Earnestly pursue love
The Greek word for "earnestly pursue" is "diōkō," which conveys a sense of active, persistent pursuit, almost like a hunter chasing after prey. This implies that love is not something that happens passively or by accident; it requires intentional effort and dedication. In the context of 1 Corinthians, Paul has just finished the famous "love chapter" (1 Corinthians 13), where he describes love as the greatest of all virtues. The call to pursue love earnestly is a reminder that love should be the foundation of all Christian actions and interactions. Historically, the early church faced many challenges and divisions, and Paul emphasizes that love is the key to unity and effective ministry.

and eagerly desire spiritual gifts
The phrase "eagerly desire" comes from the Greek "zēloō," which means to be zealous or to strive for something with intense passion. Spiritual gifts, or "charismata," are special abilities given by the Holy Spirit to believers for the edification of the church. Paul encourages believers to desire these gifts, not for personal glory, but for the building up of the body of Christ. In the early church, spiritual gifts were crucial for spreading the Gospel and establishing the church. This exhortation is a call to recognize and value the diverse ways the Holy Spirit empowers believers to serve.

especially the gift of prophecy
The Greek word for "prophecy" is "prophēteia," which refers to the ability to speak forth the mind and counsel of God. In the New Testament context, prophecy is not just about predicting the future but also about providing guidance, encouragement, and correction to the church. Paul places a special emphasis on prophecy because it directly edifies the church by communicating God's truth. In the historical context of Corinth, where there was a tendency to elevate more spectacular gifts like speaking in tongues, Paul redirects the focus to prophecy, which has a more direct and understandable impact on the congregation. This highlights the importance of clarity and edification in the exercise of spiritual gifts.

For he who speaks in a tongue
The phrase "speaks in a tongue" refers to the practice of speaking in languages unknown to the speaker, often understood as a spiritual gift. The Greek word for "tongue" is "glossa," which can mean both the physical organ and a language. In the early church, this gift was seen as a sign of the Holy Spirit's presence and power. Historically, speaking in tongues was a way to demonstrate the universality of the Gospel, transcending linguistic and cultural barriers. It is important to note that this gift was meant to edify the church when interpreted, aligning with the broader biblical theme of building up the body of Christ.

does not speak to men, but to God
This phrase emphasizes the vertical nature of the gift of tongues. The speaker is communicating directly with God, rather than delivering a message to other people. This highlights the personal and intimate nature of this spiritual practice. Theologically, it underscores the idea that certain spiritual experiences are meant for personal edification and communion with God, rather than public instruction. This aligns with the conservative Christian perspective that prioritizes personal relationship with God through the Holy Spirit.

Indeed, no one understands him
The phrase "no one understands him" points to the mystery and exclusivity of the language spoken in tongues. The Greek word "oudeis" means "no one" or "nobody," indicating that without interpretation, the message remains unintelligible to others. This serves as a reminder of the need for order and clarity in worship, as Paul later instructs that interpretation should accompany tongues in a congregational setting. Historically, this reflects the early church's struggle to balance charismatic expressions with orderly worship.

he utters mysteries in the Spirit
The term "mysteries" (Greek: "mysteria") refers to divine truths that are hidden or not fully understood. In the context of speaking in tongues, these mysteries are spiritual insights or revelations communicated through the Holy Spirit. The phrase "in the Spirit" indicates that this is a supernatural activity, empowered by the Holy Spirit. This aligns with the conservative Christian belief in the active work of the Holy Spirit in the life of believers, guiding them into deeper truths and experiences of God's presence. The use of "mysteries" also connects to the broader biblical theme of God's wisdom being revealed progressively to His people.

But he who prophesies
The Greek word for "prophesies" is "προφητεύω" (prophēteuō), which means to speak forth by divine inspiration. In the early church, prophecy was a gift of the Holy Spirit, enabling believers to communicate God's message. This was not merely predicting the future but included teaching, exhorting, and encouraging the church. Historically, prophecy served as a means to guide and edify the early Christian communities, ensuring they remained aligned with God's will. In a conservative Christian perspective, prophecy is seen as a vital gift that continues to build up the church today, emphasizing the importance of speaking truth grounded in Scripture.

speaks to men
The phrase "speaks to men" underscores the relational and communal aspect of prophecy. The Greek word "λαλέω" (laleō) means to talk or to speak, indicating that prophecy is meant to be communicated clearly and understandably to others. This highlights the purpose of prophecy as a tool for direct communication within the body of Christ. In the historical context of the Corinthian church, where spiritual gifts were sometimes misused, Paul emphasizes that prophecy should be directed towards others, not for self-glorification but for the benefit of the community.

for their edification
"Edification" comes from the Greek word "οἰκοδομή" (oikodomē), which means building up. This term is often used in the New Testament to describe the spiritual growth and strengthening of the church. In the context of 1 Corinthians, Paul contrasts prophecy with speaking in tongues, emphasizing that prophecy serves to build up the church by providing clear and understandable teaching. From a conservative viewpoint, edification is a crucial aspect of church life, as it ensures that believers are growing in their faith and understanding of God's Word.

encouragement
The Greek word for "encouragement" is "παράκλησις" (paraklēsis), which can also mean exhortation or comfort. This word is related to the Holy Spirit, the "Paraclete," who is the Comforter and Advocate. Encouragement in prophecy involves urging believers to remain faithful, providing hope and reassurance in times of trial. Historically, encouragement was essential for the early Christians, who often faced persecution and hardship. In today's church, encouragement through prophecy continues to play a vital role in sustaining believers' faith and motivating them to live out their Christian calling.

and comfort
The word "comfort" is translated from the Greek "παραμυθία" (paramythia), which implies consolation and solace. Comfort in prophecy addresses the emotional and spiritual needs of the church, offering peace and reassurance. In the early church, comfort was necessary for those who were suffering or grieving, providing them with the assurance of God's presence and promises. From a conservative Christian perspective, comfort is a testament to God's love and care for His people, reminding them that He is with them in all circumstances.

He who speaks in a tongue
The phrase "speaks in a tongue" refers to the practice of speaking in languages unknown to the speaker, often considered a spiritual gift. The Greek word for "tongue" is "glossa," which can mean both the physical organ and a language. Historically, this gift was prominent in the early church, especially in Corinth, where diverse cultures and languages converged. Speaking in tongues was seen as a sign of the Holy Spirit's presence, but Paul emphasizes the need for understanding and edification within the church community.

edifies himself
The term "edifies" comes from the Greek "oikodomeo," meaning to build up or strengthen. In this context, speaking in tongues is a personal spiritual exercise that enhances the individual's faith and connection with God. It is a form of personal edification, which, while beneficial to the individual, does not contribute to the communal growth of the church unless interpreted. This highlights the importance of personal spiritual growth while also considering the needs of the broader faith community.

but he who prophesies
"Prophesies" refers to the act of delivering messages from God, often involving teaching, exhortation, or revelation. The Greek word "propheteuo" implies speaking forth by divine inspiration. In the early church, prophecy was highly valued for its role in instructing and encouraging believers. Unlike speaking in tongues, prophecy was understood by all and thus served a communal purpose, reinforcing the unity and edification of the church body.

edifies the church
Here, "edifies" again uses the Greek "oikodomeo," but this time it applies to the collective body of believers. The church, or "ekklesia" in Greek, refers to the assembly of Christians. Prophecy serves to build up the church by providing clear, understandable messages that instruct, encourage, and unify the congregation. This communal edification is crucial for the health and growth of the church, emphasizing the importance of spiritual gifts that benefit the entire body of Christ.

I wish that all of you could speak in tongues
The Apostle Paul begins this verse with a personal desire, emphasizing the value he places on the gift of tongues. The Greek word for "wish" is "thelō," which conveys a strong desire or intention. This reflects Paul's pastoral heart and his longing for the Corinthian church to experience the fullness of the Holy Spirit's gifts. The phrase "speak in tongues" refers to the spiritual gift of glossolalia, where believers speak in languages unknown to them. Historically, this gift was a sign of the Holy Spirit's presence and was first manifested at Pentecost (Acts 2). Paul acknowledges the benefit of this gift for personal edification and spiritual connection with God.

but I would rather have you prophesy
Here, Paul contrasts speaking in tongues with prophecy, using the Greek word "mallon," meaning "more" or "rather," to indicate preference. Prophecy, in this context, involves speaking forth God's message to the people, often for encouragement, edification, and comfort. The Greek term "prophēteuō" implies not just foretelling future events but also forth-telling God's truth. Paul prioritizes prophecy because it directly benefits the entire church community, aligning with his overarching theme of love and edification in 1 Corinthians 13.

He who prophesies is greater than one who speaks in tongues
Paul uses the Greek word "meizōn," meaning "greater" or "more important," to establish a hierarchy of spiritual gifts based on their impact on the church. This statement is not meant to diminish the value of tongues but to highlight the communal benefit of prophecy. In the early church, prophecy served as a means of divine communication, providing guidance and strengthening the faith of believers. Paul's emphasis on prophecy underscores the importance of intelligibility and mutual edification in corporate worship.

unless he interprets
The phrase introduces an exception to Paul's previous statement. The Greek word "eireō" means "to interpret" or "to explain," suggesting that the gift of interpretation can elevate the gift of tongues to the level of prophecy. Interpretation allows the message spoken in tongues to be understood by the congregation, thus contributing to the church's edification. This aligns with Paul's teaching on orderly worship and the necessity for clarity and understanding in the assembly (1 Corinthians 14:27-28).

so that the church may be edified
The ultimate goal of spiritual gifts, according to Paul, is the edification of the church. The Greek word "oikodomeō" means "to build up" or "to strengthen," emphasizing the constructive purpose of spiritual gifts. Paul's concern is for the spiritual growth and unity of the Corinthian church, which was struggling with division and misuse of spiritual gifts. By prioritizing edification, Paul calls believers to exercise their gifts in love and for the common good, reflecting the character of Christ and the mission of the church.

Now, brothers
The term "brothers" (Greek: ἀδελφοί, adelphoi) is a term of endearment and unity, indicating the familial bond among believers in Christ. Paul uses this term to remind the Corinthians of their shared faith and the love that should characterize their interactions. Historically, the early church was a close-knit community, often facing external pressures, which made such reminders of unity essential.

if I come to you
Paul speaks hypothetically here, emphasizing the potential of his actions. The phrase suggests a personal visit, which in the context of the early church, was a significant event. Apostolic visits were opportunities for teaching, correction, and encouragement. The historical context shows that travel was arduous, making such visits precious and impactful.

speaking in tongues
The Greek term for "tongues" is γλώσσαις (glōssais), referring to the miraculous ability to speak in languages unknown to the speaker. In the early church, this gift was a sign of the Holy Spirit's presence. However, Paul is addressing its use in public worship, emphasizing that without interpretation, it does not edify the church body. The historical context of Corinth, a cosmopolitan city with diverse languages, makes this gift particularly relevant but also potentially divisive if misused.

how will I benefit you
The word "benefit" (Greek: ὠφελήσω, ōphelēsō) implies a practical advantage or help. Paul is concerned with the edification of the church, stressing that spiritual gifts should serve the common good. This reflects the broader biblical principle that all actions within the church should build up the body of Christ, aligning with the teachings of love and service found throughout the New Testament.

unless I bring you
This phrase indicates a condition for the benefit to occur. Paul is setting a standard for what constitutes valuable ministry. The historical context of Corinth, with its emphasis on rhetoric and eloquence, may have led some to value style over substance, which Paul seeks to correct by focusing on meaningful content.

some revelation
The term "revelation" (Greek: ἀποκάλυψιν, apokalypsin) refers to divine truth disclosed by God. In the early church, revelation was crucial for understanding God's will and the mysteries of the faith. Paul emphasizes that true spiritual benefit comes from insights that reveal God's character and purposes, aligning with the scriptural theme of God making Himself known to His people.

or knowledge
"Knowledge" (Greek: γνῶσιν, gnōsin) in this context refers to an understanding of spiritual truths. Paul values knowledge that leads to a deeper comprehension of the faith and a more profound relationship with God. The historical context of Corinth, known for its intellectual pursuits, makes this emphasis on true, godly knowledge particularly poignant.

or prophecy
Prophecy (Greek: προφητείαν, prophēteian) involves speaking forth God's message, often with an element of foretelling or forthtelling. In the early church, prophecy was a means of edification, exhortation, and comfort. Paul highlights prophecy as a gift that directly benefits the church by providing guidance and encouragement, aligning with the scriptural emphasis on the prophetic voice as a means of divine communication.

or teaching
The word "teaching" (Greek: διδασκαλίᾳ, didaskalia) refers to the instruction in the doctrines of the faith. Teaching is foundational for the growth and maturity of believers, ensuring that the church is grounded in sound doctrine. Paul underscores the importance of teaching as a means of edification, reflecting the scriptural mandate to "make disciples" by teaching them to observe all that Christ commanded (Matthew 28:20).

Even in the case of lifeless instruments
The Apostle Paul uses the metaphor of "lifeless instruments" to illustrate the importance of clarity and order in communication, particularly in the context of spiritual gifts like speaking in tongues. The Greek word for "lifeless" (ἄψυχα, apsucha) emphasizes the absence of life or spirit, contrasting with the living, dynamic nature of the church. Historically, instruments like the flute and harp were common in both Jewish and Greco-Roman cultures, used in worship and celebration. This metaphor underscores the necessity for intelligibility in worship, as lifeless instruments require a skilled musician to produce meaningful music, just as spiritual gifts require discernment and interpretation to edify the church.

such as the flute or harp
The "flute" (αὐλός, aulos) and "harp" (κιθάρα, kithara) were well-known instruments in ancient times. The flute, often made of wood or bone, was used in various cultural and religious ceremonies, while the harp, a stringed instrument, was associated with both secular and sacred music. In the Old Testament, the harp is frequently mentioned in the Psalms as an instrument of praise. Paul's choice of these instruments highlights the universality of music as a form of communication and the necessity for clarity in its expression. Just as these instruments require precise playing to convey a melody, so too must spiritual gifts be exercised with clarity and purpose.

how will anyone recognize the tune they are playing
The phrase "recognize the tune" (γνωσθήσεται, gnōsthēsetai) speaks to the need for understanding and recognition. In the context of the Corinthian church, where speaking in tongues was prevalent, Paul stresses that without interpretation, the message remains unrecognizable, much like a tune played without distinction. The historical context of Corinth, a city known for its diversity and multiplicity of languages, further amplifies the need for clear communication within the church. This serves as a reminder that spiritual gifts are meant for the edification of the body of Christ, requiring discernment and order.

unless there is a distinction in the notes
The word "distinction" (διαστολή, diastolē) implies a separation or differentiation, crucial for understanding. In music, distinct notes create harmony and melody, allowing the listener to appreciate the composition. Similarly, in the church, spiritual gifts must be exercised with discernment to create spiritual harmony and edification. The historical use of music in worship, both in Jewish and early Christian traditions, underscores the importance of order and clarity. Paul's message is clear: without distinction, the purpose of spiritual gifts is lost, and the church cannot be built up effectively. This serves as a call for believers to seek understanding and clarity in their spiritual expressions, ensuring that all actions contribute to the unity and growth of the body of Christ.

Again
The use of "again" indicates a continuation or reinforcement of a previous argument. In the context of 1 Corinthians 14, Paul is addressing the Corinthian church about the use of spiritual gifts, particularly the gift of tongues. The repetition emphasizes the importance of clarity and understanding in communication within the church. The Greek word "palin" suggests a reiteration, underscoring the necessity of making a point clear to the audience.

if the trumpet
The trumpet, or "salpinx" in Greek, was a crucial instrument in ancient times, especially in military contexts. It was used to signal troops, direct movements, and announce important events. The trumpet's sound was unmistakable and carried authority. In a spiritual sense, the trumpet represents the clear and authoritative proclamation of God's word. The imagery of the trumpet is also found throughout Scripture, symbolizing divine intervention and the call to action (e.g., Exodus 19:16, Revelation 8:6).

sounds a muffled call
The phrase "sounds a muffled call" translates the Greek "adēlon phōnēn didō," which literally means "gives an indistinct sound." The idea here is of a sound that is unclear or confusing. In the context of spiritual gifts, particularly prophecy and tongues, Paul emphasizes the need for clarity. A muffled call fails to communicate effectively, leading to confusion rather than edification. This serves as a metaphor for the importance of intelligibility in the church's teaching and worship.

who will prepare for battle?
The rhetorical question "who will prepare for battle?" highlights the consequence of unclear communication. In ancient warfare, preparation and readiness were vital, and a clear trumpet call was essential for rallying troops. The Greek word "paraskeuazetai" (prepare) implies readiness and action. Spiritually, this speaks to the church's need to be prepared and equipped for spiritual warfare. Without clear guidance and understanding, believers cannot effectively engage in the spiritual battles they face. This underscores the necessity of clear, understandable teaching and prophecy within the church to equip the saints for the work of ministry (Ephesians 4:12).

So it is with you
This phrase serves as a direct application to the Corinthian church, emphasizing the personal responsibility of the believers. The Greek word for "you" (ὑμεῖς) is plural, indicating that Paul is addressing the entire congregation. This highlights the communal aspect of worship and the importance of edification within the body of Christ. Historically, the Corinthian church was known for its diversity and spiritual gifts, yet Paul stresses the need for order and clarity in their expressions of faith.

Unless you speak intelligible words with your tongue
The term "intelligible" (εὔσημος) suggests clarity and understanding. In the context of the Corinthian church, where speaking in tongues was prevalent, Paul underscores the necessity for communication that edifies the church. The "tongue" (γλῶσσα) here refers to the physical organ but also metaphorically to the language or speech used. The historical context reveals that Corinth was a cosmopolitan city with many languages spoken, making clear communication essential for unity and growth in the church.

how will anyone know what you are saying?
This rhetorical question emphasizes the purpose of speech: to convey meaning and understanding. The Greek word for "know" (γινώσκω) implies a deep, experiential knowledge. Paul is concerned with the edification of the church, which cannot occur if the message is not understood. This reflects the broader biblical principle that spiritual gifts are given for the common good (1 Corinthians 12:7).

You will just be speaking into the air
The phrase "speaking into the air" (ἀέρα λαλοῦντες) conveys the futility of speech that lacks comprehension. The imagery of words dissipating into the air suggests a lack of purpose and impact. In the ancient world, oratory was highly valued, and speech was expected to be both eloquent and effective. Paul’s admonition serves as a reminder that spiritual gifts, including speech, should be exercised in a way that builds up the church and glorifies God.

Assuredly
The word "assuredly" in this context is a translation of the Greek word "εἰ τύχοι" (ei tychoi), which conveys a sense of certainty or affirmation. It underscores the Apostle Paul's confidence in the statement he is about to make. This word sets the tone for the verse, emphasizing the importance of the message that follows. In a broader scriptural context, it reflects the assurance believers can have in the truths of God’s Word, encouraging them to trust in the divine wisdom imparted through the Scriptures.

there are many different languages
The phrase "there are many different languages" highlights the diversity of human speech. The Greek word for "languages" here is "φωνῶν" (phonon), which can also mean "voices" or "sounds." This reflects the rich tapestry of human culture and communication that God has created. Historically, the existence of many languages is rooted in the biblical account of the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1-9), where God confused the language of humanity to scatter them across the earth. This diversity is a testament to God's creative power and serves as a reminder of the unity and diversity within the body of Christ, where every language and culture can be used to glorify God.

in the world
The phrase "in the world" situates the discussion within the global context. The Greek word "κόσμῳ" (kosmo) refers to the world or the universe. It reminds us that the scope of God's creation is vast and encompasses all nations and peoples. This global perspective is crucial for understanding the mission of the Church, which is to reach every corner of the earth with the Gospel. It also reflects the inclusivity of the Christian message, which transcends cultural and linguistic barriers.

yet none of them is without meaning
The phrase "yet none of them is without meaning" emphasizes the significance of each language. The Greek word "ἄφωνον" (aphonon) means "without voice" or "meaningless." Paul is asserting that every language has its own intrinsic value and purpose. This is a powerful reminder that God values every culture and language, and that communication is a gift from God meant to be used for His glory. In the context of 1 Corinthians 14, Paul is addressing the use of spiritual gifts, particularly the gift of tongues, and he underscores the importance of intelligibility and edification in the church. This phrase encourages believers to use their gifts in ways that build up the body of Christ and communicate God's love effectively to others.

If, then, I do not know
The phrase "If, then, I do not know" introduces a conditional statement that emphasizes the importance of understanding. The Greek word for "know" here is "oida," which implies a deep, intuitive knowledge. In the context of spiritual gifts, particularly speaking in tongues, Paul underscores the necessity of comprehension for edification. Without understanding, the spiritual gift loses its purpose within the church community.

the meaning of someone’s language
The term "meaning" is translated from the Greek word "dynamis," which often refers to power or ability. Here, it suggests the inherent power of language to convey meaning and facilitate communication. "Language" is "phōnē" in Greek, which can mean voice or sound. Paul is addressing the Corinthian church's misuse of the gift of tongues, emphasizing that without interpretation, the language spoken is devoid of its intended power to edify the church.

I will be a foreigner to the speaker
The word "foreigner" is derived from the Greek "barbaros," which originally referred to someone who spoke a different language, often perceived as unintelligible or strange. In the historical context, Greeks used this term for non-Greeks, highlighting cultural and linguistic barriers. Paul uses this imagery to illustrate the disconnect that occurs when language is not understood, even within the body of Christ.

and he will be a foreigner to me
This reciprocal statement reinforces the mutual alienation that results from a lack of understanding. The repetition of "foreigner" underscores the breakdown of fellowship and unity within the church. Paul’s message is clear: spiritual gifts, including tongues, should promote unity and understanding, not division or confusion.

It is the same with you
This phrase serves as a direct connection to the preceding verses where Paul discusses the use of spiritual gifts. The Greek word for "same" (ὁμοίως, homoios) implies a comparison or similarity. Paul is drawing a parallel between the Corinthians and the broader principles he has been teaching. Historically, the Corinthian church was known for its enthusiasm for spiritual gifts, yet Paul emphasizes that their approach should align with the principles of love and edification he has outlined.

Since you are eager for gifts of the Spirit
The word "eager" (ζηλωτής, zēlōtēs) conveys a sense of zeal or fervent desire. The Corinthians were passionate about spiritual gifts, which is commendable. However, Paul is guiding them to channel this zeal appropriately. The phrase "gifts of the Spirit" refers to the charismata, the various spiritual gifts bestowed by the Holy Spirit for the edification of the church. In the historical context, these gifts were signs of divine favor and empowerment, but they were also meant to serve a greater purpose beyond personal edification.

strive to excel
The Greek word for "strive" (ζητέω, zēteō) suggests an active pursuit or endeavor. Paul is encouraging the Corinthians to not just passively receive gifts but to actively seek to use them in a way that is most beneficial. "Excel" (περισσεύω, perisseuō) implies abundance or going beyond the ordinary. The call here is to go beyond mere possession of gifts to their excellent use.

in gifts that build up the church
The phrase "build up" (οἰκοδομή, oikodomē) is an architectural term, suggesting construction or edification. The primary purpose of spiritual gifts, according to Paul, is the edification of the church body. This aligns with the broader scriptural theme that the church is the body of Christ, and each member is to contribute to its growth and strengthening. Historically, the early church faced many challenges, and the proper use of spiritual gifts was crucial for its unity and mission. Paul’s instruction is a reminder that the ultimate goal of spiritual gifts is not personal glory but the strengthening and growth of the church community.

Therefore
This word serves as a bridge, connecting the previous discussion on spiritual gifts and the orderly conduct of worship. It implies a conclusion or a necessary action based on prior teachings. In the context of 1 Corinthians 14, Paul has been discussing the use of spiritual gifts, particularly the gift of tongues, and how they should edify the church. The word "therefore" signals a practical application of these teachings.

the one who speaks in a tongue
This phrase refers to individuals who have the spiritual gift of speaking in tongues, a phenomenon where a person speaks in a language unknown to them, often considered a heavenly or angelic language. The Greek word for "tongue" is "glossa," which can mean both the physical organ and a language. Historically, speaking in tongues was a sign of the Holy Spirit's presence and was prevalent in the early church. However, Paul emphasizes that this gift should be used for the edification of the church, not just personal edification.

should pray
The act of praying here is a directive, suggesting that those who speak in tongues have a responsibility to seek God for further understanding. The Greek word "proseuchomai" is used for prayer, indicating a devotion and communication with God. This implies that spiritual gifts are not just for personal gratification but require a partnership with God to be used effectively within the body of Christ.

that he may interpret
Interpretation is crucial for the edification of the church. The Greek word "diermeneuo" means to explain or translate. In the context of spiritual gifts, interpretation allows the congregation to understand the message being spoken in tongues. Paul stresses the importance of interpretation so that the entire church can benefit from the message, aligning with his broader teaching that all spiritual gifts should build up the body of Christ. This reflects the orderly and purposeful nature of worship that Paul advocates for in the Corinthian church.

For if I pray in a tongue
The phrase "pray in a tongue" refers to the practice of speaking in tongues, a spiritual gift mentioned in the New Testament. The Greek word for "tongue" is "glossa," which can mean both the physical organ and a language. In the context of 1 Corinthians, it refers to a language unknown to the speaker, often considered a heavenly or angelic language. Historically, speaking in tongues was a sign of the Holy Spirit's presence and was prevalent in the early church as a means of edification and communication with God. This practice is rooted in the events of Pentecost (Acts 2), where the apostles spoke in various languages as the Spirit enabled them.

my spirit prays
The term "spirit" here is translated from the Greek word "pneuma," which can mean breath, spirit, or wind. In this context, it refers to the human spirit, the innermost part of a person that connects with God. Paul emphasizes that when one prays in tongues, it is the spirit that is actively engaged in prayer. This highlights the intimate and personal nature of such prayer, as it transcends the limitations of human language and understanding, allowing a direct connection with God.

but my mind is unfruitful
The word "mind" comes from the Greek "nous," which refers to the intellect or understanding. Paul contrasts the activity of the spirit with the inactivity of the mind during prayer in tongues. "Unfruitful" suggests a lack of productive outcome or benefit to the intellect. This indicates that while the spirit is edified, the mind does not comprehend the language being spoken. Historically, this has been a point of contention within the church, as some argue for the necessity of understanding in worship, while others emphasize the spiritual edification that occurs regardless of intellectual comprehension.

So what shall I do?
This phrase reflects a rhetorical question posed by Paul, emphasizing the need for practical application of spiritual gifts. The Greek word "τι οὖν ἐστιν" (ti oun estin) suggests a logical conclusion or decision point. Paul is addressing the Corinthian church's confusion over spiritual gifts, particularly speaking in tongues, and is guiding them towards a balanced approach that edifies both the individual and the church community.

I will pray with my spirit
The term "pray with my spirit" refers to prayer that is inspired and led by the Holy Spirit. The Greek word "πνεύματι" (pneumati) indicates a deep, spiritual connection with God that transcends human understanding. This type of prayer is characterized by a profound sense of intimacy with God, often expressed through speaking in tongues. Paul acknowledges the value of such prayer, as it strengthens the believer's personal relationship with God.

but I will also pray with my mind
Here, "pray with my mind" emphasizes the importance of understanding and intellect in prayer. The Greek word "νοΐ" (noi) refers to the mind or intellect. Paul is advocating for a balanced approach where prayer is not only a spiritual exercise but also an intellectual one. This ensures that prayer is meaningful and comprehensible, both to the individual and to others who may be present, thus promoting edification and unity within the church.

I will sing with my spirit
"Singing with my spirit" parallels praying with the spirit, involving worship that is inspired by the Holy Spirit. The act of singing in this context is an expression of joy and adoration that flows from a heart filled with the Spirit. The Greek word "ψαλῶ" (psalō) suggests making music or singing psalms, indicating that worship is a holistic experience involving both the heart and the spirit.

but I will also sing with my mind
"Singing with my mind" underscores the necessity of understanding and clarity in worship. Just as with prayer, Paul insists that singing should engage the intellect. This ensures that the words sung are meaningful and can be understood by others, fostering a communal worship experience that is both spiritually enriching and intellectually satisfying. The balance between spirit and mind in worship reflects the holistic nature of Christian devotion, where both heart and mind are fully engaged in the pursuit of God.

Otherwise
This word serves as a transition, indicating a consequence or alternative scenario. In the context of 1 Corinthians 14, Paul is addressing the use of spiritual gifts, particularly speaking in tongues, within the church. The Greek word "epei" suggests a logical progression from the previous argument, emphasizing the need for clarity and edification in communal worship.

if you speak a blessing in spirit
The phrase "speak a blessing" refers to the act of praising or giving thanks to God, often in a public setting. The Greek word "eulogeo" means to speak well of or to bless. "In spirit" indicates that this blessing is done through the Holy Spirit, possibly in a tongue or language not understood by others. This highlights the importance of spiritual gifts being exercised in a way that benefits the entire congregation.

how can someone who is ungifted
The term "ungifted" translates from the Greek "idiotes," meaning a layperson or someone without special knowledge or skills. In this context, it refers to someone who does not possess the gift of interpretation or understanding of tongues. This underscores the need for spiritual gifts to be accessible and understandable to all members of the church, not just those with specific spiritual insights.

say 'Amen'
"Amen" is a Hebrew word meaning "truly" or "so be it." It is a declaration of agreement or affirmation, commonly used in Jewish and Christian liturgical settings. The use of "Amen" signifies the congregation's participation and agreement with the prayer or blessing being offered. Without understanding, the congregation cannot genuinely affirm what is being said.

to your thanksgiving
Thanksgiving, or "eucharistia" in Greek, is an expression of gratitude towards God. It is a central aspect of Christian worship, reflecting a heart of gratitude for God's grace and blessings. Paul emphasizes that thanksgiving should be a communal experience, where all can participate and understand the expressions of gratitude being offered.

since he does not know what you are saying
This phrase highlights the crux of Paul's argument: the necessity of intelligibility in worship. If the words spoken are not understood, they cannot edify or build up the church. The Greek "oiden" (to know) underscores the importance of comprehension in the communal worship experience. Paul advocates for prophecy or interpretation so that all may be edified and participate fully in the worship of God.

You may be giving thanks well enough
The phrase "giving thanks" in Greek is "εὐχαριστεῖς" (eucharisteis), which is the root of the word "Eucharist," a term often used for the Lord's Supper. This highlights the act of gratitude as central to Christian worship and life. In the context of 1 Corinthians 14, Paul is addressing the use of spiritual gifts, particularly speaking in tongues. The act of giving thanks is commendable and aligns with the Christian duty to express gratitude to God. However, Paul emphasizes that this act, while spiritually beneficial to the individual, must also consider the edification of the church body. Historically, the early church faced challenges in balancing personal spiritual experiences with communal worship, a theme that resonates with the need for unity and mutual edification in the body of Christ.

but the other one is not edified
The term "edified" comes from the Greek "οἰκοδομεῖται" (oikodomeitai), which means to build up or strengthen. In the architectural sense, it refers to constructing a building, symbolizing the growth and strengthening of the church as a spiritual house. Paul is concerned with the edification of the entire church community, not just the individual. The historical context of Corinth, a diverse and cosmopolitan city, meant that the church was a melting pot of cultures and languages. This diversity could lead to misunderstandings and divisions if not handled with love and consideration. Paul’s instruction here is a call to prioritize the spiritual growth and understanding of all members, ensuring that worship practices contribute to the unity and edification of the church. This reflects the broader biblical principle that spiritual gifts are given for the common good, as seen in 1 Corinthians 12:7, emphasizing the importance of love and mutual edification in the exercise of spiritual gifts.

I thank God
The phrase "I thank God" reflects the Apostle Paul's deep sense of gratitude and acknowledgment of God's sovereignty in his life. The Greek word for "thank" is "εὐχαριστέω" (eucharisteō), which conveys a sense of giving thanks or expressing gratitude. This expression of thankfulness is not just a personal sentiment but a recognition of God's grace and gifts. In the historical context, Paul often begins his letters with thanksgiving, setting a tone of humility and dependence on God. This gratitude is foundational to Christian living, reminding believers to acknowledge God's hand in all aspects of life.

that I speak
The phrase "that I speak" indicates Paul's personal experience and practice. The Greek word "λαλέω" (laleō) means to speak or to talk, often used in the New Testament to describe the act of verbal communication. In the context of 1 Corinthians, Paul is addressing the use of spiritual gifts, particularly the gift of tongues. His statement underscores his active engagement in this spiritual practice, which was a significant aspect of early Christian worship and community life. Historically, speaking in tongues was a sign of the Holy Spirit's presence and power, serving as a means of edification and communication with God.

in tongues
The term "in tongues" refers to the spiritual gift of speaking in languages unknown to the speaker, known in Greek as "γλώσσαις" (glōssais). This gift, mentioned in Acts 2 during Pentecost, was a miraculous ability given by the Holy Spirit, allowing believers to speak in foreign languages or heavenly languages. In the Corinthian church, speaking in tongues was a prominent and sometimes contentious gift, leading Paul to address its proper use and purpose. Theologically, tongues are seen as a sign of the Spirit's work, intended for personal edification and, when interpreted, for the edification of the church.

more than all of you
The phrase "more than all of you" highlights Paul's extensive experience with the gift of tongues compared to the Corinthian believers. The Greek word "πλείον" (pleion) means more or greater, emphasizing the extent of Paul's practice. This statement is not a boast but a way to establish his authority and credibility in addressing the issues surrounding spiritual gifts. Historically, the Corinthian church was known for its enthusiasm for spiritual gifts, sometimes leading to disorder and division. Paul's assertion serves to remind the Corinthians of the importance of order, edification, and love in the exercise of spiritual gifts, aligning with the broader message of 1 Corinthians 14.

But in the church
The phrase "in the church" refers to the assembly of believers gathered for worship and edification. The Greek word for church, "ekklesia," signifies a called-out assembly or congregation. Historically, the early church met in homes or public spaces, emphasizing community and mutual edification. Paul underscores the importance of intelligibility and order within these gatherings, contrasting the private use of spiritual gifts with their public exercise.

I would rather speak
Paul's preference here is instructive. The Greek verb "thelō" (I would rather) indicates a deliberate choice or desire. This reflects Paul's apostolic authority and pastoral concern for the spiritual growth of the church. His choice emphasizes the value of edification over personal spiritual experiences, aligning with the broader biblical principle of love and service to others.

five coherent words
The number "five" is symbolic of simplicity and clarity. The Greek word "logous" (words) suggests meaningful, articulate speech. Paul contrasts this with the excessive use of tongues, which, without interpretation, lacks edification. The emphasis on "coherent" (or understandable) words highlights the necessity of communication that builds up the body of Christ, aligning with the scriptural mandate for teaching and instruction.

to instruct others
The purpose of speaking is "to instruct others," which in Greek is "katēcheō," meaning to teach or inform. This reflects the didactic role of speech within the church. Instruction is central to discipleship and spiritual maturity, as seen throughout the New Testament. Paul's focus is on the communal benefit of teaching, which fosters understanding and growth in faith.

than ten thousand words in a tongue
The hyperbolic contrast of "ten thousand words in a tongue" underscores the futility of unintelligible speech in corporate worship. The Greek term "glōssa" (tongue) can refer to both the physical organ and languages, including ecstatic speech. Historically, Corinth was a diverse city with many languages, and the misuse of tongues could lead to confusion. Paul advocates for prophecy and teaching over tongues, unless interpreted, to ensure the edification of the church body.

Brothers
The term "brothers" (Greek: ἀδελφοί, adelphoi) is a common address used by Paul in his epistles, signifying a familial bond among believers. This word underscores the unity and equality within the body of Christ, emphasizing that all believers, regardless of their background, are part of God's family. Historically, this term would have resonated deeply with the early Christian communities, who often faced external persecution and needed to rely on one another for support and encouragement.

Stop thinking like children
The phrase "stop thinking like children" (Greek: μὴ παιδία γίνεσθε, mē paidia ginesthe) calls for spiritual maturity. In the context of the Corinthian church, which was struggling with issues of division and immaturity, Paul urges the believers to grow in their understanding and discernment. The imagery of children here is not negative in terms of innocence but rather in terms of lack of understanding and depth. Historically, the Greco-Roman world valued wisdom and maturity, and Paul is aligning the Christian call to maturity with these cultural values, but with a focus on spiritual wisdom.

In regard to evil be infants
The instruction "in regard to evil be infants" (Greek: ταῖς κακίαις νηπιάζετε, tais kakiais nēpiazete) uses the metaphor of infants to convey purity and innocence. Infants are naturally unaware of evil, and Paul is encouraging believers to be untainted by the corrupt practices and moral failings prevalent in Corinthian society. This call to innocence is a reminder of Jesus' teaching in Matthew 18:3, where He emphasizes the importance of childlike purity and humility in entering the kingdom of heaven.

But in your thinking be mature
The contrast "but in your thinking be mature" (Greek: τῇ δὲ φρονήσει τέλειοι γίνεσθε, tē de phronēsei teleioi ginesthe) highlights the need for believers to develop a mature, well-reasoned faith. The Greek word "teleioi" implies completeness and perfection, suggesting that spiritual maturity involves a comprehensive understanding of God's will and purpose. In the historical context of Corinth, a city known for its intellectual pursuits and philosophical debates, Paul is urging the church to rise above superficial knowledge and embrace a deeper, more profound wisdom rooted in Christ.

It is written in the Law
This phrase indicates the authoritative nature of the Scriptures, often referring to the Old Testament. The "Law" here is not limited to the Pentateuch but can encompass the broader Hebrew Scriptures. Paul is likely referencing Isaiah 28:11-12, which underscores the continuity and fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy in the New Testament. The use of "written" emphasizes the permanence and divine inspiration of Scripture, reminding believers of the unchanging truth of God's Word.

By strange tongues
The term "strange tongues" refers to languages that are foreign or unknown to the listeners. In the context of Isaiah, it was a prophecy about the Assyrian invasion, where the Israelites would hear foreign languages as a sign of judgment. In the New Testament context, Paul uses this to illustrate the purpose of tongues as a sign, particularly to unbelievers. The Greek word for "tongues" (glōssais) can mean both the physical organ and languages, highlighting the miraculous nature of speaking in tongues as a divine gift.

and foreign lips
"Foreign lips" further emphasizes the idea of languages that are not understood by the native speakers. Historically, this phrase would remind the Jewish audience of times when God used foreign nations to communicate His judgment and sovereignty. The use of "foreign" (heterōn) suggests something different or other, pointing to the diversity of God's methods in reaching His people and the universality of His message.

I will speak to this people
God's intention to "speak" signifies His desire to communicate and reveal Himself to His people. Despite their rebellion, God continues to reach out, showing His patience and mercy. The phrase "this people" specifically refers to the Israelites, but by extension, it applies to all who are called by God. It underscores the personal nature of God's relationship with His people and His ongoing effort to draw them back to Himself.

but even then they will not listen to Me
This phrase highlights the tragic reality of human stubbornness and the rejection of God's message. Despite clear signs and wonders, the people often choose to ignore God's voice. The Greek word for "listen" (akousontai) implies not just hearing but understanding and obeying. This serves as a warning to the church to remain attentive and responsive to God's Word, lest they fall into the same pattern of disobedience.

says the Lord
The declaration "says the Lord" affirms the divine authority behind the message. It is a reminder that the words spoken are not merely human opinions but the very words of God. This phrase carries the weight of divine command and assurance, encouraging believers to trust in the reliability and truth of God's promises. It serves as a call to heed the voice of the Lord, who is sovereign and just in all His ways.

Tongues, then, are a sign
The word "tongues" in Greek is "glōssai," which refers to languages. In the early church, speaking in tongues was a miraculous ability to speak in a language unknown to the speaker, serving as a divine sign. Historically, this gift was first manifested at Pentecost (Acts 2), symbolizing the universality of the Gospel. The term "sign" (Greek: "sēmeion") indicates a miraculous event meant to convey a message or truth. In this context, tongues serve as a sign of God's power and presence, particularly to those outside the faith, demonstrating the supernatural work of the Holy Spirit.

not for believers, but for unbelievers
This phrase highlights the purpose of tongues as an evangelistic tool. For unbelievers, witnessing the miraculous speaking in tongues could serve as a powerful testament to the reality of God and the truth of the Gospel. Historically, this aligns with the Jewish expectation of signs accompanying divine revelation. For believers, who already accept the truth of the Gospel, tongues are not necessary as a sign of God's presence, as their faith is built on the foundation of the Word and the inner witness of the Holy Spirit.

prophecy, however, is for believers
The Greek word for "prophecy" is "prophēteia," which involves speaking forth the mind and counsel of God. Unlike tongues, prophecy is intelligible and directly edifies the church. It serves to build up, encourage, and comfort believers (1 Corinthians 14:3). In the early church, prophecy was a crucial means of conveying God's will and guidance to the community of faith. It underscores the importance of understanding and applying God's Word in the life of the church, fostering spiritual growth and maturity.

not for unbelievers
Prophecy, while beneficial to believers, does not serve as a sign for unbelievers in the same way tongues do. Unbelievers may not recognize or understand the significance of prophetic messages, as they require spiritual discernment and a heart receptive to God's truth. This distinction emphasizes the different roles of spiritual gifts within the church and the world, highlighting the need for clarity and order in worship to ensure that all are edified and that the Gospel is effectively communicated.

So if the whole church comes together
The phrase "the whole church" refers to the assembly of believers in Corinth, a diverse group united by faith in Christ. The Greek word for "church" is "ekklesia," meaning a called-out assembly or congregation. Historically, the early church met in homes or public spaces, emphasizing community and shared faith. This gathering is not just a social event but a spiritual assembly where believers come together to worship, learn, and edify one another.

and everyone speaks in tongues
The gift of tongues, or "glossolalia" in Greek, was a spiritual gift given to some believers, allowing them to speak in languages unknown to them. In the early church, this was a sign of the Holy Spirit's presence and power. However, Paul addresses the potential for disorder if everyone speaks in tongues simultaneously. The historical context shows that Corinth was a cosmopolitan city with many languages and cultures, making the gift of tongues both a powerful witness and a potential source of confusion.

and some who are uninstructed or unbelievers come in
The "uninstructed" refers to those not yet fully taught in the Christian faith, possibly new converts or seekers. "Unbelievers" are those who have not accepted the gospel. The early church was evangelistic, often attracting those curious about the new faith. This phrase highlights the importance of being mindful of how church practices appear to outsiders, emphasizing the need for clarity and order in worship to avoid misunderstanding.

will they not say that you are out of your minds?
This rhetorical question underscores the potential for misunderstanding when spiritual gifts are misused. The Greek word for "out of your minds" is "mainomai," suggesting madness or irrational behavior. Paul is concerned with the witness of the church to outsiders. Historically, the early Christians were often misunderstood and even accused of irrational behavior. This verse calls for a balance between spiritual expression and intelligibility, ensuring that worship is edifying for both believers and seekers.

But if an unbeliever or uninstructed person comes in
This phrase introduces a hypothetical scenario where an "unbeliever" or "uninstructed person" enters a Christian assembly. The Greek word for "unbeliever" is "ἄπιστος" (apistos), which refers to someone who does not have faith in Christ. The "uninstructed person" is translated from "ἰδιώτης" (idiōtēs), meaning someone who is unlearned or lacks understanding of the faith. Historically, the early church was a place of teaching and conversion, and this phrase sets the stage for the transformative power of prophecy within the community.

while everyone is prophesying
The act of "prophesying" here is derived from the Greek "προφητεύω" (prophēteuō), which means to speak forth by divine inspiration. In the early church, prophecy was a gift of the Holy Spirit, intended for edification, exhortation, and comfort (1 Corinthians 14:3). This communal act of prophesying suggests a vibrant, Spirit-filled assembly where the truth of God is being declared. Historically, prophecy served as a sign of God's active presence among His people, and it was a means of revealing His will and truth to both believers and non-believers.

he will be convicted
The word "convicted" comes from the Greek "ἐλέγχω" (elegchō), which means to expose, reprove, or convince. This conviction is not merely an intellectual acknowledgment but a deep, spiritual realization of one's sin and need for God. In the context of the early church, this conviction was seen as the work of the Holy Spirit, who uses the truth of God's word to pierce the heart of the listener, leading them to repentance and faith.

and called to account by all
The phrase "called to account" is translated from "ἀνακρίνω" (anakrinō), meaning to examine or judge. This implies a communal responsibility where the entire assembly, through the act of prophesying, participates in revealing the truth to the unbeliever or uninstructed person. In the historical context of the Corinthian church, this communal aspect underscores the unity and shared mission of the body of Christ to witness and testify to the truth of the Gospel. The phrase suggests that the presence and power of God in the assembly are so evident that the unbeliever is compelled to acknowledge the truth and reality of God.

and the secrets of his heart
The phrase "secrets of his heart" refers to the innermost thoughts and intentions that are hidden from others. In the Greek, the word for "secrets" is "κρυπτά" (krypta), which implies things that are concealed or hidden. This highlights the omniscience of God, who knows all things, even the deepest thoughts of a person. Historically, this understanding of God's all-knowing nature is consistent with the Jewish belief in God's intimate knowledge of human hearts, as seen in passages like Psalm 44:21, "Would not God have discovered it, since He knows the secrets of the heart?"

will be revealed
The Greek word for "revealed" is "φανερόω" (phaneroō), meaning to make visible or manifest. This suggests a divine action where God brings to light what is hidden. In the context of the early church, this revelation often occurred through the prophetic gift, which served to convict and convince unbelievers of God's presence. Theologically, this aligns with the belief that God's truth, when revealed, has the power to transform and convict individuals, leading them to repentance.

So he will fall facedown
The act of falling facedown is a physical expression of reverence and submission. In biblical times, this posture was common in worship and signified humility and acknowledgment of God's sovereignty. The Greek word "πίπτω" (piptō) for "fall" conveys a sudden and decisive action, indicating the profound impact of encountering God's truth. This act of worship is reminiscent of numerous biblical accounts where individuals respond to divine revelation with awe and humility, such as in Isaiah 6:5, where Isaiah responds to his vision of God by acknowledging his own unworthiness.

and worship God
"Worship" in Greek is "προσκυνέω" (proskyneō), which literally means to bow down or to prostrate oneself. This term conveys not only the physical act of worship but also an attitude of the heart that recognizes God's supreme authority and holiness. In the early church, worship was central to the community's life, reflecting a deep-seated belief in God's presence and power. This phrase underscores the transformative effect of God's revelation, leading individuals to genuine worship.

proclaiming, 'God is truly among you!'
The declaration "God is truly among you" is a powerful testament to the reality of God's presence within the church. The Greek word "ἀληθῶς" (alēthōs) for "truly" emphasizes the certainty and authenticity of this recognition. This proclamation serves as a witness to both believers and unbelievers of the living and active presence of God in the community. Historically, the early church was marked by signs and wonders that confirmed God's presence, as seen in Acts 2:43, where "everyone was filled with awe at the many wonders and signs performed by the apostles." This acknowledgment of God's presence is a call to the church to live in a manner that reflects His holiness and love, serving as a beacon of hope and truth in the world.

What then shall we say, brothers?
This phrase serves as a rhetorical question, inviting the Corinthian believers to reflect on their practices during worship. The Greek word for "brothers" (ἀδελφοί, adelphoi) is inclusive, addressing both men and women in the congregation, emphasizing the familial bond among believers. Paul is calling the church to consider their actions and attitudes in light of their shared identity in Christ.

When you come together
The phrase underscores the communal aspect of early Christian worship. The Greek term for "come together" (συνέρχομαι, synerchomai) implies a gathering with purpose. Historically, the early church met in homes or small gatherings, emphasizing intimacy and mutual edification. This context highlights the importance of unity and collective worship in the body of Christ.

each of you has a hymn
The word "hymn" (ψαλμός, psalmos) refers to a song of praise, often rooted in the Psalms of the Old Testament. In the early church, hymns were a vital part of worship, serving to glorify God and instruct the congregation. This reflects the Jewish tradition of singing psalms, now infused with the new revelation of Christ.

or a word of instruction
This phrase indicates the sharing of teaching or doctrine. The Greek term for "instruction" (διδαχή, didachē) suggests a structured form of teaching, essential for the spiritual growth of the church. It underscores the role of sound doctrine in building a strong foundation for believers.

a revelation
"Revelation" (ἀποκάλυψις, apokalypsis) refers to a divine disclosure or insight given by the Holy Spirit. In the early church, revelations were crucial for understanding God's will and direction. This highlights the dynamic and prophetic nature of early Christian worship, where the Spirit actively communicated with the believers.

a tongue
The term "tongue" (γλῶσσα, glōssa) refers to the spiritual gift of speaking in languages unknown to the speaker. This gift, as seen in Acts 2, served as a sign for unbelievers and a means of edification when interpreted. The presence of tongues in worship underscores the supernatural work of the Holy Spirit among the early Christians.

or an interpretation
"Interpretation" (ἑρμηνεία, hermēneia) is the ability to translate or explain the meaning of tongues. This gift ensures that the message is understood and beneficial to the congregation. It highlights the order and clarity that should accompany spiritual gifts, ensuring they contribute to the edification of the church.

Everything must be done
This phrase emphasizes the necessity of order and purpose in worship. The Greek word for "done" (γίνομαι, ginomai) implies action and fulfillment. Paul insists that all activities in the church should be intentional and directed towards a common goal.

so that the church may be built up
The ultimate purpose of these activities is the edification of the church. The Greek term for "built up" (οἰκοδομή, oikodomē) conveys the idea of constructing or strengthening. This reflects the apostolic concern for the spiritual maturity and unity of the body of Christ, ensuring that all gifts and contributions serve to enhance the community's faith and witness.

If anyone speaks in a tongue
The phrase "speaks in a tongue" refers to the spiritual gift of speaking in languages not previously learned, often understood as a miraculous ability given by the Holy Spirit. The Greek word for "tongue" is "glossa," which can mean both the physical organ and a language or dialect. Historically, this gift was prominent in the early church as a sign of the Holy Spirit's presence and power. In a conservative Christian perspective, this gift is seen as a means to edify the church when used properly and with interpretation.

two, or at most three
This phrase sets a limit on the number of people who should speak in tongues during a church gathering. The apostle Paul emphasizes order and edification in worship services. The number "two, or at most three" suggests a balance between allowing the expression of spiritual gifts and maintaining order. This instruction reflects the early church's need to manage the enthusiastic use of spiritual gifts to ensure that worship remains focused and beneficial for all attendees.

should speak in turn
The directive "should speak in turn" underscores the importance of orderly worship. The Greek word "kata meros" implies taking turns or speaking one at a time. This instruction prevents chaos and confusion, ensuring that each message can be clearly heard and understood. In the historical context of Corinth, where spiritual gifts were abundant, this guidance was crucial for maintaining a respectful and edifying environment.

and someone must interpret
The requirement that "someone must interpret" highlights the necessity of understanding and edification in the use of spiritual gifts. The Greek word "diermeneuo" means to interpret or explain. Without interpretation, speaking in tongues would not benefit the congregation, as the message would remain unintelligible. This reflects the broader biblical principle that spiritual gifts are given for the common good and should be exercised in a way that builds up the church. In a conservative Christian view, this ensures that all spiritual expressions contribute to the growth and unity of the body of Christ.

But if there is no interpreter
The phrase "no interpreter" is crucial in understanding the orderly conduct Paul advocates for in the church. The Greek word for "interpreter" is "hermēneutēs," which implies someone who can translate or explain the meaning of tongues. In the early church, the gift of tongues was often a sign of the Holy Spirit's presence, but without interpretation, it could lead to confusion. Paul emphasizes the need for clarity and edification in worship, underscoring that spiritual gifts should build up the church, not create disorder.

he should remain silent in the church
The directive to "remain silent" uses the Greek word "sigatō," which means to hold one's peace or refrain from speaking. This instruction is not a prohibition against speaking in tongues but a call for self-control and discernment. In the context of worship, silence is sometimes more edifying than speech, especially when the latter cannot be understood. This reflects a broader biblical principle that worship should be conducted in a manner that is intelligible and beneficial to all present.

and speak only to himself and God
The phrase "speak only to himself and God" highlights the personal and intimate nature of prayer and communication with God. The Greek word "laleō" for "speak" suggests a continuous or habitual action, indicating that even if public expression is not possible, private communion with God remains vital. This underscores the personal aspect of faith, where one's spiritual life is not solely dependent on public expressions but is deeply rooted in personal devotion and prayer. Paul acknowledges the value of speaking in tongues as a form of personal edification, even when it is not shared with the congregation.

Two or three prophets
In the early church, the role of a prophet was vital for the edification and guidance of the congregation. The Greek word for "prophets" here is "προφῆται" (prophētai), which refers to those who are divinely inspired to communicate God's message. The instruction for "two or three" suggests a structured and orderly approach to prophecy, ensuring that the congregation is not overwhelmed and that each message can be given due attention. Historically, this reflects the early church's emphasis on order and discernment in worship, as seen in the Didache, an early Christian treatise that also emphasizes the importance of testing prophecies.

should speak
The phrase "should speak" indicates an active participation in the worship service. The Greek verb "λαλείτωσαν" (laleitōsan) is in the imperative mood, suggesting a command or strong encouragement. This implies that prophecy is not merely a passive reception of divine messages but involves a deliberate and responsible act of communication. The early church valued the spoken word as a primary means of conveying God's will, reflecting the oral culture of the time where spoken testimony was a key method of teaching and learning.

and the others
The term "the others" refers to the rest of the congregation or possibly other prophets present. The Greek word "οἱ ἄλλοι" (hoi alloi) suggests a communal responsibility in the discernment process. This communal aspect underscores the collective nature of early Christian worship, where the body of believers was actively engaged in the spiritual life of the community. It reflects the biblical principle of mutual accountability and the shared pursuit of truth.

should weigh carefully
The phrase "should weigh carefully" is translated from the Greek "διακρινέτωσαν" (diakrinētōsan), which means to judge or discern. This implies a process of careful evaluation and discernment, ensuring that the prophetic messages align with the teachings of Christ and the apostles. This practice is rooted in the Jewish tradition of testing prophets, as seen in Deuteronomy 18:20-22, where the authenticity of a prophet's message is to be tested against its fulfillment and consistency with God's revealed word.

what is said
The focus on "what is said" highlights the content of the prophecy rather than the charisma or authority of the speaker. This reflects the early church's commitment to truth and doctrinal purity. The Greek phrase "τὰ λεγόμενα" (ta legomena) emphasizes the importance of the message itself, encouraging believers to prioritize substance over style. This aligns with the broader biblical theme of testing all things and holding fast to what is good, as instructed in 1 Thessalonians 5:21.

And if a revelation
The term "revelation" in Greek is "apokalypsis," which means an unveiling or disclosure of something previously hidden. In the context of the early church, revelations were understood as divine insights given by the Holy Spirit to edify the church. This highlights the dynamic and living nature of the early Christian gatherings, where the Spirit was actively communicating God's will and wisdom to the believers.

comes to someone
The phrase "comes to someone" indicates the spontaneous and sovereign nature of divine revelation. It underscores that revelations are not humanly orchestrated but are gifts from God, given according to His will and purpose. This reflects the belief that God is actively involved in guiding His people, providing them with timely insights and instructions.

who is seated
In the early church, those who were seated were typically the congregation or those not currently speaking. This detail suggests a setting where order and respect were maintained, even as the Spirit moved. It implies that anyone, regardless of their position or status, could receive a revelation, emphasizing the egalitarian nature of spiritual gifts within the body of Christ.

the first speaker
The "first speaker" refers to the person who was initially speaking or prophesying. This indicates a structured environment where multiple people could contribute, but there was an order to how revelations were shared. It reflects the principle of mutual edification, where the focus is on building up the church rather than individual prominence.

should hold his peace
The instruction for the first speaker to "hold his peace" is a call for humility and deference to the Spirit's leading. The Greek word for "hold his peace" is "sigao," meaning to be silent or to stop speaking. This demonstrates the importance of allowing the Spirit to guide the flow of the meeting, ensuring that the most pertinent and timely message is heard. It also teaches the value of listening and being receptive to others, fostering a community where the Spirit's voice is prioritized over personal agendas.

For you can all prophesy
This phrase emphasizes the inclusivity and accessibility of the gift of prophecy within the Christian community. The Greek word for "prophesy" is "προφητεύω" (prophēteuō), which means to speak forth by divine inspiration. In the early church, prophecy was not limited to a select few but was a gift available to all believers, indicating the democratization of spiritual gifts. This reflects the New Testament teaching that the Holy Spirit empowers all believers, not just leaders, to contribute to the edification of the church.

in turn
The phrase "in turn" suggests order and structure within the exercise of spiritual gifts. The Greek word "καθ' ἕνα" (kath' hena) implies taking turns or doing something one by one. This instruction was crucial in the Corinthian church, where disorder and chaos could arise from everyone speaking at once. Paul emphasizes that spiritual gifts should be exercised in a manner that promotes peace and edification, aligning with the character of God as a God of order.

so that everyone may be instructed
The purpose of prophecy, as highlighted here, is instruction. The Greek word "μαθητεύω" (mathēteuō) means to teach or instruct. Prophecy is not merely about foretelling future events but is primarily about teaching and edifying the church. This aligns with the broader biblical theme that the gifts of the Spirit are given for the common good, to build up the body of Christ in knowledge and understanding.

and encouraged
The final phrase underscores the dual purpose of prophecy: instruction and encouragement. The Greek word "παρακαλέω" (parakaleō) means to call to one's side, to comfort, or to exhort. Prophecy should uplift and strengthen the believers, providing comfort and motivation to live out their faith. This reflects the heart of God, who desires His people to be encouraged and supported in their spiritual journey.

The spirits of prophets
This phrase emphasizes the divine inspiration that prophets receive. In the Greek, "pneumata" (spirits) refers to the breath or spirit, indicating the life-giving force behind prophetic utterances. Prophets in the early church were individuals endowed with the Holy Spirit to convey God's messages. Historically, prophets played a crucial role in guiding the church, much like the Old Testament prophets who directed Israel. This phrase underscores the divine origin of their messages, yet it also implies a level of personal responsibility and control over the prophetic gift.

are subject
The Greek word "hypotassō" means to arrange under or to subordinate. This suggests that the prophetic gift, while divinely inspired, is not uncontrollable or chaotic. Instead, it is subject to the discipline and discernment of the prophet. This is a crucial point in understanding the orderly nature of worship and prophecy in the church. The apostle Paul is addressing the Corinthian church's need for order, emphasizing that spiritual gifts should be exercised in a manner that edifies the congregation.

to prophets
This phrase indicates that prophets have authority over their own spiritual gifts. In the context of the Corinthian church, where there was a tendency towards disorderly worship, Paul is instructing that prophets must exercise self-control. The historical context reveals that the early church valued prophecy highly, but it was essential that such gifts were used constructively. This aligns with the broader scriptural teaching that God is a God of order, not confusion (1 Corinthians 14:33). Prophets, therefore, must discern and judge their own messages, ensuring they align with the truth of the Gospel and contribute to the edification of the church body.

For God
The phrase "For God" introduces the divine authority behind the statement. In Greek, "Theos" is used for God, emphasizing the monotheistic belief central to Christianity. This opening asserts that the following principles are not merely human opinions but are rooted in the character and nature of God Himself. Historically, the early church faced many challenges, and this reminder served to align the believers' actions with God's nature.

is not a God of disorder
The Greek word for "disorder" is "akatastasia," which implies confusion, instability, or chaos. In the context of the Corinthian church, which struggled with issues of disorder during worship, this phrase underscores that God’s nature is inherently orderly. Theologically, this reflects the creation narrative where God brings order out of chaos (Genesis 1). It serves as a call for the church to reflect God's orderly nature in their worship and community life.

but of peace
The word "peace" in Greek is "eirene," which conveys not only the absence of conflict but also the presence of harmony and wholeness. This peace is a fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22) and is central to the Christian life. Historically, peace was a significant theme in the Pax Romana, yet Paul emphasizes a peace that surpasses human understanding, rooted in God’s character. This peace should be evident in the life of the church, contrasting with the disorder mentioned earlier.

As in all the congregations of the saints
This phrase situates the instruction within the broader context of the universal church. "Congregations" translates from the Greek "ekklesiai," meaning assemblies or gatherings, and "saints" from "hagios," meaning holy or set apart. Paul is emphasizing that the principles of order and peace are not unique to Corinth but are expected in all Christian communities. This universality underscores the unity and consistency expected among believers, reflecting the universal nature of God's kingdom. Historically, this would have been a powerful reminder of the interconnectedness of the early Christian communities across diverse regions.

women should remain silent
The phrase "women should remain silent" has been a subject of much debate and discussion. The Greek word for "silent" here is "σιγάω" (sigaō), which means to keep silent or hold one's peace. In the historical context of the early church, this directive was likely addressing specific disruptions or disorder within the Corinthian church services. The cultural backdrop of the time was one where public speaking roles were predominantly male, and this instruction may have been aimed at maintaining order during worship. From a conservative Christian perspective, this directive is often understood as a call for orderly worship and respect for church leadership structures.

in the churches
The term "churches" refers to the local assemblies or congregations of believers. In the early Christian era, churches were often house gatherings where believers met for worship, teaching, and fellowship. The plural form indicates that this instruction was not limited to the Corinthian church but was intended as a general guideline for all congregations. This reflects the universal nature of Paul's teachings and the importance of maintaining consistent practices across different communities of faith.

They are not allowed to speak
The phrase "not allowed to speak" uses the Greek word "λαλέω" (laleō), which means to talk or to utter words. This instruction is often interpreted within the context of maintaining order during worship services. It is important to note that this does not imply a blanket prohibition on women speaking in all church contexts, as other passages in the New Testament show women praying and prophesying (e.g., 1 Corinthians 11:5). The emphasis here is on the orderly conduct of worship and the roles within the church service.

but must be in submission
The concept of "submission" is derived from the Greek word "ὑποτάσσω" (hypotassō), which means to arrange under or to subordinate. In the biblical context, submission is often understood as a voluntary yielding in love and respect, reflecting the order established by God. This mirrors the broader biblical teaching on mutual submission within the body of Christ (Ephesians 5:21) and the specific roles within marriage and church leadership.

as the law says
The reference to "the law" is generally understood to mean the Old Testament Scriptures, which were the authoritative texts for early Christians. This could be an allusion to the creation order or specific Old Testament passages that outline roles and responsibilities. From a conservative perspective, this phrase underscores the continuity between the Old and New Testaments and the enduring principles of order and respect within the community of believers.

If they wish to inquire about something
This phrase suggests a desire for understanding or clarification. The Greek word for "inquire" is "μανθάνω" (manthano), which means to learn or to understand. In the context of the early church, this reflects a structured approach to learning and teaching, where questions were encouraged but needed to be directed appropriately. Historically, this reflects a time when formal education was not as accessible to women, and the home was a primary place for learning and discussion.

they are to ask their own husbands at home
The instruction for women to ask their husbands at home underscores the importance of the family unit as a center for spiritual growth and learning. The Greek word "ἴδιος" (idios) for "own" emphasizes the personal and intimate relationship within the marriage. This reflects the cultural context of the time, where the husband was often the more educated partner and could provide guidance. It also highlights the biblical principle of the husband as the spiritual leader in the home, as seen in Ephesians 5:23.

for it is dishonorable
The term "dishonorable" comes from the Greek "αἰσχρός" (aischros), meaning shameful or improper. This reflects the cultural norms of the time, where public speaking by women in a mixed assembly could be seen as disruptive or inappropriate. The early church sought to maintain order and respectability in worship, aligning with the broader societal expectations of decorum.

for a woman to speak in the church
The phrase "to speak in the church" refers to the public assembly of believers. The Greek word "λαλέω" (laleo) means to talk or to speak, and in this context, it implies authoritative teaching or speaking roles. Historically, the early church was navigating the integration of diverse cultural practices, and this directive was part of maintaining order and unity. It is important to note that this instruction is specific to the context of worship and teaching within the church assembly, not a blanket prohibition against women speaking in all settings.

Did the word of God
This phrase refers to the divine revelation and message that God has communicated to humanity. The Greek term for "word" here is "logos," which signifies not just a spoken word but the embodiment of divine reason and creative order. Historically, the "word of God" is understood as the Scriptures, which were given to the prophets and apostles. In the context of 1 Corinthians, Paul is addressing the Corinthian church's tendency to elevate their own spiritual experiences above the foundational truths of the gospel. The rhetorical question challenges their understanding and reminds them that the Scriptures are the ultimate authority, not personal revelations or experiences.

originate with you?
The Greek word for "originate" is "exerchomai," meaning to come forth or proceed. Paul is questioning the Corinthians' assumption of spiritual superiority or exclusivity. Historically, the early church was a diverse body of believers spread across different regions, each receiving the gospel through the apostles' teaching. By asking if the word of God originated with them, Paul is emphasizing that the gospel did not start with the Corinthians; it is a message that has been divinely revealed and entrusted to the apostles, who then spread it to the world. This serves as a humbling reminder that no single church or individual holds a monopoly on God's truth.

Or are you the only ones
This phrase underscores the exclusivity that some in the Corinthian church might have felt. The Greek word "monos" means alone or only, suggesting a sense of isolation or singularity. Paul is challenging any notion of elitism within the church. Historically, the early Christian community was marked by unity and shared beliefs, despite cultural and geographical differences. By questioning if they are the "only ones," Paul is reminding the Corinthians that they are part of a larger body of believers who all share in the same gospel message. This is a call to humility and unity, recognizing that the faith is communal and not confined to a single group.

it has reached?
The Greek term "katantao" means to arrive or come to a place. Paul is emphasizing the widespread reach of the gospel, which has been proclaimed to Jews and Gentiles alike. Historically, the spread of Christianity in the first century was rapid and expansive, reaching various regions and peoples. By asking if the word of God has only reached them, Paul is highlighting the universal nature of the gospel. It is a message for all people, transcending cultural and ethnic boundaries. This serves as a reminder to the Corinthians that they are part of a global mission and should not view themselves as the sole recipients of God's revelation. The gospel's reach is a testament to its power and the work of the Holy Spirit in drawing people from all nations to Christ.

If anyone considers himself
This phrase challenges the self-perception of individuals within the Corinthian church. The Greek word for "considers" is "dokei," which implies a self-assessment or personal judgment. In the context of the early church, where spiritual gifts were highly esteemed, Paul is urging believers to critically evaluate their own claims to spiritual authority. This self-reflection is crucial in maintaining humility and ensuring that one's actions align with God's will rather than personal ambition.

a prophet or spiritual person
The term "prophet" refers to someone who claims to speak on behalf of God, while "spiritual person" encompasses those who believe they possess spiritual insight or gifts. In the Greek, "prophet" is "prophētēs," and "spiritual" is "pneumatikos." The early church valued prophetic gifts, but Paul emphasizes that true spiritual authority is not self-proclaimed but recognized through alignment with divine truth. This distinction is vital in discerning genuine spiritual leadership from false claims.

let him acknowledge
The Greek word "epiginōskō" is used here, meaning to recognize or fully understand. Paul is calling for a conscious and deliberate acknowledgment of the divine origin of his teachings. This acknowledgment is not merely intellectual assent but a heartfelt acceptance that leads to obedience. It underscores the importance of recognizing apostolic authority as divinely instituted, which is foundational for maintaining doctrinal purity and unity within the church.

that what I am writing to you
Paul's writings are not mere personal opinions but carry the weight of apostolic authority. The phrase "what I am writing" highlights the written nature of his instructions, which were intended to be preserved and followed by the church. This underscores the significance of Scripture as a permanent and authoritative guide for Christian living, reflecting the early church's reliance on apostolic teaching as foundational to their faith and practice.

is the Lord’s command
The phrase "the Lord’s command" asserts that Paul's instructions are not optional suggestions but divine mandates. The Greek word "entolē" for "command" indicates an authoritative directive from God. This elevates Paul's teachings to the level of divine law, requiring obedience from all believers. It emphasizes the belief that Scripture is God-breathed and authoritative, serving as the ultimate standard for faith and conduct in the life of the church.

But if anyone
This phrase introduces a conditional statement, indicating a choice or decision that an individual must make. The Greek word for "anyone" (τις, tis) is indefinite, suggesting that this applies universally to any person within the Corinthian church or the broader Christian community. The inclusivity of this term underscores the personal responsibility each believer has in adhering to the teachings and order established by Paul.

ignores this
The word "ignores" is translated from the Greek word ἀγνοέω (agnoeō), which can mean to be ignorant of, to disregard, or to willfully neglect. In the context of 1 Corinthians 14, Paul is addressing the proper use of spiritual gifts, particularly prophecy and speaking in tongues, within the church. To "ignore" this teaching is to dismiss the divinely inspired order and instruction that Paul, as an apostle, is imparting. This disregard is not merely a passive oversight but an active choice to reject apostolic authority and the edification of the church body.

he himself will be ignored
The consequence of ignoring Paul's instruction is that the individual "will be ignored." The Greek verb ἀγνοέω is used again here, creating a parallel structure that emphasizes the reciprocity of the action. This reflects a principle found throughout Scripture: the measure one uses will be measured back to them (Matthew 7:2). In a historical and scriptural context, this could mean that the person who disregards the order and edification of the church will find themselves outside the community's spiritual blessings and guidance. It is a sobering reminder of the importance of obedience and humility in the Christian walk.

So, my brothers
The phrase "So, my brothers" serves as a transitional and relational address, indicating a conclusion or summary of the preceding discussion. The Greek word for "brothers" is "adelphoi," which can refer to both male and female members of the Christian community, emphasizing the familial bond among believers. This familial language underscores the unity and love that should characterize the church, reflecting the early Christian understanding of the church as a family of faith.

be eager to prophesy
The Greek word for "be eager" is "zēloō," which conveys a sense of earnest desire or zeal. This term suggests an active pursuit and prioritization of prophecy within the church. Prophecy, in the New Testament context, involves speaking forth God's message for the edification, encouragement, and consolation of the church (1 Corinthians 14:3). The emphasis on prophecy highlights its role in building up the church, providing guidance, and revealing God's will. Historically, prophecy was a vital aspect of early Christian worship, serving as a means for God to communicate directly with His people.

and do not forbid
The phrase "do not forbid" is a direct command, indicating that the practice being addressed should not be prohibited. The Greek word "kōluō" means to hinder or prevent. This instruction reflects the apostle Paul's desire for a balanced approach to spiritual gifts, where the exercise of gifts is encouraged but also regulated to maintain order and edification within the church. The historical context of the Corinthian church, with its diverse and sometimes chaotic expressions of spiritual gifts, necessitated such guidance.

speaking in tongues
The term "speaking in tongues" refers to the spiritual gift of glossolalia, where individuals speak in languages unknown to them, as enabled by the Holy Spirit. The Greek word "glōssais" means "tongues" or "languages." In the early church, this gift served as a sign for unbelievers and a means of personal edification when accompanied by interpretation (1 Corinthians 14:22-28). The instruction not to forbid this practice acknowledges its legitimacy and value within the church, while also implying the need for its proper use in a way that contributes to the common good.

But everything
The word "everything" in this context refers to all activities within the church, particularly those related to worship and the exercise of spiritual gifts. The Greek word used here is "πάντα" (panta), which emphasizes inclusivity and totality. Paul is addressing the Corinthian church, which was experiencing disorder during worship services. This phrase underscores the importance of ensuring that all aspects of church life, from teaching to prophecy, are conducted with consideration and respect for the community.

must be done
The phrase "must be done" indicates a command rather than a suggestion. The Greek verb "γινέσθω" (ginesthō) is in the imperative mood, signifying necessity and obligation. Paul is not merely advising the Corinthians; he is instructing them with apostolic authority. This reflects the seriousness with which Paul views the orderliness of worship, as it reflects the character of God and the witness of the church to the world.

in a proper
The word "proper" is translated from the Greek "εὐσχημόνως" (euschēmonōs), which conveys the idea of decency and appropriateness. In the cultural context of Corinth, a city known for its moral laxity, Paul’s emphasis on propriety would have been particularly poignant. The church is called to be a counter-cultural community that reflects the holiness and order of God, standing in contrast to the chaos and immorality of the surrounding society.

and orderly
"Orderly" comes from the Greek "τάξιν" (taksin), which means arrangement or order. This term is often used in military contexts to describe troops arranged in formation. Paul is advocating for a structured and harmonious approach to worship, where each participant knows their role and contributes to the edification of the body. This order is not about stifling the Spirit but about creating an environment where the Spirit can move freely and effectively.

manner
The word "manner" is implied in the Greek text and is understood from the context. It suggests a way of doing things that is consistent with the character and nature of God. The manner in which worship is conducted should reflect the peace, unity, and love that are hallmarks of the Christian faith. This is not merely about external order but about cultivating an internal disposition of reverence and respect for God and one another.