In the eighth month
The "eighth month" refers to the month of Cheshvan in the Hebrew calendar, which typically falls around October-November in the Gregorian calendar. This timing is significant as it follows the Jewish New Year and the Day of Atonement, a period of reflection and renewal. The eighth month is a time when the agricultural cycle in Israel is quiet, allowing for introspection and spiritual focus. This context sets the stage for the prophetic message, emphasizing a season of new beginnings and divine communication.

of the second year of Darius
Darius refers to Darius I, the Persian king who reigned from 522 to 486 BC. The "second year" of his reign would be around 520 BC. This historical marker is crucial as it situates Zechariah's prophecy during the period of the Jewish return from Babylonian exile. The Persian Empire, under Darius, was known for its administrative efficiency and relative tolerance of different cultures and religions, which allowed the Jews to rebuild the temple in Jerusalem. This period is marked by a sense of hope and restoration for the Jewish people, aligning with the themes of Zechariah's prophecies.

the word of the LORD
This phrase signifies divine revelation, a common expression in the prophetic books indicating that the message originates from God Himself. The Hebrew term for "word" is "dabar," which implies not just spoken words but an active, dynamic force that accomplishes God's purposes. The "word of the LORD" is authoritative and transformative, calling the people to repentance and renewal. It underscores the belief that God is actively involved in the affairs of His people, guiding and directing them through His prophets.

came to Zechariah
The name "Zechariah" means "Yahweh remembers" in Hebrew. This is profoundly significant, as it reflects the central theme of the book: God's faithfulness to His covenant promises. Zechariah, as a prophet, serves as a conduit for God's message, reminding the people that despite their past unfaithfulness, God has not forgotten them. The personal calling of Zechariah highlights the intimate relationship between God and His chosen messengers, who are tasked with delivering His divine will to the people.

son of Berechiah, the son of Iddo
The genealogy provided here serves to establish Zechariah's credentials and lineage. "Berechiah" means "Yahweh blesses," and "Iddo" means "His witness." This lineage underscores the continuity of God's work through generations. It also connects Zechariah to the priestly and prophetic traditions, as Iddo is mentioned in the book of Nehemiah as a leader among the priests. This heritage reinforces Zechariah's authority and the divine legitimacy of his message.

the prophet
The designation "the prophet" affirms Zechariah's role as a spokesperson for God. Prophets in the Hebrew tradition were not merely predictors of the future but were primarily concerned with calling the people back to faithfulness to God. They were often seen as social and spiritual reformers, challenging the status quo and urging adherence to God's covenant. Zechariah's prophetic ministry is characterized by visions and symbolic actions, aimed at encouraging the returned exiles to rebuild the temple and renew their commitment to God.

saying
The introduction of the word "saying" indicates that what follows is a direct message from God. It prepares the reader for the divine communication that is to be delivered through Zechariah. This word serves as a transition from the historical and genealogical context to the prophetic message itself, emphasizing the immediacy and relevance of God's word to the people of that time. It invites the audience to listen attentively and respond to the divine call.

The LORD
This phrase refers to Yahweh, the covenantal name of God in the Hebrew Bible. It emphasizes God's eternal and unchanging nature, as well as His sovereignty and authority over Israel. In the Hebrew text, "Yahweh" is often used to remind the Israelites of their unique relationship with God, who delivered them from Egypt and established them as His chosen people. This covenant relationship is central to understanding the dynamics of divine anger and mercy throughout the Old Testament.

was very angry
The Hebrew word for "angry" here is "קָצַף" (qatsaph), which conveys a sense of intense displeasure or wrath. This is not a fleeting emotion but a profound response to the persistent disobedience and idolatry of the Israelites. The phrase "very angry" underscores the seriousness of their transgressions and the depth of God's righteous indignation. In the context of the prophetic literature, divine anger often serves as a precursor to judgment, but it is also a call to repentance and a reminder of God's desire for His people to return to Him.

with your forefathers
This phrase points to the historical context of Israel's repeated failures to uphold their covenant with God. The "forefathers" refers to previous generations who had turned away from God's commandments, leading to consequences such as exile and suffering. By invoking the memory of the forefathers, Zechariah is urging the current generation to learn from the past and to seek a renewed relationship with God. This historical reflection is a common theme in the prophetic books, serving as both a warning and an encouragement to embrace faithfulness and obedience.

So tell the people
This phrase indicates a direct command from God to the prophet Zechariah. The Hebrew word for "tell" is "אָמַר" (amar), which means to say or declare. This is not merely a suggestion but a divine directive, emphasizing the importance of the message. The audience, "the people," refers to the Israelites who had returned from Babylonian exile. Historically, this was a time of rebuilding and renewal, both physically and spiritually, for the Jewish community.

this is what the LORD of Hosts says
The title "LORD of Hosts" (YHWH Sabaoth) is a powerful designation of God, emphasizing His sovereignty and command over the heavenly armies. It underscores His authority and ability to fulfill His promises. This title reassures the people of God's supreme power and His capability to protect and guide them. In the context of post-exilic Israel, this was a comforting reminder of God's presence and strength amidst their challenges.

‘Return to Me,’
The Hebrew word for "return" is "שׁוּב" (shuv), which means to turn back or repent. This is a call for repentance, a central theme in the prophetic literature. It implies a heartfelt turning away from sin and a return to a covenant relationship with God. The invitation is personal and relational, highlighting God's desire for His people to come back to Him. This reflects the consistent biblical theme of God's grace and willingness to forgive those who seek Him earnestly.

declares the LORD of Hosts
The repetition of "LORD of Hosts" reinforces the authority and seriousness of the message. The word "declares" (נְאֻם, neum) is often used in prophetic literature to introduce a divine oracle. It signifies that the message is not of human origin but is a direct communication from God. This repetition serves to remind the people of God's unchanging nature and His commitment to His covenant promises.

‘and I will return to you,’
This promise is conditional, based on the people's response to God's call for repentance. The phrase "I will return" uses the same Hebrew root "שׁוּב" (shuv), indicating a reciprocal relationship. God's return signifies His favor, blessing, and presence among His people. Historically, this was crucial for the Israelites as they sought to re-establish their identity and worship in Jerusalem. It assures them that their efforts in rebuilding the temple and their community would be met with divine support and presence.

says the LORD of Hosts
The closing repetition of "says the LORD of Hosts" serves as a bookend to the verse, emphasizing the divine origin and authority of the message. It reassures the people that the promise of God's return is as certain as His command for them to return. This repetition is a literary device that underscores the reliability and faithfulness of God, encouraging the people to trust in His word and respond in obedience.

Do not be like your fathers
This phrase serves as a direct admonition to the Israelites, urging them to learn from the past mistakes of their ancestors. The Hebrew word for "fathers" (אָבוֹת, avot) often refers to the patriarchs or previous generations. Historically, the Israelites had a pattern of disobedience and rebellion against God, leading to their exile. This call is a reminder to break the cycle of disobedience and to seek a renewed relationship with God.

to whom the former prophets proclaimed
The "former prophets" refers to those who came before Zechariah, such as Isaiah, Jeremiah, and others who warned Israel and Judah of impending judgment due to their unfaithfulness. The Hebrew word for "proclaimed" (קָרָא, qara) implies a public declaration or a call to attention. This highlights the continuity of God's message through His prophets, emphasizing that the call to repentance is not new but has been a consistent theme throughout Israel's history.

This is what the LORD of Hosts says
The title "LORD of Hosts" (יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת, Yahweh Tseva'ot) underscores God's sovereignty and command over the heavenly armies. It is a reminder of His power and authority, reinforcing the seriousness of the message. This divine title assures the people that the call to repentance comes from the highest authority, demanding their respect and obedience.

‘Turn now from your evil ways and your evil deeds.’
The Hebrew word for "turn" (שׁוּב, shuv) is often translated as "repent" and signifies a complete change of direction or a return to God. "Evil ways" and "evil deeds" refer to the sinful behaviors and actions that have led the people away from God. This call to repentance is urgent ("now"), emphasizing the immediate need for change. It is a compassionate plea from God, offering the opportunity for restoration and blessing.

But they did not listen or pay attention to Me
This phrase highlights the tragic response of the previous generations. The Hebrew word for "listen" (שָׁמַע, shama) implies not just hearing but obeying. "Pay attention" (קָשַׁב, qashav) suggests a deeper level of attentiveness and understanding. The failure to heed God's call resulted in dire consequences, serving as a warning to the current generation. It underscores the importance of not just hearing God's word but responding to it with obedience.

declares the LORD
The phrase "declares the LORD" (נְאֻם יְהוָה, ne'um Yahweh) is a prophetic formula that authenticates the message as coming directly from God. It serves as a divine seal of authority, ensuring that the words spoken are not merely human opinions but the very words of God. This declaration invites the audience to trust in the reliability and truth of the message, encouraging them to respond with faith and action.

Where are your forefathers now?
This phrase invites reflection on the transient nature of human life and the enduring nature of God's word. The Hebrew word for "forefathers" is "אֲבוֹתֵיכֶם" (avoteichem), which refers to the ancestors of the Israelites. Historically, this question is posed to the post-exilic community of Israel, urging them to consider the fate of their ancestors who did not heed God's warnings. The rhetorical question serves as a reminder of the consequences of disobedience and the importance of learning from past mistakes. It emphasizes the need for repentance and returning to God, as the forefathers' failure to do so led to their downfall.

And the prophets
The mention of "prophets" here, from the Hebrew "הַנְּבִיאִים" (hanvi'im), highlights the role of God's messengers throughout Israel's history. Prophets were divinely appointed to deliver God's messages, often calling the people to repentance and warning them of impending judgment. This phrase underscores the continuity of God's communication with His people, despite the mortality of His messengers. The prophets' words, inspired by God, remain relevant and authoritative, even after their earthly lives have ended. This serves as a reminder of the enduring power and truth of God's word, which outlasts human life.

do they live forever?
This rhetorical question points to the temporal nature of human existence, including that of the prophets. The Hebrew word "יְחִיוּ" (yechiyu) means "live," and it emphasizes the finite lifespan of even the most revered individuals. While the prophets themselves do not live forever, their messages, rooted in divine truth, continue to speak to successive generations. This phrase encourages the audience to focus not on the mortality of the messengers but on the eternal nature of God's word. It serves as a call to heed the prophetic messages and align one's life with God's will, recognizing that while human life is fleeting, God's promises and warnings endure.

But My words and My statutes
This phrase emphasizes the divine origin and authority of the message delivered by the prophets. The Hebrew word for "words" is "דְּבָרַי" (devarai), which signifies not just spoken words but also commands and promises. "Statutes" comes from the Hebrew "חֻקַּי" (chuqqai), indicating decrees or laws that are established and unchangeable. This highlights the enduring nature of God's commands, which are not subject to human alteration or dismissal. Historically, this reflects the covenantal relationship between God and Israel, where His words and statutes were meant to guide and shape the community's life.

which I commanded My servants the prophets
Here, the role of the prophets is underscored as God's chosen messengers. The Hebrew term for "commanded" is "צִוִּיתִי" (tsiviti), implying a direct and authoritative instruction. Prophets in the Old Testament were often seen as the mouthpieces of God, tasked with delivering His messages to the people. This phrase reminds us of the continuity and consistency of God's communication through His prophets, who were often met with resistance but remained faithful to their divine commission.

did they not overtake your fathers?
The word "overtake" in Hebrew is "הִשִּׂיגוּ" (hissigu), which can mean to reach or catch up with. This suggests that despite the forefathers' attempts to ignore or escape God's words, they ultimately faced the consequences of their disobedience. Historically, this reflects the repeated cycle of Israel's rebellion and subsequent judgment, as seen throughout the Old Testament narrative. It serves as a sobering reminder of the inevitability of God's word being fulfilled.

Then they repented and said
The act of repentance is central to the relationship between God and His people. The Hebrew word for "repented" is "וַיָּשֻׁבוּ" (vayashuvu), which means to turn back or return. This indicates a change of heart and a return to God after recognizing their wrongdoing. The historical context here is the post-exilic period, where the Israelites, having experienced the consequences of their ancestors' disobedience, are called to genuine repentance and renewal of their covenant with God.

‘As the LORD of Hosts purposed to do to us
The title "LORD of Hosts" (יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת, Yahweh Tseva'ot) emphasizes God's sovereignty and command over the heavenly armies. The word "purposed" comes from the Hebrew "זָמַם" (zamam), meaning to plan or intend. This highlights God's sovereign will and the certainty of His plans coming to fruition. It reassures the faithful of God's ultimate control over history and His ability to bring about His purposes despite human resistance.

in accordance with our ways and deeds
This phrase underscores the principle of divine justice, where God's actions are in response to human behavior. The Hebrew words for "ways" (דַּרְכֵּינוּ, darkeinu) and "deeds" (מַעֲלָלֵינוּ, ma'alaleinu) refer to the conduct and actions of the people. This reflects the biblical theme that God deals with humanity based on their moral and ethical choices, reinforcing the call to live righteously in accordance with His statutes.

so has He dealt with us.’”
The conclusion of the verse reaffirms the fulfillment of God's word. The Hebrew phrase "כֵּן עָשָׂה אִתָּנוּ" (ken asah itanu) indicates that God has acted justly and consistently with His declared intentions. This serves as both a warning and a comfort: a warning to those who might disregard God's commands and a comfort to those who trust in His faithfulness and justice. It encourages believers to reflect on their own lives and align themselves with God's will, trusting in His righteous dealings.

On the twenty-fourth day
This specific date marks a significant moment in the prophetic ministry of Zechariah. The precision of the date underscores the historical reliability of the biblical narrative. In the Hebrew calendar, dates are often tied to significant events, and this particular day is a divine appointment for revelation. It reminds us that God’s timing is perfect and that He speaks into our lives at the appointed time.

of the eleventh month, the month of Shebat
The month of Shebat corresponds to January-February in the Gregorian calendar. This period is significant in the Jewish agricultural cycle, often associated with the preparation for the new growth of spring. Spiritually, it symbolizes a time of renewal and hope, aligning with the message of restoration and encouragement that Zechariah brings to the people of Israel.

in the second year of Darius
Darius was a Persian king, and his reign is a historical anchor for the events described. The second year of Darius places this prophecy around 520 BC. This was a time when the Jewish people were returning from Babylonian exile and beginning to rebuild the temple in Jerusalem. The mention of Darius highlights the political context in which God’s people were living, reminding us that God’s plans unfold within the realities of human history.

the word of the LORD
This phrase signifies divine communication. In Hebrew, "word" (dabar) implies not just spoken words but an active, dynamic force. The "word of the LORD" is powerful and creative, bringing about change and fulfilling God’s purposes. It is a reminder that God speaks to His people, providing guidance, correction, and hope.

came to the prophet Zechariah
Zechariah, whose name means "Yahweh remembers," is chosen as a vessel for God’s message. His role as a prophet is to convey God’s words to the people, acting as a bridge between the divine and the human. This highlights the importance of prophetic ministry in guiding and encouraging God’s people, especially during times of uncertainty and transition.

son of Berechiah, the son of Iddo
The genealogy of Zechariah is significant, as it establishes his priestly lineage. Berechiah means "Yahweh blesses," and Iddo means "His witness." This lineage underscores the continuity of God’s covenantal promises through generations. It also emphasizes the importance of heritage and the faithfulness of God in maintaining His covenant with His people.

I saw at night
The phrase "I saw at night" indicates a vision received by Zechariah during the night, a common time for divine revelations in the Bible. The Hebrew root for "saw" is "ra'ah," which implies not just physical sight but also spiritual insight or revelation. Night visions often symbolize a period of darkness or uncertainty, yet they are also times when God reveals His plans and purposes. This setting underscores the theme of hope and divine intervention amidst the darkness of Israel's circumstances post-exile.

and behold
The word "behold" is a call to attention, urging the reader to focus on the significance of the vision. In Hebrew, "hinneh" is used, which often introduces something unexpected or important. It serves as a divine spotlight, highlighting the importance of the vision and inviting the audience to witness God's unfolding plan.

a man riding on a red horse
The "man" is often interpreted as a pre-incarnate appearance of Christ or an angelic messenger. The red horse symbolizes war or judgment, as red is frequently associated with bloodshed in biblical literature. The imagery of a rider on a horse is reminiscent of divine messengers or agents of God's will, suggesting that God is actively involved in the affairs of nations and His people.

and he was standing among the myrtle trees
The "myrtle trees" are significant in Jewish symbolism, representing peace and prosperity. The Hebrew word for myrtle is "hadas," which is also used in the Feast of Tabernacles, symbolizing God's provision and protection. The presence of the man among the myrtle trees suggests a message of hope and restoration for Israel, indicating that God is present among His people and will bring about their renewal.

in the ravine
The "ravine" or "bottom" signifies a low place, possibly symbolizing humility or a period of trial. In Hebrew, the word "metsulah" can mean depths or a low-lying area, suggesting that even in the depths of despair or difficulty, God is present and working. This setting emphasizes God's ability to bring life and hope from the lowest and most challenging circumstances.

with red, sorrel, and white horses behind him
The "red, sorrel, and white horses" represent different aspects of God's activity and judgment. Red, as mentioned, often symbolizes war or judgment. Sorrel, a reddish-brown color, may indicate a mixed or intermediate state, possibly representing a transition or a period of change. White is traditionally associated with purity and victory, suggesting ultimate triumph and peace. The presence of these horses behind the man indicates a readiness to execute God's will, whether in judgment or blessing, and reflects the multifaceted nature of God's dealings with humanity.

What are these, my lord?
This phrase reflects Zechariah's inquisitive nature and his desire for understanding. The Hebrew word for "lord" here is "adonai," a term of respect and recognition of authority. Zechariah's question indicates his humility and willingness to learn from divine messengers. In the context of prophetic visions, this question underscores the importance of seeking divine wisdom and understanding, a theme prevalent throughout the Bible. It encourages believers to approach God with questions, trusting that He will provide clarity and insight.

I asked
The act of asking signifies an active engagement with the vision. Zechariah's inquiry is not passive; it demonstrates his active participation in the revelation process. This reflects a broader biblical principle that God invites His people to seek, ask, and knock (Matthew 7:7). The Hebrew root for "asked" is "sha'al," which can also mean to inquire or request. This highlights the relational aspect of faith, where believers are encouraged to communicate openly with God.

And the angel who was speaking with me replied
The presence of an angel as a divine messenger is significant. Angels often serve as intermediaries between God and humans, delivering messages and providing guidance. The phrase "who was speaking with me" indicates an ongoing dialogue, suggesting that God is not distant but actively communicates with His people. The Hebrew word for "angel" is "mal'akh," meaning messenger. This emphasizes the role of angels in conveying God's will and the importance of being attentive to divine communication.

I will show you what they are
This promise of revelation is central to the prophetic experience. The angel's assurance to "show" Zechariah indicates that understanding will be granted. The Hebrew root for "show" is "ra'ah," which means to see or perceive. This implies that divine revelation involves both seeing and understanding, a process that transforms the believer's perspective. The promise of revelation is a reminder of God's faithfulness to illuminate the path of those who seek Him, reinforcing the idea that God desires His people to comprehend His plans and purposes.

Then the man standing among the myrtle trees
This phrase introduces a mysterious figure, often interpreted as an angel or a pre-incarnate appearance of Christ, known as a theophany. The "man" is positioned "among the myrtle trees," which are symbolic of peace and restoration. In Hebrew, the word for myrtle is "hadas," which is associated with the Feast of Tabernacles, a time of joy and thanksgiving. The myrtle trees here may represent the humble and lowly state of Israel at the time, yet they are evergreen, symbolizing hope and renewal. This imagery sets the stage for God's message of comfort and future restoration for His people.

explained
The act of explaining signifies the role of divine messengers in making God's will and plans known to humanity. In the Hebrew context, the word used here implies a clear and authoritative communication. This highlights the importance of understanding and interpreting divine messages accurately, a task often entrusted to prophets and angels in the biblical narrative. The explanation is not just for Zechariah's benefit but for all who seek to understand God's plans.

They are the ones the LORD has sent
This phrase underscores the sovereignty and initiative of God in sending messengers to accomplish His purposes. The Hebrew word for "sent" is "shalach," which conveys a sense of mission and authority. It reflects the biblical theme of God actively engaging with the world through His emissaries. The LORD's sending is a reminder of His ongoing involvement in the affairs of the earth, ensuring that His will is carried out.

to patrol the earth
The concept of patrolling suggests vigilance and oversight. In the ancient Near Eastern context, patrols were often used for maintaining order and security. The Hebrew root "satar" implies a thorough and watchful examination. This divine patrol indicates God's omnipresence and His concern for the state of the world. It reassures the faithful that God is aware of global events and is actively working to bring about His purposes. This patrol is not just for observation but also for intervention, as God sees fit, in the affairs of nations and individuals.

And they reported
The phrase "and they reported" indicates a communication of findings or observations. In the Hebrew context, the word used here is "וַיַּעֲנוּ" (vaya'anu), which implies a response or an answer. This suggests a structured hierarchy and order in the heavenly realm, where messengers or agents are accountable to higher authorities. The act of reporting signifies the importance of transparency and accountability in divine operations, reflecting God's omniscience and the orderly nature of His kingdom.

to the angel of the LORD
The "angel of the LORD" is a significant figure in the Old Testament, often considered a theophany, or a pre-incarnate appearance of Christ. The Hebrew term "מַלְאַךְ יְהוָה" (mal'akh Yahweh) denotes a messenger of God who carries divine authority. This angel is not merely a servant but represents God's presence and power. Theologically, this points to the intimate involvement of God in the affairs of the world, emphasizing His sovereignty and the personal nature of His guidance and intervention.

standing among the myrtle trees
The "myrtle trees" symbolize peace and restoration. In Hebrew, "הַהֲדַסִּים" (hahadasim) refers to a plant that is evergreen and aromatic, often associated with the Feast of Tabernacles, a time of joy and thanksgiving. The myrtle's presence in this vision suggests a future hope and the promise of God's restoration for His people. The angel's position "among" these trees indicates God's active presence in the midst of His creation, overseeing and nurturing His plans for redemption and peace.

We have patrolled the earth
The phrase "we have patrolled the earth" reflects a comprehensive survey or reconnaissance. The Hebrew root "שׁוּט" (shut) means to go to and fro, indicating thoroughness and vigilance. This patrol signifies God's omnipresence and His constant watch over the world. It reassures believers of God's awareness of global events and His control over history, providing comfort that nothing escapes His notice or care.

and behold
The word "behold" is a call to attention, often used in Scripture to highlight something significant or surprising. In Hebrew, "הִנֵּה" (hinneh) serves as an invitation to observe and reflect. It underscores the importance of the message being delivered, urging the audience to recognize the divine revelation and its implications. This serves as a reminder to remain attentive to God's workings and revelations in our lives.

all the earth is at rest and tranquil
The description "all the earth is at rest and tranquil" conveys a state of peace and calm. The Hebrew words "שֹׁקֶטֶת וְשַׁאֲנַנָּה" (shoketet v'sha'anannah) suggest a cessation of conflict and a period of stability. Historically, this reflects a time when the Persian Empire had established dominance, leading to relative peace. Spiritually, it points to the ultimate peace that God promises through His Messiah, a peace that surpasses understanding and is rooted in His divine order and justice. This vision of tranquility serves as a foretaste of the eschatological peace that will be fully realized in God's kingdom.

Then the angel of the LORD said
The phrase "the angel of the LORD" is significant in the Old Testament, often representing a divine messenger or even a theophany, a visible manifestation of God. In Hebrew, "mal'ak YHWH" can imply a special envoy of God, distinct from other angels. This angel acts as an intercessor, showing God's intimate involvement with His people. Historically, this reflects the period after the Babylonian exile, where divine intervention was sought for restoration.

O LORD of Hosts
The title "LORD of Hosts" (YHWH Sabaoth) emphasizes God's supreme command over the heavenly armies and all creation. It is a title of power and authority, reassuring the Israelites of God's ability to protect and restore them. This title is used frequently in prophetic literature to remind the people of God's sovereignty, especially during times of distress.

how long will You withhold mercy
The cry "how long" is a common lament in the Psalms and prophetic books, expressing a deep yearning for God's intervention. The Hebrew root "chanan" for "mercy" implies grace and favor, suggesting a plea for God's compassionate action. This reflects the Israelites' longing for the end of their suffering and the beginning of restoration.

from Jerusalem and the cities of Judah
"Jerusalem and the cities of Judah" represent the heart of the Jewish nation, both politically and spiritually. Jerusalem, as the site of the Temple, held immense religious significance. The mention of these locations underscores the devastation experienced during the Babylonian exile and the hope for their rebuilding and renewal.

which You have afflicted
The acknowledgment that God "afflicted" them highlights the theological understanding of divine discipline. The Hebrew root "ra'a" suggests a purposeful action by God to correct and purify His people. This reflects the covenant relationship where God disciplines those He loves, as seen throughout the Old Testament narrative.

these seventy years
The "seventy years" refers to the prophesied duration of the Babylonian exile, as mentioned in Jeremiah 25:11-12. This period symbolizes a complete cycle of judgment and purification. Historically, it marks the time from the destruction of the Temple in 586 BC to the decree of Cyrus allowing the Jews to return in 538 BC. This timeframe reassures the faithful of God's faithfulness to His promises and the certainty of their return and restoration.

So the LORD spoke
The phrase begins with the divine action of speaking, emphasizing the personal and direct communication from God. In Hebrew, the word for "LORD" is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, which signifies His eternal presence and faithfulness. This highlights God's active involvement in the affairs of His people. The act of speaking indicates God's willingness to reveal His will and provide guidance, a theme consistent throughout the Scriptures where God communicates with His prophets to convey His plans and purposes.

kind and comforting words
The Hebrew words here are "dabarim tovim" (kind words) and "dabarim nechamim" (comforting words). "Tovim" implies goodness, benevolence, and favor, reflecting God's gracious nature. "Nechamim" suggests consolation and encouragement, often used in contexts where God reassures His people of His presence and promises. This phrase underscores the compassionate character of God, who seeks to uplift and reassure His people during times of distress. Historically, this message comes after the Babylonian exile, a period of great turmoil and uncertainty for the Israelites, making these words particularly significant as they promise restoration and hope.

to the angel who was speaking with me
The "angel" here is a messenger of God, often seen as an intermediary between God and humans. In the context of Zechariah, this angel serves as a guide and interpreter of the visions given to the prophet. The interaction between God and the angel highlights the divine order and the role of angels in executing God's will. The phrase "who was speaking with me" indicates an ongoing dialogue, suggesting that God’s revelations are not isolated events but part of a continuous relationship with His people. This reflects the broader biblical narrative where God consistently uses angels to deliver messages, provide protection, and execute His plans, reinforcing the idea of a God who is intimately involved in the world.

So the angel who was speaking with me said
This phrase introduces the divine messenger, an angel, who communicates God's message to Zechariah. In the Hebrew context, the word for "angel" is "mal'ak," which means "messenger." Angels are often depicted as God's intermediaries, delivering His words to humans. This highlights the importance of the message that follows, as it is not merely a human thought but a divine revelation. The presence of an angel underscores the seriousness and authority of the communication.

Proclaim that this is what the LORD of Hosts says
The term "LORD of Hosts" is a translation of "Yahweh Sabaoth," which emphasizes God's sovereignty and power over all heavenly and earthly armies. This title is used to remind the audience of God's supreme authority and His ability to fulfill His promises. The command to "proclaim" indicates that the message is not just for Zechariah but for the people of Israel, emphasizing the need for public declaration and acknowledgment of God's words.

I am jealous for Jerusalem and Zion
The word "jealous" in Hebrew is "qanah," which can also mean "zealous." This reflects God's passionate commitment and protective love for His people and His holy city. Unlike human jealousy, which can be petty or selfish, God's jealousy is rooted in His desire for His people's faithfulness and well-being. Jerusalem and Zion are central to God's covenant with Israel, representing not just physical locations but the spiritual heart of the nation.

with great jealousy
The repetition of "jealousy" with the addition of "great" emphasizes the intensity of God's feelings. This is not a mild concern but a profound, consuming passion. Historically, this reflects God's ongoing relationship with Israel, despite their periods of unfaithfulness. God's great jealousy is a reassurance of His unwavering commitment to His covenant promises and His intention to restore and bless Jerusalem and Zion.

I am exceedingly angry
The Hebrew root for "angry" here is "קָצַף" (qatsaph), which conveys a sense of intense wrath or indignation. This phrase underscores God's profound displeasure with the nations. In the context of Zechariah, this anger is not arbitrary but is a response to the actions of the nations. Historically, the nations surrounding Israel had taken advantage of God's temporary displeasure with His people, exacerbating their suffering rather than showing compassion. This phrase serves as a reminder of God's justice and His protective nature over His covenant people.

with the nations at ease
The term "at ease" comes from the Hebrew "שַׁאֲנַן" (sha'anan), which implies a sense of complacency or false security. The nations are depicted as being unconcerned and self-satisfied, living in comfort while Israel suffers. This complacency is offensive to God, as it reflects a lack of empathy and a failure to recognize their own accountability. Historically, this can be seen in the way powerful empires like Babylon and Persia treated conquered peoples, often with arrogance and without regard for justice.

for I was a little angry
The phrase "a little angry" uses the Hebrew "קָצַף מְעַט" (qatsaph me'at), indicating that God's initial anger towards Israel was measured and temporary. This reflects God's discipline, which is always aimed at correction and restoration rather than destruction. It highlights the difference between God's righteous anger and the excessive cruelty of the nations. Scripturally, this aligns with the theme of God's enduring mercy and His desire for His people to return to Him.

but they furthered the disaster
The Hebrew word for "furthered" is "עָזַר" (azar), meaning to help or assist, but in this context, it is used ironically. The nations did not just passively observe Israel's suffering; they actively contributed to it. "Disaster" comes from "רָעָה" (ra'ah), which can mean evil or calamity. This phrase indicates that the nations took God's disciplinary actions and amplified them into greater suffering for Israel. Historically, this can be seen in the harsh treatment and exploitation of the Israelites during their exile. This serves as a warning against taking advantage of others' misfortunes and a call to act justly and with compassion.

Therefore this is what the LORD says
This phrase introduces a divine proclamation, emphasizing the authority and certainty of the message. The Hebrew word for "LORD" here is "YHWH," the sacred name of God, which underscores His covenantal faithfulness. This introduction sets the tone for a message of hope and restoration, reminding the audience of God's unchanging nature and His commitment to His people.

I have returned to Jerusalem with mercy
The phrase "I have returned" signifies a divine re-engagement with Jerusalem, indicating a shift from judgment to favor. The Hebrew root for "returned" is "shuv," which often implies repentance or a change of direction. Here, it reflects God's renewed presence and blessing. "With mercy" (Hebrew: "rachamim") highlights God's compassionate and forgiving nature, suggesting a restoration not based on Israel's merit but on God's grace.

My house will be rebuilt within it
"My house" refers to the Temple, the center of Jewish worship and the symbol of God's dwelling among His people. The rebuilding of the Temple signifies spiritual renewal and the re-establishment of proper worship. Historically, this points to the post-exilic period when the Jews returned from Babylonian captivity and began reconstructing the Temple under leaders like Zerubbabel and Joshua. The phrase underscores God's intention to restore not just the physical structure but the spiritual life of His people.

declares the LORD of Hosts
The title "LORD of Hosts" (Hebrew: "YHWH Tzevaot") conveys God's supreme authority over all heavenly and earthly armies. It emphasizes His power to accomplish His purposes and protect His people. This declaration assures the audience that the promise of restoration is backed by the omnipotent God who commands all forces of the universe.

and a measuring line will be stretched out over Jerusalem
The "measuring line" is a symbol of construction and planning, indicating a deliberate and orderly rebuilding process. In ancient times, a measuring line was used by builders to ensure accuracy and precision. This imagery suggests that God has a specific and detailed plan for Jerusalem's restoration. It also implies protection and expansion, as the city is measured for growth and prosperity. Scripturally, it echoes prophetic visions of a future where Jerusalem is secure and flourishing under God's care.

Proclaim further
The Hebrew word for "proclaim" is "קְרָא" (qara), which means to call out, recite, or announce. This word suggests a public declaration, emphasizing the importance and urgency of the message. In the context of Zechariah, a prophet during the post-exilic period, this proclamation is a divine directive to communicate God's promises to His people. The use of "further" indicates continuity, building upon previous messages of hope and restoration.

the LORD of Hosts
The term "LORD of Hosts" is "יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת" (YHWH Tseva'ot) in Hebrew. This title underscores God's supreme authority and power over all heavenly and earthly armies. It reflects His sovereignty and ability to fulfill His promises. Historically, this title reassured the Israelites of God's protection and might, especially significant during times of rebuilding and uncertainty after the Babylonian exile.

My cities will again overflow with prosperity
The phrase "overflow with prosperity" uses the Hebrew word "טוֹב" (tov), meaning good, pleasant, or prosperous. This promise of abundance is a reversal of the desolation experienced during the exile. The word "again" signifies restoration and renewal, a return to a state of blessing. Archaeologically, this period saw the rebuilding of Jerusalem and other cities, aligning with the prophetic vision of flourishing communities.

the LORD will again comfort Zion
"Comfort" in Hebrew is "נָחַם" (nacham), which conveys consolation and compassion. Zion, often synonymous with Jerusalem, represents the spiritual and national heart of Israel. The promise of comfort is deeply rooted in the covenant relationship between God and His people. Scripturally, this echoes Isaiah's prophecies of comfort and restoration, reinforcing God's unwavering commitment to His chosen people.

and choose Jerusalem
The word "choose" is "בָּחַר" (bachar) in Hebrew, indicating a deliberate selection or preference. God's choice of Jerusalem is both historical and theological, signifying His enduring love and purpose for the city. This choice is not merely about geographical preference but reflects a divine plan for redemption and blessing. Historically, Jerusalem's centrality in Jewish worship and identity underscores its significance in God's redemptive narrative.

Then I looked up
The phrase "Then I looked up" indicates a moment of divine revelation. In Hebrew, the verb "looked up" (נָשָׂא, nasa) often implies lifting one's eyes to perceive something beyond the ordinary. This act of looking up signifies a readiness to receive a vision from God, a common theme in prophetic literature. It suggests an openness to divine communication, emphasizing the importance of spiritual vigilance and attentiveness in the life of a believer.

and saw
The verb "saw" (רָאָה, ra'ah) in Hebrew conveys more than just physical sight; it implies understanding and insight. In the context of prophetic visions, seeing is often synonymous with receiving divine knowledge or revelation. This underscores the role of prophets as those who perceive God's messages and convey them to His people. It challenges believers to seek spiritual discernment and to be receptive to God's revelations in their own lives.

four horns
The "four horns" are symbolic and carry significant meaning within the biblical context. In ancient Near Eastern culture, horns often represented strength and power. The number four is frequently associated with universality or completeness, as seen in the four corners of the earth or the four winds. Thus, the "four horns" likely symbolize powerful forces or nations that have scattered or oppressed God's people. Historically, this could refer to the empires that dominated Israel, such as Babylon, Persia, Greece, and Rome. Theologically, it serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty over all earthly powers and His ultimate plan to restore and protect His people. This vision encourages believers to trust in God's control over world events and His promise of deliverance.

So I asked the angel who was speaking with me
The phrase begins with Zechariah's direct engagement with the divine messenger. The Hebrew root for "angel" is "מַלְאָךְ" (mal'akh), meaning "messenger." This highlights the role of angels as intermediaries between God and humans, a common theme in biblical narratives. Zechariah's inquiry reflects a humble and teachable spirit, essential for receiving divine revelation. The presence of the angel signifies God's active communication and guidance, emphasizing His desire to reveal truth to His people.

What are these?
Zechariah's question demonstrates his curiosity and desire for understanding. The simplicity of the question underscores the prophet's role as a seeker of divine wisdom. It invites readers to approach God with their questions, trusting in His willingness to provide clarity. This phrase also sets the stage for the revelation of the vision's meaning, reminding believers that God is not a God of confusion but of peace and understanding.

And he told me
The angel's response signifies the readiness of God to answer those who seek Him. The Hebrew verb "אָמַר" (amar), meaning "to say" or "to tell," indicates a direct communication from the divine realm. This interaction assures believers that God is approachable and responsive, reinforcing the relational aspect of faith where God desires to converse with His people.

These are the horns
In biblical symbolism, "horns" often represent power and strength. The Hebrew word "קֶרֶן" (qeren) is used here, which can denote authority or dominion. Historically, horns were used as symbols of might, often seen in the context of animals like bulls. In the prophetic literature, horns can symbolize nations or leaders. This imagery suggests that the forces represented by the horns have significant power and influence, which they have used to scatter God's people.

that scattered Judah, Israel, and Jerusalem
The scattering of "Judah, Israel, and Jerusalem" refers to the historical events of exile and dispersion. The Hebrew verb "זָרָה" (zarah), meaning "to scatter" or "to disperse," conveys the idea of being spread out or driven away. This scattering was a consequence of the people's disobedience and the resulting judgment. However, it also sets the stage for God's redemptive plan to gather His people once more. The mention of "Judah, Israel, and Jerusalem" highlights the comprehensive impact of this scattering, affecting the entire covenant community. It serves as a reminder of the consequences of turning away from God, yet also points to His faithfulness in restoring His people.

Then the LORD
This phrase indicates divine revelation and intervention. The Hebrew word for "LORD" here is "YHWH," the covenant name of God, emphasizing His eternal and unchanging nature. In the context of Zechariah, this revelation comes after a vision of judgment, suggesting a shift towards restoration and hope. The LORD's involvement underscores His sovereignty and active role in the affairs of His people, a comforting reminder of His faithfulness and omnipotence.

showed me
The verb "showed" is derived from the Hebrew root "ra'ah," meaning to see or perceive. This implies a vision or divine insight given to Zechariah, a prophet chosen to convey God's messages. The act of showing indicates that God is revealing something significant, not just to Zechariah, but to all of Israel through him. It highlights the importance of prophetic vision in understanding God's plans and purposes.

four craftsmen
The term "craftsmen" comes from the Hebrew word "charash," which can refer to artisans or skilled workers. Historically, craftsmen were essential in building and restoring structures, symbolizing construction and creation. In the context of Zechariah, these craftsmen are seen as agents of God's restoration, countering the destructive forces represented by the four horns in the preceding verses. The number four often symbolizes completeness or universality in biblical literature, suggesting that these craftsmen are equipped to address the totality of the challenges faced by Israel. This imagery inspires hope, as it signifies God's provision of the necessary means to rebuild and restore His people.

What are these coming to do?
This phrase reflects a moment of inquiry and curiosity from the prophet Zechariah. The Hebrew root for "coming" (בָּאִים, ba'im) suggests an arrival with purpose or intent. In the context of biblical prophecy, this question underscores the anticipation of divine intervention. Historically, the people of Judah were familiar with the concept of God sending agents or messengers to enact His will, and Zechariah's question is a natural response to witnessing a vision of divine activity.

And He replied
The response comes from an angelic figure or possibly the Lord Himself, indicating divine communication. The Hebrew verb for "replied" (וַיֹּאמֶר, vayomer) is frequently used in the Old Testament to denote authoritative speech. This highlights the importance of the message that follows, as it is not merely a human interpretation but a revelation from God.

These are the horns that scattered Judah
The "horns" symbolize power and strength, often used in biblical literature to represent nations or leaders. The Hebrew word for "horn" (קֶרֶן, keren) conveys the idea of aggressive force. Historically, Judah faced invasions and dispersions by powerful empires such as Babylon. This imagery would resonate deeply with the original audience, who experienced the scattering firsthand.

so that no one could raise his head
This phrase paints a picture of oppression and humiliation. The inability to "raise his head" signifies a state of subjugation and despair. In the Hebrew context, lifting one's head is associated with dignity and freedom. The historical scattering of Judah left the people in a state of despondency, unable to assert themselves or reclaim their former glory.

but the craftsmen have come to terrify them
The "craftsmen" (חָרָשִׁים, charashim) are agents of divine retribution. In the ancient Near Eastern context, craftsmen were skilled workers, often associated with construction or creation. Here, they symbolize God's instruments to dismantle the oppressive powers. The use of "terrify" (לְהַחֲרִיד, lehachrid) indicates a reversal of roles, where the oppressors become the oppressed, instilling fear in those who once wielded power.

and throw down these horns of the nations
The act of "throwing down" (לְיַדֵּי, leyadei) signifies a decisive defeat. The "horns of the nations" represent the foreign powers that exalted themselves against Judah. This phrase assures the audience of God's sovereignty and justice, promising that those who have wronged His people will be overthrown.

who lifted up their horns against the land of Judah to scatter it
The phrase "lifted up their horns" (הֵרִימוּ קֶרֶן, herimu keren) conveys arrogance and aggression. The nations' intent "to scatter" (לְפָזֵר, lefazer) Judah reflects a deliberate attempt to disrupt and destroy. This historical context of exile and dispersion is a reminder of the consequences of sin and rebellion, yet it also sets the stage for God's redemptive plan to restore His people.