On the twenty-first day
This specific date is significant in the Jewish calendar as it falls during the Feast of Tabernacles, also known as Sukkot. This feast is a time of rejoicing and remembrance of God's provision during the Israelites' wilderness journey. The precision of the date underscores the importance of God's timing and His involvement in the affairs of His people. It reminds us that God speaks into our lives at the right moment, aligning His divine purposes with our circumstances.

of the seventh month
The seventh month, Tishri, is a sacred time in the Jewish calendar, marked by several important festivals, including the Feast of Trumpets, the Day of Atonement, and the Feast of Tabernacles. This period is one of reflection, repentance, and celebration. The mention of the seventh month highlights the spiritual atmosphere in which God’s message is delivered, emphasizing themes of renewal and divine presence.

the word of the LORD
This phrase signifies divine communication, a direct message from God to His people. In Hebrew, "word" is "dabar," which implies not just spoken words but also action and purpose. The "word of the LORD" is powerful and creative, bringing about change and fulfilling God's will. It is a reminder of the authority and reliability of God's promises and instructions.

came through Haggai the prophet
Haggai, whose name means "festive" or "my feast," is the chosen vessel for delivering God's message. As a prophet, Haggai serves as a mediator between God and the people, emphasizing the role of prophecy in guiding and correcting the community. His ministry is crucial during a time of rebuilding and restoration, as he encourages the people to prioritize God's house and His glory.

saying
This word introduces the content of God's message, preparing the audience for divine instruction. It indicates that what follows is not merely human opinion but a revelation from God. The use of "saying" underscores the importance of listening to and heeding God's voice, as His words are life-giving and transformative.

Speak
The Hebrew word used here is "דַּבֵּר" (daber), which is a command to communicate or declare. In the context of prophetic literature, this is not merely a suggestion but a divine imperative. The act of speaking is central to the prophetic role, as prophets are the mouthpieces of God. This command underscores the urgency and importance of the message that Haggai is to deliver, emphasizing the active role of God in guiding His people through His chosen messengers.

to Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel
Zerubbabel, whose name means "seed of Babylon," is a significant figure in the post-exilic period. As the governor of Judah, he represents the political leadership of the Jewish community returning from Babylonian exile. His lineage is noteworthy as he is a descendant of King David, which ties him to the messianic promises. The mention of his father, Shealtiel, situates him within the genealogical framework that is crucial for understanding the fulfillment of God's promises to David's line.

governor of Judah
This title indicates Zerubbabel's role as the civil leader appointed by the Persian authorities. The term "governor" reflects the political structure of the time, where Judah was a province under the larger Persian Empire. This position of leadership is significant as it highlights the restoration of some form of Jewish governance in the land, albeit under foreign rule, and sets the stage for the rebuilding of the temple and the re-establishment of Jewish worship.

to Joshua son of Jehozadak, the high priest
Joshua, the high priest, represents the spiritual leadership of the community. His role is crucial in the religious restoration of Judah. The mention of his father, Jehozadak, connects him to the priestly lineage, which is essential for maintaining the continuity of the Levitical priesthood. The partnership between Zerubbabel and Joshua symbolizes the necessary collaboration between political and religious leadership in the restoration process.

and to the remnant of the people
The term "remnant" refers to those who have returned from exile and are now tasked with rebuilding their community and religious life. This group is often seen as a faithful core that God preserves to fulfill His purposes. The concept of a remnant is a recurring theme in the prophetic literature, symbolizing hope and continuity despite past judgments. It underscores God's faithfulness to His covenant promises and His ability to bring renewal and restoration through a faithful few.

Who is left among you
This phrase calls attention to the remnant of the people who returned from the Babylonian exile. The Hebrew word for "left" is "שָׁאַר" (sha'ar), which implies a surviving remnant. This remnant is significant in biblical history, as it represents God's faithfulness in preserving His people despite their past disobedience. The question emphasizes the continuity of God's covenant with Israel, even through trials and exile.

who saw this house in its former glory?
The "house" refers to Solomon's Temple, which was renowned for its splendor and magnificence. The Hebrew word for "glory" is "כָּבוֹד" (kavod), often used to describe the weightiness or significance of God's presence. This phrase evokes a sense of nostalgia and loss, as the older generation remembers the temple's grandeur before its destruction. It serves as a reminder of the consequences of Israel's disobedience but also sets the stage for hope and restoration.

How does it look to you now?
This question invites the people to reflect on the current state of the temple, which was in ruins at the time. The Hebrew word for "look" is "רָאָה" (ra'ah), meaning to see or perceive. This reflection is not just about physical appearance but also about spiritual perception. It challenges the people to see beyond the physical desolation to the potential for renewal and God's promise of restoration.

Does it not seem to you like nothing in comparison?
The phrase "like nothing" uses the Hebrew word "כְּאַיִן" (ke'ayin), which means as if it were nonexistent or insignificant. This comparison highlights the stark contrast between the past glory and the present ruin. However, from a conservative Christian perspective, this is not a statement of despair but a call to faith. It encourages believers to trust in God's promises and His ability to bring about a greater glory, as prophesied later in the chapter. This serves as a powerful reminder that God's plans often transcend human understanding and expectations.

But now
This phrase marks a transition from the previous verses, where God acknowledges the discouragement among the people due to the temple's unimpressive beginnings. The Hebrew word for "now" (עַתָּה, 'attah) signifies an immediate call to action, urging the people to shift their focus from past disappointments to present responsibilities.

be strong
The Hebrew word used here is חֲזַק (chazaq), which means to be firm, resolute, or courageous. This command is repeated three times, emphasizing its importance. In the context of the rebuilding of the temple, it is a call to spiritual and physical fortitude, encouraging the leaders and the people to persevere despite challenges.

O Zerubbabel
Zerubbabel was the governor of Judah and a descendant of David. His leadership was crucial in the rebuilding efforts. The mention of his name highlights the continuity of the Davidic line and God's faithfulness to His covenant promises. Zerubbabel's role is both political and spiritual, symbolizing hope for the restoration of Israel.

declares the LORD
This phrase underscores the authority and assurance of the message. The Hebrew word for "declares" (נְאֻם, ne'um) is often used in prophetic literature to convey the certainty of God's word. It reassures the people that the command to be strong is not merely human encouragement but divine instruction.

Be strong, O Joshua son of Jehozadak, the high priest
Joshua, as the high priest, represents the spiritual leadership of the community. His strength is vital for the religious and moral guidance of the people. The mention of his lineage, "son of Jehozadak," connects him to the priestly heritage, emphasizing the continuity of worship and the importance of spiritual integrity.

Be strong, all you people of the land
This call extends beyond the leaders to include every individual in the community. The phrase "all you people" (כָּל־עַם, kol-am) signifies collective responsibility and unity. It is a reminder that the work of God requires the participation and commitment of the entire community.

Work
The Hebrew word עֲשׂוּ (asu) is an imperative, urging the people to action. It is a call to diligence and perseverance in the task of rebuilding the temple. This command highlights the partnership between divine promise and human effort, where faith is demonstrated through action.

for I am with you
This assurance is central to the message. The presence of God (אִתְּכֶם, 'itchem) is a recurring theme in the Bible, providing comfort and confidence to His people. It echoes the covenant promise that God will dwell among His people, reinforcing the idea that their labor is not in vain because it is undergirded by divine support.

declares the LORD of Hosts
The title "LORD of Hosts" (יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת, Yahweh Tseva'ot) emphasizes God's sovereignty and power. It portrays Him as the commander of heavenly armies, capable of accomplishing His purposes. This title reassures the people that the God who commands them to be strong and work is also the one who has the power to ensure the success of their endeavors.

This is the promise
The word "promise" in Hebrew is "דָּבָר" (dabar), which can also mean "word" or "matter." This indicates not just a casual statement but a solemn declaration from God. The promise is a binding commitment, reflecting God's unchanging nature and His faithfulness to His people. Historically, God's promises have been a source of hope and assurance for Israel, reminding them of His covenantal relationship.

I made to you
The personal nature of this phrase emphasizes God's direct relationship with His people. It is not a distant or abstract promise but one made specifically to the Israelites. This personal commitment underscores the intimacy and care God has for His chosen people, reinforcing the idea that He is actively involved in their lives.

when you came out of Egypt
This phrase recalls the Exodus, a foundational event in Israel's history. The Exodus is a symbol of deliverance and God's mighty power to save. By referencing this event, God reminds the Israelites of His past faithfulness and power, encouraging them to trust Him in their present circumstances. The historical context of the Exodus serves as a powerful reminder of God's ability to fulfill His promises.

And My Spirit remains among you
The Hebrew word for "Spirit" is "רוּחַ" (ruach), which can mean breath, wind, or spirit. This indicates the active presence of God among His people. The assurance that God's Spirit remains with them is a profound comfort, suggesting that they are not alone in their struggles. Theologically, this points to the sustaining and guiding presence of God, which empowers and encourages His people.

do not be afraid
This command is a common biblical exhortation, often given in times of uncertainty or fear. The Hebrew phrase "אַל־תִּירָא" (al-tira) is a direct command to reject fear. In the context of Haggai, it serves as a reassurance that despite the challenges they face, God's presence and promises are sufficient to overcome any obstacles. This phrase is a call to faith and trust in God's sovereignty and goodness.

For this is what the LORD of Hosts says
The phrase "LORD of Hosts" is a translation of the Hebrew "Yahweh Sabaoth," which emphasizes God's supreme command over the armies of heaven and earth. This title underscores His sovereignty and power, reminding the Israelites of His ability to fulfill His promises. Historically, this title reassures the people of God's presence and authority during times of rebuilding and uncertainty, as they were returning from exile and reconstructing the temple.

Once more
This phrase suggests a future action that echoes a past event. It implies a continuity of God's intervention in history. Theologically, it points to God's ongoing involvement in the world and His plan for redemption. The phrase can be seen as a promise of divine action that will surpass previous manifestations of God's power, such as the Exodus.

in a little while
This expression conveys a sense of imminence and urgency. It reassures the people that God's intervention is not far off, encouraging them to remain faithful and diligent in their work. Historically, it reflects the prophetic perspective that God's timing, though sometimes mysterious, is always perfect and purposeful.

I will shake the heavens and the earth
The imagery of shaking signifies a dramatic divine intervention that will alter the current order. In Hebrew, the word "shake" (ra'ash) can denote an earthquake or a significant upheaval. This phrase suggests a cosmic transformation, indicating that God's power extends beyond the earthly realm to the entire universe. It echoes the Sinai experience and foreshadows eschatological events described in later prophetic and New Testament writings.

the sea and the dry land
This phrase completes the picture of totality in God's sovereign action. By including both the sea and the dry land, the text emphasizes that no part of creation is beyond God's reach. Historically, this would remind the Israelites of God's control over natural elements, as seen in the parting of the Red Sea. Theologically, it reassures believers of God's comprehensive authority and His ability to bring about His purposes in all areas of life.

I will shake all the nations
The phrase "I will shake" comes from the Hebrew root "רָעַשׁ" (ra'ash), which conveys a sense of trembling or quaking. This imagery of shaking is often used in the Bible to describe God's powerful intervention in human affairs. Historically, this can be seen as a prophetic declaration of God's sovereignty over all nations, emphasizing that He can disrupt the established order to fulfill His divine purposes. The shaking signifies a divine upheaval that precedes a new order, often associated with judgment and renewal. In a spiritual sense, it reminds believers that God is actively involved in the world and that His plans will ultimately prevail, regardless of human resistance.

and they will come with all their treasures
The word "treasures" in Hebrew is "חֶמְדָּה" (chemdah), which can also mean "desirable things" or "precious things." This suggests that the nations will bring their wealth and valuable resources to Jerusalem. Historically, this can be seen as a foretelling of the wealth that would flow into Jerusalem during the time of the Second Temple, but it also points to a future eschatological fulfillment where the nations recognize the glory of God and bring their best to honor Him. Spiritually, it speaks to the idea that all good things ultimately belong to God and will be used for His glory. It encourages believers to offer their best to God, knowing that He is worthy of all honor and praise.

and I will fill this house with glory
The "house" refers to the temple in Jerusalem, which was being rebuilt during Haggai's time. The Hebrew word for "glory" is "כָּבוֹד" (kavod), which signifies weightiness, honor, and splendor. This promise of filling the house with glory is a reassurance to the people that the new temple, though seemingly less magnificent than Solomon's, would be filled with God's presence and majesty. Historically, this was fulfilled when the temple became the center of Jewish worship and later, in a greater sense, through the coming of Jesus Christ, who is the ultimate manifestation of God's glory. For believers, it is a reminder that God's presence is the true glory of any place of worship, and it calls them to seek His presence above all else.

says the LORD of Hosts
The title "LORD of Hosts" (Yahweh Sabaoth) emphasizes God's supreme command over the heavenly armies and all creation. It is a title that underscores His omnipotence and authority. In the context of Haggai, it reassures the people that the One who commands the armies of heaven is the same God who is committed to fulfilling His promises to them. Historically, this title would have been a source of comfort and strength to the Israelites, reminding them that their God is mighty and able to accomplish what He has declared. For contemporary believers, it serves as a powerful reminder of God's sovereignty and His ability to bring about His purposes in their lives and in the world.

The silver is Mine
The phrase "The silver is Mine" emphasizes God's sovereignty and ownership over all material wealth. In the Hebrew text, the word for silver is "כֶּסֶף" (kesef), which not only refers to the physical metal but also symbolizes wealth and economic power. Historically, silver was a common medium of exchange in the ancient Near East, and its mention here underscores the idea that all economic resources ultimately belong to God. This declaration serves as a reminder to the Israelites, who were rebuilding the temple, that their resources and wealth are not self-generated but are gifts from God. It calls believers to trust in God's provision and to use their resources for His glory.

and the gold is Mine
Similarly, "and the gold is Mine" reinforces the message of divine ownership. The Hebrew word for gold is "זָהָב" (zahav), a precious metal highly valued in ancient times for its beauty and rarity. Gold was often used in the construction of temples and sacred objects, symbolizing purity and divine presence. By asserting ownership over gold, God is reminding His people that even the most valuable and sought-after materials are under His control. This statement challenges believers to prioritize spiritual wealth over material wealth, recognizing that true value lies in a relationship with God rather than in earthly possessions.

declares the LORD of Hosts
The phrase "declares the LORD of Hosts" is a powerful affirmation of God's authority and power. The title "LORD of Hosts" (Yahweh Sabaoth) is a military term that portrays God as the commander of heavenly armies. It conveys His supreme power over all creation, including the spiritual and material realms. This declaration is not merely a statement of fact but a divine proclamation that demands attention and obedience. In the context of Haggai, it reassures the Israelites that their efforts in rebuilding the temple are supported by the Almighty God, who commands all resources and forces. For contemporary believers, it serves as a reminder of God's omnipotence and His active involvement in the world, encouraging them to trust in His plans and purposes.

The latter glory of this house
The phrase "the latter glory" refers to the future splendor and honor of the temple that the Israelites were rebuilding after their return from Babylonian exile. In Hebrew, "glory" is "kavod," which signifies weightiness, honor, and splendor. Historically, the first temple, built by Solomon, was renowned for its magnificence. However, God promises that the future glory of the second temple will surpass that of the first. This prophecy points not only to the physical structure but also to the spiritual significance that will be fulfilled in the coming of the Messiah, Jesus Christ, who would bring a greater spiritual glory to the temple.

will be greater than the former
The comparison between the "latter" and the "former" highlights a divine promise of increased blessing and presence. The Hebrew word for "greater" is "gadol," which implies not just size but also importance and significance. Historically, the second temple did not match Solomon's temple in physical grandeur, but its greater glory is understood in the context of the New Testament, where Jesus, the embodiment of God's presence, walked and taught within its courts.

says the LORD of Hosts
This phrase emphasizes the authority and power behind the promise. "LORD of Hosts" (Yahweh Sabaoth) is a title that underscores God's sovereignty over all heavenly and earthly armies. It reassures the people that the promise comes from the Almighty, who commands all forces and can bring His word to fulfillment. This title is a reminder of God's omnipotence and His ability to accomplish what He declares.

And in this place I will provide peace
The promise of peace, or "shalom" in Hebrew, encompasses more than the absence of conflict. It signifies completeness, welfare, and harmony. The temple, as the dwelling place of God among His people, is where this peace is to be realized. Historically, the second temple period was marked by political turmoil, yet the ultimate peace is seen in the coming of Christ, the Prince of Peace, who offers reconciliation with God.

declares the LORD of Hosts
The repetition of "declares the LORD of Hosts" serves to reinforce the certainty and divine origin of the promise. It bookends the verse with God's authoritative voice, ensuring the people that despite their current struggles and the seemingly modest beginnings of the temple, God's plan is assured and His presence will bring about a future of greater glory and peace. This assurance is meant to inspire faith and perseverance among the Israelites as they undertake the daunting task of rebuilding.

On the twenty-fourth day
This specific date marks a significant moment in the prophetic ministry of Haggai. The precision of the date underscores the historical accuracy and reliability of the biblical narrative. In the Hebrew calendar, the twenty-fourth day of the ninth month corresponds to a time of year when the agricultural cycle was crucial, highlighting the people's dependence on God's provision. This date serves as a reminder of God's perfect timing in delivering His messages and interventions.

of the ninth month
The ninth month in the Hebrew calendar is Kislev, which typically falls around November-December in the Gregorian calendar. This period is significant as it precedes the winter rains, a time when the people would be particularly concerned about the success of their crops. The mention of the ninth month situates the prophecy in a context of anticipation and need, emphasizing the urgency and relevance of God's message through Haggai.

in the second year of Darius
Darius I, also known as Darius the Great, was a Persian king whose reign is well-documented in both biblical and secular history. His second year would be around 520 BC. This historical marker not only provides a chronological anchor for the events described but also reflects the broader geopolitical context in which the Jewish people were living. Under Persian rule, the Jews had returned from exile and were in the process of rebuilding the temple, a task that required divine encouragement and guidance.

the word of the LORD
This phrase signifies the divine origin of the message Haggai is about to deliver. In Hebrew, "word" (דָּבָר, dabar) often implies not just spoken words but also actions and events. The "word of the LORD" is powerful, creative, and authoritative, carrying the weight of God's will and purpose. It is a reminder that God communicates with His people, providing direction and hope in times of uncertainty.

came to Haggai the prophet
Haggai is identified as a prophet, a chosen vessel through whom God speaks to His people. The role of a prophet is to convey God's messages, often calling for repentance, obedience, and faithfulness. Haggai's ministry was crucial during a time when the Jewish community needed encouragement to complete the rebuilding of the temple. His prophetic voice was instrumental in stirring the hearts of the people and their leaders.

saying
This introduces the specific message that God is about to deliver through Haggai. The use of "saying" (לֵאמֹר, le'emor) in Hebrew often precedes a direct quotation, indicating that what follows is a precise and authoritative communication from God. It prepares the reader or listener to receive divine instruction, emphasizing the importance of attentiveness and responsiveness to God's word.

This is what the LORD of Hosts says
The phrase "LORD of Hosts" is a powerful title for God, emphasizing His supreme command over the heavenly armies and all creation. The Hebrew term "Yahweh Sabaoth" underscores God's sovereignty and His role as a divine warrior. Historically, this title reassured the Israelites of God's omnipotence and His ability to protect and lead them. In the context of Haggai, it serves as a reminder of God's authority and His active involvement in the affairs of His people, especially as they rebuild the temple.

Ask the priests
The instruction to "ask the priests" highlights the role of the priesthood in ancient Israel as mediators of God's law and will. Priests were responsible for teaching the people and making judgments on matters of ritual purity and religious law. This reflects the theocratic nature of Israelite society, where religious and civil matters were intertwined. The Hebrew root "sha'al" (to ask or inquire) suggests a seeking of wisdom and guidance, emphasizing the importance of divine instruction in decision-making processes.

for a ruling
The term "ruling" refers to a legal or religious decision, often concerning matters of purity or holiness. In Hebrew, the word "torah" can mean law or instruction, indicating that the priests were to provide authoritative guidance based on God's law. This reflects the covenantal relationship between God and Israel, where adherence to divine law was central to maintaining holiness and favor with God. The historical context of Haggai, during the post-exilic period, underscores the need for clarity and adherence to God's commands as the people sought to restore their community and worship practices.

If a man carries
The phrase "If a man carries" introduces a hypothetical scenario, a common teaching method in ancient Jewish tradition. The Hebrew root for "carries" is "נָשָׂא" (nasa), which means to lift, bear, or carry. This action implies responsibility and intentionality, suggesting that the man is purposefully handling something of significance. In the context of Haggai, this sets the stage for a discussion on the transmission of holiness, a key theme in the post-exilic period when the Israelites were rebuilding the temple and re-establishing their covenant relationship with God.

consecrated meat
"Consecrated meat" refers to meat that has been set apart for a sacred purpose, often as part of a sacrificial offering. The Hebrew word for "consecrated" is "קֹדֶשׁ" (qodesh), meaning holy or set apart. In the Levitical system, certain portions of sacrifices were deemed holy and could only be consumed by the priests or in a holy place. This concept underscores the idea that holiness is not inherent in objects but is designated by God for His purposes.

in the fold of his garment
The "fold of his garment" refers to the practice of using one's clothing to carry items, a common method in ancient times. The Hebrew term "כָּנָף" (kanaph) can mean corner or edge, often used to describe the hem of a garment. This imagery evokes the idea of protection and containment, suggesting that the consecrated meat is being carefully handled to maintain its sanctity. It also reflects the broader biblical theme of garments symbolizing one's status or role, as seen in the priestly garments described in Exodus.

and it touches
The phrase "and it touches" introduces the concept of contact and potential transference. The Hebrew root "נָגַע" (naga) means to touch or strike, often used in contexts of physical contact that could result in ritual impurity or, conversely, the spread of holiness. This sets up the question of whether holiness can be transferred through mere contact, a significant issue in the purity laws of the Old Testament.

bread, stew, wine, oil, or any other food
This list of items—"bread, stew, wine, oil, or any other food"—represents common elements of daily sustenance in ancient Israel. Each of these items had specific roles in both everyday life and religious rituals. Bread and wine, for example, were central to offerings and later Christian sacraments. The inclusion of "any other food" broadens the scope, emphasizing the comprehensive nature of the inquiry into holiness and purity.

does it become holy?
The question "does it become holy?" directly addresses the nature of holiness and its transmission. The Hebrew concept of holiness involves being set apart for God's purposes, and this question challenges the assumption that holiness can be transferred through indirect contact. This reflects a deeper theological inquiry into the nature of God's holiness and the human role in maintaining or transmitting it.

The priests answered, ‘No.’
The response from the priests, "No," is significant in its clarity and authority. As the religious leaders and interpreters of the Law, the priests' role was to guide the people in understanding God's requirements. Their answer underscores the principle that holiness is not contagious in the same way impurity is, highlighting the need for intentional consecration and dedication to God. This response would have been instructive for the post-exilic community, emphasizing the importance of direct relationship and obedience to God rather than relying on ritualistic or superficial means of attaining holiness.

If someone defiled by contact with a corpse
In the Hebrew context, the word "defiled" (טָמֵא, tame) refers to a state of ritual impurity. According to the Mosaic Law, contact with a corpse was one of the most severe forms of defilement (Numbers 19:11-13). This impurity required a specific purification process, emphasizing the seriousness of death as a consequence of sin. Theologically, this highlights the separation between life and death, purity and impurity, and ultimately, between God and sin. The defilement by a corpse serves as a metaphor for the pervasive nature of sin and its ability to contaminate what is holy.

touches any of these
The act of touching in Hebrew (נָגַע, naga) implies a transfer of impurity. In the ancient Near Eastern context, physical contact was a common means of transferring both blessings and curses, purity and impurity. This reflects the tangible nature of holiness and sin in the Old Testament, where physical actions often had spiritual implications. The phrase "any of these" refers to the holy offerings and objects mentioned earlier in the chapter, underscoring the principle that holiness cannot be transferred, but impurity can.

does it become defiled?
This rhetorical question posed by Haggai to the priests serves to illustrate a fundamental principle of the Law: impurity is more easily transferred than purity. The question challenges the priests to consider the nature of holiness and defilement, prompting reflection on the spiritual state of the people and their offerings. It underscores the need for vigilance in maintaining purity and the ease with which sin can corrupt.

The priests answered, 'It becomes defiled.'
The priests' response confirms their understanding of the Law and the nature of defilement. Their answer reflects the teachings of Leviticus and Numbers, where the spread of impurity is a significant concern. This acknowledgment by the religious leaders serves as a reminder of the pervasive impact of sin and the need for continual purification and repentance. It also highlights the role of the priesthood in guiding the people in matters of holiness and purity, pointing to the ultimate need for a perfect High Priest, fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who can cleanse from all defilement.

So it is with this people
The phrase "this people" refers to the Israelites, specifically those who returned from Babylonian exile. In Hebrew, the term used is "הָעָם הַזֶּה" (ha'am hazzeh), which can carry a tone of reproach or disappointment. Historically, the Israelites had been chosen by God as His covenant people, yet they often strayed from His commands. This phrase underscores the collective responsibility and spiritual state of the community, emphasizing that their current condition is a result of their actions and attitudes.

and this nation before Me
The term "nation" (גּוֹי, goy) is often used in the Old Testament to describe a group of people bound by common descent, language, and culture. Here, it highlights the corporate identity of Israel as a nation accountable to God. The phrase "before Me" (לְפָנַי, lefanai) indicates their position in relation to God, suggesting that their actions are not hidden from Him. This serves as a reminder of God's omnipresence and His role as the ultimate judge of nations.

declares the LORD
This phrase is a prophetic formula used throughout the Old Testament to assert the authority and authenticity of the message. The Hebrew word for "declares" (נְאֻם, ne'um) is often used in divine pronouncements, emphasizing that the message comes directly from Yahweh, the covenant-keeping God. It reassures the audience that the words spoken are not merely human opinions but divine truths that demand attention and obedience.

and so it is with every work of their hands
The "work of their hands" refers to the labor and efforts of the Israelites, particularly in rebuilding the temple. In Hebrew, "מַעֲשֵׂה יְדֵיהֶם" (ma'aseh yedehem) conveys the idea of human endeavor and craftsmanship. However, due to their spiritual impurity, even their sincere efforts are tainted. This highlights the biblical principle that outward actions, no matter how noble, are insufficient if the heart is not aligned with God's will.

and whatever they offer there is defiled
The word "offer" (יַקְרִיבוּ, yakrivu) pertains to sacrifices and offerings made to God. In the context of the Old Testament sacrificial system, offerings were meant to be pure and holy. The term "defiled" (טָמֵא, tamei) indicates ritual impurity, suggesting that their offerings are unacceptable to God due to their spiritual state. This serves as a sobering reminder that God desires holiness and purity in worship, and that true worship must stem from a heart that is right with Him.

Now consider carefully
The Hebrew word for "consider" is "שִׂימוּ" (simu), which means to set, place, or direct one's mind. This phrase is a call to reflection and introspection. In the context of Haggai, it is a divine invitation to the Israelites to pause and reflect on their past actions and the consequences thereof. The urgency in "now" emphasizes the immediacy of this reflection, urging the people to recognize the importance of their current moment in history. It is a reminder that spiritual and physical restoration begins with a conscious decision to align with God's will.

from this day forward
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the narrative. It signifies a turning point, a new beginning for the Israelites. Historically, this was a time when the people were called to rebuild the temple after years of neglect. The phrase suggests a fresh start, a divine reset where past failures are acknowledged, but the focus is on future obedience and blessing. It is a call to action, encouraging the people to look ahead with hope and determination, trusting in God's promises.

Before one stone was placed on another
This imagery of construction is deeply symbolic. In the ancient Near Eastern context, building with stones was a labor-intensive process, often representing stability and permanence. The phrase highlights the incomplete state of the temple, serving as a metaphor for the spiritual state of the people. It underscores the need for foundational work, both physically in the temple and spiritually in their hearts. The act of placing one stone on another is a reminder of the importance of laying a strong foundation in faith and obedience to God.

in the temple of the LORD
The temple was the center of Jewish worship and a symbol of God's presence among His people. The Hebrew word for temple, "הֵיכָל" (heikal), denotes a palace or sanctuary, emphasizing its significance as a holy place. The mention of "the LORD" (YHWH) underscores the covenant relationship between God and Israel. This phrase serves as a reminder of the divine purpose behind the temple's reconstruction. It is not merely a physical building but a representation of God's dwelling with His people, a place where they could encounter His holiness and grace. The call to rebuild the temple is thus a call to restore their relationship with God, prioritizing His presence in their community and lives.

from that time
This phrase indicates a specific period in the past, referring to the time before the rebuilding of the temple commenced. In the Hebrew context, it emphasizes a turning point or a moment of reflection. Historically, this was a time of economic hardship for the Israelites, as they had neglected the temple, leading to divine disfavor. The phrase serves as a reminder of the consequences of their actions and the importance of prioritizing God's work.

when one came expecting
The act of expecting here is tied to the Hebrew concept of hope and anticipation. It reflects the people's reliance on their own efforts and expectations without considering God's will. This expectation was based on human calculations rather than divine provision, highlighting a disconnect between their desires and the reality of their spiritual state.

a heap of twenty measures
The "heap" signifies abundance, and "twenty measures" refers to a specific quantity of grain. In ancient Israel, measures were a standard for trade and sustenance. The expectation of twenty measures symbolizes the people's hope for prosperity and sufficiency. However, this expectation was unmet, illustrating the futility of their efforts without God's blessing.

there were only ten
The reduction from twenty to ten measures signifies a significant shortfall. This shortfall is a direct result of the people's disobedience and neglect of God's house. It serves as a tangible reminder of the consequences of their spiritual apathy. The number ten, often associated with completeness in biblical numerology, here represents a complete lack of fulfillment of their expectations.

when one came to the wine vat
The wine vat is a symbol of joy and celebration in biblical times, as wine was a staple in religious and social gatherings. Coming to the wine vat with expectations reflects the desire for joy and abundance. However, the context suggests that this joy is incomplete due to the people's spiritual neglect.

to draw out fifty measures
Fifty measures of wine would represent a bountiful harvest, a sign of God's favor and blessing. The act of drawing out implies an expectation of receiving what was thought to be rightfully theirs. This expectation, however, is unmet, pointing to the disconnect between their spiritual state and their material desires.

there were only twenty
The shortfall from fifty to twenty measures of wine underscores the theme of divine judgment and the consequences of neglecting God's commands. The number twenty, while still a significant amount, is less than half of what was expected, symbolizing the incomplete joy and blessing due to their disobedience. This serves as a call to repentance and a reminder of the need to align their priorities with God's will.

I struck you
This phrase indicates divine intervention and discipline. The Hebrew root word for "struck" is "נָכָה" (nakah), which often implies a form of punishment or correction. In the context of Haggai, God is actively involved in the lives of the Israelites, using circumstances to draw them back to Himself. This reflects the biblical principle that God disciplines those He loves (Hebrews 12:6), aiming to correct and guide His people towards righteousness.

all the work of your hands
This phrase emphasizes the totality of the impact on the Israelites' labor and efforts. The "work of your hands" refers to their agricultural and economic activities, which were central to their survival and prosperity. Historically, the Israelites were an agrarian society, and their dependence on the land made them acutely aware of any divine intervention affecting their crops. This phrase serves as a reminder that human efforts are ultimately subject to God's sovereign will.

with blight, mildew, and hail
These three calamities are specific agricultural afflictions. "Blight" (שִׁדָּפוֹן, shiddaphon) and "mildew" (יֵרָקוֹן, yerakon) refer to plant diseases that would devastate crops, while "hail" (בָּרָד, barad) represents a destructive weather phenomenon. In the ancient Near East, such disasters were often seen as signs of divine displeasure. Theologically, these afflictions serve as tangible manifestations of the covenant curses outlined in Deuteronomy 28, where disobedience to God results in agricultural failure.

but you did not turn to Me
This phrase highlights the intended purpose of the divine discipline: repentance and restoration of relationship. The Hebrew word for "turn" is "שׁוּב" (shuv), which means to return or repent. Despite the hardships, the Israelites failed to recognize the call to repentance. This reflects a recurring biblical theme where God desires His people to return to Him with a contrite heart (Joel 2:12-13). It underscores the importance of spiritual responsiveness to God's corrective measures.

declares the LORD
This phrase affirms the authority and certainty of the message. The use of "declares" (נְאֻם, neum) signifies a prophetic utterance, emphasizing that these are not merely the words of Haggai, but the authoritative voice of Yahweh. The covenant name "LORD" (יהוה, YHWH) reminds the Israelites of their unique relationship with God, who is both just and merciful. It serves as a call to heed the divine message and realign their lives according to His will.

Consider now
The Hebrew word for "consider" is "שִׂים" (siym), which means to set, place, or direct one's attention. This is a call to reflection and introspection, urging the people to focus their minds and hearts on the significance of the moment. In a spiritual sense, it is an invitation to align one's thoughts with God's purposes and to be mindful of His timing and actions.

from this day forward
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the history of Israel. It signifies a turning point, a new beginning, and a fresh start. The emphasis on "this day" underscores the immediacy and importance of the present moment in God's redemptive plan. It is a reminder that God is actively involved in the lives of His people and that each day holds potential for divine intervention and blessing.

from the twenty-fourth day of the ninth month
This specific date is significant in the Jewish calendar, corresponding to the month of Kislev. It situates the prophecy in a historical context, grounding it in a real time and place. This precision highlights the faithfulness of God in fulfilling His promises at appointed times. It also serves as a reminder of the importance of remembering and commemorating God's acts in history.

the day the foundation of the LORD’s temple was laid
The laying of the temple's foundation is a momentous event, symbolizing the restoration of worship and the re-establishment of God's presence among His people. The temple was central to Israel's identity and spiritual life, representing God's covenant and His dwelling place. This phrase evokes themes of renewal, hope, and divine favor, as the physical rebuilding of the temple mirrors the spiritual rebuilding of the community.

consider carefully
The repetition of "consider" emphasizes the need for deliberate and thoughtful reflection. It is a call to discernment and wisdom, urging the people to recognize the significance of their actions and the consequences of their obedience or disobedience. This phrase encourages believers to be attentive to God's voice and to respond with faith and commitment.

Is the seed still in the barn?
This phrase challenges the people of Israel to reflect on their current state of readiness and faith. The Hebrew word for "seed" (זֶרַע, zera) often symbolizes potential and future growth. In the context of Haggai, it represents the resources and blessings that God has provided, which are yet to be utilized. The "barn" (מְגוּרָה, megurah) signifies a place of storage, suggesting that the people have not yet sown their seeds, both literally and spiritually. This rhetorical question prompts the Israelites to consider their inactivity and lack of faith in God's promises.

As yet, the vine, the fig tree, the pomegranate, and the olive tree have not yielded fruit
These specific plants—vine, fig tree, pomegranate, and olive tree—are emblematic of the agricultural abundance and prosperity in ancient Israel. Each has its own significance: the vine (גֶּפֶן, gephen) represents joy and celebration, the fig tree (תְּאֵנָה, te'enah) symbolizes peace and security, the pomegranate (רִמּוֹן, rimmon) is a symbol of fertility and blessing, and the olive tree (זַיִת, zayit) stands for endurance and divine favor. The fact that these have "not yielded fruit" indicates a period of barrenness and unfulfilled potential, reflecting the spiritual and physical state of the people before they turn back to God.

But from this day on I will bless you
This promise marks a pivotal moment of divine intervention and assurance. The phrase "from this day on" signifies a turning point, a new beginning initiated by God’s grace. The Hebrew word for "bless" (בָּרַךְ, barak) conveys the idea of bestowing favor and prosperity. This assurance from God is not contingent on the people's past failures but is a forward-looking promise of restoration and abundance. It underscores the theme of hope and renewal, encouraging the Israelites to trust in God's faithfulness and to act in obedience, knowing that His blessings are forthcoming. This promise serves as a powerful reminder of God's sovereignty and His desire to bless His people when they align themselves with His will.

The word of the LORD
This phrase signifies divine communication, emphasizing the authority and sacredness of the message. In Hebrew, "word" is "dabar," which implies not just spoken words but a dynamic, active force. The "LORD" here is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, underscoring His eternal and unchanging nature. This phrase assures us that the message is not of human origin but from the sovereign Creator, who is intimately involved in the affairs of His people.

came to Haggai
The verb "came" in Hebrew is "hayah," which can mean "to happen" or "to come to pass," indicating that this is a divinely orchestrated event. Haggai, whose name means "festive" or "my feast," is the chosen prophet through whom God communicates. This highlights the role of prophets as God's mouthpieces, chosen to deliver His messages to His people, often to encourage, correct, or guide them.

a second time
This phrase indicates that God is persistent and patient in His communication. The repetition underscores the importance of the message and God's desire for His people to understand and respond. It also reflects the biblical pattern of God confirming His word through repetition, as seen in the accounts of Joseph's dreams or Pharaoh's dreams in Genesis.

on the twenty-fourth day of the month
The specificity of the date underscores the historical accuracy and reliability of the biblical narrative. This date, in the context of Haggai's time, corresponds to the Jewish month of Kislev, which is significant for its association with the dedication of the Second Temple. The precise timing of God's message often aligns with significant events, reminding us of His sovereignty over time and history. This detail invites believers to trust in God's perfect timing in their own lives.

Tell Zerubbabel governor of Judah
The name "Zerubbabel" is of Babylonian origin, meaning "seed of Babylon" or "born in Babylon," reflecting the Jewish exile. Zerubbabel was a descendant of David and a leader of the first group of Jews returning from Babylonian captivity. As the "governor of Judah," he held a significant political and spiritual role in the restoration of Jerusalem and the rebuilding of the temple. His leadership symbolizes the hope of restoring the Davidic line and the fulfillment of God's promises to Israel. Historically, this period marks a pivotal moment in Jewish history, as the return from exile was a fulfillment of prophetic promises and a testament to God's faithfulness.

that I am going to shake the heavens and the earth
The phrase "shake the heavens and the earth" is a powerful metaphor indicating a divine intervention that will disrupt the current order. In Hebrew, the word for "shake" (רָעַשׁ, ra'ash) conveys a sense of trembling or quaking, often associated with God's presence or judgment. This imagery is reminiscent of the theophany at Mount Sinai (Exodus 19:18) and is echoed in eschatological prophecies (e.g., Isaiah 13:13, Joel 3:16). Theologically, this shaking signifies God's sovereignty over creation and His ability to alter the course of history. It serves as a reminder of the transient nature of earthly powers and the ultimate establishment of God's kingdom. In the context of Haggai, it reassures the Jewish remnant of God's active role in their restoration and the eventual coming of the Messiah, who will bring about a new order.

I will overturn
The phrase "I will overturn" is a powerful declaration of divine intervention. The Hebrew root word here is "הָפַךְ" (haphak), which means to turn, overthrow, or transform. This indicates a complete reversal of the current order, emphasizing God's sovereignty over earthly powers. Historically, this reflects God's ability to change the course of history, as seen in the fall of empires and the rise of His chosen people. It is a reminder that no earthly power can withstand the will of God.

royal thrones
"Royal thrones" symbolizes the seats of power and authority. In the ancient Near East, thrones were not just physical seats but represented the rule and dominion of kings. The mention of thrones here signifies the political and military powers that God promises to disrupt. This is a reassurance to the Israelites that God is in control and will dismantle oppressive regimes, aligning with the biblical theme of God as the ultimate King.

shatter the power
The word "shatter" comes from the Hebrew "נָפַץ" (napats), meaning to break or smash. This conveys a sense of complete destruction. The "power" refers to the might and influence of the kingdoms. Historically, this reflects the fall of great empires like Babylon and Persia, which were seen as invincible. Theologically, it underscores the futility of human power against divine will.

kingdoms of the nations
"Kingdoms of the nations" refers to the various political entities surrounding Israel. In the context of Haggai, this would include the Persian Empire and other regional powers. The phrase highlights the universal scope of God's authority, not limited to Israel but extending to all nations. It serves as a reminder of God's plan for all humanity and His ultimate justice.

I will overthrow chariots and their riders
Chariots and riders were symbols of military strength and technological advancement in ancient warfare. The Hebrew word for "overthrow" is "הָפַךְ" (haphak), the same as "overturn," emphasizing a complete reversal. This imagery recalls the Exodus narrative, where God overthrew Pharaoh's chariots in the Red Sea, symbolizing deliverance and divine victory over human might.

so that horses and their riders will fall
Horses and riders represent the elite forces of an army. The fall of these signifies the collapse of military power. The imagery is vivid, suggesting chaos and defeat. This serves as a metaphor for the downfall of those who oppose God's people, reinforcing the message that reliance on military might is futile against divine intervention.

each by the sword of his brother
This phrase suggests internal conflict and self-destruction among the enemies of God. It echoes the biblical theme of God using the enemies' own strength against them, as seen in the account of Gideon (Judges 7:22). It highlights the idea that God can bring about victory for His people through unexpected means, often turning the plans of the wicked against themselves.

On that day
This phrase refers to a specific time of divine intervention and fulfillment of prophecy. In the context of Haggai, it points to a future moment when God's promises will be realized. Theologically, it signifies a day of the Lord, a time when God acts decisively in history. This phrase encourages believers to anticipate God's timing and trust in His sovereign plan.

declares the LORD of Hosts
The title "LORD of Hosts" emphasizes God's supreme authority and command over the heavenly armies. It underscores His power and ability to accomplish His purposes. The repetition of this declaration throughout the verse reinforces the certainty and divine origin of the message. It assures believers of God's omnipotence and His active role in the affairs of the world.

I will take you, Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel
Zerubbabel, a descendant of David, is a central figure in the post-exilic community. His lineage connects him to the Davidic covenant, highlighting the continuity of God's promises. The phrase "I will take you" suggests a personal selection and divine appointment, indicating God's special purpose for Zerubbabel. This choice reflects God's faithfulness to His covenant and His plan to restore His people.

My servant
The term "servant" denotes a position of honor and responsibility. In the Hebrew context, it often refers to someone chosen by God for a specific mission. By calling Zerubbabel "My servant," God affirms his role in the divine plan, aligning him with other notable servants like Moses and David. This designation inspires believers to embrace their calling and serve God faithfully.

and I will make you like a signet ring
A signet ring symbolizes authority, identity, and authenticity. In ancient times, it was used to seal documents, representing the owner's power and approval. By likening Zerubbabel to a signet ring, God is bestowing upon him a position of authority and a role in His redemptive plan. This imagery reassures believers of their identity in Christ and their role in God's kingdom.

for I have chosen you
The act of choosing signifies God's sovereign election and purpose. It reflects His grace and initiative in selecting individuals for His divine purposes. This choice of Zerubbabel is a testament to God's unwavering commitment to His promises and His people. It encourages believers to find confidence in their identity as God's chosen and to live out their calling with assurance.

declares the LORD of Hosts
The repetition of this phrase at the end of the verse serves as a divine seal of authenticity and authority. It emphasizes the reliability and unchanging nature of God's word. For believers, it is a reminder of God's faithfulness and the certainty of His promises, encouraging them to trust in His ultimate plan and purpose.