. Jesus' presence in Judea would have been seen as a challenge to both religious and political structures.

beyond the Jordan
This phrase indicates that Jesus traveled to the area east of the Jordan River, known as Perea. This region was also under the jurisdiction of Herod Antipas, like Galilee. The area beyond the Jordan was significant in Jewish history as the place where the Israelites crossed into the Promised Land under Joshua's leadership (Joshua 3). It also holds typological significance as a place of transition and preparation, paralleling Jesus' own journey towards His ultimate sacrifice. This movement beyond the Jordan can be seen as a symbolic act, echoing the themes of crossing over and entering into a new covenant.

Large crowds followed Him
The phrase indicates Jesus' growing popularity and the widespread recognition of His authority and power. This is consistent with other Gospel accounts where Jesus attracts large gatherings due to His teachings and miracles (e.g., Matthew 4:25, Mark 3:7-8). The crowds often included people from various regions, reflecting the diverse socio-economic backgrounds of those drawn to Him. This movement of people signifies a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah drawing nations to Himself (Isaiah 2:2-3).

and He healed them
Jesus' healing ministry is a central aspect of His earthly work, demonstrating His compassion and divine authority. Healing the sick was a sign of the Kingdom of God breaking into the world (Matthew 12:28). It also fulfilled messianic prophecies such as Isaiah 35:5-6, which speak of the blind seeing and the lame walking. The healings served as a testament to Jesus' identity as the Messiah and were a foretaste of the complete restoration to come in the new creation.

there
The location, likely in the region of Judea beyond the Jordan, is significant as it was a place where John the Baptist had previously ministered (John 10:40). This area was a crossroads of Jewish and Gentile populations, symbolizing the inclusive nature of Jesus' ministry. The geographical setting underscores the transition from John’s preparatory work to the fulfillment found in Christ. Jesus' presence and actions in this region highlight the expansion of His ministry beyond traditional Jewish boundaries, prefiguring the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20).

Then some Pharisees came and tested Him by asking,
The Pharisees were a prominent religious group in Judaism known for their strict adherence to the Law of Moses and oral traditions. They often engaged in debates about the interpretation of the law. In this context, they approached Jesus with the intent to test Him, which implies a motive beyond mere curiosity. Their goal was likely to trap Jesus into saying something that could be used against Him, either to discredit Him among the people or to bring Him into conflict with the religious authorities. This encounter takes place in the region of Judea beyond the Jordan, an area with a significant Jewish population familiar with the teachings of the Pharisees.

“Is it lawful for a man to divorce his wife for any reason?”
This question refers to the debate among Jewish scholars of the time regarding the grounds for divorce. The Pharisees' question is rooted in Deuteronomy 24:1-4, where Moses permits a man to write a certificate of divorce if he finds something indecent about his wife. By asking if divorce is permissible "for any reason," they are referencing the differing interpretations of this passage. The school of Shammai held a conservative view, allowing divorce only for serious transgressions, while the school of Hillel permitted it for more trivial reasons. The question posed to Jesus is designed to force Him to take a stance on this contentious issue, potentially alienating one group or the other. This question also reflects the cultural and societal norms of the time, where men held significant authority over marital decisions.

Jesus answered
In this passage, Jesus is responding to a question posed by the Pharisees regarding divorce. His response is authoritative, indicating His role as a teacher and interpreter of the Law. This phrase underscores Jesus' divine wisdom and His ability to address complex issues with clarity. It also highlights His role as the ultimate authority on scriptural interpretation, often challenging the prevailing interpretations of the religious leaders of His time.

Have you not read
This phrase emphasizes the importance of Scripture as the foundation for understanding God's will. Jesus often used this rhetorical question to point the Pharisees back to the Scriptures, which they claimed to know well. It suggests that the answers to their questions are already available in the sacred texts, encouraging a return to the original intent of the Scriptures. This also serves as a reminder of the importance of personal engagement with the Bible.

that from the beginning
Here, Jesus refers to the creation account in Genesis, indicating that the principles He is about to discuss are rooted in the very foundation of the world. This phrase establishes the timeless nature of God's design for humanity and marriage. It implies that the original creation order is the standard by which all human relationships should be measured, pointing to the unchanging nature of God's purposes.

the Creator
This term identifies God as the one who designed and instituted marriage. It affirms the belief in a personal, intentional God who is actively involved in the creation and sustenance of the world. By referring to God as the Creator, Jesus underscores the divine authority behind the institution of marriage, suggesting that it is not merely a human or cultural construct but a divine ordinance.

‘made them male and female’
This phrase is a direct quotation from Genesis 1:27, highlighting the complementary nature of men and women in God's design. It affirms the binary nature of gender as part of the created order. This statement is foundational for understanding the biblical view of marriage as a union between one man and one woman. It also reflects the inherent dignity and value of both genders, created in the image of God, and serves as a basis for discussions on gender roles and relationships within a biblical framework.

and said,
This phrase refers to Jesus quoting Scripture, specifically Genesis 2:24. It highlights the authority of the Old Testament in Jesus' teachings. By using "and said," Jesus affirms the divine inspiration of the Genesis account, emphasizing that these are not merely human words but God's design for marriage.

‘For this reason
This phrase points to the purpose and intent behind the creation of marriage. It suggests a divine rationale, indicating that marriage is not a human invention but a part of God's original plan for humanity. The "reason" refers to the preceding context in Genesis, where God creates woman as a suitable helper for man, establishing the foundation for the marital relationship.

a man will leave his father and mother
This indicates a significant cultural shift from the traditional family structure. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, family ties were strong, and living with extended family was common. The act of leaving one's parents signifies the establishment of a new, primary family unit. It underscores the priority and independence of the marital relationship over the parental one.

and be united to his wife,
The phrase "be united" implies a deep, covenantal bond. The Hebrew word used in Genesis, "dabaq," suggests a strong, enduring attachment. This union is not merely physical but involves emotional and spiritual dimensions. It reflects the covenant relationship God desires with His people, as seen in other biblical covenants.

and the two will become one flesh’?
This phrase describes the profound unity achieved in marriage. It encompasses physical, emotional, and spiritual oneness. The concept of "one flesh" is foundational to understanding the biblical view of marriage as a sacred, indivisible union. It also prefigures the unity between Christ and the Church, as elaborated in Ephesians 5:31-32, where Paul uses this imagery to describe the relationship between Christ and believers.

So they are no longer two, but one flesh.
This phrase emphasizes the unity and permanence of marriage as instituted by God. The concept of "one flesh" originates from Genesis 2:24, where God establishes the marital bond between Adam and Eve. This union is not merely physical but also spiritual and emotional, symbolizing a complete partnership. In the cultural context of Jesus' time, marriage was a covenantal relationship, deeply rooted in Jewish tradition and law. The idea of becoming "one flesh" underscores the depth of commitment and the indissoluble nature of the marital bond. This unity reflects the relationship between Christ and the Church, as seen in Ephesians 5:31-32, where Paul draws a parallel between the two, highlighting the sacredness and mystery of marriage.

Therefore what God has joined together,
This phrase acknowledges God's sovereignty and active role in the institution of marriage. It implies that marriage is not merely a social contract but a divine ordinance. In the historical context, Jewish marriage was seen as a covenant before God, with Him as a witness to the vows exchanged. The phrase suggests that God Himself is the one who unites the couple, making the marriage sacred and binding. This divine joining is a reminder of the covenantal nature of marriage, akin to God's covenants with His people throughout the Bible, such as the Abrahamic and Mosaic covenants. Theologically, it points to the idea that marriage is part of God's design and purpose for humanity, reflecting His faithfulness and love.

let man not separate.
This command underscores the permanence of marriage and the prohibition against divorce. In the cultural and historical context of first-century Judaism, divorce was a contentious issue, with debates between different rabbinical schools about its permissibility. Jesus' statement here is a direct response to the Pharisees' question about divorce, as seen earlier in Matthew 19. By asserting that man should not separate what God has joined, Jesus reinforces the sanctity and indissolubility of marriage. This teaching aligns with the prophetic tradition, where marriage is often used as a metaphor for God's unbreakable covenant with Israel, as seen in Hosea and Jeremiah. The phrase serves as a call to honor and uphold the divine intention for marriage, reflecting God's eternal commitment to His people.

“Why then,” they asked,
This phrase indicates a question posed by the Pharisees, a group of Jewish religious leaders known for their strict adherence to the Law of Moses. The context is a dialogue between Jesus and the Pharisees, who often sought to test Him. The use of "Why then" suggests they are challenging Jesus' previous statements about marriage and divorce, attempting to find a contradiction or loophole in His teachings.

“did Moses order a man to give his wife a certificate of divorce and send her away?”
The reference to Moses points to Deuteronomy 24:1-4, where Moses provided regulations concerning divorce. This was a concession due to the hardness of people's hearts, not an endorsement of divorce. The "certificate of divorce" was a legal document that allowed a woman to remarry, offering her some protection in a patriarchal society. The Pharisees' question reflects a common debate of the time regarding the grounds for divorce, with different rabbinical schools offering varying interpretations. This question also highlights the tension between the letter of the law and the spirit of the law, a recurring theme in Jesus' teachings.

Jesus replied
In this passage, Jesus is responding to a question posed by the Pharisees regarding the legality of divorce. His reply is authoritative, indicating His role as a teacher and interpreter of the Law. This interaction highlights Jesus' wisdom and understanding of the Scriptures, as well as His ability to address complex issues with clarity.

Moses permitted you to divorce your wives
Here, Jesus refers to Deuteronomy 24:1-4, where Moses provided regulations concerning divorce. This was a concession to human weakness rather than an endorsement of divorce. The cultural context of the time allowed for divorce, but it was not God's ideal. Moses' allowance was a way to manage the consequences of sin in a fallen world, ensuring some protection for women in a patriarchal society.

because of your hardness of heart
The phrase "hardness of heart" indicates a spiritual and moral stubbornness. In biblical terms, a hard heart is resistant to God's will and guidance. This condition is often associated with sin and rebellion against God. Jesus points out that the allowance for divorce was a response to human sinfulness, not a reflection of God's perfect will.

But it was not this way from the beginning
Jesus refers back to the creation narrative in Genesis, where God established marriage as a lifelong union between a man and a woman (Genesis 2:24). This statement underscores the original divine intention for marriage, which is rooted in permanence and unity. By pointing to the beginning, Jesus emphasizes the sanctity and indissolubility of marriage as God intended it before the fall of humanity.

Now I tell you
This phrase indicates a direct teaching from Jesus, emphasizing His authority. In the context of Matthew 19, Jesus is responding to questions from the Pharisees about the legality of divorce, referencing the Mosaic Law. His use of "I tell you" underscores His role as the ultimate interpreter of the Law, surpassing traditional interpretations.

that whoever divorces his wife
Divorce was a significant issue in Jewish society, with debates between different rabbinical schools, such as Hillel and Shammai, regarding its grounds. The phrase highlights the universality of Jesus' teaching, applying to all who consider divorce. It reflects the seriousness of the marital covenant, which was intended to be a lifelong commitment.

except for sexual immorality
This exception clause is crucial in understanding Jesus' teaching on divorce. The term "sexual immorality" translates from the Greek word "porneia," which encompasses various forms of illicit sexual behavior. This exception aligns with the Jewish understanding of marital unfaithfulness as a legitimate ground for divorce, as seen in Deuteronomy 24:1.

and marries another woman
Remarriage after divorce was a common practice, but Jesus' teaching here introduces a moral dimension to the act. The cultural context of the time allowed for remarriage, but Jesus challenges His followers to consider the spiritual implications of such actions, emphasizing the sanctity of the original marriage bond.

commits adultery.
Adultery, a violation of the marital covenant, was a serious offense in Jewish law, punishable by death according to Leviticus 20:10. By equating remarriage after an illegitimate divorce with adultery, Jesus elevates the standard of marital fidelity. This teaching connects to the broader biblical theme of faithfulness, reflecting God's unwavering commitment to His people, as seen in the prophetic imagery of marriage in Hosea.

His disciples said to Him
The disciples often engaged in direct conversation with Jesus, seeking clarification on His teachings. This reflects their role as learners and followers, eager to understand the implications of Jesus' radical teachings on marriage and divorce. The context here follows Jesus' teaching on the permanence of marriage, which was counter-cultural to the more lenient views on divorce prevalent in Jewish society at the time.

“If this is the case between a man and his wife
Jesus had just explained that marriage is a lifelong commitment, intended by God from the beginning of creation (referencing Genesis 2:24). This statement by the disciples indicates their surprise at the strictness of Jesus' teaching, which contrasts with the more permissive interpretations of the Mosaic Law regarding divorce (Deuteronomy 24:1-4). The phrase highlights the seriousness of the marital bond and the high standard Jesus sets for His followers.

it is better not to marry.”
The disciples' reaction suggests that they viewed the commitment of marriage as daunting under Jesus' teaching. This reflects a cultural context where marriage was the norm and often seen as a social and economic necessity. Their statement may also echo the sentiments found in 1 Corinthians 7, where Paul discusses the benefits of singleness for those who can accept it, emphasizing undivided devotion to the Lord. This phrase underscores the radical nature of Jesus' teaching on marriage, challenging societal norms and inviting His followers to consider the spiritual implications of their relationships.

Not everyone can accept this word,
This phrase acknowledges the challenging nature of Jesus' teachings, particularly regarding marriage and celibacy. In the context of Matthew 19, Jesus has just spoken about the permanence of marriage and the call to celibacy for the sake of the kingdom. The "word" refers to these teachings, which were counter-cultural in a Jewish society that valued marriage and procreation. This echoes the idea found in 1 Corinthians 2:14, where spiritual truths are discerned only by those who are spiritually mature.

He replied,
Jesus' response is direct and authoritative, indicating His role as a teacher and prophet. His reply comes after the disciples express surprise at His teaching on marriage, showing that even those closest to Him struggled with His radical ideas. This reflects the broader theme in the Gospels of Jesus challenging societal norms and expectations.

but only those to whom it has been given.
This phrase suggests that understanding and accepting Jesus' teachings is a gift from God, aligning with the concept of divine revelation. It implies that spiritual insight is not achieved through human effort alone but is granted by God. This is consistent with passages like John 6:65, where Jesus states that no one can come to Him unless it is granted by the Father. It highlights the theme of divine election and the work of the Holy Spirit in opening hearts to the truth.

For there are eunuchs who were born that way;
This phrase acknowledges the existence of individuals who are naturally unable to engage in sexual relations due to congenital conditions. In biblical times, such individuals were often marginalized, yet Jesus acknowledges their existence and inherent value. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God's care for all people, regardless of their physical or social status. The mention of eunuchs here can be seen as a metaphor for those who, by nature, are set apart for a specific purpose, aligning with the biblical principle that God has a unique plan for each person.

others were made that way by men;
Historically, eunuchs were often castrated males who served in royal courts, particularly in the ancient Near East and other empires, such as Persia and Rome. This practice was common to ensure loyalty and prevent them from engaging in sexual relations with royal women. The mention of eunuchs made by men highlights the societal and cultural practices of the time, where individuals were often subjected to life-altering changes for the sake of service or control. This can be connected to the broader biblical narrative of human authority and its impact on individuals' lives.

and still others live like eunuchs for the sake of the kingdom of heaven.
This phrase introduces the concept of voluntary celibacy for spiritual purposes. It reflects the idea of self-denial and dedication to God's work, reminiscent of the Apostle Paul's teachings in 1 Corinthians 7, where he discusses the benefits of singleness for undistracted devotion to the Lord. This voluntary choice is seen as a higher calling, where individuals prioritize spiritual commitments over earthly ties, echoing the sacrificial nature of Christ's own ministry.

The one who can accept this should accept it.”
Here, Jesus acknowledges that the call to celibacy is not for everyone, but for those who are able to embrace it. This statement respects individual capacity and calling, emphasizing that such a lifestyle is a personal decision rather than a universal mandate. It aligns with the biblical theme of free will and personal conviction in one's spiritual journey. This phrase also underscores the importance of discernment and the recognition of one's unique role in God's kingdom, much like the diverse gifts and callings described in Romans 12 and 1 Corinthians 12.

Then little children were brought to Jesus
In the cultural context of the time, children were often seen as insignificant in society. However, Jesus consistently demonstrated a counter-cultural approach by valuing and welcoming them. This act of bringing children to Jesus signifies the faith and trust of the parents or guardians in His power and compassion. It reflects the broader biblical theme of God’s care for the innocent and vulnerable, as seen in passages like Psalm 127:3, which describes children as a heritage from the Lord.

for Him to place His hands on them and pray for them.
The laying on of hands is a significant biblical gesture symbolizing blessing, healing, and the impartation of authority or favor. In the Old Testament, patriarchs like Isaac and Jacob laid hands on their children to bless them (Genesis 27, 48). Jesus’ act of laying hands on the children and praying for them underscores His role as a mediator and intercessor, akin to the high priestly role described in Hebrews 4:14-16. It also highlights His compassion and willingness to bless those whom society might overlook.

And the disciples rebuked those who brought them.
The disciples’ rebuke reflects a misunderstanding of Jesus’ mission and the nature of His kingdom. They likely thought they were protecting Jesus from being bothered by what they considered trivial matters. This incident parallels other moments where the disciples misunderstood Jesus’ teachings, such as when they argued about who would be the greatest in the kingdom (Mark 9:33-37). The rebuke also serves as a reminder of the need for humility and openness to God’s ways, which often challenge societal norms and expectations.

But Jesus said,
This phrase indicates a direct response from Jesus, often highlighting a correction or teaching moment. In the context of Matthew 19, Jesus is addressing His disciples who were rebuking people for bringing children to Him. This reflects Jesus' authority and His role as a teacher who often challenged societal norms and expectations.

“Let the little children come to Me,
Jesus' invitation to the children signifies His openness and accessibility. In the cultural context of the time, children were often seen as insignificant and without status. By welcoming them, Jesus emphasizes the value and importance of every individual, regardless of societal status. This act also symbolizes the inclusivity of the Gospel message.

and do not hinder them!
This command underscores the importance of removing obstacles that prevent people from coming to Jesus. It serves as a reminder to the disciples and to believers today to facilitate, rather than obstruct, others' access to Christ. This can be seen as a call to examine personal and communal practices that might inadvertently keep people away from faith.

For the kingdom of heaven belongs to such as these.”
Here, Jesus highlights the qualities of children—such as humility, dependence, and trust—as essential for entering the kingdom of heaven. This statement connects to other teachings of Jesus, such as in Matthew 18:3, where He emphasizes becoming like little children to enter the kingdom. It reflects the prophetic vision of a kingdom where the last are first and the humble are exalted, aligning with the messianic expectations of a transformative reign of God.

And after He had placed His hands on them
In biblical times, the laying on of hands was a significant act, often associated with blessing, healing, or commissioning. In this context, Jesus placing His hands on the children signifies a blessing. This act reflects the Jewish tradition where blessings were imparted through touch, as seen in Genesis 48:14 when Jacob blessed Ephraim and Manasseh. Jesus' actions here emphasize the value and importance of children in the Kingdom of God, countering cultural norms that often marginalized them. This gesture also prefigures the spiritual blessings believers receive through Christ.

He went on from there
This phrase indicates a transition in Jesus' ministry, as He continues His journey towards Jerusalem. The movement from one place to another is a recurring theme in the Gospels, highlighting the itinerant nature of Jesus' ministry. Each location He visits serves a purpose in His mission to teach, heal, and ultimately fulfill His redemptive work. This journey motif is significant as it leads to the culmination of His earthly ministry in Jerusalem, where He will face crucifixion and resurrection. The phrase also suggests the urgency and purposefulness of Jesus' mission, as He moves from one opportunity to minister to the next.

Just then a man came up to Jesus and inquired
This encounter occurs as Jesus is traveling, likely in the region of Judea beyond the Jordan. The man approaching Jesus is often identified as a rich young ruler, as described in parallel accounts in Mark 10:17 and Luke 18:18. This indicates a person of some social standing and wealth, which is significant in understanding his perspective and the subsequent conversation. The act of coming to Jesus shows a recognition of Jesus' authority and wisdom, common among those seeking spiritual guidance during His ministry.

Teacher
The man addresses Jesus as "Teacher," a term of respect acknowledging Jesus' role as a rabbi or spiritual instructor. This title reflects the man's recognition of Jesus' authority in spiritual matters, though it may not fully acknowledge His divine nature. In Jewish culture, rabbis were highly respected for their knowledge of the Law and their ability to interpret it.

what good thing must I do
The question reveals a common Jewish understanding of the time that eternal life could be obtained through righteous deeds and adherence to the Law. This reflects the Pharisaic emphasis on works and legalistic righteousness. The man's focus on "doing" suggests a belief in earning salvation through personal merit, a concept that Jesus often challenged by emphasizing faith and grace.

to obtain eternal life?
Eternal life, in Jewish thought, was associated with the age to come and the resurrection of the righteous. The man's inquiry indicates a desire for assurance of his place in this future kingdom. This question is central to Jesus' teachings, as He often redefined eternal life not just as a future hope but as a present reality through relationship with Him (John 17:3). The man's question sets the stage for Jesus to address the deeper issues of the heart and the true nature of discipleship.

“Why do you ask Me about what is good?”
In this phrase, Jesus addresses a question posed by a rich young ruler about what good deed is necessary to obtain eternal life. The question reflects a common Jewish understanding of the time that eternal life could be earned through good works. Jesus challenges this notion by redirecting the focus from human deeds to the nature of goodness itself. This question also serves to highlight the deeper issue of understanding who Jesus is, as He is the embodiment of divine goodness.

Jesus replied.
This indicates a direct response from Jesus, emphasizing His authority and wisdom. In the Gospels, Jesus often uses questions to provoke deeper reflection and understanding. His reply is not just an answer but an invitation to consider the true nature of goodness and the source of eternal life.

“There is only One who is good.”
Here, Jesus points to God as the ultimate standard of goodness. This statement aligns with the Jewish Shema, a central declaration of faith in one God (Deuteronomy 6:4). It underscores the belief that true goodness originates from God alone, contrasting with human attempts to define or achieve goodness independently. This also subtly affirms Jesus' divinity, as He later reveals Himself as one with the Father (John 10:30).

If you want to enter life,
The phrase "enter life" refers to eternal life, a concept deeply rooted in Jewish eschatology. Eternal life is not just a future promise but a present reality that begins with a relationship with God. Jesus emphasizes that entering life is not merely about following rules but involves a transformative relationship with God.

keep the commandments.”
Jesus refers to the commandments given in the Torah, which were central to Jewish life and practice. By instructing the young man to keep the commandments, Jesus acknowledges their importance but also sets the stage for revealing the limitations of the law in achieving righteousness. This points to the necessity of faith and grace, themes further developed in the New Testament (Romans 3:20-24). Jesus fulfills the law and offers a new covenant, inviting believers to follow Him as the way to eternal life (John 14:6).

“Which ones?” the man asked.
The question posed by the rich young ruler reflects a common Jewish understanding of the law during the time of Jesus. The Jewish people were familiar with the Ten Commandments and the broader Mosaic Law, which included 613 commandments. The young man's inquiry suggests a desire to know which specific commandments were necessary for eternal life, indicating a mindset focused on legalistic adherence rather than the spirit of the law. This question also reveals a cultural context where religious leaders often debated the weight and importance of different commandments.

Jesus answered, “Do not murder,
Jesus begins His response by citing the sixth commandment from the Decalogue (Exodus 20:13; Deuteronomy 5:17). This commandment is foundational to the sanctity of life, a principle deeply rooted in the creation narrative where humanity is made in the image of God (Genesis 1:27). The prohibition against murder underscores the value God places on human life and serves as a reminder of the moral order established by God. In the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus expands on this commandment, teaching that even harboring anger against another is subject to judgment (Matthew 5:21-22).

do not commit adultery,
The seventh commandment (Exodus 20:14; Deuteronomy 5:18) addresses the sanctity of marriage, a covenant relationship instituted by God (Genesis 2:24). Adultery is not only a violation of this covenant but also a sin against God, who designed marriage to reflect His faithfulness and love. In the cultural context of first-century Judaism, adultery was a serious offense, often punishable by death (Leviticus 20:10). Jesus further intensifies this commandment by teaching that even lustful thoughts are equivalent to adultery in the heart (Matthew 5:27-28).

do not steal,
The eighth commandment (Exodus 20:15; Deuteronomy 5:19) protects personal property and promotes trust within the community. Stealing undermines social stability and reflects a lack of contentment with God's provision. In the broader biblical narrative, theft is often associated with greed and covetousness, which are condemned throughout Scripture (Proverbs 15:27; 1 Corinthians 6:10). Jesus' inclusion of this commandment highlights the importance of integrity and respect for others' possessions.

do not bear false witness,
The ninth commandment (Exodus 20:16; Deuteronomy 5:20) emphasizes the importance of truthfulness and justice. Bearing false witness, particularly in a legal context, can lead to unjust outcomes and harm to innocent individuals. In ancient Israel, the legal system relied heavily on the testimony of witnesses, making honesty crucial for maintaining justice. Jesus' teaching consistently upholds truth as a reflection of God's character (John 14:6) and warns against deceit, which aligns with the nature of Satan (John 8:44).

Honor your father and mother
This commandment is rooted in the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:12; Deuteronomy 5:16), emphasizing the importance of family structure and respect within the household. In ancient Jewish culture, honoring one's parents was not only a moral obligation but also a societal expectation, ensuring the stability and continuity of the family unit. This commandment is unique among the Ten Commandments as it comes with a promise of long life and prosperity in the land God gives (Ephesians 6:2-3). The respect for parental authority reflects the broader biblical theme of submission to God-ordained authority, which is echoed in various New Testament passages (Colossians 3:20). Jesus reiterates this commandment, underscoring its continued relevance in His teachings.

And love your neighbor as yourself.
This phrase is a direct reference to Leviticus 19:18 and is central to Jesus' teaching on the law. It encapsulates the ethical demands of the law, emphasizing love as the fulfillment of the law (Romans 13:9-10). In the cultural context of first-century Judaism, "neighbor" was often understood to mean fellow Israelites, but Jesus expands this definition in the parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25-37), illustrating that love should extend beyond ethnic and religious boundaries. This commandment is foundational to Christian ethics, as it calls for selfless love and empathy, reflecting the character of Christ Himself. The principle of loving one's neighbor is also seen as a reflection of the love God shows to humanity, and it is a call to imitate that divine love in human relationships.

All these I have kept,
The young man refers to the commandments Jesus listed in the previous verses, which include prohibitions against murder, adultery, theft, false testimony, and the command to honor one's parents. This claim reflects a common Jewish understanding of righteousness based on adherence to the Law. The young man's assertion suggests a belief in his own moral integrity and adherence to the Mosaic Law, which was central to Jewish life and identity. His confidence may also reflect the Pharisaic emphasis on external observance of the Law, which Jesus often critiqued for neglecting the heart's condition (Matthew 23:23-28).

said the young man.
The term "young man" indicates someone likely in his late teens to early thirties, a period in life associated with vigor and ambition. In the cultural context of first-century Judea, youth was often linked with potential and the pursuit of status and wealth. This young man is also described as wealthy in the broader passage, which would have afforded him a certain level of respect and influence in society. His approach to Jesus shows a desire for spiritual fulfillment beyond his material success.

What do I still lack?
This question reveals an awareness of an unfulfilled spiritual need despite his outward compliance with the Law. It suggests a recognition that legalistic righteousness is insufficient for true spiritual satisfaction. The young man's inquiry points to a deeper longing for eternal life, which he senses is not fully addressed by his current religious practices. This moment highlights the limitations of the Law in providing complete spiritual fulfillment, a theme echoed in Paul's writings, such as in Romans 3:20, where he explains that the Law makes us conscious of sin but cannot justify us. The question also sets the stage for Jesus to address the heart of discipleship, which involves total surrender and following Him, as seen in the subsequent verses.

Jesus told him
This phrase indicates a direct communication from Jesus, emphasizing His authority and personal engagement. In the context of Matthew 19, Jesus is addressing a rich young ruler who is seeking eternal life. This encounter highlights Jesus' role as a teacher and His ability to discern the heart's true intentions.

If you want to be perfect
The term "perfect" here refers to spiritual maturity and completeness, not flawlessness. In Jewish thought, perfection often meant fulfilling God's commandments fully. Jesus is challenging the young man to go beyond mere legalistic adherence to the law and to seek a deeper, wholehearted devotion to God.

go, sell your possessions and give to the poor
This command addresses the young man's attachment to wealth, which is a barrier to his spiritual growth. In first-century Jewish culture, wealth was often seen as a sign of God's blessing, yet Jesus challenges this notion by prioritizing generosity and care for the poor. This echoes the teachings of the prophets, such as Isaiah and Amos, who emphasized justice and mercy.

and you will have treasure in heaven
Jesus contrasts earthly wealth with heavenly treasure, urging a focus on eternal values. This concept is consistent with other teachings of Jesus, such as in Matthew 6:19-21, where He advises storing up treasures in heaven. The idea of heavenly rewards is a recurring theme in the New Testament, encouraging believers to live with an eternal perspective.

Then come, follow Me
This invitation to follow Jesus is central to discipleship. It implies a total commitment and willingness to prioritize Jesus above all else. The call to follow is not just physical but involves a transformation of life and priorities. This echoes Jesus' earlier calls to His disciples and highlights the cost of true discipleship, as seen in passages like Matthew 16:24-26.

When the young man heard this
This phrase refers to the rich young ruler who approached Jesus with a question about eternal life. The context is a conversation where Jesus challenges him to sell his possessions and give to the poor. This moment is pivotal, as it reveals the young man's internal struggle between his desire for eternal life and his attachment to material wealth. The young man's response is a reflection of the broader human condition, where the call to follow Christ often requires a sacrifice of worldly attachments.

he went away in sorrow
The young man's sorrow indicates a deep internal conflict. His reaction is not one of anger or defiance but of sadness, suggesting he understood the gravity of Jesus' request but was unwilling to comply. This sorrow can be seen as a fulfillment of Jesus' earlier teachings about the difficulty for the rich to enter the kingdom of heaven (Matthew 19:23-24). The young man's departure highlights the cost of discipleship and the challenge of prioritizing spiritual wealth over earthly riches.

because he had great wealth
The mention of his great wealth underscores the central issue of the narrative: the challenge of wealth as an obstacle to spiritual commitment. In the cultural and historical context of first-century Judea, wealth was often seen as a sign of God's favor, yet Jesus turns this notion on its head by suggesting that wealth can be a hindrance to spiritual growth. This echoes the teachings found in Proverbs 11:28 and 1 Timothy 6:9-10, where the dangers of trusting in riches are highlighted. The young man's wealth symbolizes the broader theme of idolatry, where material possessions can take precedence over one's relationship with God.

Then Jesus said to His disciples
In this passage, Jesus is addressing His disciples, indicating a teaching moment specifically for those who are following Him closely. The disciples were often privy to deeper insights and explanations of Jesus' teachings, which were sometimes given in parables to the larger crowds. This setting underscores the importance of the lesson being imparted, as it is meant for those who are committed to understanding and living out His teachings.

Truly I tell you
The phrase "Truly I tell you" is a solemn affirmation used by Jesus to emphasize the truth and importance of what He is about to say. It is a way of underscoring the reliability and significance of His words. This phrase is often used by Jesus to introduce teachings that may be counterintuitive or challenging to the prevailing cultural norms and expectations.

it is hard for a rich man to enter the kingdom of heaven
This statement challenges the common Jewish belief of the time that wealth was a sign of God's favor and blessing. In the cultural and historical context, wealth was often associated with righteousness and divine approval. However, Jesus turns this notion on its head by suggesting that wealth can be a hindrance to entering the kingdom of heaven. This teaching aligns with other scriptural warnings about the dangers of wealth, such as in 1 Timothy 6:9-10, where the love of money is described as a root of all kinds of evil. The kingdom of heaven, a central theme in Jesus' teachings, refers to the reign and rule of God, both in the present spiritual sense and in the future eschatological fulfillment. Jesus' statement highlights the spiritual challenge that wealth can pose, as it may lead to self-reliance and a diminished sense of need for God.

Again I tell you,
This phrase emphasizes the importance of the statement, indicating that Jesus is reiterating a crucial teaching. In the context of Matthew 19, Jesus is addressing His disciples after the encounter with the rich young ruler. The repetition underscores the difficulty of the lesson and the need for the disciples to grasp its significance.

it is easier for a camel
The camel was the largest animal commonly seen in Palestine, making it a fitting metaphor for something large and cumbersome. This imagery would have been familiar to Jesus' audience, highlighting the impossibility of the task being described. The camel is often used in biblical literature to represent wealth and burden, as seen in Genesis 24:10 where camels carry the wealth of Abraham.

to pass through the eye of a needle
The "eye of a needle" is a metaphor for something exceedingly small and narrow. Some interpretations suggest this refers to a small gate in Jerusalem, but there is no strong historical evidence for such a gate. The phrase is likely a hyperbolic expression to illustrate the impossibility of the task. This hyperbole is consistent with other teachings of Jesus, such as straining out a gnat and swallowing a camel (Matthew 23:24).

than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God.”
This statement challenges the common Jewish belief that wealth was a sign of God's favor. Jesus turns this notion on its head, suggesting that reliance on wealth can be a spiritual hindrance. The kingdom of God is a central theme in Jesus' teachings, representing God's sovereign rule and the fulfillment of His promises. The difficulty for the rich to enter the kingdom is echoed in other scriptures, such as 1 Timothy 6:9-10, which warns of the dangers of wealth leading to spiritual ruin. This teaching calls for a heart posture of humility and dependence on God rather than material riches.

When the disciples heard this
The disciples had just listened to Jesus' teaching on the difficulty for a rich man to enter the kingdom of heaven. This teaching followed the encounter with the rich young ruler, who went away sorrowful because he was unwilling to part with his wealth. The disciples, who were often present during Jesus' teachings, were attentive to His words and teachings, which often challenged societal norms and expectations.

they were greatly astonished
The astonishment of the disciples reflects their cultural understanding of wealth as a sign of God's favor. In Jewish tradition, wealth was often seen as a blessing from God, and the idea that it could be a hindrance to entering the kingdom of heaven was shocking. This reaction underscores the radical nature of Jesus' teachings, which often turned conventional wisdom on its head.

and asked, “Who then can be saved?”
The disciples' question reveals their concern and confusion about the requirements for salvation. If those who are perceived as blessed and favored by God (the wealthy) find it difficult to be saved, it raises the question of who can achieve salvation. This question sets the stage for Jesus' subsequent teaching on the nature of salvation, emphasizing that it is not dependent on human effort or status but on God's grace. This theme is echoed in other scriptures, such as Ephesians 2:8-9, which emphasizes salvation by grace through faith, not by works.

Jesus looked at them and said,
This phrase indicates a direct and intentional communication from Jesus to His disciples. The act of looking at them suggests a moment of teaching and emphasis. In the context of Matthew 19, Jesus is addressing the disciples' astonishment at His teaching on wealth and the kingdom of heaven. This moment follows the encounter with the rich young ruler, highlighting the difficulty for the wealthy to enter the kingdom of God. Jesus' gaze signifies the importance of the lesson He is about to impart, ensuring the disciples understand the gravity of His words.

“With man this is impossible,
Here, Jesus acknowledges human limitations. The "this" refers to the preceding discussion about salvation and the difficulty for a rich person to enter the kingdom of heaven. In the cultural context of first-century Judaism, wealth was often seen as a sign of God's favor, making Jesus' statement countercultural and challenging. The impossibility with man underscores the inadequacy of human effort and merit in achieving salvation, pointing to the need for divine intervention.

but with God all things are possible.”
This phrase emphasizes God's omnipotence and sovereignty. It reassures the disciples that what is beyond human capability is within God's power. This statement connects to other biblical themes, such as God's ability to fulfill His promises (Genesis 18:14, Jeremiah 32:17) and His power to bring about salvation (Ephesians 2:8-9). It also foreshadows the redemptive work of Christ, where salvation is made possible through His sacrifice, not through human deeds. This declaration serves as a cornerstone of faith, encouraging believers to trust in God's power and provision.

“Look,” Peter replied,
Peter, often seen as the spokesperson for the disciples, addresses Jesus directly. This moment follows Jesus' teaching on the difficulty for the rich to enter the kingdom of heaven. Peter's use of "Look" indicates a desire for Jesus to pay attention to their sacrifice. This reflects Peter's bold and impulsive nature, often seen throughout the Gospels.

“we have left everything to follow You.”
The disciples, including Peter, left their livelihoods, families, and possessions to follow Jesus. This act of leaving everything behind is significant in the Jewish context, where family and land were central to identity and security. The disciples' commitment mirrors the call of Elisha, who left his oxen and plow to follow Elijah (1 Kings 19:19-21). It also prefigures the call for all believers to prioritize Christ above all else (Luke 14:26-33).

What then will there be for us?”
Peter's question reveals a human concern for reward and assurance. In the cultural context, following a rabbi often involved expectations of learning and eventual leadership or reward. This question anticipates Jesus' teaching on the rewards for those who sacrifice for the kingdom (Matthew 19:28-30). It also connects to the broader biblical theme of God rewarding faithfulness, as seen in Hebrews 11:6 and the parable of the talents (Matthew 25:14-30).

Jesus said to them
This phrase indicates a direct address to the disciples, emphasizing the importance of the message. Jesus often used direct speech to convey significant teachings to His followers, ensuring clarity and authority in His words.

Truly I tell you
The use of "truly" (or "amen" in Greek) underscores the certainty and importance of what follows. It is a solemn affirmation, often used by Jesus to introduce profound truths or promises.

in the renewal of all things
This refers to the eschatological hope of a new creation, a theme found throughout Scripture. It echoes the prophetic visions of a restored world found in Isaiah 65:17 and Revelation 21:1, where God promises a new heaven and a new earth.

when the Son of Man sits on His glorious throne
The title "Son of Man" is a messianic term Jesus frequently used for Himself, drawing from Daniel 7:13-14, where the Son of Man is given dominion and glory. The "glorious throne" signifies His authority and kingship, fulfilled in the eschatological future when Christ reigns supreme.

you who have followed Me
This phrase highlights the disciples' commitment and the cost of discipleship. It reflects the call to follow Jesus, as seen in Matthew 4:19, and the promise of reward for those who remain faithful.

will also sit on twelve thrones
The promise of thrones indicates a position of authority and honor. It suggests a role of governance and judgment, reminiscent of the judges in Israel's history, as seen in the Book of Judges.

judging the twelve tribes of Israel
This phrase connects to the restoration of Israel, a common theme in Jewish eschatology. It implies a future role for the apostles in the messianic kingdom, where they will have authority over the tribes, fulfilling the promises of restoration and leadership found in passages like Ezekiel 37:21-28.

And everyone who has left houses or brothers or sisters or father or mother or wife or children or fields
This phrase emphasizes the radical commitment required to follow Jesus. In the cultural context of first-century Judea, family and land were central to one's identity and security. Leaving these behind would have been a significant sacrifice, highlighting the cost of discipleship. The mention of "houses" and "fields" indicates material possessions, while "brothers or sisters or father or mother or wife or children" underscores relational ties. This echoes the call of Abraham, who left his homeland for God's promise (Genesis 12:1). It also parallels the disciples' own experiences, as they left their livelihoods and families to follow Christ (Matthew 4:18-22).

for the sake of My name
This phrase signifies that the sacrifices made are not for personal gain or ambition but for the cause of Christ. "My name" refers to the authority and mission of Jesus, underscoring the personal relationship and allegiance to Him. In biblical terms, a name represents character and authority, as seen in the commandment to not take the Lord's name in vain (Exodus 20:7). The early church faced persecution for the name of Jesus, as seen in Acts 5:41, where the apostles rejoiced for being counted worthy to suffer for His name.

will receive a hundredfold
This promise of receiving "a hundredfold" suggests abundant spiritual and communal blessings, both in this life and the life to come. It reflects the principle of divine recompense, where God rewards those who sacrifice for His kingdom. This echoes the Old Testament theme of restoration and blessing, as seen in Job 42:10, where Job receives twice as much as he had before. The concept of "hundredfold" also points to the parable of the sower, where the seed that falls on good soil yields a hundredfold (Matthew 13:8), symbolizing the fruitful outcome of faithful discipleship.

and will inherit eternal life
The promise of "eternal life" is the ultimate reward for believers, signifying a restored relationship with God and participation in His kingdom. Inheritance language is significant in Scripture, often associated with the Promised Land (Deuteronomy 4:21) and the blessings of God's covenant. Eternal life is not just a future hope but a present reality, as seen in John 17:3, where knowing God and Jesus Christ is described as eternal life. This inheritance is secured through Christ's redemptive work, fulfilling the prophecies of a Messiah who brings salvation (Isaiah 53).

But many who are first
This phrase addresses the concept of societal and spiritual status. In the context of Jesus' time, the "first" could refer to those who were wealthy, powerful, or held religious authority, such as the Pharisees and Sadducees. These groups were often seen as the most righteous and blessed by God. However, Jesus frequently challenged the notion that external status equated to spiritual favor. This phrase echoes the theme found in Matthew 23:11-12, where Jesus teaches that the greatest among His followers must be a servant. It also reflects the reversal of expectations seen throughout Jesus' ministry, where He elevates the humble and brings down the proud.

will be last
This part of the verse suggests a reversal of roles or fortunes. In the Kingdom of Heaven, earthly status does not guarantee spiritual prominence. This idea is consistent with the Beatitudes in Matthew 5, where Jesus blesses the poor in spirit, the meek, and those who hunger for righteousness. The concept of the first becoming last is a warning to those who rely on their own achievements or status for salvation. It emphasizes humility and the need for a heart aligned with God's values rather than worldly success.

and the last will be first
Here, Jesus offers hope and encouragement to those who are marginalized, oppressed, or considered insignificant by societal standards. The "last" could include the poor, sinners, and Gentiles, who were often looked down upon by the Jewish elite. This phrase is a promise that God's Kingdom operates on principles of grace and mercy, not human merit. It aligns with the parable of the workers in the vineyard (Matthew 20:1-16), where those hired last receive the same reward as those hired first, illustrating God's generosity and the equality of all believers in His eyes. This reversal is a common theme in the teachings of Jesus, highlighting the transformative power of the Gospel.