When the Sabbath was over
The phrase indicates the conclusion of the Jewish Sabbath, which is from Friday evening to Saturday evening. In the Jewish context, the Sabbath is a day of rest and worship, as commanded in the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:8-11). The Greek word for Sabbath, "sabbaton," reflects a period of rest and cessation from work. This timing is significant because it marks the earliest opportunity for the women to perform burial rites, showing their devotion and adherence to Jewish law.

Mary Magdalene
Mary Magdalene is a prominent figure in the Gospels, known for her deep devotion to Jesus. Her name suggests she was from Magdala, a town on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee. Historically, she is often remembered as the first to witness the resurrected Christ, highlighting her important role among Jesus' followers. Her presence here underscores her loyalty and love for Jesus, even in death.

Mary the mother of James
This Mary is often identified as the mother of James the Less, one of the twelve apostles. Her inclusion in this passage emphasizes the involvement of Jesus' close followers and family in His burial rites. The mention of her son, James, connects her to the early Christian community and underscores the familial bonds within Jesus' circle.

and Salome
Salome is another devoted follower of Jesus, possibly the mother of the sons of Zebedee, James and John. Her presence with the other women highlights the role of women in Jesus' ministry and their courage in facing the dangers associated with being identified with Him after His crucifixion. Salome's actions reflect the dedication and service that characterized the early disciples.

bought spices
The act of buying spices indicates preparation for anointing Jesus' body, a customary practice in Jewish burial traditions to honor the deceased and mitigate the odor of decay. The Greek word "agorazo" implies a transaction, showing the women's commitment to honoring Jesus despite the personal cost and risk involved.

so they could go and anoint
Anointing was a significant act of love and respect, often associated with kingship and divine favor in the Hebrew Scriptures. The Greek word "aleipho" means to anoint or rub with oil, symbolizing care and reverence. This act by the women signifies their recognition of Jesus' royal and divine identity, even in death.

the body of Jesus
The reference to "the body of Jesus" underscores the reality of His death, a central tenet of Christian faith. The physicality of Jesus' body affirms the incarnation—God becoming flesh. The women's intention to anoint His body reflects their deep love and the tangible reality of their loss, setting the stage for the miraculous discovery of the resurrection.

Very early
The phrase "very early" indicates the time of day when the events of this verse occur. In the Greek, the word used is "λίαν πρωῒ" (lian proi), which suggests the earliest part of the morning, just after dawn. This timing is significant as it reflects the eagerness and devotion of the women who came to the tomb. Their early arrival demonstrates their deep love and commitment to Jesus, even after His crucifixion. Historically, this was a time when the world was still quiet, and the new day was just beginning, symbolizing the dawn of a new era with the resurrection of Christ.

on the first day of the week
This phrase marks the day as Sunday, the day after the Jewish Sabbath. In the Jewish context, the first day of the week is significant because it follows the day of rest, symbolizing a new beginning. Theologically, this day becomes crucial for Christians as it is the day of Jesus' resurrection, which is why Christians traditionally gather for worship on Sundays. The resurrection on the first day of the week signifies the new creation and the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan.

they went to the tomb
The women going to the tomb shows their intention to anoint Jesus' body with spices, a customary practice of the time to honor the deceased. This act of devotion highlights their courage and faithfulness, as they were willing to face potential danger and uncertainty. The tomb, a place of death, becomes the setting for the most significant event in Christian history—the resurrection. Archaeologically, tombs from this period were often carved out of rock, with a large stone rolled across the entrance, which the women were concerned about moving.

when the sun had risen
The rising of the sun is not only a literal description of the time of day but also carries symbolic meaning. Theologically, the rising sun can be seen as a metaphor for the resurrection of Christ, the "light of the world" (John 8:12). Just as the sun dispels darkness, the resurrection dispels the darkness of sin and death. The timing emphasizes the new hope and life brought by Jesus' victory over the grave. The imagery of light overcoming darkness is a powerful theme throughout Scripture, representing God's presence and salvation.

They were asking one another
This phrase indicates a conversation among the women who were followers of Jesus. The Greek word used here, "ἔλεγον" (elegon), is in the imperfect tense, suggesting a continuous or repeated action. This implies that the women were deeply concerned and repeatedly discussing the issue as they approached the tomb. Historically, this reflects the communal nature of their journey, emphasizing the shared burden and collective faith of these women. Their dialogue underscores the human tendency to worry about obstacles, even when on a mission of faith and devotion.

Who will roll away the stone
The question posed by the women highlights their awareness of a significant physical barrier. The Greek word for "roll away," "ἀποκυλίσει" (apokylisei), suggests a large, heavy object that requires considerable effort to move. Archaeological findings confirm that tombs of that era often had large stones, sometimes weighing several tons, placed at their entrances. This detail emphasizes the realism of the narrative, as the women were aware of their limitations and the need for divine or human intervention to accomplish their task. Spiritually, this question can symbolize the barriers we perceive in our own lives, which seem insurmountable without divine assistance.

from the entrance of the tomb
The "entrance of the tomb" refers to the physical location where Jesus was laid after His crucifixion. The Greek term "μνημείου" (mnēmeiou) is used for "tomb," which denotes a memorial or a place of remembrance. Historically, Jewish burial customs involved placing the deceased in a rock-hewn tomb, often sealed with a stone to protect the body from animals and grave robbers. Theologically, the tomb represents both the finality of death and the anticipation of resurrection. The entrance, therefore, is not just a physical barrier but a symbolic threshold between death and life, despair and hope. The women's concern about accessing the tomb reflects their devotion and desire to honor Jesus, even in death, while also setting the stage for the miraculous revelation of the resurrection.

But when they looked up
This phrase marks a pivotal moment of realization and discovery. The Greek word for "looked up" is "anablepo," which implies not just a physical act of looking, but a lifting of the eyes with expectation or hope. In the context of the resurrection narrative, this signifies a transition from despair to the dawning of new understanding. The women who came to the tomb were initially burdened with grief, but their act of looking up symbolizes a shift from earthly sorrow to heavenly revelation.

they saw
The Greek word "theoreo" is used here, which means to behold or to perceive with understanding. This is more than a casual glance; it is an observation that leads to insight. In the context of the resurrection, this seeing is a moment of divine revelation. The women are witnesses to the miraculous, and their testimony becomes foundational to the Christian faith. This act of seeing is a call to all believers to open their eyes to the works of God in their lives.

that the stone had been rolled away
The stone, in Greek "lithos," was a significant barrier, both physically and symbolically. It represented the finality of death and the impossibility of human effort to overcome it. The fact that it "had been rolled away" (Greek "apokulio") indicates divine intervention. This action is a powerful testament to God's sovereignty and the fulfillment of Jesus' promise of resurrection. The removal of the stone signifies the removal of the barrier between humanity and God, made possible through Christ's victory over death.

even though it was extremely large
The description of the stone as "extremely large" emphasizes the miraculous nature of its removal. The Greek word "megas" is used, which denotes something great in size or importance. This detail underscores the power of God, who can overcome any obstacle, no matter how insurmountable it may seem. Historically, such stones were used to seal tombs securely, making the resurrection event even more extraordinary. This serves as a reminder to believers that no problem is too great for God to handle, and His power is made perfect in our weakness.

As they entered the tomb
The act of entering the tomb signifies a moment of transition from despair to revelation. The Greek word for "entered" (εἰσελθόντες, eiselthontes) implies a deliberate action, suggesting the women’s courage and determination to honor Jesus despite their grief. The tomb, a place of death, becomes a setting for divine encounter, symbolizing the transition from the old covenant of law and death to the new covenant of grace and life through Christ’s resurrection.

they saw a young man
The "young man" (νεανίσκος, neaniskos) is traditionally understood to be an angelic being. In biblical narratives, angels often appear as young men, signifying purity, strength, and divine presence. This appearance aligns with other scriptural accounts where angels serve as messengers of God, bringing news of great importance. The presence of the angel underscores the divine orchestration of the resurrection event.

dressed in a white robe
The "white robe" (στολὴν λευκήν, stolēn leukēn) is emblematic of purity, holiness, and heavenly origin. White garments in scripture often denote righteousness and divine approval. This imagery connects to the transfiguration of Jesus (Mark 9:3), where His garments became dazzling white, symbolizing His divine nature. The angel’s attire reassures the women of the heavenly nature of the message they are about to receive.

sitting on the right side
The "right side" (δεξιὰν, dexian) is significant in biblical symbolism, often representing a place of honor and authority. In ancient cultures, the right side was associated with power and favor. The angel’s position on the right side of the tomb suggests the authority of the message he is about to deliver, affirming the truth and power of the resurrection.

and they were alarmed
The reaction of being "alarmed" (ἐξεθαμβήθησαν, exethambēthēsan) reflects a common human response to divine encounters. This Greek term conveys a mix of fear, amazement, and awe. The women’s alarm is a natural reaction to the unexpected presence of the angel and the profound implications of the resurrection. It highlights the initial human struggle to comprehend the divine mystery of Christ’s victory over death, a mystery that transforms fear into faith and despair into hope.

But he said to them
This phrase introduces the words of the angelic figure at the tomb. The "he" refers to the angel, a messenger of God, who is delivering a divine message. In the context of the resurrection narrative, angels often serve as God's heralds, bringing news of great joy and significance. The presence of an angel underscores the divine nature of the resurrection event, emphasizing that this is not merely a human occurrence but a pivotal moment in God's redemptive plan.

Do not be alarmed
The Greek word used here is "ekthambeisthe," which conveys a sense of being greatly amazed or terrified. The angel's reassurance is a common biblical motif when humans encounter the divine or supernatural. This phrase is meant to calm the women, acknowledging their fear and confusion, and to prepare them for the incredible news they are about to receive. It reflects God's understanding of human emotions and His desire to bring peace in moments of divine revelation.

You are looking for Jesus the Nazarene
This identifies Jesus specifically, acknowledging His earthly origins and humanity. "Nazarene" connects Jesus to Nazareth, fulfilling prophecies and grounding His identity in a real historical context. It also serves to remind the readers of Jesus' humble beginnings and His role as the awaited Messiah who walked among them, fully human yet fully divine.

who was crucified
This phrase confirms the reality of Jesus' crucifixion, a central tenet of Christian faith. The crucifixion is not only a historical event but also a theological cornerstone, representing the atoning sacrifice for humanity's sins. By stating "was crucified," the angel affirms the completion of this sacrificial act, which is essential for understanding the significance of the resurrection.

He has risen!
The Greek term "ēgerthē" is used here, meaning "to rise" or "to be raised." This is the heart of the Christian gospel: Jesus' victory over death. The resurrection is the divine validation of Jesus' identity and mission, confirming His power over sin and death. It is a moment of triumph and hope, promising eternal life to all who believe.

He is not here
This statement emphasizes the physical reality of the resurrection. The empty tomb is a powerful symbol of Jesus' victory over death. It challenges the natural order and invites believers to embrace the miraculous. The absence of Jesus' body is a testament to the truth of His resurrection and a call to faith for all who hear this message.

See the place where they laid Him
The angel invites the women to witness the evidence of the resurrection. This invitation to "see" is both literal and spiritual, encouraging believers to examine the truth of the resurrection and to understand its implications. The empty tomb serves as a tangible proof of God's power and the fulfillment of His promises, inviting all to believe and rejoice in the risen Christ.

But go
The phrase "But go" signifies a call to action, a directive that breaks the silence and fear that had gripped the women at the tomb. In the Greek, the word for "go" is "hypagete," which is an imperative form, indicating urgency and importance. This command is not just a suggestion but a divine mandate, emphasizing the role of the women as the first messengers of the resurrection. Historically, this is significant because it highlights the counter-cultural role of women in the early Christian community, entrusted with the most crucial news in Christian history.

tell His disciples
underscores the importance of communication and the spread of the Gospel message. The Greek word "eipate" for "tell" is another imperative, reinforcing the necessity of sharing the good news. The disciples, who had scattered and were in hiding after Jesus' crucifixion, needed reassurance and hope. This instruction to inform them is a reminder of their continued role in Jesus' mission, despite their previous failures and doubts. It is a call to restore and renew their faith and commitment.

and Peter
is a poignant addition, highlighting the grace and forgiveness inherent in the resurrection message. Peter, who had denied Jesus three times, is singled out, indicating that despite his failings, he is still a vital part of Jesus' plan. The specific mention of Peter serves as a powerful reminder of redemption and the personal nature of Jesus' love and forgiveness. It reassures believers that no failure is too great to be overcome by the grace of God.

He is going ahead of you into Galilee
The phrase "He is going ahead of you" speaks to the leadership and guidance of the risen Christ. The Greek word "proagei" implies not just going ahead in a physical sense but also leading the way spiritually and missionally. Jesus, as the Good Shepherd, goes before His flock, preparing the path and ensuring their safety and success. This assurance would have been comforting to the disciples, who were grappling with fear and uncertainty.

into Galilee
is significant both geographically and theologically. Galilee was the region where Jesus began His ministry, performed many miracles, and taught the multitudes. It represents a return to the roots of His earthly mission and a place of new beginnings. For the disciples, Galilee would be a familiar and significant location, symbolizing the continuation of Jesus' work and the fulfillment of His promises. It is a reminder that the resurrection is not the end but the beginning of a new chapter in God's redemptive plan.

There you will see Him, just as He told you
The assurance "There you will see Him" is a promise of personal encounter and revelation. The Greek word "opsesthe" for "see" implies more than just physical sight; it suggests understanding and recognition. This promise is a source of hope and anticipation for the disciples, affirming that their relationship with Jesus will continue beyond the resurrection. It is a reminder that faith is not just about belief in the unseen but also about experiencing the presence of the risen Christ in tangible ways.

just as He told you
emphasizes the reliability and truth of Jesus' words. Throughout His ministry, Jesus had foretold His death and resurrection, and this phrase serves as a reminder of His faithfulness to His promises. It reassures the disciples that everything is unfolding according to God's sovereign plan. For believers, it is a call to trust in the promises of Scripture, knowing that God is faithful and His word is true. This phrase encourages a deeper faith and reliance on the certainty of God's promises.

So the women left the tomb
The phrase begins with the women, who are identified earlier in the chapter as Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James, and Salome. These women were the first to witness the empty tomb, a significant detail that underscores the role of women in the resurrection narrative. In the cultural context of the time, women were not considered reliable witnesses, yet the Gospel of Mark highlights their pivotal role, which speaks to the authenticity and divine orchestration of the resurrection account. The Greek word for "left" (ἐξῆλθον, exēlthon) implies a departure with purpose, indicating that their leaving was not just physical but also emotional and spiritual, as they were processing the profound implications of the empty tomb.

and ran away
The act of running signifies urgency and a mix of fear and excitement. The Greek word used here (ἔφυγον, ephygon) suggests a swift departure, driven by the overwhelming nature of the event they had just witnessed. This reaction is consistent with the human response to divine encounters throughout Scripture, where the presence of God or His messengers often elicits a combination of awe and fear.

trembling and bewildered
The Greek words for "trembling" (τρέμουσαι, tremousai) and "bewildered" (ἔκστασις, ekstasis) convey a deep emotional and physical reaction. "Trembling" indicates a physical manifestation of fear and reverence, while "bewildered" suggests a state of being overwhelmed and astonished. This dual reaction reflects the profound mystery of the resurrection, which defies human understanding and logic. The women's response is emblematic of the appropriate reaction to the divine—one of reverent fear and awe.

And in their fear
The word "fear" (φόβος, phobos) in this context is not merely terror but a reverential awe. It is the same kind of fear that is the beginning of wisdom, as described in Proverbs 9:10. This fear acknowledges the power and holiness of God, recognizing the resurrection as a divine act that transcends human comprehension.

they did not tell anyone anything
This phrase highlights the initial silence of the women, which is intriguing given the angelic instruction to go and tell the disciples. The Greek construction here emphasizes their immediate reaction rather than a permanent state. Their silence can be seen as a moment of processing the divine encounter before fulfilling their commission. Historically, this detail adds to the authenticity of the account, as it reflects a genuine human reaction to an unprecedented event. Theologically, it underscores the theme of divine revelation that requires contemplation and understanding before proclamation.

After Jesus had risen
The phrase "had risen" is derived from the Greek word "anastasis," which signifies a rising up or resurrection. This word is central to Christian faith, symbolizing Jesus' victory over death and the promise of eternal life for believers. The resurrection is the cornerstone of Christian doctrine, affirming Jesus' divine nature and His power over sin and death. Historically, the resurrection is a well-documented event, with multiple accounts and witnesses, providing a foundation for the hope and faith of Christians throughout the ages.

early on the first day of the week
The "first day of the week" refers to Sunday, which became the Christian day of worship in commemoration of Jesus' resurrection. This shift from the Jewish Sabbath (Saturday) to Sunday highlights the new covenant established through Christ's resurrection. The early morning timing underscores the new beginning and the dawn of a new era in salvation history. Archaeological evidence and early Christian writings support the practice of Sunday worship, reflecting the transformative impact of the resurrection on early Christian communities.

He appeared first to Mary Magdalene
Mary Magdalene's role as the first witness to the resurrected Christ is significant. Her presence underscores the inclusivity of Jesus' ministry and the value He placed on women, which was counter-cultural in the first-century Jewish context. The Greek word "ephane" (appeared) indicates a visible manifestation, emphasizing the physical reality of the resurrection. Mary Magdalene's encounter with the risen Christ is a testament to her faithfulness and devotion, serving as an inspiration for believers to seek a personal relationship with Jesus.

from whom He had driven out seven demons
The mention of "seven demons" highlights the transformative power of Jesus' ministry. The number seven often symbolizes completeness or perfection in biblical literature, suggesting the totality of Mary Magdalene's deliverance. This deliverance is a powerful testament to Jesus' authority over spiritual forces and His ability to restore individuals to wholeness. Historically, this account reflects the broader theme of Jesus' mission to liberate humanity from the bondage of sin and evil, offering hope and redemption to all who believe.

She went
This phrase refers to Mary Magdalene, who is the first to witness the resurrected Christ. The Greek word for "went" is "poreuomai," which implies a purposeful journey or mission. In the context of the resurrection, this highlights the urgency and importance of her task. Mary’s immediate response to go and share the news reflects the transformative power of encountering the risen Lord. Her action sets a precedent for believers to actively share the Gospel.

and told
The Greek word "apaggellō" is used here, meaning to announce or report. This is not merely casual conversation; it is a proclamation of a significant event. In the historical context, the testimony of women was not highly regarded, yet God chose Mary to be the first messenger of the resurrection. This underscores the radical nature of the Gospel, which elevates the humble and gives voice to the marginalized.

those who had been with Him
This phrase refers to the disciples of Jesus, who had followed Him during His earthly ministry. The Greek term "ginomai" suggests a state of being or existence, indicating that these individuals had shared life with Jesus, witnessing His teachings and miracles. Despite their close relationship with Christ, they are depicted in a state of mourning, highlighting their human frailty and the depth of their loss.

who were mourning and weeping
The Greek words "pentheō" (mourning) and "klaiō" (weeping) convey deep sorrow and lamentation. This emotional state reflects the disciples' despair and confusion following Jesus' crucifixion. Historically, mourning was a communal and expressive act in Jewish culture, often involving loud cries and tears. The disciples' grief is a testament to their love for Jesus and the seeming finality of His death. Yet, this moment of sorrow is on the brink of transformation, as the news of the resurrection brings hope and joy.

And when they heard
This phrase indicates the initial reception of the news. The Greek word for "heard" is "ἤκουσαν" (ēkousan), which implies not just the act of hearing but also the opportunity to understand and respond. In the context of the early Christian community, hearing was often the first step toward faith, as "faith comes by hearing" (Romans 10:17). This highlights the importance of the proclamation of the Gospel and the responsibility of the hearers to respond in faith.

that Jesus was alive
The declaration that "Jesus was alive" is central to the Christian faith. The Greek word for "alive" is "ζῶν" (zōn), which signifies not just physical life but a life that is full and eternal. This statement is the cornerstone of the resurrection message, affirming that Jesus conquered death. Historically, the resurrection was a radical claim that set Christianity apart from other beliefs, as it promised eternal life through Christ's victory over the grave.

and she had seen Him
The reference to "she" is to Mary Magdalene, who is mentioned earlier in the chapter as the first to witness the risen Christ. The Greek word for "seen" is "ἑώρακεν" (heōraken), which implies a deep, personal encounter. This emphasizes the role of women as the first witnesses to the resurrection, a significant detail given the cultural context of the time, where women's testimonies were often undervalued. This highlights the inclusivity of the Gospel message and the transformative power of personal encounters with Christ.

they did not believe it
The phrase "they did not believe it" reflects the initial skepticism of the disciples. The Greek word for "believe" is "ἐπίστευσαν" (episteusan), which means to have faith or trust. This disbelief is a recurring theme in the Gospels, illustrating the human struggle to accept the miraculous. It serves as a reminder of the necessity of faith and the work of the Holy Spirit in overcoming doubt. Historically, this skepticism underscores the authenticity of the resurrection accounts, as the disciples' eventual belief was not immediate but came through personal encounters with the risen Christ.

After this
This phrase indicates a sequence of events following the resurrection of Jesus. The Greek word used here, "meta," suggests a transition or continuation of the narrative. It emphasizes the ongoing revelation of Jesus to His followers, underscoring the importance of His appearances as foundational to the Christian faith. Historically, this period was a time of confusion and fear for the disciples, making Jesus' appearances crucial for their understanding and belief in His resurrection.

Jesus appeared
The Greek word for "appeared" is "phaneroō," which means to make visible or manifest. This suggests that Jesus' post-resurrection appearances were intentional and purposeful, designed to reveal His glorified state. Theologically, this emphasizes the reality of the resurrection, affirming that Jesus was not a ghost or vision but truly alive. His appearances served to strengthen the faith of His followers and to commission them for the mission ahead.

in a different form
The phrase "in a different form" is intriguing and has been the subject of much theological discussion. The Greek word "morphē" indicates a change in appearance or outward form. This suggests that Jesus' resurrected body had properties that transcended normal human limitations, yet He remained recognizable to those He chose to reveal Himself to. This transformation highlights the mystery and power of the resurrection, pointing to the glorified state believers will also experience.

to two of them
This refers to two of Jesus' disciples, though not part of the original twelve apostles. The specific mention of "two" aligns with the account in Luke 24:13-35, where Jesus appears to two disciples on the road to Emmaus. This encounter emphasizes the personal nature of Jesus' post-resurrection appearances, showing His care and concern for all His followers, not just the prominent ones. It also underscores the importance of community and fellowship in recognizing and experiencing the risen Christ.

as they walked along
The setting of walking along the road suggests a journey, both literal and spiritual. The Greek word "poreuomai" implies movement and progress. This can be seen as a metaphor for the Christian life, a journey of faith where believers encounter Christ in the midst of their daily lives. Historically, roads were places of travel and communication, symbolizing the spread of the Gospel message as the disciples would soon be commissioned to go into all the world.

in the country
The phrase "in the country" indicates a rural setting, away from the hustle and bustle of the city. This setting is significant as it reflects the humble and accessible nature of Jesus' ministry. The Greek word "agros" refers to fields or countryside, places where Jesus often taught and performed miracles. This setting also symbolizes the universality of the Gospel, reaching beyond urban centers to all corners of the earth, fulfilling the Great Commission.

And they went back
This phrase indicates a return journey, suggesting a deliberate action to convey important information. The Greek word used here, "ἀπελθόντες" (apelthontes), implies a departure with purpose. In the context of the resurrection narrative, this return is significant as it underscores the urgency and importance of the message they carried. Historically, this reflects the early Christian community's commitment to sharing the news of Jesus' resurrection, a foundational event for the faith.

reported it
The Greek word "ἀνήγγειλαν" (anēngeilan) is used here, meaning to announce or declare. This term is often associated with the proclamation of significant news. In the context of the Gospel, it emphasizes the role of the disciples as messengers of the resurrection, tasked with spreading the good news. This act of reporting is a precursor to the Great Commission, highlighting the responsibility of believers to share their faith.

to the rest
This phrase refers to the remaining disciples or followers of Jesus who had not yet encountered the risen Christ. The Greek term "λοιποῖς" (loipois) suggests those who are left or remaining. This highlights the communal aspect of the early church, where the sharing of experiences and testimonies was crucial for building faith and understanding among believers.

but they did not believe them either
The conjunction "ἀλλ’" (all’) introduces a contrast, indicating a lack of belief despite the testimony given. The Greek word for believe, "ἐπίστευσαν" (episteusan), denotes trust or faith. This disbelief is a recurring theme in the resurrection accounts, reflecting the initial skepticism and doubt among Jesus' followers. Historically, this skepticism underscores the extraordinary nature of the resurrection event, which defied human understanding and required divine revelation for full acceptance.

Later
This word indicates a sequence of events following the resurrection of Jesus. It suggests a continuation of the narrative, emphasizing that the appearance of Jesus to the Eleven was not immediate but occurred after some time had passed. This timing underscores the patience and intentionality of Jesus in revealing Himself to His disciples, allowing them to process the reports of His resurrection.

as they were reclining at the table
In the cultural context of the time, reclining at the table was a common posture during meals, especially for significant gatherings. This setting implies a moment of fellowship and intimacy, where Jesus chose to reveal Himself. It highlights the importance of community and shared experiences in the early Christian tradition, where meals often served as a backdrop for teaching and revelation.

Jesus appeared
The Greek word for "appeared" (φανερόω, phaneroō) conveys the idea of making something visible or manifest. This appearance is not merely a vision or spiritual encounter but a physical manifestation of the risen Christ. It affirms the bodily resurrection of Jesus, a cornerstone of Christian faith, emphasizing that He was truly alive and present among His followers.

to the Eleven
This phrase refers to the remaining disciples after Judas Iscariot's betrayal and death. The number "Eleven" signifies the incomplete state of the apostolic group, yet it also points to the restoration and commissioning that would soon follow. Despite their failures, these men were chosen to carry forward the mission of the Gospel.

and rebuked them
The act of rebuking (Greek: ὀνειδίζω, oneidizō) involves expressing strong disapproval or criticism. Jesus' rebuke is not out of anger but out of love and a desire to correct and strengthen His disciples. It serves as a reminder that faith is essential, and unbelief can hinder one's ability to fully embrace the truth of the resurrection.

for their unbelief and hardness of heart
Unbelief (ἀπιστία, apistia) and hardness of heart (σκληροκαρδία, sklērokardia) are spiritual conditions that prevent individuals from accepting divine truth. In the scriptural context, these terms often describe a resistance to God's revelation. Jesus' rebuke highlights the necessity of faith and openness to the transformative power of the resurrection.

because they did not believe those who had seen Him after He had risen
This phrase underscores the importance of testimony in the Christian faith. The disciples' initial skepticism towards the reports of Jesus' resurrection reflects a human tendency to doubt extraordinary claims. However, the resurrection is the foundation of Christian hope, and belief in the testimony of witnesses is crucial for the spread of the Gospel. Jesus' appearance serves to confirm the truth of the resurrection and to commission the disciples as witnesses to the world.

And He said to them
This phrase introduces the speaker, Jesus Christ, who is addressing His disciples. The context is post-resurrection, where Jesus is imparting final instructions. The Greek word for "said" is "εἶπεν" (eipen), indicating a definitive and authoritative statement. This moment is significant as it marks the commissioning of the disciples, emphasizing the authority of Christ in His resurrected state.

Go into all the world
The command "Go" is translated from the Greek "πορευθέντες" (poreuthentes), which implies an active, ongoing journey. This is not a passive suggestion but a directive to move with purpose. "All the world" expands the scope of the mission beyond the Jewish people to include Gentiles, signifying the universal nature of the Gospel. Historically, this was a radical shift, as the early church was primarily Jewish. The phrase underscores the global mission of Christianity, breaking cultural and geographical barriers.

and preach the gospel
The word "preach" comes from the Greek "κηρύξατε" (kēryxate), meaning to proclaim or herald. This is not merely sharing information but delivering a message with authority and urgency. "The gospel" refers to the "εὐαγγέλιον" (euangelion), the good news of Jesus Christ's death and resurrection for the salvation of mankind. This task is central to the Christian mission, highlighting the transformative power of the Gospel message.

to every creature
The phrase "every creature" is translated from "πάσῃ τῇ κτίσει" (pasē tē ktisei), indicating all of creation. This suggests that the Gospel is not limited to humans but has cosmic implications, affecting all of creation. Theologically, this reflects the belief that Christ's redemptive work impacts the entire universe, restoring the broken relationship between God and His creation. Historically, this was a call to inclusivity, challenging the early church to reach beyond ethnic and social boundaries.

Whoever believes
The phrase "whoever believes" emphasizes the universality of the Gospel message. The Greek word for "believes" is "pisteuō," which means to have faith or trust. This belief is not merely intellectual assent but involves a deep, personal trust in Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior. Historically, this call to belief was radical, as it extended beyond the Jewish community to include Gentiles, breaking cultural and religious barriers. The invitation is open to all, reflecting God's desire for everyone to come to repentance and faith.

and is baptized
The act of baptism, derived from the Greek word "baptizō," meaning to immerse or submerge, is a public declaration of faith and an outward symbol of an inward transformation. In the early church, baptism was closely associated with conversion and entry into the Christian community. Archaeological evidence, such as ancient baptismal fonts, highlights the importance of this rite in early Christian practice. Baptism signifies identification with the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus, symbolizing the believer's cleansing from sin and new life in Christ.

will be saved
The promise "will be saved" offers assurance of eternal life and deliverance from sin's power and penalty. The Greek word "sōzō" means to save, heal, or preserve. Salvation is a comprehensive term encompassing justification, sanctification, and glorification. Historically, this assurance of salvation provided hope and courage to early Christians facing persecution. It underscores the transformative power of the Gospel, offering peace and reconciliation with God through Jesus Christ.

but whoever does not believe
The contrast "but whoever does not believe" highlights the critical importance of faith. The absence of belief, or "apisteō," signifies a refusal to trust in Christ. This unbelief is not merely a lack of faith but an active rejection of the truth of the Gospel. Scripturally, unbelief is often associated with spiritual blindness and hardness of heart, as seen in the Israelites' wilderness wanderings. It serves as a solemn warning of the consequences of rejecting God's offer of salvation.

will be condemned
The phrase "will be condemned" speaks to the reality of divine judgment. The Greek word "katakrinō" means to judge against or pronounce guilty. This condemnation is not arbitrary but a just response to the rejection of God's grace. Historically, the concept of judgment was well understood in Jewish thought, with the expectation of a future day of reckoning. In the New Testament, this judgment is linked to one's response to Jesus Christ, emphasizing the gravity of the decision to accept or reject Him. The verse serves as both a warning and a call to repentance, urging individuals to embrace the salvation offered through faith in Christ.

And these signs
The term "signs" in the Greek is "σημεῖα" (sēmeia), which refers to miraculous events that serve as divine indicators or confirmations of God's power and presence. In the biblical context, signs are not mere wonders but are purposeful acts that point to a greater spiritual truth or reality. Historically, signs have been used by God to authenticate His messengers and their message, as seen throughout the Old and New Testaments. These signs are a testament to the divine authority and truth of the Gospel message.

will accompany
The Greek word for "accompany" is "παρακολουθήσει" (parakolouthēsei), which means to follow closely or to be present with. This suggests that the signs are not random or sporadic but are consistently present with believers as they carry out their mission. The use of this word implies a promise of God's continual presence and support for those who are faithful to His calling.

those who believe
The phrase "those who believe" is derived from the Greek "πιστεύσασιν" (pisteusasin), indicating an ongoing state of faith and trust in Jesus Christ. This belief is not a one-time event but a continuous, living faith that is active and evident in the life of the believer. Historically, the early church was marked by a deep and abiding faith that was often demonstrated through acts of courage and miraculous signs, as recorded in the Acts of the Apostles.

In My name
The phrase "In My name" signifies the authority and power of Jesus Christ. In the ancient world, a name represented the essence and authority of a person. To act in Jesus' name is to act with His authority and in alignment with His will. This underscores the importance of a personal relationship with Christ and the believer's submission to His lordship. The use of Jesus' name in prayer and ministry is a central theme in the New Testament, emphasizing the power and presence of Christ in the believer's life.

they will drive out demons
The act of driving out demons, "ἐκβάλλουσιν" (ekballousin) in Greek, is a demonstration of the authority of Christ over the spiritual realm. This phrase reflects the reality of spiritual warfare and the believer's role in advancing God's kingdom by confronting and overcoming evil. Historically, exorcisms were a significant aspect of Jesus' ministry and were continued by His disciples, showcasing the power of God to liberate individuals from spiritual bondage.

they will speak in new tongues
The phrase "speak in new tongues" comes from the Greek "γλώσσαις λαλήσουσιν καιναῖς" (glōssais lalēsousin kainais). The term "tongues" refers to languages, and "new" suggests languages that are previously unknown to the speaker. This phenomenon, first witnessed at Pentecost (Acts 2), serves as a sign of the Holy Spirit's presence and the universality of the Gospel message. It symbolizes the breaking down of barriers and the unifying work of the Spirit in bringing diverse peoples into the body of Christ. Historically, speaking in tongues has been a source of both inspiration and controversy within the church, yet it remains a powerful testament to the dynamic and supernatural work of the Holy Spirit.

they will pick up snakes with their hands
This phrase evokes the imagery of divine protection and authority over creation. In the Greek, the word for "snakes" (ὄφεις, opheis) can also symbolize evil or danger, as seen in Genesis with the serpent in the Garden of Eden. The act of picking up snakes without harm signifies the triumph of faith over fear and danger. Historically, this can be linked to the Apostle Paul’s experience in Acts 28:3-5, where he was unharmed by a viper. This demonstrates the power of God’s protection over His followers, emphasizing that those who walk in faith are safeguarded against physical and spiritual threats.

if they drink any deadly poison, it will not harm them
The phrase "deadly poison" (θανάσιμον, thanasimon) refers to substances that could cause death. This promise of protection is not an encouragement to test God by deliberately ingesting poison, but rather an assurance of divine safeguarding in the face of unforeseen dangers. The historical context of early Christians facing persecution and potential poisoning underscores the miraculous protection God provides. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God’s providence and care for His people, as seen in Psalm 91:13, where believers are assured of safety from harm.

they will lay their hands on the sick
The laying on of hands is a significant biblical practice symbolizing the transfer of blessing, authority, or healing. In the Greek, "lay their hands" (ἐπιθήσουσιν τὰς χεῖρας, epithēsousin tas cheiras) indicates a deliberate and compassionate act. This practice is rooted in the Old Testament, where hands were laid on sacrifices or individuals to confer blessing or healing (e.g., Leviticus 16:21). In the New Testament, Jesus and the apostles frequently laid hands on the sick, demonstrating God’s power to heal through human agents. This act is a tangible expression of faith and divine intervention.

they will be made well
The phrase "made well" (καλῶς ἕξουσιν, kalōs hexousin) signifies complete healing and restoration. This promise of healing is not merely physical but also spiritual, reflecting the holistic nature of salvation in Christ. The Greek word for "well" implies a state of wellness and wholeness, aligning with the biblical understanding of shalom—peace and completeness. This assurance of healing is a testament to the power of God working through believers, as seen in the ministry of Jesus and the apostles, who healed the sick as a sign of the Kingdom of God breaking into the world. This promise encourages believers to trust in God’s power to restore and renew, both physically and spiritually.

After the Lord Jesus had spoken to them
This phrase marks the conclusion of Jesus' earthly ministry. The Greek word for "spoken" is "lalēsas," which implies a finality and completeness in His communication. Jesus' teachings and instructions to His disciples were now complete, and this moment signifies the transition from His physical presence to His spiritual reign. Historically, this underscores the importance of the Great Commission, as Jesus' final words were directives for the disciples to continue His work.

He was taken up
The Greek term "analēmphtheis" is used here, which means "to be taken up" or "to be lifted." This passive form indicates that Jesus did not ascend by His own power alone but was exalted by God the Father. This event, known as the Ascension, is a pivotal moment in Christian theology, symbolizing Jesus' victory over death and His return to divine glory. Archaeologically, the Mount of Olives is traditionally considered the site of the Ascension, a place of significant biblical events.

into heaven
"Heaven" in Greek is "ouranon," referring to the dwelling place of God. This phrase emphasizes the divine nature of Jesus' destination, affirming His deity and the fulfillment of His promise to prepare a place for believers (John 14:2-3). Theologically, this signifies the opening of heaven to humanity through Christ's redemptive work, offering believers the hope of eternal life.

and sat down
The phrase "sat down" comes from the Greek "ekathisen," indicating a position of rest and authority. In ancient times, sitting was a posture of a ruler or judge, signifying completed work and sovereign rule. This act symbolizes the completion of Jesus' redemptive mission and His ongoing intercession for believers.

at the right hand of God
The "right hand" is a position of honor and power, derived from the Greek "dexiōn tou Theou." In biblical and historical contexts, the right hand is associated with strength and favor. This imagery conveys Jesus' exalted status and His role as the mediator between God and humanity. Scripturally, this fulfills Old Testament prophecies, such as Psalm 110:1, affirming Jesus as the Messiah and King. This position assures believers of Christ's authority and His active role in the divine plan.

And they went out
This phrase marks the beginning of the apostles' mission following the resurrection of Jesus. The Greek word for "went out" is "ἐξελθόντες" (exelthontes), which implies a purposeful departure. This action signifies the apostles' obedience to the Great Commission, as they leave their previous lives to spread the Gospel. Historically, this reflects the early Christian movement's expansion beyond Jerusalem, fulfilling Jesus' command to be His witnesses "to the ends of the earth" (Acts 1:8).

and preached everywhere
The Greek term for "preached" is "κηρύσσω" (kērussō), meaning to proclaim or herald. This indicates the authoritative and public nature of their message. "Everywhere" underscores the universal scope of the Gospel, transcending cultural and geographical boundaries. The apostles' preaching was not confined to synagogues or Jewish communities but extended to Gentiles, fulfilling the prophecy that God's salvation would reach all nations (Isaiah 49:6).

while the Lord worked with them
The phrase "worked with them" is derived from the Greek "συνεργοῦντος" (synergoúntos), suggesting a partnership or cooperation. This highlights the divine assistance and empowerment the apostles received. It is a reminder that their efforts were not in their own strength but through the Lord's presence and power. This partnership is a fulfillment of Jesus' promise to be with His disciples always (Matthew 28:20).

and confirmed His word
The word "confirmed" comes from the Greek "βεβαιόω" (bebaioō), meaning to establish or make firm. This indicates that the apostles' message was validated by God Himself. The "word" refers to the Gospel message, the good news of Jesus Christ's death and resurrection. The confirmation of this word is seen as a divine endorsement, assuring believers of the truth and reliability of the Gospel.

by the signs that accompanied it
The "signs" are miraculous events that served as evidence of divine authority and truth. The Greek word "σημεῖα" (sēmeia) is often used in the New Testament to describe miracles that point to a greater reality. These signs "accompanied" the preaching, meaning they were not the focus but served to support and authenticate the message. Historically, these signs were crucial in the early church to demonstrate the power of God and to draw people to faith in Christ. They fulfilled Jesus' promise that His followers would perform greater works (John 14:12) and served as a testament to the living and active presence of God in the world.