Then Jesus
The word "Then" indicates a sequence of events, connecting this passage to the preceding chapter where Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist. This baptism marked the beginning of His public ministry. "Jesus" is the Greek form of the Hebrew name Yeshua, meaning "The Lord is salvation." This name is significant as it encapsulates His mission on earth—to bring salvation to humanity. The use of "Jesus" here emphasizes His humanity and His role as the Messiah.

was led by the Spirit
The phrase "was led" comes from the Greek word "anago," which means to lead up or bring forth. This indicates that Jesus did not go into the wilderness by His own initiative but was guided by the Holy Spirit. "The Spirit" refers to the Holy Spirit, the third person of the Trinity, who plays a crucial role in the life and ministry of Jesus. This leading by the Spirit underscores the divine orchestration of events and Jesus' submission to the Father's will.

into the wilderness
The "wilderness" is a significant location in biblical narratives, often symbolizing a place of testing and preparation. In the Old Testament, the Israelites wandered in the wilderness for forty years, a period of testing and reliance on God. The Greek word "eremos" used here can mean a solitary, desolate place. This setting highlights the isolation and the harsh conditions Jesus faced, emphasizing His humanity and the reality of His temptations.

to be tempted
The Greek word for "tempted" is "peirazo," which can mean to test or to try. This indicates that the purpose of Jesus being in the wilderness was to undergo a period of testing. This testing was not to induce sin but to prove His righteousness and obedience. It reflects the trials that believers may face, serving as a reminder that temptation itself is not sin, but rather an opportunity to demonstrate faithfulness to God.

by the devil
"Devil" comes from the Greek word "diabolos," meaning accuser or slanderer. This title reveals the nature and intent of Satan, who seeks to oppose God's work and lead people astray. The presence of the devil in this narrative highlights the spiritual battle that Jesus was engaged in, a battle that would ultimately lead to His victory over sin and death. This encounter sets the stage for Jesus' ministry, demonstrating His authority over evil and His role as the Savior who overcomes the powers of darkness.

After fasting
The act of fasting is deeply rooted in Jewish tradition and is often associated with repentance, spiritual discipline, and preparation for a divine encounter. The Greek word used here is "nēsteuō," which means to abstain from food. Fasting is a practice that signifies humility and dependence on God, as seen in the lives of Moses and Elijah, who also fasted for forty days. This period of fasting by Jesus signifies His preparation for the ministry ahead and His reliance on the Father.

forty days and forty nights
The number forty holds significant symbolic meaning in the Bible, often representing a period of testing, trial, or probation. In the Old Testament, the Israelites wandered in the desert for forty years, and Moses spent forty days and nights on Mount Sinai. This time frame emphasizes the completeness and intensity of Jesus' preparation and testing. It underscores His identification with humanity and His fulfillment of the Law and the Prophets.

He was hungry
This phrase highlights the humanity of Jesus. The Greek word "peinaō" is used here, meaning to feel the pangs of lack or need. Despite being fully divine, Jesus experienced physical hunger, demonstrating His full participation in the human condition. This hunger sets the stage for the temptations that follow, showing that Jesus, though divine, faced real human struggles and overcame them, providing a model for believers to rely on God's strength in times of weakness.

The tempter
The Greek word for "tempter" is "πειράζων" (peirazōn), which means one who tests or entices. In the context of Matthew 4:3, this refers to Satan, who is attempting to challenge Jesus' identity and mission. Historically, Satan is known as the adversary, the one who opposes God's plans. This encounter in the wilderness is a pivotal moment where Jesus faces the embodiment of evil, setting the stage for His ministry of redemption and victory over sin.

came to Him
The phrase "came to Him" indicates a deliberate approach by the tempter. This is not a random encounter but a purposeful confrontation. The wilderness setting is significant, as it echoes the Israelites' testing in the desert. Jesus, the new Israel, is being tested to prove His faithfulness and obedience to God, contrasting with the failures of the past.

and said
The act of speaking here is crucial. Words have power, and the tempter uses them to sow doubt and challenge Jesus. This reflects the broader biblical theme of the power of words, seen in creation ("And God said...") and in the fall ("Did God really say...?"). The tempter's words are a direct attack on Jesus' identity and mission.

If You are the Son of God
This phrase is a conditional statement that questions Jesus' divine sonship. The Greek "εἰ" (ei) can be translated as "if" or "since," suggesting a challenge to prove or demonstrate His identity. This echoes the serpent's tactics in Genesis, where doubt is cast on God's word and character. For Jesus, this is a test of His trust in the Father's declaration at His baptism: "This is My beloved Son."

tell these stones to become bread
The command to "tell these stones to become bread" is a temptation to misuse divine power for personal gain. The Greek word "λίθοι" (lithoi) for "stones" and "ἄρτους" (artous) for "bread" highlight the physical and immediate nature of the temptation. In a historical context, bread is a basic necessity, symbolizing sustenance and life. The tempter is enticing Jesus to prioritize physical needs over spiritual obedience, a test of His reliance on God's provision. This temptation mirrors the Israelites' longing for bread in the wilderness, where they failed to trust in God's provision. Jesus' response, rooted in Scripture, affirms His commitment to live by every word that comes from the mouth of God, setting an example of faithfulness and dependence on the Father.

But Jesus answered
This phrase introduces the response of Jesus to the tempter, Satan, during His time in the wilderness. The Greek word for "answered" is "apokrinomai," which implies a thoughtful and deliberate response. Jesus, fully aware of His mission and identity, responds not with His own words but with Scripture, setting an example for believers to rely on God's Word in times of trial.

It is written
This phrase indicates that Jesus is quoting Scripture, specifically from the Old Testament. The Greek term "gegraptai" is in the perfect tense, suggesting that what is written remains authoritative and relevant. Jesus refers to the Scriptures as the ultimate authority, underscoring the enduring power and truth of God's Word.

‘Man shall not live on bread alone
Here, Jesus quotes Deuteronomy 8:3. The Greek word for "man" is "anthropos," which refers to humanity in general. The phrase emphasizes that physical sustenance, symbolized by "bread," is not sufficient for true life. In the historical context, the Israelites learned in the wilderness that reliance on God was more crucial than mere physical provision.

but on every word
The Greek term for "word" is "rhema," which often refers to the spoken word or a specific utterance. This highlights the dynamic and living nature of God's communication with humanity. The phrase "every word" suggests the completeness and sufficiency of God's revelation for guiding and sustaining life.

that comes from the mouth of God.’
This phrase underscores the divine origin of Scripture. The "mouth of God" is a metaphorical expression indicating that the Scriptures are not merely human words but are breathed out by God Himself. This affirms the inspiration and authority of the Bible, encouraging believers to seek spiritual nourishment and guidance from God's Word.

Then the devil
The Greek word for "devil" is "diabolos," meaning "slanderer" or "accuser." In the biblical narrative, the devil is portrayed as the adversary of God and humanity, seeking to lead people away from divine truth. This encounter highlights the spiritual warfare that believers face, reminding us of the devil's persistent attempts to undermine faith and obedience to God.

took Him
The phrase "took Him" suggests a forceful or authoritative action. In the context of Jesus' temptation, it underscores the devil's audacity in attempting to manipulate and control even the Son of God. This serves as a powerful reminder of the spiritual authority and resilience required to resist temptation and remain steadfast in faith.

to the holy city
The "holy city" refers to Jerusalem, a place of profound religious significance for the Jewish people. Jerusalem is often seen as the center of worship and the dwelling place of God. By taking Jesus to this sacred location, the devil attempts to exploit the spiritual and cultural importance of the city to challenge Jesus' mission and identity.

and set Him
The act of setting Jesus on the pinnacle implies a deliberate positioning for a test or trial. This action symbolizes the devil's attempt to place Jesus in a situation of vulnerability and potential compromise. It serves as a metaphor for the trials believers face, where they must rely on God's strength to stand firm.

on the pinnacle of the temple
The "pinnacle of the temple" refers to the highest point of the Jewish temple in Jerusalem. The temple was the heart of Jewish worship and a symbol of God's presence among His people. By placing Jesus here, the devil seeks to challenge His trust in God and His understanding of His divine mission. This setting emphasizes the gravity of the temptation and the need for unwavering faith in God's promises.

If You are the Son of God
This phrase is a direct challenge to Jesus' identity and mission. The Greek word for "if" (εἰ) can also be understood as "since," indicating that Satan acknowledges Jesus' divine sonship but is testing His response. The title "Son of God" is significant, affirming Jesus' divine nature and His unique relationship with the Father. This challenge echoes the temptation in the Garden of Eden, where Satan questioned God's word and authority. Here, Satan attempts to sow doubt and provoke Jesus to act outside of His divine mission.

throw Yourself down
Satan tempts Jesus to perform a miraculous act to prove His divinity. The act of throwing Himself down from the temple would be a public spectacle, appealing to human pride and the desire for recognition. This temptation is not just about physical safety but about testing God's protection and Jesus' trust in the Father. The historical context of the temple as a place of divine presence adds to the gravity of this temptation, as it would be a misuse of a sacred space for personal gain.

For it is written
Satan uses Scripture to justify his temptation, quoting Psalm 91:11-12. This highlights the danger of misusing Scripture for personal agendas. The phrase "it is written" (γέγραπται) is a common formula in Jewish tradition, emphasizing the authority of the Scriptures. However, Satan's use of Scripture is selective and manipulative, lacking the full context and intent of God's word. This serves as a warning to believers to discern and rightly divide the word of truth.

‘He will command His angels concerning You
This part of the verse is a promise of divine protection. The Greek word for "command" (ἐντελεῖται) implies a directive from a higher authority, emphasizing God's sovereign care over His Son. The mention of angels reflects the biblical understanding of angels as ministering spirits sent to serve those who will inherit salvation (Hebrews 1:14). However, Satan's use of this promise is twisted, suggesting that Jesus should test God's faithfulness rather than trust it.

and they will lift You up in their hands
The imagery of angels lifting Jesus up conveys a sense of divine intervention and protection. The phrase "lift You up" (ἀροῦσιν) suggests a gentle and caring action, reinforcing the idea of God's tender care for His own. In the historical context, angels were often seen as protectors and messengers of God, highlighting the assurance of God's presence and help. Yet, the temptation lies in presuming upon this promise rather than resting in God's timing and will.

so that You will not strike Your foot against a stone.’
This final part of the verse speaks to God's protection from harm. The phrase "strike Your foot" (προσκόψῃς) implies an accidental stumble, symbolizing the trials and challenges of life. The promise is one of divine safeguarding, yet Satan's misuse of it suggests a reckless testing of God's promises. The historical and scriptural context reminds believers that while God promises protection, it is not a license for presumptuous or irresponsible behavior. Jesus' response to this temptation underscores the importance of trusting God's word in its entirety and living in obedience to His will.

Jesus replied
This phrase indicates the response of Jesus to the devil's temptation. The Greek word for "replied" is "eipen," which is a form of "lego," meaning to speak or say. This highlights the authority and intentionality in Jesus' response. In the context of the wilderness temptation, Jesus' reply is not just a casual retort but a deliberate and authoritative declaration rooted in Scripture. It underscores the importance of responding to temptation with the Word of God, setting an example for believers to follow.

It is also written
The phrase "It is also written" signifies Jesus' use of Scripture to counter the devil's challenge. The Greek "gegraptai" is in the perfect tense, indicating that what is written remains authoritative and relevant. This reflects the enduring nature of God's Word. Jesus refers to the Old Testament, specifically Deuteronomy, to affirm the continuity and consistency of God's commands. This teaches believers the importance of knowing and relying on Scripture as a defense against spiritual attacks.

Do not put the Lord your God to the test
This command is a direct quotation from Deuteronomy 6:16, where Moses warns the Israelites not to test God as they did at Massah. The Greek word "ekpeiraseis" means to test thoroughly or tempt. Historically, the Israelites tested God by doubting His presence and provision, despite His faithfulness. Jesus uses this command to emphasize trust and obedience to God without demanding signs or proofs of His power. For Christians, this serves as a reminder to trust in God's promises and character, resisting the urge to demand evidence of His love and care.

Again, the devil took Him
This phrase indicates a continuation of the temptations that Jesus faced. The Greek word for "devil" is "diabolos," meaning accuser or slanderer. This highlights the adversarial role of Satan, who seeks to undermine Jesus' mission. The act of taking Jesus suggests a supernatural ability, emphasizing the spiritual nature of this confrontation. Historically, mountains were often seen as places of divine encounter, making this setting significant for the spiritual test Jesus is undergoing.

to a very high mountain
Mountains in biblical times were often associated with closeness to God, revelation, and significant spiritual events. The "very high mountain" symbolizes a place of vision and perspective, where one can see the vastness of the world. This setting underscores the magnitude of the temptation, as Jesus is offered a view of all earthly power and dominion. Theologically, it contrasts with the humility of Jesus' mission, which is not about earthly power but spiritual redemption.

and showed Him all the kingdoms of the world
The phrase "all the kingdoms of the world" suggests a comprehensive view of earthly power and authority. In the Greek, "kosmos" refers to the world, emphasizing the totality of human civilization and its systems. This temptation is about political power and control, which Satan offers to Jesus. Historically, kingdoms were often in conflict, and the offer implies a unification under Jesus' rule, but through compromise with evil. This highlights the tension between God's kingdom and worldly powers.

and their glory
The "glory" of the kingdoms refers to their splendor, wealth, and majesty. In the biblical context, glory often denotes something that is worthy of praise and admiration. However, the glory of these kingdoms is superficial and temporary, contrasting with the eternal glory of God's kingdom. This temptation challenges Jesus to consider the allure of immediate power and recognition versus the path of suffering and sacrifice that leads to true glory. Theologically, it underscores the choice between temporal success and eternal significance.

All this I will give you
This phrase is part of the temptation of Jesus by Satan in the wilderness. The Greek word for "all" (πάντα, panta) emphasizes the totality of what is being offered. Satan is presenting himself as having authority over the kingdoms of the world, which he claims he can bestow upon Jesus. Historically, this reflects the common belief in the ancient world that earthly kingdoms were under the influence of spiritual powers. Theologically, this temptation challenges Jesus' mission and identity, as it offers a shortcut to power without the suffering of the cross.

he said
The Greek verb "said" (εἶπεν, eipen) is in the aorist tense, indicating a past action. This highlights the historical nature of the event, grounding it in a specific moment of Jesus' life. The use of direct speech here emphasizes the personal and confrontational nature of the temptation. It is a direct challenge to Jesus' divine mission and authority.

if you will fall down and worship me
The condition "if" (ἐὰν, ean) introduces a conditional clause, presenting a choice to Jesus. The act of "falling down" (πεσὼν, pesōn) and "worship" (προσκυνήσῃς, proskynēsēs) are significant. In the ancient Near East, prostration was a common act of homage and submission to a superior. Theologically, this temptation is profound because it directly opposes the first commandment, which is to worship God alone. Satan's demand for worship is a usurpation of God's rightful place, and it reveals the ultimate goal of Satan's temptations: to divert worship from God to himself. This moment underscores the spiritual battle between the kingdom of God and the kingdom of darkness, highlighting Jesus' role as the obedient Son who remains faithful to His Father.

Away from Me, Satan!
This phrase is a direct command from Jesus, showcasing His authority over evil. The Greek word for "away" is "ὕπαγε" (hypage), which is an imperative verb meaning to go away or depart. This command reflects Jesus' rejection of Satan's temptations and His unwavering commitment to His divine mission. The use of "Satan" here, derived from the Hebrew "שָׂטָן" (satan), meaning adversary or accuser, identifies the tempter as the ultimate enemy of God and humanity. Jesus' authoritative dismissal of Satan underscores His divine authority and the power of God's Word to resist evil.

For it is written
This phrase indicates Jesus' reliance on Scripture as the ultimate authority. The Greek "γέγραπται" (gegraptai) translates to "it is written," signifying something that is permanently recorded and authoritative. Jesus frequently uses this phrase to affirm the unchanging truth of God's Word. By appealing to Scripture, Jesus models for believers the importance of grounding their lives and decisions in the Bible, which is seen as the infallible Word of God.

Worship the Lord your God
The word "worship" comes from the Greek "προσκυνήσεις" (proskynēseis), which means to bow down or show reverence. This command is a direct quotation from Deuteronomy 6:13, emphasizing the exclusive devotion and reverence due to God alone. The phrase "the Lord your God" highlights the covenant relationship between God and His people, reminding believers of their duty to honor and revere God above all else. Historically, this reflects the monotheistic foundation of the Jewish faith, which was revolutionary in a polytheistic world.

and serve Him only
The Greek word for "serve" is "λατρεύσεις" (latreuseis), which implies service or worship in a religious context. This command reinforces the idea of exclusive allegiance to God, rejecting any form of idolatry or divided loyalty. The word "only" underscores the exclusivity of this devotion, aligning with the first commandment given to Moses. In the historical context of the Roman Empire, where emperor worship was common, this statement is a bold declaration of the supremacy of God over all earthly powers. For believers, it serves as a reminder to prioritize their relationship with God above all worldly pursuits and allegiances.

Then the devil left Him
This phrase marks a significant turning point in the narrative of Jesus' temptation in the wilderness. The Greek word for "left" is "ἀφίημι" (aphiēmi), which can mean to send away or to let go. This indicates a decisive moment where the devil, having failed in his attempts to tempt Jesus, departs. Historically, this moment underscores the authority and power of Jesus over evil, affirming His divine nature and His mission to overcome sin and temptation. Theologically, it serves as a reminder that resistance to temptation, through the power of God, results in the departure of evil influences.

and angels came
The appearance of angels signifies divine intervention and support. The Greek word "ἄγγελοι" (angeloi) means messengers, often referring to heavenly beings sent by God. This highlights the spiritual reality that God provides assistance and comfort to those who are faithful. In the context of Jesus' ministry, it emphasizes His connection to the divine and the heavenly realm, reinforcing His identity as the Son of God. The presence of angels also serves as a testament to the spiritual support available to believers who endure trials.

and ministered to Him
The Greek word for "ministered" is "διηκόνουν" (diēkonoun), which is derived from "διάκονος" (diakonos), meaning servant or attendant. This implies that the angels provided for Jesus' physical and spiritual needs after His period of fasting and temptation. Historically, this reflects the practice of hospitality and care in ancient cultures, where attending to someone's needs was a sign of respect and support. Scripturally, it echoes the theme of God's provision and care for His people, as seen throughout the Bible. This phrase reassures believers that God is attentive to their needs and will provide support and sustenance in times of trial.

When Jesus heard
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the narrative of Jesus' ministry. The Greek word for "heard" is "ἀκούω" (akouō), which implies not just the act of hearing but also understanding and perceiving. This suggests that Jesus was not only informed but also deeply aware of the implications of the news He received. In the context of His divine mission, this awareness signifies His readiness to respond to the unfolding events in accordance with God's plan.

that John had been imprisoned
The imprisonment of John the Baptist is a significant event, as John was the forerunner of Christ, preparing the way for His ministry. The Greek term for "imprisoned" is "παραδίδωμι" (paradidōmi), which can also mean "delivered up" or "handed over." This word choice highlights the gravity of John's situation and foreshadows the eventual suffering and sacrifice of Jesus Himself. Historically, John's imprisonment by Herod Antipas was due to his bold proclamation of truth, which serves as a reminder of the cost of discipleship and the opposition faced by those who stand for righteousness.

He withdrew to Galilee
The decision of Jesus to "withdraw" is captured by the Greek word "ἀναχωρέω" (anachōreō), meaning to depart or retire. This was not an act of fear but a strategic move in His ministry. Galilee, a region with a significant Gentile population, becomes the new focal point for Jesus' work. This shift fulfills the prophecy of Isaiah, indicating that the light of the Messiah would shine in a land of darkness. Galilee's historical and cultural context as a crossroads of various peoples underscores the universal scope of Jesus' mission, reaching beyond the Jewish community to all nations.

And leaving Nazareth
This phrase marks a significant transition in Jesus' ministry. Nazareth, a small town in Galilee, was where Jesus grew up. The Greek word for "leaving" (καταλείπω, kataleipō) implies a deliberate departure. This departure signifies Jesus' readiness to begin His public ministry. Historically, Nazareth was a humble and somewhat obscure village, which aligns with the prophecy that the Messiah would be despised and rejected (Isaiah 53:3). Jesus' leaving Nazareth symbolizes moving from obscurity to the fulfillment of His divine mission.

He went and lived in Capernaum
Capernaum, located on the northwestern shore of the Sea of Galilee, becomes the central hub for Jesus' ministry. The Greek word for "lived" (κατοικέω, katoikeō) suggests a settled residence, indicating that Jesus made Capernaum His home base. Archaeological findings reveal Capernaum as a bustling fishing village, which provided a strategic location for reaching diverse populations. This move fulfills the prophecy of Isaiah 9:1-2, bringing light to the Gentiles and those dwelling in darkness.

which is by the sea
This phrase highlights Capernaum's geographical significance. The "sea" refers to the Sea of Galilee, a freshwater lake crucial for trade and travel. Its location facilitated Jesus' interaction with various people, including fishermen, merchants, and travelers. The sea also serves as a backdrop for many of Jesus' miracles and teachings, symbolizing the vast reach of His message.

in the region of Zebulun and Naphtali
These regions, named after two of Jacob's sons, were part of the northern kingdom of Israel. Historically, they were among the first to suffer during the Assyrian invasion (2 Kings 15:29). The mention of Zebulun and Naphtali connects Jesus' ministry to the fulfillment of Isaiah's prophecy (Isaiah 9:1-2), emphasizing the restoration and hope brought by the Messiah. This area, once in darkness, now witnesses the dawn of salvation through Christ's presence.

that it might be fulfilled
This phrase underscores the divine purpose and fulfillment of prophecy, a recurring theme in the Gospel of Matthew. The Greek word for "fulfilled" is "plēroō," which means to complete or bring to realization. Matthew often highlights how Jesus' life and ministry fulfill Old Testament prophecies, emphasizing the continuity and faithfulness of God's plan throughout history. This fulfillment is not merely a coincidence but a divine orchestration, affirming the reliability and sovereignty of God.

what was spoken
The phrase points to the authority and authenticity of the prophetic word. The Greek term "lalēthenta" (spoken) indicates a verbal proclamation, emphasizing the oral tradition and the power of the spoken word in ancient times. Prophets were seen as God's mouthpieces, and their words carried divine authority. This highlights the importance of prophecy in the Jewish tradition and its role in validating Jesus as the Messiah.

through the prophet Isaiah
Isaiah is one of the major prophets in the Old Testament, and his writings are frequently cited in the New Testament. The mention of Isaiah here connects Jesus' ministry to the rich tapestry of Jewish prophecy. Isaiah's prophecies, written centuries before Christ, are seen as divinely inspired revelations pointing to the coming Messiah. This connection serves to authenticate Jesus' mission and identity to a Jewish audience familiar with Isaiah's writings.

Land of Zebulun and land of Naphtali
These regions were part of the northern kingdom of Israel, named after two of the twelve tribes of Israel, Zebulun and Naphtali. Historically, these areas were among the first to suffer during the Assyrian invasions, leading to a period of darkness and despair. The mention of these lands in Matthew highlights the fulfillment of Isaiah's prophecy (Isaiah 9:1-2), where a great light would shine upon those living in darkness. This sets the stage for Jesus' ministry, emphasizing that His message of salvation and hope is for all, including those who have been marginalized or forgotten.

the way to the sea
This phrase likely refers to the ancient trade routes that connected the Mediterranean Sea to the inland regions. These routes were vital for commerce and cultural exchange, making the area a melting pot of different peoples and ideas. In a spiritual sense, "the way to the sea" symbolizes the path of outreach and evangelism, as Jesus' message would travel far beyond the borders of Israel, reaching the Gentiles and the ends of the earth.

beyond the Jordan
The Jordan River was a significant geographical and spiritual landmark for the Israelites. It represented a boundary and a crossing point into the Promised Land. "Beyond the Jordan" indicates a movement into new territories, both physically and spiritually. This phrase underscores the expansive nature of Jesus' mission, which was not confined to traditional Jewish boundaries but extended to all nations and peoples.

Galilee of the Gentiles
Galilee was a region known for its diverse population, including a significant number of Gentiles (non-Jews). This diversity often led to Galilee being viewed with suspicion by more orthodox Jewish regions. However, Jesus' ministry in Galilee highlights God's inclusive plan of salvation. By beginning His public ministry in this region, Jesus demonstrates that the Kingdom of God is open to all, regardless of ethnic or cultural background. This phrase serves as a powerful reminder of the universal scope of the Gospel, breaking down barriers and inviting all to partake in the light of Christ.

The people
This phrase refers to the collective group of individuals who are the recipients of the prophecy. In the context of Matthew 4:16, "the people" are the inhabitants of the regions of Zebulun and Naphtali, as well as the broader audience of Israel. Historically, these tribes were part of the Northern Kingdom, which had experienced significant turmoil and darkness due to invasions and exile. The Greek word used here is "ὁ λαός" (ho laos), which often denotes a specific group of people, particularly the chosen people of God, Israel. This highlights the fulfillment of prophecy and the continuity of God's plan for His people.

living in darkness
This phrase metaphorically describes the spiritual and moral state of the people. "Darkness" in the Bible often symbolizes ignorance, sin, and separation from God. The Greek word "σκοτία" (skotia) is used here, which can mean both physical darkness and a lack of spiritual enlightenment. Historically, this darkness can be seen as the period of silence and oppression before the coming of Christ, where the people were without prophetic guidance and under Roman rule. This sets the stage for the coming of Jesus as the light of the world, bringing hope and salvation.

have seen a great light
This phrase signifies the revelation and presence of Jesus Christ, the Messiah. The "great light" is a metaphor for Jesus, who brings truth, guidance, and salvation. The Greek word for "light" is "φῶς" (phōs), which is often used in the New Testament to describe the divine truth and presence of God. This imagery is rooted in Old Testament prophecies, such as Isaiah 9:2, which foretold the coming of a savior who would bring light to those in darkness. The fulfillment of this prophecy in Christ is a testament to God's faithfulness and the transformative power of His presence.

and on those
This phrase emphasizes the inclusivity of the message and the reach of Christ's light. It indicates that the light is not limited to a specific group but extends to all who are in darkness. The Greek word "καί" (kai) is a conjunction that connects the previous thought to this one, showing the continuation and expansion of the light's impact. This highlights the universal nature of Christ's mission and the hope offered to all humanity.

dwelling in the land of the shadow of death
This phrase paints a vivid picture of the dire situation faced by the people. The "land of the shadow of death" is a poetic expression found in the Hebrew Scriptures, notably in Psalm 23:4, symbolizing a place of deep despair and danger. The Greek word "σκιᾷ" (skia) means shadow, and "θανάτου" (thanatou) means death, together conveying a sense of looming peril and hopelessness. This context underscores the desperate need for divine intervention and the profound impact of Christ's coming as a source of life and hope.

a light has dawned
This phrase concludes the verse with a powerful image of new beginnings and hope. The "light" is again a reference to Jesus, whose arrival marks the start of a new era of grace and truth. The Greek word "ἀνέτειλεν" (aneteilen) means "has dawned," suggesting the breaking of a new day and the dispelling of darkness. This imagery is rich with eschatological significance, pointing to the inauguration of the Kingdom of God through Christ. It serves as an invitation to embrace the light and life offered by Jesus, transforming the lives of those who receive Him.

From that time on
This phrase marks a significant transition in the Gospel of Matthew. It indicates the beginning of Jesus' public ministry following His baptism and temptation in the wilderness. The phrase "from that time on" is used by Matthew to denote a pivotal shift in Jesus' life and mission. Historically, this moment is crucial as it sets the stage for the unfolding of Jesus' teachings and miracles. It signifies a new era of divine revelation and the active proclamation of the Kingdom of Heaven.

Jesus began to preach
The Greek word for "preach" is "κηρύσσω" (kērussō), which means to proclaim or herald. This is not merely a casual sharing of information but an authoritative declaration. Jesus' preaching was characterized by authority and power, as noted in other parts of the Gospels. His message was not just informative but transformative, calling for a response from His listeners. The act of preaching here is central to Jesus' mission, emphasizing the importance of verbal proclamation in the spread of the Gospel.

and to say
This phrase introduces the content of Jesus' message. It underscores the importance of the spoken word in His ministry. The words that follow are not just teachings but commands that demand attention and action. In the context of the first-century Jewish world, the spoken word was a primary means of communication and carried significant weight. Jesus' words were intended to penetrate the hearts of His listeners and provoke a response.

“Repent
The Greek word for "repent" is "μετανοέω" (metanoeō), which means to change one's mind or to turn around. This is not merely feeling sorry for past actions but involves a complete transformation of one's life and priorities. In the Jewish context, repentance was a well-understood concept, often associated with returning to God and His ways. Jesus' call to repent is a call to radical change, to turn away from sin and towards God. It is the first step in entering the Kingdom of Heaven.

for the kingdom of heaven
The "kingdom of heaven" is a central theme in Matthew's Gospel. It refers to the reign and rule of God, both in the present and in the future. The phrase is synonymous with the "kingdom of God" found in other Gospels. In a historical context, the Jewish people were anticipating a messianic kingdom that would restore Israel. Jesus' proclamation of the kingdom of heaven challenged existing expectations, presenting a kingdom that was spiritual and transformative rather than political. It is a kingdom characterized by righteousness, peace, and joy in the Holy Spirit.

is near.”
The phrase "is near" comes from the Greek "ἤγγικεν" (ēngiken), meaning to approach or to come near. This indicates the immediacy and urgency of Jesus' message. The kingdom is not a distant future reality but is breaking into the present through Jesus' ministry. This nearness calls for an immediate response of repentance and faith. The historical context of Roman occupation and Jewish expectation of deliverance adds depth to this proclamation, as Jesus offers a different kind of liberation—one that is spiritual and eternal.

As Jesus was walking
This phrase sets the scene for a significant moment in the ministry of Jesus. The act of walking is not just a physical movement but symbolizes Jesus' active engagement with the world. In the Greek, the word "περιπατέω" (peripateo) implies a purposeful journey. Jesus is not stationary; He is moving, seeking, and ready to call His disciples. This reflects the dynamic nature of His ministry, always moving forward, reaching out to people where they are.

beside the Sea of Galilee
The Sea of Galilee, known in Hebrew as "Kinneret," is a freshwater lake in Israel. It is a place of great significance in Jesus' ministry, serving as the backdrop for many of His teachings and miracles. Historically, this region was bustling with fishing activity, making it a strategic location for Jesus to find His first disciples. The Sea of Galilee represents a place of life and sustenance, symbolizing the spiritual nourishment Jesus offers.

He saw two brothers
The act of seeing here is more than a casual glance; it is an intentional observation. The Greek word "εἶδεν" (eiden) suggests a deep, discerning look. Jesus sees beyond the surface, recognizing the potential in these two brothers. This highlights the divine insight of Jesus, who sees the heart and the future impact of those He calls.

Simon called Peter and his brother Andrew
Simon, later named Peter, and Andrew are the first disciples called by Jesus. Their names carry significant meaning. "Simon" means "he has heard," and "Peter" (from the Greek "Πέτρος" or Petros) means "rock," indicating his future role in the church. Andrew, meaning "manly" or "courageous," complements Peter's character. Their brotherhood signifies the importance of familial relationships in the early Christian community.

They were casting a net into the sea
This phrase describes their occupation as fishermen, a common trade in Galilee. The act of casting a net, "ἀμφιβάλλω" (amphiballo), involves skill and patience, qualities that would be essential in their new role as "fishers of men." The imagery of fishing is rich with symbolism, representing the gathering of people into the kingdom of God.

for they were fishermen
This statement underscores their identity and livelihood. Fishermen were known for their hard work, resilience, and teamwork. These traits made them ideal candidates for discipleship. Jesus often chooses ordinary people for extraordinary purposes, emphasizing that His call is based on willingness and potential rather than social status or occupation.

Follow Me
This phrase is a direct call from Jesus, inviting Simon Peter and Andrew to become His disciples. The Greek word for "follow" is "ἀκολουθέω" (akoloutheó), which means to accompany or to go along with. In the historical context of first-century Judea, a rabbi's call to "follow" was an invitation to learn, live, and adopt the teachings and lifestyle of the teacher. Jesus, as the ultimate Rabbi, extends this invitation not just to learn from Him but to enter into a transformative relationship. This call is not merely about physical following but a spiritual and lifelong commitment to His teachings and mission.

and I will make you
This phrase indicates a promise of transformation and purpose. The Greek word "ποιέω" (poieó) means to make, create, or produce. Jesus is not only calling His disciples to follow Him but also promising to actively work in their lives to change them. This transformation is a divine act, suggesting that the disciples' new identity and mission are not self-generated but are gifts from Jesus Himself. Historically, this reflects the Jewish understanding of God as the Creator, who continues to shape and mold His people.

fishers of men
This metaphorical phrase is rich in meaning and context. The Greek word for "fishers" is "ἁλιεύς" (halieus), which literally means fishermen. In the context of the disciples, who were literal fishermen, this phrase signifies a shift from their current occupation to a spiritual vocation. The imagery of fishing for men suggests evangelism and the gathering of people into the Kingdom of God. In the Old Testament, fishing is sometimes used as a metaphor for God's judgment (e.g., Jeremiah 16:16), but here, Jesus redefines it as a mission of salvation and hope. This phrase encapsulates the essence of the Great Commission, where the disciples are called to spread the Gospel and bring others to Christ. The historical context of fishing in the Sea of Galilee, a central part of the local economy, underscores the radical nature of Jesus' call to leave behind their livelihood for a higher purpose.

And at once
The phrase "at once" signifies immediate action and urgency. In the Greek, the word used is "εὐθέως" (eutheos), which conveys a sense of immediacy and without delay. This reflects the disciples' readiness and willingness to respond to Jesus' call. Historically, this immediate response can be seen as a testament to the compelling nature of Jesus' presence and authority. It challenges believers today to consider their own responsiveness to God's call, emphasizing the importance of prioritizing spiritual commitments over worldly concerns.

they left
The act of leaving, in Greek "ἀφέντες" (aphentes), implies a deliberate decision to abandon their previous way of life. This was not a casual departure but a significant sacrifice, as fishing was their livelihood. The historical context reveals that fishing was a stable and essential occupation in Galilee, providing sustenance and economic stability. The disciples' willingness to leave their nets symbolizes a profound trust in Jesus and a readiness to embrace a new identity and mission. It serves as an inspiration for believers to consider what they might need to leave behind to fully follow Christ.

their nets
Nets, or "δίκτυα" (diktya) in Greek, were essential tools for fishermen, representing their trade and source of income. The mention of nets highlights the tangible and practical aspects of the disciples' lives that they were willing to forsake. Archaeological findings have shown the complexity and value of fishing nets in ancient times, underscoring the significance of this sacrifice. This phrase invites reflection on the material possessions or personal securities that individuals might be called to relinquish in their spiritual journey.

and followed Him
To "follow," from the Greek "ἠκολούθησαν" (ēkolouthēsan), means to accompany or to go along with someone. This implies not just physical movement but a commitment to discipleship and a willingness to learn from and emulate Jesus. The historical context of a rabbi-disciple relationship in Jewish culture involved close companionship and adherence to the teacher's way of life. By choosing to follow Jesus, the disciples were entering into a transformative relationship that would redefine their purpose and direction. This phrase serves as a powerful reminder of the call to discipleship, urging believers to actively pursue a life aligned with Christ's teachings and example.

Going on from there
This phrase indicates movement and progression in Jesus' ministry. The Greek word for "going" is "probas," which suggests a deliberate and purposeful action. Jesus is not wandering aimlessly; He is on a mission. This movement signifies the expansion of His ministry beyond the initial calling of His first disciples. It reflects the dynamic nature of Jesus' work, always moving forward, always reaching out to more people. Historically, this movement from place to place was common for rabbis of the time, who would travel to teach and gather disciples.

He saw
The Greek word "eiden" is used here, which means more than just a casual glance. It implies a deep, discerning look. Jesus' ability to see goes beyond the physical; He perceives the heart and potential of those He calls. This seeing is intentional and purposeful, reflecting His divine insight and understanding. In a spiritual sense, it reminds us that Jesus sees us fully, knowing our strengths and weaknesses, yet calling us to follow Him.

two other brothers
The mention of "two other brothers" highlights the familial relationships that Jesus often encountered in His ministry. The Greek word for "brothers" is "adelphoi," which can mean literal brothers or close kin. This emphasizes the communal and relational aspect of Jesus' call. In the context of the early church, the idea of spiritual brotherhood was significant, as believers were considered part of a new family in Christ.

James son of Zebedee and his brother John
James and John, the sons of Zebedee, are introduced here. Their father Zebedee was likely a man of some means, as indicated by the family's fishing business. The mention of their father underscores the cost of discipleship; following Jesus often meant leaving behind family and livelihood. Historically, James and John would become prominent figures in the early church, with John being the beloved disciple and author of several New Testament books.

They were in a boat with their father Zebedee
This setting in a boat is significant, as it was the center of their livelihood. The boat symbolizes their life, work, and identity. The Greek word for "boat" is "ploion," which was a common fishing vessel of the time. The presence of their father Zebedee in the boat highlights the family business and the generational trade they were expected to continue. This context emphasizes the radical nature of Jesus' call, which often requires leaving behind the familiar and secure.

preparing their nets
The act of preparing nets indicates diligence and readiness. The Greek word "katartizontas" suggests mending or equipping, which is a metaphor for spiritual readiness. Just as the nets needed to be in good condition to catch fish, so must the disciples be prepared for the work of the Kingdom. This preparation is both practical and spiritual, reminding us that following Jesus requires readiness and commitment.

And immediately
The word "immediately" in the Greek is "euthys," which conveys a sense of urgency and promptness. This reflects the disciples' readiness and willingness to follow Jesus without hesitation. In the context of discipleship, it emphasizes the importance of responding to Jesus' call with a sense of urgency and priority, leaving behind former ways of life to embrace a new path in Christ.

they left the boat
The act of leaving the boat signifies a departure from their livelihood and comfort zone. Boats were essential for fishermen, representing their trade and security. This phrase highlights the cost of discipleship, where following Jesus may require leaving behind material possessions and familiar surroundings. It is a call to trust in God's provision and guidance.

and their father
Leaving their father, Zebedee, underscores the radical nature of their commitment. In Jewish culture, family ties were strong, and the family unit was central to one's identity and social structure. This action illustrates the precedence of spiritual kinship over biological ties, as Jesus calls His followers to prioritize their relationship with Him above all else.

and followed Him
The phrase "followed Him" is pivotal, as it encapsulates the essence of discipleship. The Greek word "akoloutheo" means to accompany or to go along with. It implies a continuous, active pursuit of Jesus, not just a one-time decision. This following is not merely physical but involves a transformation of life, aligning one's actions, thoughts, and purpose with the teachings and example of Christ. It is a call to a lifelong journey of faith and obedience.

Jesus went throughout Galilee
The phrase "Jesus went throughout Galilee" indicates the active and itinerant nature of Jesus' ministry. Galilee, a region in northern Israel, was a diverse area with a mix of Jewish and Gentile populations. This setting underscores the universal scope of Jesus' mission. The Greek word for "went" (περιῆγεν, periēgen) suggests a continuous and purposeful movement, emphasizing Jesus' dedication to reaching as many people as possible. Historically, Galilee was known for its fertile land and bustling trade routes, making it a strategic location for spreading the message of the Kingdom.

teaching in their synagogues
The synagogues were central to Jewish community life, serving as places of worship, education, and legal discussion. By teaching in the synagogues, Jesus engaged directly with the Jewish religious and cultural context. The Greek word for "teaching" (διδάσκων, didaskōn) implies a systematic and authoritative instruction. This highlights Jesus' role as a rabbi and teacher, who brought new insights and interpretations of the Scriptures. His teaching often challenged the established religious norms, inviting listeners to a deeper understanding of God's will.

preaching the gospel of the kingdom
"Preaching" (κηρύσσων, kēryssōn) refers to the proclamation of a message with authority and urgency. The "gospel" (εὐαγγέλιον, euangelion) is the good news of salvation and the coming of God's reign. The "kingdom" (βασιλεία, basileia) of God is a central theme in Jesus' ministry, representing God's sovereign rule and the fulfillment of His promises. This phrase encapsulates the core of Jesus' mission: to announce the arrival of God's kingdom and invite people to enter into a new relationship with Him. The message was revolutionary, offering hope and transformation to all who would receive it.

healing every disease and sickness among the people
The acts of "healing" (θεραπεύων, therapeuōn) demonstrate Jesus' compassion and divine authority. The Greek words for "disease" (νόσον, noson) and "sickness" (μαλακίαν, malakian) cover a wide range of physical ailments, indicating the comprehensive nature of Jesus' healing ministry. This phrase highlights the tangible expression of the kingdom of God breaking into the world, as Jesus restores health and wholeness. His miracles served as signs of His messianic identity and the inbreaking of God's power. The phrase "among the people" emphasizes Jesus' accessibility and willingness to meet the needs of all, regardless of their social or religious status. This reflects the inclusive nature of the gospel and the heart of God for humanity.

News about Him spread all over Syria
The phrase "News about Him" indicates the rapid dissemination of information regarding Jesus' miraculous works and teachings. The Greek word for "news" is "ἀκοή" (akoē), which can also mean "report" or "hearing." This suggests that the accounts of Jesus' actions were not just idle gossip but carried weight and authority, compelling people to take notice. "Syria" in this context refers to the Roman province that included parts of modern-day Syria, Lebanon, and Turkey. This highlights the extensive reach of Jesus' influence, transcending local boundaries and impacting a broader region.

people brought to Him all who were ill with various diseases
The act of bringing the sick to Jesus underscores the faith and desperation of the people. The Greek word for "brought" is "προσφέρω" (prospherō), meaning to present or offer, indicating a sense of reverence and hope. "Ill with various diseases" reflects the diverse afflictions that plagued humanity, emphasizing Jesus' power over all forms of physical suffering. This phrase also points to the inclusivity of Jesus' ministry, as He did not turn away any who came to Him in need.

those suffering acute pain
The term "acute pain" translates from the Greek "βασάνοις" (basanois), which can imply severe torment or distress. This highlights not only physical pain but also the emotional and spiritual anguish that Jesus addressed. His healing was comprehensive, offering relief to the whole person, not just the physical symptoms.

the demon-possessed
"Demon-possessed" comes from the Greek "δαιμονιζομένους" (daimonizomenous), indicating those under the control or influence of evil spirits. This phrase acknowledges the spiritual warfare present in Jesus' time and His authority over demonic forces. It serves as a reminder of the reality of spiritual battles and the power of Christ to deliver and restore.

those having seizures
The phrase "having seizures" is translated from the Greek "σεληνιαζομένους" (selēniazomenous), which literally means "moonstruck" or "lunatic." This reflects the ancient belief that seizures were influenced by lunar cycles. Jesus' healing of such conditions demonstrates His authority over natural and supernatural elements, correcting misconceptions and bringing clarity and healing.

and the paralyzed
"Paralyzed" is from the Greek "παραλυτικούς" (paralytikous), referring to those who were physically immobile or disabled. The inclusion of the paralyzed highlights Jesus' compassion for those marginalized by society due to their physical limitations. His healing of the paralyzed not only restored physical ability but also reintegrated individuals into the community, showcasing the holistic nature of His ministry.

and He healed them
The phrase "He healed them" is a powerful testament to Jesus' divine authority and compassion. The Greek word "ἐθεράπευσεν" (etherapeusen) implies not just physical healing but also care and service. This reflects the heart of Jesus' ministry—serving others and restoring them to wholeness. His healing acts were signs of the coming Kingdom of God, where there would be no more pain or suffering. This phrase encapsulates the hope and promise found in Christ, offering a foretaste of the ultimate healing and restoration that believers anticipate.

Large crowds
The phrase "large crowds" indicates the significant impact of Jesus' ministry at this point. The Greek word used here is "ὄχλοι" (ochloi), which refers to a multitude or a throng of people. This suggests that Jesus' teachings and miracles were drawing considerable attention and interest from the public. Historically, this reflects the social and religious climate of the time, where people were eagerly seeking hope and truth amidst Roman occupation and religious legalism. The presence of large crowds underscores the magnetic nature of Jesus' message and the deep spiritual hunger of the people.

followed Him
The act of following Jesus, as described by the Greek word "ἠκολούθησαν" (ēkolouthēsan), implies more than just physical movement. It denotes a commitment to His teachings and a desire to learn from Him. In the Jewish context, following a rabbi was a sign of discipleship and dedication. This phrase highlights the beginning of a transformative journey for many, as they sought to understand and embrace the Kingdom of God that Jesus proclaimed.

from Galilee
Galilee, a region in northern Israel, was known for its diverse population and relative distance from the religious epicenter of Jerusalem. The mention of Galilee emphasizes Jesus' ministry among the common people and those on the fringes of Jewish society. It also fulfills the prophecy of Isaiah 9:1-2, which speaks of a great light shining in Galilee. This setting underscores the inclusivity of Jesus' message and His role as a light to all nations.

the Decapolis
The Decapolis was a group of ten cities on the eastern frontier of the Roman Empire, known for their Hellenistic culture and significant Gentile population. The inclusion of the Decapolis in this verse highlights the reach of Jesus' influence beyond Jewish territories, foreshadowing the global mission of the Gospel. It reflects the breaking down of cultural and religious barriers, as Jesus' message of salvation extended to all people.

Jerusalem
Jerusalem, the religious and political heart of Israel, represents the center of Jewish worship and tradition. The mention of Jerusalem indicates that Jesus' influence was not limited to the rural areas but had reached the heart of Jewish religious life. This foreshadows the eventual confrontation with the religious authorities and the fulfillment of His mission in this pivotal city.

Judea
Judea, the region surrounding Jerusalem, was steeped in Jewish tradition and law. The reference to Judea signifies the widespread nature of Jesus' ministry and the growing recognition of His authority. It also highlights the tension between the old covenant, represented by Judea, and the new covenant that Jesus was inaugurating.

beyond the Jordan
The phrase "beyond the Jordan" refers to the region east of the Jordan River, known as Perea. This area was a mix of Jewish and Gentile populations, further emphasizing the inclusive nature of Jesus' ministry. The mention of this region signifies the geographical and cultural breadth of Jesus' impact, as He reached out to diverse groups and fulfilled the promise of a Messiah for all people.