At Iconium
The city of Iconium was an ancient city located in what is now modern-day Turkey. It was a significant urban center in the region of Lycaonia. Historically, Iconium was a melting pot of cultures, including Phrygian, Greek, and Roman influences. This diverse cultural backdrop provided a fertile ground for the spread of the Gospel, as it was a place where different ideas and beliefs intersected. The presence of a Jewish synagogue indicates a substantial Jewish community, which was often the starting point for Paul's missionary work.

Paul and Barnabas
Paul, formerly known as Saul, was a Pharisee and a Roman citizen who became a fervent apostle of Christ after his dramatic conversion on the road to Damascus. Barnabas, whose name means "son of encouragement," was a Levite from Cyprus and an early Christian disciple. Together, they formed a dynamic missionary team, with Barnabas often playing a supportive and encouraging role. Their partnership exemplifies the importance of collaboration and unity in ministry, as they complemented each other's strengths and weaknesses.

went as usual into the Jewish synagogue
The phrase "went as usual" suggests a consistent strategy employed by Paul and Barnabas in their missionary journeys. The synagogue was a central place of worship and community for Jews, and it was customary for visiting teachers to be given an opportunity to speak. By starting their ministry in the synagogue, Paul and Barnabas were able to connect with those who were already familiar with the Scriptures, providing a foundation for their message about Jesus as the Messiah. This approach highlights the importance of meeting people where they are and building on existing knowledge and beliefs.

There they spoke so effectively
The effectiveness of Paul and Barnabas's speech is attributed to the power of the Holy Spirit working through them. The Greek word for "spoke" (λαλέω, laleó) implies not just speaking, but communicating in a way that is impactful and persuasive. Their ability to communicate the Gospel in a compelling manner underscores the importance of clarity, conviction, and reliance on the Holy Spirit in sharing the message of Christ. It also reflects the transformative power of the Gospel, which can penetrate hearts and minds when delivered with sincerity and truth.

that a great number of Jews and Greeks believed
The phrase "a great number" indicates a significant response to the message of Paul and Barnabas. The inclusion of both Jews and Greeks highlights the universal appeal of the Gospel, breaking down ethnic and cultural barriers. This diverse group of believers represents the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that all nations would be blessed through his seed (Genesis 22:18). The unity of Jews and Greeks in faith serves as a powerful testament to the reconciling work of Christ, who brings together people from all backgrounds into one body, the Church. This passage encourages believers to embrace diversity within the body of Christ and to work towards unity in the Spirit.

But the unbelieving Jews
The phrase "unbelieving Jews" refers to those Jewish individuals who rejected the message of the Gospel. The Greek word for "unbelieving" is "apeitheo," which implies a refusal to be persuaded or a willful disobedience. Historically, this reflects the tension between early Christians and some Jewish communities who did not accept Jesus as the Messiah. This opposition is a recurring theme in Acts, highlighting the challenges faced by the apostles in spreading the Gospel.

stirred up
The Greek word used here is "egeirō," which means to awaken or incite. This suggests a deliberate action to provoke or agitate the Gentiles. The historical context shows that such incitement was a common tactic used by opponents of the early church to create division and hinder the spread of Christianity. It underscores the spiritual warfare and resistance faced by the early believers.

the Gentiles
In the New Testament, "Gentiles" refers to non-Jewish people. The inclusion of Gentiles in the early Christian community was a significant and sometimes contentious development. This reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that all nations would be blessed through his seed (Genesis 22:18). The early church's mission to the Gentiles was a radical shift from Jewish exclusivity to a universal offer of salvation.

and poisoned their minds
The phrase "poisoned their minds" uses the Greek word "kakoo," which means to harm or embitter. This indicates a malicious intent to corrupt or distort the truth. The imagery of poisoning suggests a subtle and insidious attack on the truth of the Gospel, leading to misunderstanding and hostility. It serves as a reminder of the power of words and the importance of guarding one's heart and mind against falsehood.

against the brothers
"The brothers" refers to the Christian believers, emphasizing the familial bond among them. The Greek word "adelphoi" is often used in the New Testament to denote fellow believers, highlighting the unity and community within the early church. This opposition against the "brothers" illustrates the external pressures and persecution faced by the early Christians, yet it also serves as a testament to their resilience and faithfulness in the face of adversity.

So Paul and Barnabas
This phrase introduces the key figures in this passage, Paul and Barnabas, who were prominent leaders in the early Christian church. Paul, formerly Saul of Tarsus, was a Pharisee and a Roman citizen who experienced a dramatic conversion to Christianity. Barnabas, whose name means "son of encouragement," was a Levite from Cyprus and an early disciple who played a crucial role in introducing Paul to the apostles. Their partnership in ministry highlights the importance of collaboration and unity in spreading the Gospel.

spent considerable time there
The phrase indicates a significant investment of time and effort by Paul and Barnabas in their mission. The Greek word used here, "chronos," suggests a prolonged period, emphasizing their commitment to establishing a strong foundation for the new believers. This dedication reflects the importance of perseverance and patience in ministry, allowing for deep relationships and effective discipleship.

speaking boldly
The Greek word "parrēsiazomai" is used here, meaning to speak freely, openly, and with confidence. This boldness is a recurring theme in Acts, often associated with the empowerment of the Holy Spirit. It underscores the courage required to proclaim the Gospel in the face of opposition and the divine enablement that accompanies such proclamation.

for the Lord
This phrase signifies that their bold speaking was done in service to the Lord Jesus Christ. It highlights the motivation behind their actions, which was to honor and obey Christ's commission to spread the Gospel. This service-oriented mindset is a model for all believers, reminding us that our ultimate allegiance is to Christ.

who affirmed the message of His grace
The word "affirmed" comes from the Greek "epimartyreō," meaning to bear witness or testify. This indicates that God Himself was actively involved in confirming the truth of the Gospel message. The "message of His grace" refers to the core of the Christian Gospel, which is salvation through faith in Jesus Christ, a gift of grace rather than works. This divine affirmation underscores the reliability and truth of the Gospel.

by enabling them to perform signs and wonders
The phrase "signs and wonders" refers to miraculous acts that serve as evidence of divine power and authority. The Greek words "sēmeia" (signs) and "teras" (wonders) are often used together in the New Testament to describe miracles that authenticate the message and messengers of God. These acts were not merely for spectacle but served to validate the apostles' message and demonstrate God's active presence among His people. This highlights the supernatural dimension of the Christian faith and God's willingness to intervene in human history to accomplish His purposes.

The people of the city
This phrase refers to the inhabitants of Iconium, a city in the region of Galatia. Historically, Iconium was a significant city in the Roman province of Galatia, known for its diverse population, including Greeks, Jews, and native Phrygians. The division among the people highlights the impact of the Gospel message, which often challenges existing beliefs and societal norms. The Greek word for "people" here is "ὄχλος" (ochlos), indicating a crowd or multitude, emphasizing the widespread nature of the division.

were divided
The Greek word used here is "ἐσχίσθη" (eschisthē), which means to split or tear apart. This division is not merely a difference of opinion but a significant rift within the community. The Gospel of Christ often acts as a dividing line, as Jesus Himself stated in Matthew 10:34-36, where He spoke of bringing not peace but a sword. This division is a testament to the powerful and sometimes polarizing nature of the Gospel message.

Some sided with the Jews
The phrase indicates that a portion of the city's population aligned themselves with the Jewish leaders who opposed Paul and Barnabas. The Jews here likely refer to the religious leaders who felt threatened by the apostles' teachings. Historically, the Jewish community in the Diaspora was often influential and protective of their traditions. The Greek word "συνετάγησαν" (synetachthēsan) implies a deliberate alignment or agreement, suggesting that these individuals were actively choosing to support the Jewish leaders' stance against the apostles.

and others with the apostles
This part of the verse shows that another segment of the population supported Paul and Barnabas. The term "apostles" here refers to Paul and Barnabas, who were spreading the message of Jesus Christ. The Greek word "ἀπόστολοι" (apostoloi) means "sent ones," indicating their divine mission to preach the Gospel. This support for the apostles demonstrates the transformative power of their message and the work of the Holy Spirit in opening hearts to the truth of the Gospel. The division also underscores the early church's challenges in spreading Christianity amidst opposition and cultural differences.

But when
This phrase introduces a pivotal moment in the narrative. The Greek word "δέ" (de) often serves as a conjunction that marks a transition or contrast. Here, it signals a shift from the preceding verses where Paul and Barnabas were preaching effectively. This transition highlights the volatility of their mission and the ever-present threat of opposition.

the Gentiles and Jews
The mention of both "Gentiles" and "Jews" underscores the widespread nature of the opposition. In the early church, the term "Gentiles" (Greek: ἔθνη, ethnē) referred to non-Jews, often seen as outsiders to the covenant community of Israel. The inclusion of "Jews" (Greek: Ἰουδαῖοι, Ioudaioi) indicates that the resistance to the Gospel was not limited to one ethnic or religious group. This reflects the broader theme in Acts of the Gospel encountering resistance from various quarters, emphasizing the universal challenge of spreading the Christian message.

together with their rulers
The phrase "together with their rulers" highlights the involvement of local authorities in the opposition. The Greek word for "rulers" (ἄρχοντες, archontes) can refer to leaders or officials who held power in the city. This suggests that the opposition was not merely a grassroots movement but had the backing of those in positions of authority. Historically, this aligns with the pattern of early Christian persecution, where local leaders often played a role in suppressing the new faith.

set out to mistreat
The phrase "set out to mistreat" indicates a deliberate and organized effort to harm Paul and Barnabas. The Greek verb "ὁρμάω" (hormao) conveys a sense of rushing or charging, suggesting an aggressive intent. The term "mistreat" (κακοποιέω, kakopoieo) implies doing harm or evil, reflecting the hostility faced by the apostles. This hostility is a recurring theme in Acts, where the apostles often face physical and verbal abuse for their preaching.

and stone them
The act of stoning was a common form of execution in ancient Jewish law, reserved for certain transgressions. The Greek word "λιθάζω" (lithazo) specifically refers to this method of capital punishment. Stoning was not only a means of execution but also a communal act, often involving the participation of the community. This reflects the severity of the opposition and the perceived threat that Paul and Barnabas posed to the established religious and social order. The mention of stoning underscores the life-threatening danger faced by the apostles as they spread the Gospel.

they found out about it
This phrase indicates that Paul and Barnabas became aware of a plot against them. The Greek word used here is "συνιδόντες" (synidontes), which means to perceive or become aware of something. This awareness is often attributed to divine intervention or guidance, suggesting that God was actively protecting His messengers. In the broader scriptural context, this highlights the theme of divine providence and the importance of being attuned to the Holy Spirit's guidance in the face of adversity.

and fled
The decision to flee, as indicated by the Greek word "κατέφυγον" (katephygan), meaning to escape or seek refuge, underscores the balance between faith and wisdom. While Paul and Barnabas were bold in their proclamation of the Gospel, they also exercised prudence. This action reflects Jesus' instruction in Matthew 10:23, where He advises His disciples to flee to another city when persecuted. It serves as a reminder that retreating in the face of danger is not a lack of faith but a strategic move to preserve life for continued ministry.

to the Lycaonian cities of Lystra and Derbe
The mention of "Lycaonian cities" provides a geographical and cultural context. Lycaonia was a region in the central part of Asia Minor, known for its distinct language and customs. Lystra and Derbe were cities within this region. Archaeological findings, such as inscriptions and ancient road systems, confirm the historical existence of these cities. This movement to a new region signifies the spread of the Gospel beyond familiar territories, fulfilling the Great Commission to take the message to the ends of the earth.

and to the surrounding region
This phrase indicates that the mission of Paul and Barnabas extended beyond just the cities of Lystra and Derbe. The Greek word "περίχωρον" (perichoron) suggests a broader area, emphasizing the expansive nature of their missionary work. It reflects the early church's commitment to evangelism and the spread of Christianity throughout the Roman Empire. Historically, this expansion laid the groundwork for the establishment of Christian communities that would endure and grow despite persecution.

where
This word indicates a specific location, which in the context of Acts 14 refers to the region of Lystra and Derbe, cities of Lycaonia, and the surrounding area. The use of "where" emphasizes the geographical spread of the early Christian mission. Historically, these areas were part of the Roman province of Galatia, a region known for its diverse population and cultural influences. The apostles' presence in such a place underscores the universal nature of the gospel message, transcending cultural and ethnic boundaries.

they continued
The Greek root for "continued" is "διέμενον" (diemenon), which implies perseverance and steadfastness. This word highlights the apostles' unwavering commitment to their mission despite facing opposition and persecution. It reflects the early church's dedication to spreading the message of Christ, regardless of the challenges. This perseverance is a testament to their faith and the transformative power of the Holy Spirit working through them.

to preach
The Greek word for "preach" is "κηρύσσω" (kērussō), meaning to proclaim or herald. This term conveys the authoritative and public nature of the apostles' message. Preaching in the early church was not merely about sharing information; it was a bold declaration of the truth of Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior. The act of preaching was central to the apostolic mission, serving as the primary means of spreading the gospel and establishing the church.

the gospel
The term "gospel" comes from the Greek "εὐαγγέλιον" (euangelion), meaning "good news." In the context of Acts, the gospel refers to the message of salvation through Jesus Christ, His death, and resurrection. This good news was revolutionary, offering hope and redemption to all who believed. The gospel's transformative power is evident in the lives of those who accepted it, leading to the growth and expansion of the early church. The apostles' commitment to preaching the gospel reflects their understanding of its eternal significance and their desire to fulfill the Great Commission given by Christ.

In Lystra
The phrase "In Lystra" situates the narrative geographically, indicating that the events are taking place in the city of Lystra, a Roman colony in the region of Lycaonia, which is in modern-day Turkey. Lystra was a frontier town, and its population was a mix of Roman citizens, Greeks, and indigenous Lycaonians. This diverse cultural setting is significant as it reflects the early church's mission to spread the Gospel beyond Jewish communities to Gentile regions. The presence of Paul and Barnabas in Lystra underscores the fulfillment of the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20), as they bring the message of Christ to the ends of the earth.

sat a man
The phrase "sat a man" introduces the central figure of this narrative, a man who is about to experience a miraculous healing. The Greek word used here for "sat" (καθήμενος, kathēmenos) implies a state of permanence, suggesting that the man was not just temporarily seated but was in a condition that rendered him unable to move freely. This detail sets the stage for the miracle, highlighting the man's helplessness and the transformative power of the Gospel.

crippled in his feet
The description "crippled in his feet" provides insight into the man's physical condition. The Greek term for "crippled" (ἀδύνατος, adynatos) conveys the idea of being powerless or without strength. This condition was likely congenital, as the text later clarifies that he had been this way from birth. The specific mention of his feet emphasizes the severity of his disability, as mobility was crucial for daily life and survival in the ancient world. This detail underscores the miraculous nature of the healing that is about to occur.

who was lame from birth
The phrase "who was lame from birth" further emphasizes the man's lifelong condition. The Greek word for "lame" (χωλός, chōlos) indicates a significant physical impairment. By stating that he was lame from birth, the text highlights the impossibility of natural healing and sets the stage for a divine intervention. This detail also serves to magnify the power of God, as the healing will be a clear demonstration of His authority over creation.

and had never walked
The phrase "and had never walked" reinforces the totality of the man's disability. The Greek construction here (οὐδέποτε περιεπάτησεν, oudepote periepatēsen) is emphatic, indicating that not even once in his life had he experienced the ability to walk. This underscores the miraculous nature of the healing that is about to take place, as it will be a complete and instantaneous restoration of what was never present. The man's inability to walk serves as a metaphor for spiritual incapacity, illustrating the transformative power of faith in Christ to bring new life and ability where there was none.

He listened to Paul as he was speaking. Paul looked directly at him, saw that he had faith to be healed
He listened
The phrase "He listened" indicates an active engagement and openness to the message being delivered. In the Greek, the word used here is "ἤκουεν" (ēkouen), which implies not just hearing but understanding and internalizing. This suggests a readiness and receptivity to the Gospel, a crucial step in the process of faith. Historically, listening was a primary means of learning and receiving information, especially in a culture where oral tradition was prevalent.

to Paul
Paul, originally Saul of Tarsus, is a central figure in the New Testament, known for his missionary journeys and epistles. His transformation from a persecutor of Christians to a devoted apostle underscores the power of divine intervention and grace. The mention of Paul here highlights the authority and authenticity of his message, as he was chosen by God to spread the Gospel to the Gentiles.

as he was speaking
The act of speaking, "λαλοῦντος" (lalountos) in Greek, emphasizes the proclamation of the Gospel. Paul's speaking is not just a casual conversation but a deliberate and Spirit-led declaration of the truth of Christ. This reflects the early Christian practice of preaching and teaching as a means of spreading the faith, often accompanied by signs and wonders.

Paul looked directly at him
The phrase "looked directly" translates from the Greek "ἀτενίσας" (atenisas), which conveys a fixed, intense gaze. This indicates Paul's discernment and spiritual insight, as he perceives something beyond the physical appearance. In the biblical context, such a gaze often precedes a significant spiritual revelation or action, suggesting that Paul is attuned to the Holy Spirit's guidance.

saw that he had faith
The word "saw" here, "ἰδών" (idōn), implies more than just physical sight; it suggests perception and understanding. Paul recognizes the man's faith, which is crucial for the miracle that follows. Faith, "πίστιν" (pistin) in Greek, is a central theme in Christianity, representing trust and belief in God's power and promises. This faith is not self-generated but is a response to the hearing of the Word.

to be healed
The phrase "to be healed" comes from the Greek "σωθῆναι" (sōthēnai), which can mean both physical healing and salvation. This dual meaning reflects the holistic nature of Christ's work, addressing both physical and spiritual needs. In the historical context of Acts, miracles often served as a testament to the truth of the Gospel and the authority of the apostles, drawing people to faith in Christ.

said in a loud voice
This phrase indicates the authority and confidence with which Paul spoke. The Greek word for "loud" is "megas," which conveys not just volume but also significance and power. In the context of ancient public speaking, a loud voice was often used to capture attention and convey authority. This moment reflects the boldness of the apostles, empowered by the Holy Spirit, to proclaim God's power and truth without fear.

Stand up on your feet!
The command "Stand up" is translated from the Greek word "anastēthi," which means to rise or to awaken. This is not just a physical command but a spiritual awakening. In the biblical context, standing often symbolizes readiness, strength, and resurrection. Paul’s command is a call to action, both physically and spiritually, for the man to rise from his condition and embrace the new life offered through faith in Christ.

And the man jumped up
The phrase "jumped up" is derived from the Greek "hēlato," which implies a sudden and vigorous action. This immediate response signifies the man's faith and the miraculous power of God at work. In the historical context of Acts, such miracles were signs that authenticated the apostles' message and demonstrated the in-breaking of God's kingdom.

and began to walk
The act of walking, "periepatei" in Greek, signifies a complete healing and restoration. Walking is often used in Scripture as a metaphor for living one's life or conducting oneself. This miracle not only restored the man's physical ability but also symbolized a new walk of life in faith. In the broader narrative of Acts, this miracle serves as a testament to the transformative power of the Gospel, which brings spiritual and physical restoration.

When the crowds saw
This phrase sets the scene for a significant moment of misunderstanding and misinterpretation by the people of Lystra. The Greek word for "saw" is "εἶδον" (eidon), which implies not just a physical seeing but a perception or understanding. The crowd's perception is crucial here, as it leads to a dramatic and erroneous conclusion about Paul and Barnabas. Historically, this reflects the common human tendency to misinterpret divine actions through a limited, human lens.

what Paul had done
The actions of Paul, empowered by the Holy Spirit, were miraculous and beyond ordinary human capability. The Greek word "ποιήσας" (poiesas) indicates an action that is completed, emphasizing the miraculous nature of the healing that had just occurred. This reflects the power of God working through His apostles, a theme consistent throughout the Acts of the Apostles.

they lifted up their voices
The phrase "lifted up their voices" suggests a loud, public proclamation. The Greek "ἐπῆραν τὴν φωνὴν" (eperan tēn phōnēn) indicates a collective and enthusiastic response. This reaction is not just individual but communal, showing how quickly a crowd can be swayed by extraordinary events. It also highlights the importance of discernment in spiritual matters.

saying in Lycaonian
The use of the Lycaonian language is significant. It indicates that the people were speaking in their native tongue, which Paul and Barnabas might not have understood immediately. This language barrier contributed to the misunderstanding. The historical context here is important, as it shows the cultural and linguistic diversity of the region, and how the Gospel was reaching different peoples and tongues.

The gods have come down to us
This declaration reveals the pagan beliefs of the Lystrans, who interpreted the miracle through their own religious framework. The Greek "θεοὶ ὁμοιωθέντες ἀνθρώποις" (theoi homoiothentes anthrōpois) suggests a belief in gods taking human form, a common theme in Greco-Roman mythology. This reflects the spiritual blindness and idolatry prevalent in the ancient world, which the Gospel sought to transform.

in human form!
The phrase "in human form" underscores the mistaken belief that divine beings would manifest as humans. The Greek "ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων" (en homoiōmati anthrōpōn) emphasizes the physical likeness, which is a stark contrast to the Christian understanding of God’s incarnation in Jesus Christ. This highlights the need for clear teaching about the nature of God and His work through Christ, as opposed to the myths and legends of the time.

Barnabas they called Zeus
In the ancient Greco-Roman world, Zeus was the king of the gods, the ruler of Mount Olympus, and the god of the sky and thunder. The people of Lystra, witnessing the miraculous healing performed by Paul and Barnabas, interpreted their power through the lens of their own polytheistic beliefs. The Greek name "Zeus" (Ζεύς) reflects the highest authority and power, which they attributed to Barnabas. This attribution may suggest that Barnabas had a commanding presence or demeanor that led the people to associate him with the supreme deity. From a conservative Christian perspective, this misidentification underscores the spiritual blindness of the pagans, who failed to recognize the true source of the apostles' power—God Himself.

and Paul they called Hermes
Hermes, in Greek mythology, was the messenger of the gods, known for his eloquence and speed. The Greek name "Hermes" (Ἑρμῆς) is associated with communication and interpretation. Paul, being the chief speaker, naturally fit the role of Hermes in the eyes of the Lystrans. This reflects the cultural context in which the apostles were ministering, where the people interpreted divine activity through their own mythological framework. For conservative Christians, this highlights the importance of clear communication of the Gospel, ensuring that the message of Christ is not confused with local myths or false gods.

because he was the chief speaker
The phrase "chief speaker" indicates Paul's role as the primary communicator of the Gospel message. The Greek word for "speaker" (λόγος) is often translated as "word" or "reason," emphasizing the importance of the spoken word in spreading the Christian faith. Paul's ability to articulate the message of Christ was a gift from God, enabling him to reach diverse audiences. This role of chief speaker is significant in the early church, as it demonstrates the necessity of leadership and clarity in teaching. From a conservative viewpoint, it serves as a reminder of the responsibility of church leaders to faithfully and accurately convey the teachings of Scripture, ensuring that the truth of the Gospel is not lost or misinterpreted.

The priest of Zeus
The mention of "the priest of Zeus" indicates the presence of organized pagan worship in Lystra, where this event takes place. Zeus was the chief deity in the Greek pantheon, often associated with power and authority. The Greek word for priest, "hiereus," suggests a person dedicated to performing religious rites. This highlights the cultural and religious context of the time, where polytheism was prevalent, and the priest played a crucial role in mediating between the gods and the people.

whose temple was just outside the city
The location of the temple "just outside the city" suggests that the worship of Zeus was an integral part of the community's life, yet physically set apart, perhaps to maintain a sacred space. Archaeological findings often reveal that temples were strategically placed to be accessible yet distinct from daily life, emphasizing the separation between the divine and the mundane. This setting underscores the challenge faced by early Christians in spreading the Gospel amidst deeply entrenched pagan practices.

brought bulls and wreaths
The act of bringing "bulls and wreaths" is significant in ancient sacrificial rituals. Bulls were considered valuable offerings, symbolizing strength and wealth, while wreaths, often made of laurel or olive branches, were used to honor deities. The Greek word for wreath, "stephanos," can also mean a crown, indicating a gesture of reverence and celebration. This reflects the people's desire to honor what they perceived as divine manifestations, showing their misunderstanding of the true nature of Paul and Barnabas's mission.

to the city gates
The "city gates" were not only entry points but also places of public gathering and decision-making. Bringing the offerings to the gates signifies a public declaration and communal participation in the intended sacrifice. In biblical times, city gates were often where leaders met, judgments were made, and significant events occurred, highlighting the importance of this location in the narrative.

because he and the crowd wanted to offer sacrifices to them
The phrase "wanted to offer sacrifices to them" reveals the crowd's reaction to the miraculous healing performed by Paul and Barnabas, mistaking them for gods. The Greek word for sacrifice, "thusia," involves the act of offering something valuable to a deity. This reflects the people's polytheistic worldview, where divine intervention was attributed to familiar gods, and their response was to honor these perceived deities through sacrifice. This misunderstanding sets the stage for Paul and Barnabas to clarify their message and redirect the people's worship to the one true God.

But when the apostles Barnabas and Paul heard of this
The term "apostles" here is significant as it denotes those who are sent with a mission. In the Greek, "apostolos" means a messenger or one sent forth. Barnabas and Paul are recognized as apostles, indicating their authority and divine commissioning to spread the Gospel. Historically, this moment occurs in Lystra, where the people mistakenly believe Barnabas and Paul to be gods after witnessing a miraculous healing. This highlights the cultural context of the time, where polytheism was prevalent, and divine manifestations were often misinterpreted through a pagan lens.

they tore their clothes
Tearing one's clothes is a traditional Jewish expression of grief, horror, or outrage. In the Hebrew tradition, this act is a physical manifestation of inner turmoil or protest against blasphemy. By tearing their clothes, Barnabas and Paul are demonstrating their deep distress at being mistaken for deities, which is contrary to their mission of pointing people to the one true God. This act underscores their humility and commitment to the truth of the Gospel.

and rushed out into the crowd
The urgency in "rushed out" reflects the apostles' immediate response to correct the misunderstanding. The Greek word "ekdromē" implies a swift and decisive action. This urgency is driven by their responsibility to ensure that the message of Christ is not distorted. Historically, this reflects the apostles' proactive approach in their ministry, emphasizing the importance of addressing false beliefs directly and promptly.

shouting
The act of "shouting" indicates the intensity and passion with which Barnabas and Paul address the crowd. The Greek word "kraugazō" suggests a loud and earnest proclamation. This is not merely a casual correction but a fervent declaration of truth. In the context of the early church, such boldness was necessary to counteract the prevailing pagan beliefs and to affirm the monotheistic message of Christianity. This moment serves as an inspirational reminder of the courage required to stand for truth amidst misunderstanding and opposition.

Men, why are you doing this?
This phrase is a direct address from Paul and Barnabas to the people of Lystra, who were attempting to offer sacrifices to them, mistaking them for gods. The Greek word for "men" here is "ἄνδρες" (andres), which is often used to denote men in a general sense, emphasizing their humanity. This address serves as a reminder of the commonality between the apostles and the Lystrans, highlighting that they are all human and not divine. The question "why are you doing this?" challenges the actions of the crowd, urging them to reconsider their misguided worship. It reflects a call to rationality and truth, encouraging the people to turn away from idolatry.

We too are only men, human like you
Paul and Barnabas emphasize their humanity with the phrase "We too are only men." The Greek word "ὁμοιοπαθεῖς" (homoiopathēs) is used here, meaning "of like nature" or "subject to the same passions." This underscores the apostles' shared human experience with the Lystrans, reinforcing that they are not divine beings. This statement is a profound declaration of humility and truth, as it redirects the focus from the messengers to the message they bring. It serves as a reminder that all humans, regardless of their role or status, are equal before God.

We are bringing you good news
The phrase "good news" is translated from the Greek word "εὐαγγελίζω" (euangelizō), which means to proclaim the gospel or good tidings. This is the core mission of Paul and Barnabas—to share the message of salvation through Jesus Christ. The "good news" is not just a message of hope but a transformative truth that calls for a response. It is the central theme of the apostles' ministry and the driving force behind their journey.

that you should turn from these worthless things
The term "worthless things" refers to the idols and false gods that the Lystrans were worshiping. The Greek word "ματαίων" (mataiōn) conveys the idea of emptiness or futility. Paul and Barnabas are urging the people to abandon their idolatry, which is ultimately unfulfilling and devoid of true power. This call to "turn" is a call to repentance, a fundamental aspect of the Christian faith, which involves a complete change of direction in one's life.

to the living God
The "living God" contrasts sharply with the "worthless things" of idolatry. The Greek word "ζῶντι" (zōnti) emphasizes that God is alive, active, and present. Unlike the lifeless idols, the living God is the source of all life and creation. This phrase is a powerful declaration of the nature of God, who is not only alive but also life-giving. It invites the Lystrans to enter into a relationship with the true and living God.

who made the heaven and the earth and the sea and everything in them
This phrase affirms God's sovereignty and creative power. It echoes the language of Genesis 1 and the Psalms, which celebrate God as the Creator of all things. The reference to "heaven and the earth and the sea" encompasses the entirety of creation, emphasizing that God is the ultimate authority over all. This declaration serves to remind the Lystrans of the true source of life and existence, calling them to worship the Creator rather than the creation. It is an invitation to recognize the majesty and power of God, who is worthy of all praise and adoration.

In past generations
This phrase refers to the time before the coming of Christ and the spread of the Gospel. Historically, this encompasses the period from the creation of the world to the advent of Jesus. Theologically, it suggests a time when God's direct revelation was primarily to the people of Israel, as seen in the Old Testament. The Greek word for "generations" (γενεαῖς) can also mean "ages" or "epochs," indicating long periods of time. This highlights God's patience and long-suffering nature, as He allowed humanity to live according to their own devices while preparing the way for the ultimate revelation through Christ.

He let
The Greek word used here is "ἐάω" (eao), which means to permit or allow. This indicates God's sovereign decision to allow nations to exercise free will. It reflects the concept of divine forbearance, where God, in His wisdom, chose not to impose His will forcibly upon the nations but allowed them to experience the consequences of their choices. This allowance was not an endorsement of their actions but a part of His greater redemptive plan.

all nations
This phrase encompasses every ethnic group and people outside of Israel. In the biblical context, "nations" (ἔθνη, ethne) often refers to Gentiles, those who were not part of God's chosen people, Israel. This highlights the universality of God's concern and His ultimate plan for salvation, which includes all peoples. Historically, this reflects the reality of diverse cultures and religions that existed apart from the knowledge of the one true God.

go their own way
The phrase "go their own way" suggests a path of self-determination and autonomy from God's direct guidance. The Greek word "ὁδός" (hodos) means "way" or "path," symbolizing the life choices and moral directions taken by the nations. This autonomy often led to idolatry and moral decay, as seen in the history of various ancient civilizations. Scripturally, this reflects the human tendency to stray from God's commandments, as seen in the narrative of the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11) and the repeated cycles of disobedience in the book of Judges. Yet, even in allowing this, God was working towards a greater purpose, preparing the world for the revelation of His Son and the offer of salvation to all.

Yet He has not left Himself without testimony
This phrase underscores God's continuous revelation of Himself to humanity. The Greek word for "testimony" is "μαρτυρία" (martyria), which implies a witness or evidence. Historically, even before the written Scriptures, God provided evidence of His existence and character through creation. This aligns with Romans 1:20, where Paul speaks of God's invisible qualities being understood from what has been made. The testimony here is not just verbal but is seen in the natural order and beauty of the world, which points to a Creator.

to His goodness
The Greek word for "goodness" is "ἀγαθωσύνη" (agathōsynē), which refers to intrinsic goodness, kindness, and benevolence. This highlights God's nature as inherently good and generous. In a historical context, this goodness is evident in the provision and sustenance of life. Theologically, it reflects the character of God as described throughout Scripture, such as in Psalm 34:8, "Taste and see that the LORD is good."

He gives you rain from heaven
Rain is a symbol of God's provision and blessing. The Greek word for "rain" is "ὑετός" (hyetos), which is often associated with divine favor in the agrarian societies of biblical times. Archaeologically, evidence from ancient Near Eastern cultures shows that rain was crucial for survival and was often attributed to the favor of deities. In the biblical narrative, rain is a sign of God's covenant faithfulness, as seen in Deuteronomy 11:14, where God promises rain for obedience.

and fruitful seasons
The phrase "fruitful seasons" speaks to the cycles of planting and harvest, which are essential for sustaining life. The Greek word for "seasons" is "καιροί" (kairoi), indicating appointed times or opportunities. This reflects the order and predictability God has established in creation. Historically, the regularity of seasons was vital for ancient agricultural societies, and it demonstrated God's ongoing care and provision.

filling your hearts with food and gladness
This phrase emphasizes the satisfaction and joy that come from God's provision. The Greek word for "filling" is "ἐμπιπλάνω" (empiplanō), meaning to fill or satisfy completely. "Food" (τροφῆς, trophēs) and "gladness" (εὐφροσύνης, euphrosynēs) together suggest not just physical sustenance but also emotional and spiritual well-being. Scripturally, this reflects the abundant life Jesus speaks of in John 10:10. Historically, the provision of food was a direct sign of divine blessing, and gladness was a natural response to experiencing God's goodness.

Even with these words
This phrase indicates a continuation of a previous discourse. Paul and Barnabas had been speaking to the crowd, attempting to redirect their misguided worship. The Greek word for "words" here is "logoi," which implies not just spoken words but a message or reasoned argument. This highlights the apostles' effort to communicate truth and reason to the people, emphasizing the importance of sound doctrine and the power of the spoken word in conveying the Gospel.

they had difficulty
The Greek term used here is "molis," which conveys a sense of struggle or great effort. This suggests that despite their earnest attempts, Paul and Barnabas faced significant resistance. This reflects the broader theme in Acts of the challenges faced by early Christians in spreading the Gospel, underscoring the perseverance required in ministry and the spiritual battle against misunderstanding and idolatry.

keeping the crowd
The word "keeping" comes from the Greek "katecho," meaning to hold back or restrain. This implies an active effort to prevent the crowd from acting on their intentions. The "crowd" represents the collective mindset of the people, often swayed by emotion and spectacle rather than truth. This highlights the apostles' role as shepherds, guiding and protecting the flock from spiritual error.

from sacrificing to them
The act of "sacrificing" in this context refers to the pagan practice of offering animals to deities, which was common in the Greco-Roman world. The crowd mistook Paul and Barnabas for gods, a misunderstanding rooted in their cultural and religious background. This phrase underscores the clash between the monotheistic message of Christianity and the polytheistic practices of the time. It also serves as a reminder of the apostles' humility and their commitment to redirecting glory to the one true God, rather than accepting it for themselves.

Then some Jews arrived
The phrase indicates a continuation of the narrative, suggesting a sequence of events. The Greek word for "Jews" here is "Ἰουδαῖοι" (Ioudaioi), which refers to Jewish individuals who were often in opposition to the early Christian message. Historically, Jews from other cities traveling to oppose Paul highlights the intense resistance to the spread of Christianity. This opposition was not merely local but extended across regions, showing the perceived threat of the new faith to traditional Jewish beliefs.

from Antioch and Iconium
Antioch and Iconium were significant cities in the region of Pisidia and Lycaonia, respectively. Antioch was a major center of early Christianity, but it also had a strong Jewish presence. Iconium, similarly, was a city where Paul had previously preached and faced opposition. The mention of these cities underscores the widespread nature of the opposition Paul faced. It also reflects the interconnectedness of the ancient world, where news and people traveled between cities, influencing events in multiple locations.

and won over the crowds
The Greek word for "won over" is "πείθω" (peitho), meaning to persuade or convince. This indicates that the Jews from Antioch and Iconium were able to sway public opinion against Paul. The ability to influence the crowd suggests a volatile and easily swayed public sentiment, a common theme in Acts where crowds often play a pivotal role in the unfolding events. This reflects the challenges faced by early Christians in maintaining their message amidst opposition and the power of rhetoric and persuasion in ancient societies.

They stoned Paul
Stoning was a common form of execution for blasphemy or other serious offenses in Jewish law, as seen in the Old Testament. The act of stoning Paul signifies the severity of the opposition he faced and the perception of his message as a grave threat. The Greek word "λιθάζω" (lithazo) is used here, emphasizing the violent rejection of Paul's teachings. This act of violence against Paul is a testament to his unwavering commitment to spreading the Gospel, even in the face of life-threatening danger.

and dragged him outside the city
The act of dragging Paul outside the city signifies a rejection not only of his message but of his person. In ancient times, cities were centers of life and community, and being cast out was symbolic of being cut off from society. The Greek word "σύρω" (suro) implies a forceful removal, indicating the hostility of the crowd. This action reflects the broader theme of rejection and persecution faced by early Christians, who were often marginalized and expelled from communities.

presuming he was dead
The assumption of Paul's death highlights the severity of the stoning. The Greek word "νομίζω" (nomizo) means to suppose or assume, indicating that the crowd believed their actions had been successful in silencing Paul. This moment serves as a powerful testament to the resilience and divine protection over Paul, as he later rises and continues his mission. It underscores the theme of resurrection and new life, central to Christian belief, and the idea that God's purposes cannot be thwarted by human opposition.

But after the disciples had gathered around him
This phrase highlights the communal and supportive nature of the early Christian community. The Greek word for "disciples" is μαθηταί (mathētai), which means learners or followers. This indicates that those who gathered around Paul were not just casual acquaintances but committed followers of Christ who were deeply invested in the mission and well-being of their leader. Historically, this reflects the strong bonds within the early church, where believers supported one another in times of persecution and hardship. The act of gathering around Paul symbolizes unity and the power of collective prayer and support, which is a recurring theme throughout the New Testament.

he got up
The phrase "he got up" is significant in its simplicity and power. The Greek verb ἀνίστημι (anistēmi) is used here, which means to rise or stand up. This word is often associated with resurrection or rising from a state of death or defeat. In the context of Acts 14:20, it underscores the miraculous nature of Paul's recovery after being stoned and left for dead. This act of getting up is not just a physical recovery but also a testament to the resilience and divine empowerment that Paul experienced through his faith in Christ. It serves as an inspiration for believers to rise above their challenges through the strength provided by God.

and went back into the city
The decision to "go back into the city" is a bold and courageous act. The city referred to here is Lystra, where Paul had just been stoned. The Greek word for "city" is πόλις (polis), which in the ancient world was not just a place of residence but a center of culture, politics, and religion. By returning to Lystra, Paul demonstrates an unwavering commitment to his mission and a fearless dedication to spreading the Gospel, regardless of the personal risk involved. This action exemplifies the Christian call to perseverance and the willingness to face persecution for the sake of the Gospel, as Paul himself later writes in his epistles.

The next day he left with Barnabas for Derbe
This phrase marks a transition and continuation of Paul and Barnabas's missionary journey. The mention of "the next day" indicates a sense of urgency and purpose in their mission. The partnership with Barnabas, whose name means "son of encouragement," highlights the importance of companionship and mutual support in ministry. Derbe, the destination mentioned, was another city in the region of Galatia. The journey to Derbe signifies the relentless pursuit of spreading the Gospel to new territories, despite previous hardships. This reflects the Great Commission's call to make disciples of all nations and serves as an encouragement for believers to persist in their evangelistic efforts, trusting in God's guidance and protection.

They preached the gospel
The phrase "preached the gospel" comes from the Greek word "euangelizō," which means to announce good news. In the context of the early church, this was the proclamation of the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. The act of preaching the gospel was central to the mission of the apostles, as it was the means by which they spread the message of salvation. Historically, this reflects the apostolic commitment to evangelism, a cornerstone of Christian faith, emphasizing the transformative power of the gospel message.

to that city
The city referred to here is Derbe, a location in the region of Galatia. Derbe was a frontier city of the Roman Empire, and its mention highlights the geographical spread of the gospel. The apostles' journey to Derbe signifies the expansion of Christianity beyond Jewish territories into Gentile regions, fulfilling the Great Commission to make disciples of all nations. This movement into diverse cultural contexts underscores the universal nature of the Christian message.

and made many disciples
The making of disciples involves more than mere conversion; it encompasses teaching and nurturing new believers in the faith. The Greek word "mathēteuō" implies a process of learning and following. This reflects the early church's emphasis on discipleship, where new converts were instructed in the teachings of Jesus and integrated into the Christian community. Historically, this process was crucial for the establishment and growth of the church, ensuring that the faith was passed on and lived out authentically.

Then they returned
The return journey of the apostles to Lystra, Iconium, and Antioch indicates a strategic approach to ministry. By revisiting these cities, Paul and Barnabas were able to strengthen and encourage the fledgling Christian communities they had established. This return trip highlights the importance of follow-up and pastoral care in the early church, ensuring that new believers were supported and grounded in their faith.

to Lystra, Iconium, and Antioch
These cities were significant centers of early Christian activity. Lystra and Iconium were part of the Roman province of Galatia, while Antioch (in Pisidia) was a major city in the region. The mention of these cities underscores the challenges and opposition the apostles faced, as well as their perseverance in the mission. Historically, these locations were pivotal in the spread of Christianity, serving as bases for further missionary work and the establishment of churches. The apostles' dedication to these communities reflects the enduring commitment to the Great Commission, a call that continues to inspire Christians today.

strengthening the souls
The phrase "strengthening the souls" indicates a process of fortifying the inner being of believers. The Greek word for "strengthening" is "epistērizō," which means to support further or to make more firm. This suggests an ongoing process of spiritual encouragement and reinforcement. In the early church, as in today's church, believers faced numerous challenges and persecutions. The apostles understood the necessity of building a strong spiritual foundation to withstand trials. This strengthening is not merely emotional but deeply spiritual, involving teaching, prayer, and the work of the Holy Spirit.

of the disciples
The term "disciples" refers to followers or learners of Jesus Christ. In the Greek, "mathētēs" is used, which means a student or apprentice. This highlights the relational and educational aspect of the early Christian community. Discipleship in the early church was not a passive experience but an active, committed journey of learning and growing in the faith. The apostles were dedicated to nurturing these disciples, ensuring they were grounded in the teachings of Christ and equipped to carry on the mission of the church.

encouraging them to continue in the faith
"Encouraging" comes from the Greek word "parakaleō," which means to call to one's side, to comfort, or to exhort. This implies a personal and communal effort to uplift and motivate believers. The phrase "to continue in the faith" underscores the importance of perseverance. The early church faced significant opposition, and the apostles knew that steadfastness in faith was crucial. This encouragement was not just about maintaining belief but actively living out one's faith in daily life, despite challenges.

and saying, 'It is through many tribulations
The word "tribulations" is translated from the Greek "thlipsis," which refers to pressure, affliction, or distress. The apostles were realistic about the Christian journey, acknowledging that it involves hardships. This was a common theme in the New Testament, as Jesus Himself warned of persecution for His followers. The early Christians understood that suffering was not a sign of God's absence but a part of the refining process of faith.

that we must enter the kingdom of God.'
The phrase "enter the kingdom of God" speaks to the ultimate hope and goal of the Christian life. The "kingdom of God" is a central theme in Jesus' teachings, representing both a present reality and a future hope. The use of "must" indicates necessity and inevitability, suggesting that enduring tribulations is an integral part of the journey to God's kingdom. This perspective offers believers a sense of purpose and assurance, knowing that their trials are not in vain but are part of God's divine plan for their ultimate glorification and eternal life with Him.

Paul and Barnabas
This phrase highlights the two central figures in the early Christian missionary movement. Paul, formerly Saul of Tarsus, was a Pharisee who converted to Christianity after a dramatic encounter with Christ on the road to Damascus. Barnabas, whose name means "son of encouragement," was a Levite from Cyprus and an early Christian disciple. Together, they embarked on missionary journeys to spread the Gospel. Their partnership exemplifies the importance of collaboration in ministry, as they complemented each other's strengths and supported one another in their mission.

appointed elders
The Greek word for "appointed" is "cheirotoneo," which can mean to choose or elect by raising hands. This indicates a formal and deliberate process of selecting leaders within the church. "Elders" (Greek: "presbyteroi") were mature, spiritually qualified men tasked with shepherding and overseeing the local congregation. This practice of appointing elders underscores the early church's commitment to structured leadership and accountability, ensuring that each community had guidance rooted in wisdom and experience.

for them in each church
The phrase "in each church" emphasizes the establishment of local congregations as distinct communities of believers. The early church was not a monolithic entity but a network of local assemblies, each with its own leadership. This reflects the New Testament model of church governance, where each local body is autonomous yet connected to the larger body of Christ. The appointment of elders in each church ensured that these communities were well-led and spiritually nurtured.

with prayer and fasting
Prayer and fasting are spiritual disciplines that denote dependence on God and a desire for divine guidance. In the context of appointing elders, these practices highlight the seriousness and sacredness of the task. By seeking God's will through prayer and fasting, Paul and Barnabas demonstrated their reliance on the Holy Spirit to guide their decisions, ensuring that the chosen leaders were aligned with God's purposes.

they committed them to the Lord
The act of committing the elders to the Lord signifies entrusting them to God's care and guidance. The Greek word "paratithemi" means to place beside or deposit, indicating a transfer of responsibility. This reflects a deep trust in God's sovereignty and a recognition that true leadership is empowered and sustained by Him. It also serves as a reminder that the ultimate authority and oversight of the church belong to Christ.

in whom they had believed
This phrase underscores the foundation of the Christian faith: belief in Jesus Christ. The elders, as well as the congregations they served, were united by their faith in Christ. This belief was not merely intellectual assent but a transformative trust that shaped their lives and communities. It is a reminder that the church's mission and leadership are rooted in a shared faith in the risen Lord, who is the cornerstone of the church.

After they had passed through Pisidia
This phrase marks a transition in the missionary journey of Paul and Barnabas. Pisidia was a region in Asia Minor, modern-day Turkey, known for its rugged terrain and diverse population. The Greek word for "passed through" (διελθόντες, dielthontes) suggests a purposeful journey, indicating that Paul and Barnabas were not merely traveling but were on a mission to spread the Gospel. Historically, Pisidia was a challenging area due to its mountainous landscape and the presence of various ethnic groups, which could have posed both logistical and cultural challenges. Yet, the apostles' determination to traverse this region underscores their commitment to their divine calling.

they came to Pamphylia
Pamphylia was a coastal region south of Pisidia, known for its fertile plains and strategic ports. The Greek term for "came" (ἦλθον, ēlthon) implies arrival with intent, suggesting that Paul and Barnabas had specific plans for their ministry in this area. Pamphylia's location made it a crossroads of trade and culture, providing a unique opportunity for the spread of the Gospel. The apostles' journey to Pamphylia highlights the strategic nature of their mission work, as they sought to reach diverse populations with the message of Christ.

they came to Pamphylia
The repetition of this phrase emphasizes the significance of Pamphylia in the narrative. It serves as a reminder of the apostles' unwavering dedication to their mission, despite the challenges they faced. The historical context of Pamphylia, with its mix of Greek, Roman, and indigenous influences, reflects the broader cultural and religious landscape of the early Christian mission field. This setting provided both opportunities and obstacles for the apostles, as they navigated the complexities of sharing the Gospel in a multicultural environment.

And when they had spoken the word
This phrase indicates the primary mission of Paul and Barnabas: to preach the Gospel. The Greek word for "spoken" is "λαλήσαντες" (lalēsantes), which implies not just speaking but proclaiming or heralding a message. This reflects the apostolic duty to spread the teachings of Jesus Christ. The "word" here refers to the Gospel, the good news of Jesus Christ's death and resurrection for the salvation of mankind. This proclamation is central to the mission of the early church and remains a cornerstone of Christian faith today.

in Perga
Perga was an ancient city in Pamphylia, located in modern-day Turkey. It was a significant city in the Roman province, known for its temple of Artemis and its strategic location. The mention of Perga highlights the geographical spread of the Gospel and the apostles' commitment to reaching diverse populations. Historically, Perga was a center of pagan worship, making the preaching of the Gospel there a bold and transformative act. This demonstrates the power of the Gospel to penetrate and challenge established cultural and religious norms.

they went down to Attalia
Attalia, known today as Antalya, was a port city in Pamphylia. The phrase "went down" is significant, as it reflects the geographical descent from the inland city of Perga to the coastal city of Attalia. This movement indicates the apostles' strategic planning in their missionary journey, as Attalia served as a gateway for travel and trade, facilitating further spread of the Gospel. The choice of Attalia underscores the apostles' intent to reach as many people as possible, using the available infrastructure to advance their mission. Historically, Attalia was a bustling hub, and the apostles' presence there signifies the intersection of divine mission with human history and geography.

From Attalia
Attalia was a port city in the region of Pamphylia, modern-day Antalya in Turkey. This city served as a significant maritime hub in the ancient world, facilitating travel and trade across the Mediterranean. The mention of Attalia highlights the strategic planning of Paul and Barnabas in their missionary journeys, utilizing established routes to spread the Gospel. The Greek root of "Attalia" reflects its historical significance as a gateway for the early church's mission work, symbolizing the outreach of the Gospel to the Gentile world.

they sailed back
The act of sailing back indicates a return journey, a completion of a mission. In the Greek, the word for "sailed" (πλέω, pleō) conveys movement and progress, suggesting the dynamic nature of the apostolic mission. This return was not merely a physical journey but a spiritual one, as they brought back the experiences and testimonies of their work. The sea voyage also symbolizes the challenges and uncertainties faced in spreading the Gospel, yet it underscores the faithfulness of God in guiding and protecting His servants.

to Antioch
Antioch in Syria was a pivotal center for early Christianity, often considered the cradle of Gentile missions. It was here that believers were first called Christians (Acts 11:26). The return to Antioch signifies a homecoming to a supportive and sending church community. Historically, Antioch was a cosmopolitan city, reflecting the diverse and inclusive nature of the early church. The Greek root of "Antioch" (Ἀντιόχεια, Antiocheia) emphasizes its role as a launching pad for missionary activity and a place of spiritual nourishment and accountability.

where they had been committed
The phrase "had been committed" (παραδίδωμι, paradidōmi) in Greek implies a formal entrusting or commissioning. This reflects the church's role in recognizing and supporting the call of Paul and Barnabas. It underscores the importance of community and accountability in ministry, where individuals are not acting independently but are sent with the blessing and backing of the church body. This commitment is both a privilege and a responsibility, highlighting the partnership between the local church and its missionaries.

to the grace of God
The "grace of God" (χάρις τοῦ Θεοῦ, charis tou Theou) is central to the Christian faith, representing unmerited favor and divine empowerment. This grace was the foundation and sustenance of their mission, enabling them to endure hardships and proclaim the Gospel effectively. Theologically, it emphasizes that all ministry is dependent on God's grace, not human effort. This grace is transformative, equipping believers for service and ensuring the success of their endeavors according to God's will.

for the work
The "work" (ἔργον, ergon) refers to the missionary activities and the establishment of churches among the Gentiles. This term encompasses preaching, teaching, discipling, and enduring persecution. It highlights the active and laborious nature of ministry, which requires dedication and perseverance. The work is not merely a task but a divine calling, a partnership with God in His redemptive plan for humanity. It serves as a reminder that every believer is called to participate in the work of the Kingdom.

they had now completed
The completion (πληρόω, plēroō) of their mission signifies fulfillment and accomplishment. It reflects the faithfulness of Paul and Barnabas in carrying out the task entrusted to them. This completion is not an end but a milestone in the ongoing mission of the church. It serves as an encouragement to believers that God is faithful to bring to fruition the work He begins in us. Historically, this completion also marks a moment of reflection and celebration within the church community, acknowledging God's hand in their endeavors.

When they arrived
This phrase marks the conclusion of Paul and Barnabas's first missionary journey. The Greek word for "arrived" (παραγίνομαι, paraginomai) implies coming to a place with purpose. Their return to Antioch was not merely a homecoming but a deliberate act to share the fruits of their mission. Historically, Antioch was a significant center for early Christianity, serving as a launching point for missions and a place of refuge and support for the apostles.

gathered the church together
The Greek word for "church" (ἐκκλησία, ekklēsia) refers to the assembly of believers. This gathering was not just a social meeting but a spiritual assembly, emphasizing the communal nature of the early Christian faith. The act of gathering highlights the importance of fellowship and collective worship in the Christian tradition, reflecting the unity and shared mission of the body of Christ.

they reported all that God had done through them
The apostles' report was a testimony to God's active role in their mission. The Greek word for "reported" (ἀναγγέλλω, anangellō) suggests a detailed recounting, emphasizing the importance of sharing God's works. This phrase underscores the belief that it is God who empowers and accomplishes His purposes through His servants. It serves as a reminder that all ministry efforts are ultimately the work of God, not human achievement.

and how He had opened the door of faith
The metaphor of "opened the door" (ἀνοίγω, anoigō) signifies God's initiative in granting access to salvation. In the ancient world, doors were symbols of opportunity and access. This phrase indicates that God Himself made a way for the Gentiles to receive the Gospel, breaking down barriers and extending His grace beyond the Jewish people. It reflects the fulfillment of the Great Commission and the inclusive nature of the Gospel.

to the Gentiles
The term "Gentiles" (ἔθνος, ethnos) refers to all nations outside of Israel. This was a revolutionary concept in the early church, as the Jewish people had long been seen as God's chosen nation. The inclusion of the Gentiles signifies the universal scope of the Gospel and God's desire for all people to come to faith. It highlights the breaking down of ethnic and cultural barriers, affirming that salvation through Christ is available to everyone, regardless of background.

And they spent a long time there
This phrase indicates a period of significant duration, suggesting that Paul and Barnabas were not in a rush to leave. The Greek word for "spent" is "διέτριβον" (dietribon), which implies a deliberate and purposeful stay. This was not merely a pause in their journey but a strategic decision to invest in the spiritual growth and stability of the early church. Historically, this reflects the missionary strategy of the early apostles, who prioritized the establishment of strong, self-sustaining communities of believers. The "long time" suggests a commitment to teaching, discipling, and strengthening the faith of the new converts, ensuring that the church could withstand external pressures and internal challenges.

there
The word "there" refers to Antioch in Pisidia, a significant center for early Christian activity. This city was a hub of cultural and commercial exchange, making it an ideal location for spreading the Gospel. The choice of Antioch as a base for their missionary work underscores the strategic nature of early Christian evangelism, which often targeted influential urban centers. Archaeological findings in the region reveal a diverse population, which would have provided a fertile ground for the message of Christ to take root and spread across different ethnic and social groups.

with the disciples
The term "disciples" (Greek: μαθηταῖς, mathētais) refers to the followers of Jesus who were being taught and trained by Paul and Barnabas. This highlights the communal and relational aspect of early Christianity, where learning and spiritual growth occurred within the context of a supportive community. The presence of Paul and Barnabas with the disciples emphasizes the importance of mentorship and leadership in the church. It reflects the apostolic model of discipleship, where seasoned leaders invested time and effort in nurturing the next generation of believers. This approach ensured the continuity and expansion of the Christian faith, as these disciples would eventually become leaders and evangelists in their own right.