Now Adoni-zedek king of Jerusalem
The name "Adoni-zedek" means "Lord of Righteousness" in Hebrew, which is ironic given his opposition to God's people. This highlights the contrast between earthly titles and true righteousness found in obedience to God. Jerusalem, at this time, was a Canaanite city, and its king's reaction to Israel's victories underscores the fear and recognition of God's power among the Canaanite nations.

heard that Joshua had captured Ai
The verb "heard" indicates the spread of news and the impact of Israel's conquests on the surrounding regions. Ai's capture was significant because it demonstrated Israel's resilience and God's continued support after the initial setback due to Achan's sin. This event would have sent shockwaves through the land, as Ai was a strategic city.

and devoted it to destruction
The phrase "devoted it to destruction" refers to the Hebrew term "herem," which means to dedicate something completely to God, often through destruction. This was a form of divine judgment against the Canaanite cities, emphasizing God's holiness and the seriousness of sin. It also served to prevent Israel from being influenced by pagan practices.

doing to Ai and its king as he had done to Jericho and its king
This comparison to Jericho highlights the consistency of God's commands and the obedience of Joshua and the Israelites. Jericho's fall was miraculous, and Ai's defeat, though achieved through military strategy, was equally a testament to God's guidance. The mention of the kings signifies the complete overthrow of these cities' leadership and the establishment of God's authority.

and that the people of Gibeon had made peace with Israel
The Gibeonites' decision to make peace with Israel was a strategic move for survival, recognizing the power of Israel's God. This peace treaty, though obtained through deception, was honored by Israel, showing the importance of oaths and covenants. It also illustrates God's mercy and the inclusion of Gentiles who seek peace with His people.

and were living among them
The integration of the Gibeonites into Israelite society foreshadows the eventual inclusion of Gentiles into God's covenant community. It serves as a reminder of God's plan for all nations to be blessed through Israel. This living arrangement also presented challenges and opportunities for Israel to remain faithful to God's laws while interacting with other cultures.

He and his people were greatly alarmed
The phrase "He and his people were greatly alarmed" refers to Adoni-Zedek, king of Jerusalem, and his people. The Hebrew root for "alarmed" is "yare," which conveys a deep sense of fear or dread. This fear was not just a passing concern but a profound realization of the threat posed by Israel's alliance with Gibeon. Historically, this alarm reflects the political and military tensions of the time, as the Canaanite kings recognized the growing power of Israel under Joshua's leadership. The fear was compounded by the divine favor that Israel seemed to enjoy, as evidenced by their previous victories.

because Gibeon was an important city
The phrase "because Gibeon was an important city" highlights the strategic significance of Gibeon. The Hebrew word for "important" here is "gadol," meaning great or significant. Gibeon's importance was not only due to its size but also its strategic location and influence. Archaeological findings suggest that Gibeon was a well-fortified city with a substantial population, making it a valuable ally or a formidable foe. Its alliance with Israel was a significant blow to the Canaanite coalition, as it shifted the balance of power in the region.

like one of the royal cities
The comparison "like one of the royal cities" indicates that Gibeon was comparable in stature and influence to the major city-states of the region. The term "royal cities" suggests cities that were centers of power and governance, often ruled by kings. This phrase underscores the political and military clout of Gibeon, making its alliance with Israel even more alarming to the surrounding Canaanite kings. Historically, royal cities were often well-defended and economically prosperous, further emphasizing the strategic loss to the Canaanite coalition.

greater than Ai
The phrase "greater than Ai" provides a comparative measure of Gibeon's significance. Ai was a city that had already been conquered by Israel, and its defeat was a notable victory. By stating that Gibeon was "greater than Ai," the text emphasizes the magnitude of the alliance and the potential threat it posed to the Canaanite kings. The Hebrew word "gadol" is again used here, reinforcing the idea of greatness in terms of size, strength, or influence. This comparison serves to highlight the escalating challenge faced by the Canaanite coalition.

and all its men were mighty
The phrase "and all its men were mighty" speaks to the military prowess of Gibeon's inhabitants. The Hebrew word for "mighty" is "gibbor," which denotes strength, valor, and heroism. This description suggests that Gibeon was not only strategically important but also had a formidable fighting force. The presence of mighty warriors would have made Gibeon a valuable ally and a significant threat to its enemies. This detail underscores the seriousness of the situation for the Canaanite kings, as they faced a coalition of Israel and a city known for its strong warriors.

Adoni-zedek king of Jerusalem
The name "Adoni-zedek" means "lord of righteousness" in Hebrew, which is ironic given his opposition to God's people. Jerusalem, at this time, was a Canaanite city, and its king's name suggests a claim to moral or divine authority. Historically, Jerusalem was a significant city even before David made it the capital of Israel. The mention of Adoni-zedek highlights the spiritual battle between the forces of God and the pagan kings who opposed Israel.

sent word
This phrase indicates a formal communication, likely through messengers. In the ancient Near East, alliances were often formed through such communications. The act of sending word underscores the urgency and seriousness of the situation, as Adoni-zedek sought to rally other kings against the Israelites.

to Hoham king of Hebron
Hebron is one of the oldest cities in the world, with a rich biblical history. It was later given to Caleb as an inheritance. The name "Hoham" is less clear in meaning, but his role as king of Hebron places him in a position of influence. Hebron's involvement in this coalition against Israel shows the widespread fear and opposition to the Israelites' advance.

Piram king of Jarmuth
Jarmuth was a city in the Shephelah region, known for its strategic location. The name "Piram" might mean "wild ass," suggesting strength or stubbornness. This king's inclusion in the alliance indicates the regional impact of Israel's conquests and the collective response of the Canaanite kings.

Japhia king of Lachish
Lachish was a fortified city, significant in military terms. The name "Japhia" means "shining" or "splendid," which could reflect the city's prominence. Lachish's king joining the coalition highlights the strategic importance of this alliance, as Lachish was a key city in controlling the region.

Debir king of Eglon
Eglon was another city in the Shephelah, and Debir's name might mean "oracle" or "speaker." This suggests a role of influence or authority. The inclusion of Eglon in the alliance further demonstrates the widespread fear of Israel's God and the desperation of the Canaanite kings to resist His people.

saying
This word introduces the message that Adoni-zedek sent to the other kings. It sets the stage for the coalition's response to the threat posed by Israel. The use of "saying" indicates a call to action, a rallying cry for these kings to unite against a common enemy. This reflects the broader spiritual battle depicted throughout the book of Joshua, where earthly powers resist the divine mandate given to Israel.

Come up and help me
This phrase is a call to action, a plea for assistance in a time of need. The Hebrew root for "come up" is "עָלָה" (alah), which often implies ascending or rising. In the context of ancient warfare, this could suggest a strategic movement to higher ground or a rallying cry to gather forces. The urgency in this call reflects the desperation and the immediate need for support against a common enemy. Historically, alliances were crucial for survival, and this plea underscores the importance of unity and collective strength in the face of adversity.

We will attack Gibeon
The decision to attack Gibeon is significant. Gibeon was a great city, and its people had made a treaty with Israel, which was seen as a betrayal by the surrounding Canaanite kings. The Hebrew word for "attack" is "נָכָה" (nakah), meaning to strike or smite. This indicates a planned, aggressive action against Gibeon, highlighting the seriousness of the threat perceived by the coalition of kings. Theologically, this reflects the spiritual battle between the forces aligned with God's people and those opposed to them.

because they have made peace with Joshua and the Israelites
The phrase "made peace" comes from the Hebrew "שָׁלוֹם" (shalom), which means peace, completeness, or welfare. Gibeon's treaty with Israel was a significant political and spiritual move, aligning themselves with God's chosen people. This peace treaty was seen as a direct challenge to the existing power structures in Canaan. Theologically, this reflects the transformative power of aligning with God's will, as Gibeon chose peace with Israel over conflict. Historically, it demonstrates the shifting alliances and the impact of Israel's presence in the Promised Land.

So the five kings of the Amorites
The phrase "five kings of the Amorites" refers to a coalition of local rulers in the southern region of Canaan. The Amorites were a significant group in the ancient Near East, often representing the broader Canaanite population. Historically, the Amorites were known for their city-states and their influence in the region. This coalition signifies a formidable opposition to Israel, highlighting the gravity of the threat faced by Joshua and the Israelites. The number five may symbolize human weakness in the face of divine strength, as seen throughout Scripture where God often uses the few to overcome the many.

the kings of Jerusalem, Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish, and Eglon
These cities were significant urban centers in ancient Canaan. Jerusalem, later to become the capital of Israel, was already a fortified city. Hebron was a city of great antiquity, associated with the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Jarmuth, Lachish, and Eglon were also important cities, each with its own strategic and economic significance. The mention of these specific cities underscores the widespread resistance against Israel's divinely ordained conquest. Archaeological evidence supports the existence and importance of these cities during the Late Bronze Age, providing a historical backdrop to the biblical narrative.

joined forces
The phrase "joined forces" indicates a strategic alliance formed to counter the threat posed by the Israelites. This coalition reflects the common practice of city-states uniting against a common enemy. In a spiritual sense, it illustrates how opposition to God's purposes often involves a concerted effort by those who resist His will. The unity of these kings, though formidable, ultimately stands in contrast to the divine unity and purpose guiding Israel.

advanced with all their armies
The phrase "advanced with all their armies" suggests a full-scale military mobilization. This was not a minor skirmish but a significant military campaign. The use of "all their armies" emphasizes the total commitment of these kings to the battle, reflecting the seriousness of the threat they perceived from Israel. Historically, such military campaigns were common in the ancient Near East, where city-states often engaged in warfare to protect their interests.

besieged Gibeon
The act of besieging Gibeon indicates a strategic move to isolate and weaken the city. Gibeon had recently made a treaty with Israel, and its siege was an attempt to punish the city for its alliance and to deter others from following suit. In a broader sense, the siege represents the spiritual warfare faced by those who align themselves with God's people. The historical context of siege warfare involved cutting off supplies and waiting for the city to surrender, a tactic that required patience and resources.

and fought against it
The phrase "fought against it" signifies the active engagement in battle. This was not merely a show of force but an actual conflict with the intent to conquer. Theologically, this battle represents the ongoing struggle between the forces of darkness and the people of God. The historical context of warfare in the ancient Near East involved not only physical combat but also psychological and spiritual dimensions, as cities often relied on their gods for protection and victory.

Then the men of Gibeon
The Gibeonites were a group of Hivites who lived in the land of Canaan. Historically, they had deceived Joshua and the Israelites into making a peace treaty with them by pretending to be from a distant land (Joshua 9). Despite their deception, the Israelites honored their covenant, which reflects the importance of keeping one's word, a principle deeply rooted in the Hebrew culture and law.

sent word to Joshua
This phrase indicates the urgency and desperation of the Gibeonites. In the ancient Near Eastern context, sending a message was a formal act, often involving a messenger who would travel swiftly to deliver the plea. The act of sending word to Joshua signifies the Gibeonites' recognition of Joshua's leadership and the power of the God of Israel.

in the camp at Gilgal
Gilgal was the first encampment of the Israelites after crossing the Jordan River into the Promised Land. It served as a base of operations for their military campaigns. Archaeologically, Gilgal is significant as it represents the initial foothold of the Israelites in Canaan, symbolizing the beginning of the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham.

Do not abandon your servants
The Gibeonites refer to themselves as "servants," acknowledging their subordinate position due to the treaty with Israel. This plea highlights the covenantal relationship, where the stronger party (Israel) is expected to protect the weaker (Gibeonites). Theologically, it reflects the biblical theme of God’s faithfulness and protection over those who seek refuge under His covenant.

Come up to us quickly and save us!
The urgency in this plea is palpable. The phrase "come up" is geographically accurate, as Gibeon was located in the hill country, requiring an ascent from the Jordan Valley. The call for salvation echoes the broader biblical narrative of God as a deliverer, a theme that resonates throughout the Old and New Testaments.

Help us, for all the Amorite kings
The Amorites were one of the prominent Canaanite tribes. Historically, they were known for their fortified cities and military prowess. The coalition of Amorite kings against Gibeon underscores the threat faced by the Gibeonites and the strategic importance of their alliance with Israel. This coalition also sets the stage for God’s miraculous intervention in the battle that follows.

living in the hill country
The hill country of Canaan was a region of strategic military importance, characterized by its rugged terrain and fortified cities. This geographical detail emphasizes the formidable nature of the enemy alliance and the challenge that lay ahead for Joshua and the Israelites.

have joined forces against us
The unification of the Amorite kings against Gibeon illustrates the common practice of forming coalitions in ancient warfare. This alliance against a common enemy highlights the political dynamics of the region and sets the stage for the divine intervention that would demonstrate God’s power and faithfulness to Israel. Theologically, it serves as a reminder of the spiritual battles believers face and the assurance of God’s support in times of adversity.

So Joshua
The name "Joshua" is derived from the Hebrew name "Yehoshua," meaning "Yahweh is salvation." Joshua, as the leader of Israel, is a type of Christ, who leads His people into the promised rest. His role as a military leader and spiritual guide is pivotal in the narrative of Israel's conquest of Canaan. Joshua's obedience and faithfulness to God's commands are central themes in the book, reflecting the importance of leadership grounded in divine guidance.

and his whole army
The phrase "his whole army" indicates the unity and collective strength of Israel under Joshua's command. This unity is crucial for the success of their mission. In a broader spiritual sense, it reflects the importance of the body of Christ working together in harmony to achieve God's purposes. The army's readiness to follow Joshua into battle underscores their trust in his leadership and, by extension, their trust in God's promises.

including all the mighty men of valor
The "mighty men of valor" refers to the elite warriors of Israel, known for their courage and skill in battle. The Hebrew term "gibborim" is often used to describe these valiant fighters. Their inclusion highlights the importance of strength and bravery in the face of daunting challenges. Spiritually, it serves as a reminder that God equips His people with the necessary strength and courage to face spiritual battles, emphasizing the need for believers to be spiritually prepared and courageous.

came from Gilgal
Gilgal holds significant historical and spiritual importance for Israel. It was the first campsite of the Israelites after crossing the Jordan River and served as a base of operations during the conquest of Canaan. Gilgal symbolizes a place of renewal and commitment to God, as it was here that the Israelites renewed their covenant with God through circumcision and celebrated the Passover. The departure from Gilgal signifies a movement from a place of spiritual preparation to active engagement in God's mission. It serves as a reminder of the importance of spiritual readiness before undertaking God's work.

The LORD said to Joshua
This phrase emphasizes the direct communication between God and Joshua, highlighting the intimate relationship and divine guidance that Joshua received. The Hebrew root for "LORD" is "YHWH," the sacred name of God, signifying His eternal presence and covenant faithfulness. This divine assurance is crucial for Joshua as he leads Israel into battle, reminding us of God's personal involvement in the lives of His people.

Do not be afraid of them
Fear is a natural human response to overwhelming circumstances, yet God commands Joshua to reject fear. The Hebrew word for "afraid" is "yare," which can also mean reverence or awe. Here, it is a call to trust in God's power rather than be intimidated by the enemy. This echoes God's earlier encouragement to Joshua in Joshua 1:9, reinforcing the theme of courage through faith.

for I have delivered them into your hand
This phrase is a declaration of divine sovereignty and assurance of victory. The Hebrew verb "nathan," meaning "to give" or "to deliver," indicates that the outcome is already determined by God's will. This assurance is not based on Israel's military might but on God's promise and power, reminding believers that victory in spiritual battles is secured by God's intervention.

Not one of them shall stand against you
This promise underscores the totality of God's deliverance. The phrase "shall stand" comes from the Hebrew "ya'amod," meaning to remain or endure. God's assurance that not one enemy will withstand Joshua's forces highlights the completeness of the victory God provides. It serves as a powerful reminder of God's ability to overcome any opposition, encouraging believers to trust in His promises and power.

After marching all night
This phrase highlights the strategic and relentless nature of Joshua's leadership. The Hebrew root for "marching" (נָסַע, nasa) implies a purposeful journey or departure. Joshua's decision to march all night demonstrates his commitment and the urgency of the mission. Historically, night marches were rare due to the dangers and difficulties of traveling in darkness, yet Joshua's faith in God's promise emboldened him to take this bold step. This reflects the Christian call to perseverance and trust in divine guidance, even when the path is fraught with challenges.

from Gilgal
Gilgal holds significant historical and spiritual importance as the first campsite of the Israelites after crossing the Jordan River. It was here that the Israelites renewed their covenant with God through circumcision and celebrated the Passover (Joshua 5:2-12). The name "Gilgal" is derived from the Hebrew word "galal" (גָּלַל), meaning "to roll." This symbolizes the rolling away of the reproach of Egypt from the Israelites. Thus, Gilgal represents a place of new beginnings and divine favor, serving as a spiritual launching point for Joshua's campaign.

Joshua caught them by surprise
The element of surprise was a critical factor in Joshua's military strategy. The Hebrew word for "surprise" (בָּהַל, bahal) conveys a sense of sudden alarm or panic. This unexpected attack reflects the wisdom and cunning that God granted Joshua. In a broader scriptural context, this surprise victory underscores the theme of divine intervention and the fulfillment of God's promises to Israel. It serves as a reminder that God often works in unexpected ways to achieve His purposes, encouraging believers to remain vigilant and ready for His leading.

And the LORD threw them into confusion
The phrase "the LORD threw them into confusion" highlights the divine intervention in the battle. The Hebrew word for "threw into confusion" is "hamam," which can mean to disturb or discomfit. This indicates that God actively participated in the battle, causing panic and disorder among the enemy forces. Historically, this reflects the belief that God fights for His people, a recurring theme in the Old Testament. The confusion among the enemy can be seen as a fulfillment of God's promise to protect and deliver Israel, reinforcing the idea that victory comes from divine power rather than human strength.

before Israel
The phrase "before Israel" signifies that the confusion and subsequent victory were witnessed by the Israelites. This not only served to bolster their faith but also demonstrated God's faithfulness to His covenant people. The presence of Israel as a witness to God's mighty acts is a recurring motif in the Bible, emphasizing the importance of remembering and recounting God's deeds to future generations.

and He defeated them in a great slaughter at Gibeon
The term "great slaughter" underscores the magnitude of the victory. The Hebrew word for "slaughter" is "makkah," which implies a severe blow or defeat. Gibeon, a significant Canaanite city, becomes the stage for this divine victory. Historically, this event would have had a profound impact on the surrounding nations, showcasing the power of Israel's God. The victory at Gibeon serves as a testament to God's ability to deliver His people against overwhelming odds.

chased them along the road to Beth-horon
The "road to Beth-horon" was a strategic route, and the pursuit along this path indicates a relentless and decisive victory. Beth-horon was a significant pass leading from the coastal plain to the hill country, making it a critical location in military campaigns. The chase along this road symbolizes the thoroughness of God's deliverance, ensuring that the enemy could not regroup or retaliate.

and struck them down as far as Azekah and Makkedah
The mention of "Azekah and Makkedah" provides geographical context, marking the extent of the victory. Azekah and Makkedah were towns in the Shephelah region, and their inclusion in the narrative highlights the comprehensive nature of the defeat. Archaeological findings in these areas have provided insights into the historical context of the conquest narratives. The striking down of the enemy as far as these locations emphasizes the totality of God's victory, leaving no refuge for the adversaries.

As they fled before Israel
This phrase captures the panic and retreat of the Amorite coalition before the advancing Israelite forces. The Hebrew root for "fled" (נָסוּ, nasu) conveys a sense of hurried escape, indicating the overwhelming fear and disarray among the enemy. Historically, this reflects the divine favor upon Israel, as their enemies are not just defeated but are driven into a chaotic retreat, showcasing God's power and the fulfillment of His promises to Israel.

on the road down from Beth-horon to Azekah
Beth-horon and Azekah are significant locations in the ancient landscape of Canaan. Beth-horon, meaning "house of hollowness," was a strategic pass, and Azekah was a fortified city. The road between these locations was a critical route, and the mention of this path highlights the tactical advantage and divine guidance given to Israel. Archaeological findings have confirmed the existence of these sites, providing a tangible connection to the biblical narrative.

the LORD hurled large hailstones down on them from the sky
The phrase emphasizes the direct intervention of God in the battle. The Hebrew word for "hurled" (וַיְשַׁלֵּךְ, vayshalekh) suggests a deliberate and forceful action, underscoring God's active role in securing victory for Israel. The "large hailstones" are a miraculous element, reminiscent of the plagues in Egypt, demonstrating God's control over nature. This divine act serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and His ability to fight for His people in supernatural ways.

and more of them died from the hail
This part of the verse highlights the extent of the divine intervention. The fact that more enemies perished from the hailstones than by the sword underscores the supremacy of God's power over human efforts. It serves as a testament to the Israelites that their victories are not by their might alone but by the hand of God. This miraculous event would have reinforced the faith of the Israelites and the fear of God among the surrounding nations.

than were killed by the swords of the Israelites
The comparison here between the casualties caused by the hailstones and those by the sword emphasizes the miraculous nature of the victory. It illustrates that while the Israelites were active participants in the battle, the ultimate victory was orchestrated by God. This serves as a powerful reminder of the partnership between divine providence and human action, where God calls His people to act in faith while He provides the decisive power for victory.

On the day
This phrase sets the stage for a specific, miraculous event in the history of Israel. The context is a battle where the Israelites, under Joshua's leadership, are fighting against the Amorite kings. The phrase emphasizes the immediacy and specificity of God's intervention in human history. In the Hebrew context, "day" (יוֹם, yom) often signifies not just a 24-hour period but a significant time of divine action or judgment.

the LORD
This is the covenant name of God, Yahweh, highlighting His personal relationship with Israel. It underscores that the events about to unfold are not merely natural phenomena but acts of divine will. Yahweh is the God who makes and keeps promises, and His involvement here is a fulfillment of His covenant with Israel.

gave the Amorites over to the Israelites
This phrase indicates divine intervention in the battle. The Hebrew word for "gave" (נָתַן, natan) implies a transfer of power or control. The Amorites, representing the pagan nations opposing Israel, are delivered into the hands of God's chosen people, signifying God's sovereignty and faithfulness to His promises.

Joshua spoke to the LORD
This highlights the intimate relationship between Joshua and God. Joshua, as the leader of Israel, acts as an intercessor, demonstrating faith and boldness. The act of speaking to the LORD signifies prayer and communication, essential elements of a life of faith.

in the presence of Israel
This phrase emphasizes the public nature of Joshua's prayer. It is a testimony to the entire nation of Israel, reinforcing their faith in God's power and presence. The communal aspect of this event strengthens the unity and collective faith of the people.

O sun, stand still over Gibeon
This bold command reflects Joshua's faith in God's power over creation. The sun, a symbol of time and natural order, is called to halt, demonstrating that the Creator can suspend natural laws. Gibeon, a significant location in the battle, becomes the focal point of this miraculous event.

and, O moon, over the Valley of Aijalon
The moon, like the sun, is commanded to pause, indicating a complete suspension of celestial movement. The Valley of Aijalon, another strategic location, underscores the comprehensive nature of God's intervention. This command reflects the belief that God controls the universe and can alter its course for His purposes.

So the sun stood still
This phrase is one of the most miraculous events recorded in the Old Testament. The Hebrew word for "stood still" is "דָּמַם" (damam), which can mean to be silent, still, or to cease. This suggests a divine intervention where the natural order was paused. Historically, this event underscores God's sovereignty over creation, affirming His power to alter the cosmos for the sake of His people. The sun, a symbol of constancy and reliability, obeys the command of the Creator, highlighting the supremacy of God over all creation.

and the moon stopped
The Hebrew word for "stopped" is "עָמַד" (amad), meaning to stand or remain. This indicates a halting of the moon's course, complementing the sun's stillness. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, celestial bodies were often deified, yet here they are shown to be under the authority of Yahweh. This act serves as a testament to the Israelites and their enemies that the God of Israel is the one true God, who controls even the heavens.

until the nation took vengeance on its enemies
The phrase emphasizes the purpose behind the miracle: to enable Israel to achieve victory over their adversaries. The Hebrew word for "vengeance" is "נָקָם" (naqam), which can mean retribution or justice. This reflects the biblical theme of divine justice, where God empowers His people to execute judgment on those who oppose His will. It reassures believers that God is actively involved in the battles of life, providing the means to overcome challenges and fulfill His promises.

Is this not written in the Book of Jashar?
The "Book of Jashar" is a non-canonical text referenced here and in 2 Samuel 1:18. The Hebrew term "יָשָׁר" (yashar) means "upright" or "just," suggesting that this book contained songs or poems celebrating righteous acts. Its mention authenticates the event, indicating that it was well-known and recorded in other historical documents of the time. This reference encourages believers to trust in the historical reliability of Scripture and the mighty acts of God recorded therein.

The sun stopped in the middle of the sky
This phrase describes the miraculous nature of the event, with the sun halting at its zenith. The Hebrew word for "middle" is "חֲצִי" (chatsi), meaning halfway or midst. This emphasizes the unnatural extension of daylight, providing the Israelites with the necessary time to secure victory. It serves as a reminder of God's perfect timing and provision, ensuring that His purposes are accomplished in the lives of His people.

and delayed going down about a full day
The phrase "delayed going down" uses the Hebrew "לֹא אָץ" (lo atz), meaning not to hasten or rush. This indicates a supernatural extension of time, a full day beyond the normal cycle. This extraordinary event demonstrates God's willingness to intervene in human affairs in profound ways. It inspires believers to have faith in God's ability to transcend natural laws for the fulfillment of His divine will and the benefit of His people.

There has been no day like it before or since
This phrase emphasizes the uniqueness of the event described in the preceding verses, where God intervened in a miraculous way during the battle at Gibeon. The Hebrew word for "day" (יוֹם, yom) can signify a literal 24-hour period or a more extended time. Here, it underscores the extraordinary nature of God's intervention. Historically, this highlights the singularity of God's direct involvement in human affairs, a testament to His sovereignty and power. It serves as a reminder that God's actions are unparalleled and beyond human comprehension.

a day when the LORD listened to the voice of a man
The phrase underscores the intimate relationship between God and His chosen leader, Joshua. The Hebrew word for "listened" (שָׁמַע, shama) implies not just hearing but responding favorably. This is a profound moment where God heeds the plea of Joshua, demonstrating His willingness to engage with humanity. It reflects the biblical theme of prayer and divine response, encouraging believers that God is attentive to the cries of His people. This interaction is a powerful reminder of the potential impact of faithful prayer and the importance of aligning one's requests with God's will.

because the LORD fought for Israel
This phrase encapsulates the central theme of divine intervention in the battles of Israel. The Hebrew word for "fought" (לָחַם, lacham) indicates active engagement in battle. Historically, this reflects the numerous instances where God directly intervened to secure victory for Israel, reinforcing the covenant relationship between God and His people. It serves as a testament to God's faithfulness and His role as a divine warrior who ensures the fulfillment of His promises. For believers, it is a source of inspiration and assurance that God is actively involved in the struggles of His people, fighting on their behalf to bring about His purposes.

Then Joshua returned
The phrase "Then Joshua returned" signifies a moment of transition and completion. The Hebrew root for "returned" is "שׁוּב" (shuv), which often implies a turning back or a restoration. This word is frequently used in the Old Testament to denote a return to a previous state or place. In the context of Joshua 10, this return marks the conclusion of a significant military campaign where God miraculously intervened on behalf of Israel. Joshua's return is not just a physical movement but a spiritual and leadership act, demonstrating his obedience and reliance on God's guidance. It reflects the cyclical nature of Israel's journey, where they often return to a place of origin or significance after a divine encounter or victory.

and all Israel with him
This phrase emphasizes the unity and collective movement of the nation of Israel. The Hebrew word for "all" is "כָּל" (kol), indicating completeness and totality. The inclusion of "all Israel" underscores the communal aspect of their journey and victory. It wasn't just Joshua's triumph but a shared experience for the entire nation. This unity is crucial in the narrative of the Israelites, as it reflects their identity as God's chosen people, moving together under divine direction. Historically, this collective movement would have been a powerful testament to the surrounding nations of Israel's strength and the favor of their God.

to the camp at Gilgal
"Gilgal" holds significant historical and spiritual importance for the Israelites. The Hebrew root "גִּלְגָּל" (Gilgal) is associated with the idea of rolling or a circle, which is fitting as Gilgal was the first campsite of the Israelites after crossing the Jordan River into the Promised Land. It was here that they renewed their covenant with God through circumcision and celebrated the Passover (Joshua 5). Returning to Gilgal symbolizes a return to a place of covenant and remembrance. Archaeologically, Gilgal is believed to have been a strategic and spiritual base for the Israelites during their conquest of Canaan. This return to Gilgal after the victory in battle serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness and the importance of maintaining a connection to their spiritual roots and commitments.

Now the five kings
This phrase introduces the central figures of this passage, the five Amorite kings who led a coalition against Gibeon and, by extension, against Israel. Historically, these kings represent the resistance of the Canaanite city-states against the Israelite conquest. The number five often symbolizes human weakness and limitation in biblical numerology, contrasting with divine strength. These kings, despite their power and authority, are ultimately subject to God's will as executed through Joshua.

had fled
The act of fleeing indicates a state of fear and desperation. In the Hebrew context, the word used here can imply a hurried escape, often associated with a lack of hope or strategy. This reflects the psychological defeat of the kings even before their physical capture. Their flight is a testament to the overwhelming power of God working through Israel, fulfilling His promise to give them victory over their enemies.

and hidden
The kings' attempt to hide signifies their recognition of impending defeat. In biblical narratives, hiding often symbolizes shame and the futility of escaping God's judgment. This echoes the theme of divine justice, where no act of concealment can thwart God's plans. Theologically, it serves as a reminder that human efforts to evade divine justice are ultimately in vain.

in the cave
Caves in ancient times were often used as places of refuge or burial. Archaeologically, caves in the region of Makkedah have been identified, providing a tangible connection to the biblical narrative. Symbolically, a cave can represent a temporary shelter but also a tomb, foreshadowing the kings' ultimate fate. This duality underscores the transient nature of human power when opposed to God's eternal purposes.

at Makkedah
Makkedah is a location of strategic importance in the southern campaign of Joshua. Historically, it was a fortified city, and its mention here situates the narrative within a real geographical context. Theologically, Makkedah becomes a stage for God's deliverance of Israel and judgment upon the Canaanite kings. The name itself, possibly meaning "place of shepherds," contrasts the kings' leadership with the divine shepherding of Israel by God through Joshua.

The word came to Joshua
This phrase indicates divine communication or revelation. In the context of the Old Testament, God often communicated His will and guidance to His chosen leaders. The Hebrew root for "word" is "dabar," which signifies not just a spoken word but a matter or thing. This highlights the importance and authority of the message being delivered to Joshua, emphasizing that it is not merely human intelligence but divine instruction.

The five kings
These kings represent the coalition of Amorite rulers who opposed Israel. Historically, the Amorites were a significant group in Canaan, often seen as adversaries to the Israelites. The number five can symbolize human weakness and limitation, contrasting with the divine strength and completeness that Joshua, as God's appointed leader, embodies. This phrase sets the stage for the demonstration of God's power over earthly rulers.

have been found
The discovery of the kings is significant, as it underscores the futility of opposing God's will. The Hebrew root "matsa" implies not just finding but encountering or coming upon something. This suggests that the kings' hiding was not hidden from God, reinforcing the theme of divine omniscience and sovereignty.

they are hiding
The act of hiding indicates fear and vulnerability. In the biblical narrative, hiding often symbolizes a lack of faith or an attempt to escape divine judgment. The Hebrew word "chaba" conveys a sense of concealment or seeking refuge, which is ironic given that true refuge can only be found in God. This phrase highlights the contrast between the kings' fear and Joshua's faith.

in the cave
Caves in biblical times were often used as places of refuge or burial. The Hebrew word "me'arah" refers to a natural or man-made cavity in the earth. Caves can symbolize darkness and entrapment, contrasting with the light and freedom found in following God's path. This setting underscores the kings' desperate situation and foreshadows their impending judgment.

at Makkedah
Makkedah is a location in the Shephelah region of ancient Israel. Archaeologically, it is identified with the modern site of Khirbet el-Kheishum. The name "Makkedah" may derive from a root meaning "place of shepherds" or "herding," which is ironic given the kings' attempt to shepherd their own fate away from God's will. This geographical detail grounds the narrative in a real historical context, emphasizing the tangible reality of God's intervention in history.

So Joshua said
This phrase indicates the authoritative command of Joshua, the leader of Israel. Joshua, whose name means "Yahweh is salvation," is acting under divine guidance. His leadership is a continuation of Moses' mission, and his words carry the weight of God's directive. In the Hebrew context, the role of a leader was not just to command but to ensure the fulfillment of God's promises to His people.

Roll large stones
The act of rolling stones is significant in ancient warfare and burial practices. Stones were often used to seal tombs or caves, as seen in the New Testament with Jesus' tomb. Here, the stones serve a strategic military purpose, preventing the escape of the enemy kings. The Hebrew word for "roll" (גָּלַל, galal) implies a deliberate and forceful action, symbolizing the decisive nature of Joshua's command.

against the mouth of the cave
Caves in the ancient Near East were natural fortresses and places of refuge. The "mouth" of the cave is the entrance, which is crucial for both defense and entrapment. By sealing the cave, Joshua ensures that the enemy is contained. This action reflects a tactical understanding of warfare, using the natural landscape to Israel's advantage.

and post men there to guard them
The posting of guards signifies vigilance and the importance of maintaining control over the captured kings. In the Hebrew military context, guards were essential for both protection and the prevention of escape. This phrase underscores the need for diligence in executing God's plans. The act of guarding is not just physical but also spiritual, as it represents the safeguarding of God's promises and the fulfillment of His justice.

But do not stay there yourselves
This phrase is a direct command from Joshua to the Israelites, emphasizing the urgency and importance of their mission. The Hebrew root for "stay" is "amad," which often implies standing still or remaining in place. In the context of battle, this command underscores the need for proactive engagement rather than passivity. Historically, this reflects the strategic military mindset of the Israelites under Joshua's leadership, who understood the necessity of momentum in warfare.

Pursue your enemies
The word "pursue" comes from the Hebrew "radaph," which means to chase or follow with the intent to overtake. This is not merely a physical pursuit but also a spiritual one, symbolizing the relentless pursuit of righteousness and the eradication of evil. The Israelites were called to actively engage in God's mission, reflecting the broader biblical theme of God's people being called to pursue holiness and justice.

Attack them from the rear
This tactical instruction highlights the strategic acumen of Joshua. The phrase suggests a surprise attack, which would have been a common military strategy in ancient warfare. The Hebrew word for "attack" is "naga," meaning to strike or touch. This reflects the need for decisive action in the face of opposition, a principle that resonates with the Christian call to confront sin and evil with courage and determination.

Do not let them enter their cities
Preventing the enemies from reaching their fortified cities was crucial, as it would deny them the opportunity to regroup and fortify themselves. The Hebrew word for "enter" is "bo," which means to come in or go into. This command underscores the importance of cutting off the enemy's retreat and ensuring a complete victory. Spiritually, it can be seen as a metaphor for not allowing sin to find refuge in our lives.

for the LORD your God has delivered them into your hand
This phrase is a powerful reminder of divine intervention and assurance. The Hebrew word for "delivered" is "nathan," meaning to give or hand over. It emphasizes that the victory is not by human strength alone but by God's providence. This assurance of God's sovereignty and faithfulness is a recurring theme throughout Scripture, encouraging believers to trust in God's promises and His ultimate control over all circumstances.

So Joshua and the Israelites
This phrase highlights the leadership of Joshua and the unity of the Israelites. Joshua, whose name means "Yahweh is salvation," is a type of Christ, leading God's people into the Promised Land. The Israelites, as God's chosen people, are acting in obedience to God's command to conquer the land. This unity and obedience are crucial themes throughout the book of Joshua, emphasizing the importance of following God's guidance as a community.

finished inflicting a great slaughter
The phrase underscores the completeness of the victory. The Hebrew root for "finished" (כָּלָה, kalah) implies a sense of completion or fulfillment. This reflects God's promise to give the land to the Israelites and His faithfulness in fulfilling His word. The "great slaughter" indicates the severity of the battle and the decisive nature of God's intervention on behalf of His people. It serves as a reminder of the seriousness of sin and the judgment that comes upon those who oppose God's will.

until they had destroyed the remaining survivors
This part of the verse speaks to the thoroughness of the Israelites' conquest. The Hebrew word for "destroyed" (שָׁמַד, shamad) often implies a complete and utter destruction, leaving nothing behind. This reflects the divine mandate given to the Israelites to remove all influences that could lead them away from God. It serves as a metaphor for the Christian life, where believers are called to remove sin and anything that hinders their relationship with God.

who retreated to the fortified cities
The retreat to "fortified cities" indicates the strategic nature of ancient warfare. These cities were often heavily defended and served as places of refuge. Historically, fortified cities were common in the ancient Near East, providing protection against invaders. Spiritually, this can be seen as a representation of the false security that people seek apart from God. Despite their defenses, these cities could not withstand the power of God working through His people, illustrating the futility of relying on worldly strength instead of divine protection.

The whole army
This phrase emphasizes the unity and completeness of the Israelite forces. In Hebrew, the word for "army" is "חַיִל" (chayil), which can also mean strength or valor. This reflects the collective might and courage of the Israelites, who were not just a group of individuals but a cohesive unit under God's command. The unity of the army is a testament to their faith and obedience to God's directives, which is a recurring theme throughout the book of Joshua.

returned safely
The Hebrew root for "returned" is "שׁוּב" (shuv), which means to turn back or return. This word often carries a connotation of restoration or repentance in the Old Testament. The safety of their return signifies God's protection and faithfulness to His promises. It highlights the divine assurance that accompanies obedience to God's will, as the Israelites were engaged in a divinely sanctioned conquest.

to Joshua
Joshua, whose name in Hebrew is "יְהוֹשֻׁעַ" (Yehoshua), meaning "The LORD is salvation," is a central figure in this narrative. His leadership is pivotal, and his name itself is a reminder of God's saving power. Joshua is a type of Christ, leading his people into the Promised Land, just as Jesus leads believers into eternal life. The army's return to Joshua symbolizes their allegiance and trust in God's appointed leader.

in the camp at Makkedah
Makkedah is a location of strategic importance in the conquest of Canaan. Archaeologically, it is identified with a site that has evidence of ancient fortifications, underscoring its role as a military stronghold. The camp at Makkedah represents a place of refuge and regrouping for the Israelites, a temporary home where they could rest and prepare for future battles. It signifies God's provision of safe havens amidst the challenges of conquest.

and no one dared to utter a word against the Israelites
This phrase highlights the fear and respect that the surrounding nations had for Israel. The Hebrew word for "dared" is "חָרַץ" (charatz), which implies a decision or determination. The silence of Israel's enemies is a testament to the awe and dread inspired by God's mighty acts on behalf of His people. It reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to make Israel a formidable force, as seen in Deuteronomy 2:25, where God declares He will put the fear and dread of Israel upon the nations.

Then Joshua said
This phrase introduces the leader of Israel, Joshua, who is a central figure in the conquest narratives of the Old Testament. The name "Joshua" is derived from the Hebrew "Yehoshua," meaning "Yahweh is salvation." Joshua is a type of Christ, leading God's people into the Promised Land, much like Jesus leads believers into eternal life. His leadership is marked by obedience to God and courage in the face of overwhelming odds, serving as an example for Christian leaders today.

Open the mouth of the cave
The "cave" here is a significant location in the narrative. Caves in the ancient Near East were often used as places of refuge or burial. In this context, the cave serves as a temporary prison for the five Amorite kings. The act of opening the cave signifies a transition from concealment to exposure, symbolizing the revelation of hidden sins or enemies. Spiritually, it can be seen as a call to bring hidden sins into the light of God's truth for judgment and redemption.

and bring those five kings out to me
The "five kings" represent the coalition of Amorite rulers who opposed Israel. Historically, this reflects the common practice of city-states forming alliances for mutual defense. Spiritually, these kings can symbolize the various strongholds or sins that believers must confront and overcome with God's help. Joshua's command to bring them out signifies the necessity of confronting and dealing with sin directly, rather than allowing it to remain hidden or ignored. This act of bringing them to Joshua, the leader appointed by God, underscores the importance of submitting our struggles to divine authority for resolution.

So they brought out
This phrase indicates a decisive action taken by Joshua and the Israelites. The Hebrew root for "brought out" is "yatsa," which often implies a forceful or deliberate removal. This action signifies the triumph of God's people over their enemies, fulfilling God's promise of victory. It is a reminder of the power of divine intervention and the importance of obedience to God's commands.

the five kings
The number five in biblical numerology often symbolizes God's grace. These kings represent the coalition of Canaanite forces that opposed Israel. Their capture and subsequent defeat underscore the futility of resisting God's will. Historically, these kings were leaders of significant city-states, emphasizing the magnitude of Israel's victory.

from the cave
The cave served as a temporary refuge for the kings, but it ultimately became a place of their exposure and defeat. Caves in biblical times were often used as hiding places or burial sites, symbolizing both protection and entrapment. This imagery highlights the theme of God's light exposing darkness and the inevitability of divine justice.

the kings of Jerusalem, Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish, and Eglon
Each of these cities held strategic and cultural significance in Canaan. Jerusalem, later to become the spiritual center of Israel, was initially a stronghold of opposition. Hebron was a city of refuge and a place of patriarchal heritage. Jarmuth, Lachish, and Eglon were fortified cities, representing human strength and pride. The defeat of these kings illustrates the dismantling of earthly powers before the sovereignty of God. It serves as a testament to the fulfillment of God's promises to Abraham regarding the land of Canaan and the establishment of Israel as His chosen nation.

When they had brought these kings to Joshua
This phrase sets the scene for a significant moment of victory and divine justice. The "kings" here refer to the five Amorite kings who had allied against Israel. The act of bringing them to Joshua signifies the complete defeat of their forces, a fulfillment of God's promise to deliver the enemies into Israel's hands. Historically, this reflects the ancient Near Eastern practice of demonstrating total conquest over one's enemies.

he summoned all the men of Israel
Joshua's summoning of "all the men of Israel" underscores the communal nature of Israel's victories. It was not just a triumph for Joshua or the military leaders but for the entire nation. This collective participation highlights the unity and shared purpose among the Israelites, as they were all part of God's covenant people.

and said to the commanders of the troops who had gone with him
The "commanders of the troops" were key leaders in Israel's military campaigns. By addressing them specifically, Joshua acknowledges their role and leadership in the battle. This also serves as a teaching moment, reinforcing their faith and trust in God's promises and power.

Come here and put your feet on the necks of these kings
This command is rich in symbolic meaning. In ancient times, placing one's foot on the neck of a defeated enemy was a powerful symbol of victory and subjugation. It demonstrated complete dominance and the fulfillment of God's promise to give Israel victory over their enemies. Spiritually, it represents the triumph of God's people over the forces of evil, a foreshadowing of Christ's ultimate victory over sin and death.

So they came forward and put their feet on their necks
The obedience of the commanders in following Joshua's command illustrates their faith in God's promises and their respect for Joshua's leadership. This act of placing their feet on the necks of the kings is a physical manifestation of God's deliverance and a reminder of His faithfulness. It serves as an encouragement to believers that God is sovereign and will fulfill His promises, granting victory over spiritual adversaries.

Do not be afraid or discouraged
This phrase is a recurring exhortation throughout the Bible, often used to encourage God's people in times of battle or trial. The Hebrew words "אַל־תִּירָא וְאַל־תֵּחָת" (al-tira ve-al-techat) are used here, with "tira" meaning "fear" and "techat" meaning "dismayed" or "discouraged." This command is rooted in the assurance of God's presence and power. Historically, this encouragement was vital for the Israelites as they faced formidable enemies in the Promised Land. It reminds believers today that fear and discouragement are countered by faith in God's promises and His sovereignty.

Be strong and courageous
The Hebrew words "חֲזַק וֶאֱמָץ" (chazak ve-ematz) translate to "be strong and courageous." This command is a call to inner fortitude and bravery, not just in physical battles but in spiritual and moral challenges. The strength and courage mentioned here are not self-derived but are gifts from God, enabling His people to fulfill His purposes. In the context of Joshua, this was crucial as they were tasked with conquering the land. For Christians, it serves as a reminder to rely on God's strength in all aspects of life.

For the LORD will do this to all the enemies you fight
This phrase underscores the assurance of divine intervention and victory. The Hebrew name for God used here is "יְהוָה" (YHWH), the covenant name of God, emphasizing His faithfulness and commitment to His people. The historical context is the conquest of Canaan, where God promised to deliver the land into the hands of the Israelites. This assurance is a powerful reminder that God is actively involved in the battles His people face, both then and now. It encourages believers to trust in God's ultimate victory over all forms of opposition, whether physical or spiritual.

After this
This phrase indicates a sequence of events, suggesting that the actions taken by Joshua were a direct continuation of the divine mandate and military strategy previously outlined. In the broader context of Joshua 10, this follows the miraculous intervention by God, where He caused the sun to stand still. The phrase underscores the obedience of Joshua to God's commands, emphasizing the importance of following divine guidance in the life of a believer.

Joshua struck them down
The act of striking down the enemies is a fulfillment of God's promise to deliver the Canaanite kings into Israel's hands. The Hebrew root for "struck" (נכה, nakah) often implies a decisive and divinely sanctioned action. This reflects the theme of divine justice and the execution of God's judgment against those who oppose His people. It serves as a reminder of the seriousness of sin and rebellion against God.

and killed them
The completion of the act of judgment is signified by the phrase "and killed them." This reflects the totality of the victory granted by God. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the complete destruction of enemy leaders was a common practice to ensure the security and stability of the victors. Spiritually, it symbolizes the ultimate triumph of God's righteousness over evil.

and he hung their bodies on five trees
Hanging the bodies on trees was a public display of the defeat and humiliation of the enemy. In Deuteronomy 21:22-23, the law states that a hanged man is cursed by God, which adds a theological dimension to this act. It signifies the curse upon those who oppose God's covenant people. The number five, often associated with grace, paradoxically highlights the severity of judgment against sin.

and they were left hanging on the trees until evening
This phrase adheres to the Mosaic Law, which required that bodies not remain on the tree overnight (Deuteronomy 21:23). It demonstrates Joshua's adherence to the law even in the midst of executing judgment. The removal of the bodies by evening signifies the completion of justice and the restoration of order. It serves as a reminder of the balance between justice and mercy in God's character.

At sunset
The phrase "at sunset" signifies the end of a day, a time often associated with closure and completion in biblical narratives. In Hebrew culture, the day begins at sunset, so this moment marks both an end and a beginning. It reflects the completion of God's judgment on the Canaanite kings and the transition to a new phase of Israel's conquest. The setting sun can symbolize the end of the kings' reign and the darkness that comes with their defeat, contrasting with the light of God's guidance for Israel.

Joshua gave the command
Joshua, as the leader appointed by God after Moses, acts with divine authority. His command reflects obedience to God's will and the fulfillment of His promises to Israel. The Hebrew root for "command" (צָוָה, tsavah) implies a directive that is not merely a suggestion but an authoritative order, underscoring Joshua's role as God's chosen leader.

that they be taken down from the trees
The act of taking the bodies down from the trees is significant in the context of Deuteronomy 21:22-23, which instructs that a hanged body should not remain on a tree overnight. This adherence to the law demonstrates Israel's commitment to God's commandments, even in the treatment of their enemies. It also reflects a respect for the dignity of human life, even in death, aligning with the broader biblical principle of justice tempered with mercy.

and thrown into the cave where they had hidden
The cave, initially a place of refuge for the kings, becomes their tomb. This ironic twist highlights the futility of opposing God's will. The Hebrew word for "cave" (מְעָרָה, me'arah) often denotes a place of hiding or refuge, yet here it becomes a symbol of divine retribution. The act of throwing them into the cave signifies the finality of their defeat and the inescapability of God's judgment.

Then they placed large stones over the mouth of the cave
Placing large stones over the cave's mouth serves both a practical and symbolic purpose. Practically, it ensures the kings' bodies remain undisturbed, while symbolically, it represents the sealing of their fate. The use of stones in biblical narratives often signifies permanence and memorialization, as seen in other contexts where stones are used to mark significant events or covenants.

where the remains are to this day
This phrase underscores the historical reliability of the account, suggesting that the site was known and could be verified by the original audience. It serves as a testament to God's faithfulness in delivering Israel's enemies into their hands. The enduring presence of the remains acts as a physical reminder of God's power and the fulfillment of His promises, encouraging future generations to trust in His sovereignty.

On that day
This phrase indicates a specific moment in time, emphasizing the immediacy and decisiveness of Joshua's actions. In the Hebrew context, "that day" often signifies a day of divine intervention or fulfillment of God's promises. It underscores the swift execution of God's judgment and the fulfillment of His commands through Joshua.

Joshua captured Makkedah
The name "Joshua" in Hebrew is "Yehoshua," meaning "The LORD is salvation." This highlights Joshua's role as a deliverer and leader under God's guidance. "Captured" suggests a complete and decisive victory, reflecting God's power working through Joshua. Makkedah was a Canaanite city, and its capture signifies the ongoing fulfillment of God's promise to give the Israelites the land of Canaan.

and put it to the sword
This phrase indicates the method of conquest, which was common in ancient warfare. The "sword" symbolizes judgment and the execution of divine justice. In the biblical context, it reflects the seriousness of God's commands to the Israelites to remove idolatry and sin from the land, ensuring the purity of worship and obedience to God.

devoting to destruction
The Hebrew term "herem" is used here, meaning something set apart for destruction as an offering to God. This act was not merely military but also religious, signifying the complete dedication of the city to God by removing all that was contrary to His holiness. It reflects the seriousness of sin and the need for total separation from anything that could lead Israel astray.

everyone in the city
This phrase emphasizes the totality of the destruction, leaving no room for compromise with sin. It reflects the biblical principle that sin must be completely eradicated to maintain holiness and obedience to God. Historically, this was a common practice in ancient Near Eastern warfare, but in the biblical narrative, it serves a theological purpose of illustrating God's judgment against sin.

He left no survivors
This statement underscores the completeness of the judgment executed by Joshua. It reflects the thoroughness required in following God's commands and the seriousness with which God views sin. In a spiritual sense, it serves as a reminder of the need for total commitment to God and the rejection of anything that opposes His will.

So he did to the king of Makkedah
The treatment of the king symbolizes the defeat of leadership and authority that stands against God. It reflects the biblical theme of God's sovereignty over all earthly powers and His ability to bring down those who oppose His purposes. The king's fate serves as a warning to all who would resist God's will.

as he had done to the king of Jericho
This comparison to Jericho, the first major victory in the Promised Land, reinforces the pattern of God's faithfulness and the consistency of His judgment. Jericho's fall was a miraculous event demonstrating God's power, and the same divine power is at work in Makkedah. It serves as a reminder of God's unchanging nature and His commitment to fulfill His promises to His people.

Then Joshua
The name "Joshua" is derived from the Hebrew name "Yehoshua," meaning "Yahweh is salvation." Joshua, as the leader of Israel, is a type of Christ, leading God's people into the Promised Land. His role as a military leader and spiritual guide reflects the divine mandate to conquer and claim the inheritance promised to Abraham. This phrase marks a continuation of Joshua's divinely appointed mission, emphasizing his obedience and faithfulness to God's commands.

and all Israel with him
This phrase underscores the unity and collective effort of the Israelites under Joshua's leadership. The term "all Israel" signifies not just the warriors but the entire nation, highlighting the communal aspect of their journey and conquest. It reflects the biblical principle of unity in purpose and action, as the people of God move together in faith and obedience.

moved on from Makkedah
Makkedah was a Canaanite city that had just been conquered by Joshua and the Israelites. The phrase "moved on" indicates a strategic and purposeful progression in their military campaign. It suggests a relentless pursuit of God's promises, as the Israelites advance from victory to victory. The historical context of Makkedah as a fortified city demonstrates the overcoming of significant obstacles through divine assistance.

to Libnah
Libnah, meaning "whiteness" in Hebrew, was another Canaanite city targeted by Joshua. The movement to Libnah signifies the systematic approach of the Israelites in their conquest of Canaan. Archaeological evidence suggests that Libnah was a significant city-state, and its mention here highlights the thoroughness of Joshua's campaign. Theologically, it represents the ongoing battle against sin and the need for spiritual vigilance.

and fought against Libnah
The act of fighting against Libnah illustrates the active engagement required in the spiritual life. The Hebrew root for "fought" (לחם, lacham) conveys the idea of struggle and warfare, reminding believers of the spiritual battles they face. This phrase serves as an encouragement to remain steadfast and courageous, trusting in God's power to overcome adversaries. Historically, it reflects the reality of the conquest, where each city represented a new challenge and opportunity for God's glory to be revealed through His people's obedience.

And the LORD
This phrase emphasizes the central role of God in the narrative. The Hebrew word for "LORD" here is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, which signifies His eternal presence and faithfulness to His people. In the context of Joshua, it underscores that the victories Israel experiences are not by their own might but by divine intervention. This reflects the broader biblical theme that God is sovereign and actively involved in the affairs of His people.

also delivered
The Hebrew root for "delivered" is "nathan," which means to give or to hand over. This conveys the idea that God is actively granting victory to Israel. It is not merely a passive allowance but an intentional act of God’s will. This highlights the belief that God is the ultimate source of success and deliverance, reinforcing the idea that Israel's victories are a fulfillment of divine promise rather than human achievement.

it
The pronoun "it" refers to the city of Libnah. This specificity indicates that God’s deliverance is not abstract but concrete and particular. Each city conquered by Israel is a testament to God’s faithfulness to His promises. The mention of "it" serves as a reminder that God’s promises are fulfilled in real, tangible ways.

and its king
The inclusion of "its king" signifies the complete overthrow of Libnah’s political and military power. In ancient Near Eastern culture, the king was often seen as the embodiment of the city’s strength and authority. By delivering both the city and its king into Israel’s hands, God demonstrates His supremacy over earthly powers and rulers.

into the hand of Israel
The phrase "into the hand of Israel" uses the Hebrew word "yad," meaning hand, which symbolizes power and possession. This indicates that Israel is now in control, having received authority and dominion over Libnah. It reflects the fulfillment of God’s promise to give the land to the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, reinforcing the covenantal relationship between God and Israel.

and Joshua
Joshua, whose name means "Yahweh is salvation," is the leader chosen by God to succeed Moses. His role is pivotal as the human agent through whom God’s will is enacted. Joshua’s leadership is characterized by obedience and faith, serving as a model for godly leadership. His actions in this verse demonstrate his reliance on God’s guidance and strength.

struck it
The verb "struck" comes from the Hebrew "nakah," which means to smite or defeat. This action signifies the decisive and complete nature of the victory. It is a reminder of the seriousness of God’s judgment against those who oppose His people and purposes. The use of this word underscores the thoroughness of the conquest.

with the edge of the sword
This phrase indicates the method of conquest, which was common in ancient warfare. The "edge of the sword" symbolizes the totality of the destruction and the finality of the victory. It serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of opposing God’s will and the seriousness of His commands to Israel regarding the conquest of Canaan.

leaving no survivors
The phrase "leaving no survivors" reflects the concept of "herem," or the ban, which was a command for total destruction. This was not merely an act of war but a divine mandate to purify the land from idolatry and corruption. It underscores the holiness of God and the necessity of complete obedience to His commands.

just as he had done to its king
This phrase draws a parallel to previous victories, emphasizing consistency in God’s actions and Joshua’s obedience. It serves as a reminder of God’s faithfulness and the importance of following His instructions fully. The repetition of victory reinforces the theme of divine justice and the fulfillment of God’s promises to Israel.

And Joshua
The name "Joshua" is derived from the Hebrew name "Yehoshua," meaning "Yahweh is salvation." Joshua, as the leader of Israel, is a type of Christ, leading God's people into the Promised Land. His role as a military leader and spiritual guide reflects the dual nature of Christ as both King and Priest. Joshua's leadership is marked by obedience to God's commands, showcasing the importance of faithfulness in fulfilling God's promises.

and all Israel with him
This phrase emphasizes the unity and collective effort of the Israelites under Joshua's leadership. The phrase "all Israel" signifies the entire nation, highlighting the communal aspect of their mission. It reflects the biblical principle of unity in the body of believers, as seen in the New Testament teachings of the Church as one body in Christ. The unity of Israel under Joshua's command serves as a model for the Church's unity in pursuing God's purposes.

moved on from Libnah
Libnah, meaning "whiteness" in Hebrew, was a city in the Shephelah region of Judah. The movement from Libnah signifies progress in the conquest of Canaan, illustrating the forward momentum in God's plan for Israel. This movement can be seen as a metaphor for spiritual progress and the journey of faith, where believers are called to move forward in their walk with God, leaving behind past victories and challenges to embrace new ones.

to Lachish
Lachish was a significant Canaanite city, known for its strategic military importance. Archaeological excavations have uncovered evidence of its fortifications, indicating its strength and the challenge it posed to the Israelites. The conquest of Lachish represents overcoming formidable obstacles through faith and obedience to God. It serves as a reminder that no stronghold is too great for God to overcome when His people trust in Him.

They laid siege to it
The act of laying siege involves surrounding a city to cut off supplies and force surrender. This military strategy required patience, persistence, and reliance on God's guidance. Spiritually, it symbolizes the believer's need to persist in prayer and faith when facing spiritual battles. The siege of Lachish teaches the importance of perseverance and the assurance that God fights for His people.

and fought against it
The phrase "fought against it" underscores the active engagement in battle. It highlights the necessity of action in conjunction with faith. The Israelites' willingness to fight reflects the biblical principle that faith without works is dead (James 2:26). In the Christian life, believers are called to actively engage in spiritual warfare, equipped with the armor of God (Ephesians 6:10-18), trusting in His strength to achieve victory.

And the LORD
This phrase emphasizes the divine involvement in the events described. The Hebrew word for "LORD" is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, signifying His eternal presence and faithfulness. In the context of Joshua, it underscores that the victories of Israel are not by human might but by divine intervention. This reflects the overarching biblical theme that God is sovereign and actively involved in the affairs of His people.

gave Lachish
The word "gave" in Hebrew is "nathan," which means to deliver or bestow. This indicates that the conquest of Lachish was a gift from God to Israel, not merely a military achievement. Lachish was a significant Canaanite city, and its capture was crucial for Israel's campaign in the Promised Land. Archaeological evidence shows Lachish as a fortified city, highlighting the miraculous nature of its fall to Israel.

into the hand of Israel
The phrase "into the hand" is a common biblical expression denoting control or possession. It signifies that Israel, under God's guidance, was granted authority over Lachish. This reflects the fulfillment of God's promises to Abraham regarding the land. The "hand of Israel" symbolizes the collective strength and unity of the tribes under Joshua's leadership, empowered by divine support.

and he captured it
The verb "captured" suggests a decisive and complete victory. In Hebrew, it is "lakad," meaning to seize or take. This action demonstrates the effectiveness of Israel's obedience to God's commands. The capture of Lachish serves as a testament to the power of faith and the importance of following divine instructions in achieving success.

on the second day
The mention of "the second day" indicates the swift nature of the conquest. Unlike other prolonged sieges, the rapid fall of Lachish highlights the supernatural assistance provided by God. This quick victory would have been a morale booster for Israel and a warning to other Canaanite cities of the unstoppable advance of God's people.

and struck it
The term "struck" in Hebrew is "nakah," which means to smite or defeat. This implies a decisive blow that led to the city's downfall. The use of this word conveys the thoroughness of the conquest, ensuring that the city was completely subdued. It reflects the biblical principle of God's judgment against the wickedness of the Canaanites.

with the edge of the sword
This phrase is a common biblical idiom for complete destruction. The "edge of the sword" signifies the totality of the conquest, leaving no room for resistance. It underscores the seriousness of God's command to Israel to remove the corrupting influences of Canaanite idolatry and immorality from the land.

as he had done to Libnah
The comparison to Libnah, another city previously conquered, serves as a reminder of God's consistent faithfulness in granting victory to Israel. It reinforces the pattern of divine assistance and the importance of Israel's reliance on God. This phrase also serves as a historical record, linking the events in a continuous narrative of conquest and fulfillment of God's promises.

At that time
This phrase situates the events within a specific historical context, emphasizing the immediacy and continuity of the military campaign led by Joshua. The Hebrew root for "time" is "עֵת" (et), which often denotes a significant or appointed time. This suggests that the events were unfolding according to divine timing and purpose, reinforcing the belief in God's sovereign orchestration of history.

Horam king of Gezer
Horam is identified as the king of Gezer, a city-state in ancient Canaan. The mention of a specific king and city highlights the historical and political realities of the time. Gezer was a significant Canaanite city, strategically located on the trade route between Egypt and Mesopotamia. Archaeological evidence supports its existence and importance during the Late Bronze Age. The name "Horam" is not widely attested outside this context, but his role as a king aligns with the common practice of city-states having their own rulers.

went up to help Lachish
The phrase indicates a military alliance and the common practice of city-states coming to each other's aid. Lachish was another significant Canaanite city, and its defense would have been crucial for maintaining regional stability. The Hebrew verb "עָלָה" (alah), translated as "went up," often implies a movement towards a higher or more fortified position, suggesting the strategic importance of Lachish.

but Joshua struck him down
This phrase underscores Joshua's role as a divinely appointed leader and warrior. The Hebrew verb "נָכָה" (nakah), meaning "to strike" or "to smite," conveys a decisive and forceful action. Joshua's victory is portrayed as an act of divine judgment against the Canaanite kings, fulfilling God's promise to give the land to the Israelites.

along with his people
The inclusion of "his people" indicates the comprehensive nature of the defeat. It was not just the king who was defeated, but his entire military force. This reflects the totality of the conquest and the complete overthrow of Canaanite resistance. The phrase emphasizes the collective responsibility and fate of those who opposed Israel.

leaving no survivors
This phrase highlights the thoroughness of the victory and the fulfillment of the divine command to completely destroy the Canaanite inhabitants. The Hebrew phrase "לֹא הִשְׁאִיר שָׂרִיד" (lo hish'ir sarid) conveys the idea of leaving nothing behind. From a conservative Christian perspective, this is seen as a necessary act to prevent the Israelites from being led astray by Canaanite practices and to establish a holy nation dedicated to God.

Then Joshua
The name "Joshua" is derived from the Hebrew name "Yehoshua," meaning "Yahweh is salvation." Joshua, as the leader of Israel, is a type of Christ, leading God's people into the Promised Land. His actions are a direct response to God's command, demonstrating obedience and faith. Joshua's leadership is characterized by his unwavering trust in God's promises and his role as a military leader who executes God's judgment on the Canaanite nations.

and all Israel with him
This phrase emphasizes the unity and collective action of the Israelites under Joshua's leadership. The entire nation is involved in the conquest, signifying their shared commitment to God's covenant and their collective responsibility in fulfilling God's promises. This unity is crucial for the success of their mission and reflects the importance of communal faith and obedience in achieving God's purposes.

moved on from Lachish
Lachish was a significant Canaanite city, and its conquest was a strategic victory for Israel. The movement from Lachish to Eglon indicates a systematic campaign to subdue the southern Canaanite cities. Archaeological evidence suggests that Lachish was a fortified city, highlighting the military prowess and divine assistance required for its capture. This movement signifies progress in the fulfillment of God's promise to give the land to Israel.

to Eglon
Eglon was another important city in the southern region of Canaan. The mention of Eglon in the narrative underscores the comprehensive nature of the conquest. Each city represents a step towards the complete possession of the land. Historically, Eglon was part of a coalition of Canaanite kings, and its defeat further demonstrates the dismantling of Canaanite resistance against Israel.

They laid siege to it
The act of laying siege indicates a deliberate and strategic approach to warfare. In ancient times, sieges were common military tactics used to cut off supplies and weaken a city's defenses. This phrase highlights the determination and persistence of the Israelites in their mission. It also reflects the divine strategy given to Joshua, as God often directed the specific methods of warfare to ensure victory.

and attacked it
The attack on Eglon is a continuation of the divine mandate to conquer the land. This phrase signifies the active engagement in battle, relying on God's strength and guidance. The attack is not just a physical battle but a spiritual one, as it represents the triumph of God's people over pagan nations. It serves as a reminder of the spiritual warfare believers face, requiring reliance on God's power and promises for victory.

They captured it that day
The phrase "they captured it that day" signifies the immediacy and decisiveness of the Israelites' victory. The Hebrew root for "captured" is "לָכַד" (lakad), which implies seizing or taking possession. This reflects God's promise to deliver the land into the hands of the Israelites swiftly. The phrase underscores the divine assistance and favor that the Israelites experienced, as their conquests were often completed in a single day, demonstrating God's power and the fulfillment of His promises.

and put it to the sword
The expression "put it to the sword" is a common biblical idiom for complete destruction through warfare. The Hebrew word for "sword" is "חֶרֶב" (chereb), symbolizing judgment and divine retribution. This phrase indicates the totality of the conquest and the execution of God's judgment against the Canaanite cities, which were steeped in idolatry and immorality. It reflects the seriousness of God's command to purify the land from influences that could lead Israel astray.

and they completely destroyed everyone in it
The phrase "completely destroyed" comes from the Hebrew "חָרַם" (charam), meaning to devote to destruction or to utterly annihilate. This was not merely a military tactic but a divine mandate to remove all traces of pagan practices and ensure the spiritual purity of the land. The complete destruction of the inhabitants was a sobering reminder of the consequences of sin and the holiness required by God.

just as they had done to Lachish
The reference to Lachish serves as a historical and contextual anchor, reminding the reader of the pattern of victories that God granted to Israel. Lachish was a significant Canaanite city, and its fall demonstrated the unstoppable advance of the Israelites under God's command. This phrase emphasizes the consistency of God's support and the methodical nature of the conquest, reinforcing the idea that God's promises were being fulfilled systematically and reliably.

Then Joshua
The name "Joshua" is derived from the Hebrew name "Yehoshua," meaning "Yahweh is salvation." Joshua, as the leader of Israel, is a type of Christ, leading God's people into the Promised Land. His role as a military leader and spiritual guide reflects the divine mission to fulfill God's promises to Israel. Joshua's actions are not merely military conquests but are seen as acts of obedience to God's commands.

and all Israel with him
This phrase emphasizes the unity and collective effort of the Israelites under Joshua's leadership. The term "all Israel" signifies the entire nation, representing the twelve tribes. This unity is crucial for the success of their mission, reflecting the biblical principle that God's people must work together in harmony to achieve His purposes. It also underscores the communal nature of God's covenant with Israel.

went up from Eglon
Eglon was one of the cities in the southern part of Canaan, and its mention here indicates the strategic military campaign led by Joshua. The phrase "went up" suggests a movement towards a higher elevation, as Hebron is situated in the hill country. This ascent can be seen as symbolic of spiritual elevation, as the Israelites move closer to fulfilling God's promise of the land.

to Hebron
Hebron is a significant city in biblical history, known as the place where Abraham settled and where the patriarchs are buried. It is a city of refuge and a Levitical city, highlighting its spiritual importance. The conquest of Hebron signifies reclaiming a place of ancestral promise and spiritual heritage. It represents the fulfillment of God's covenant with Abraham, as his descendants take possession of the land.

and attacked it
The act of attacking Hebron is part of the divinely sanctioned conquest of Canaan. This phrase reflects the obedience of Joshua and the Israelites to God's command to take possession of the land. Theologically, it represents the spiritual warfare that believers engage in, fighting against sin and reclaiming territory for God's kingdom. The attack is not just a physical battle but a spiritual one, symbolizing the struggle against forces that oppose God's will.

They captured it
The phrase "They captured it" refers to the Israelites' conquest of the city of Debir. The Hebrew root for "captured" is "לָכַד" (lakad), which means to seize or take by force. This action signifies the fulfillment of God's promise to give the Israelites victory over their enemies. Historically, capturing a city involved strategic military tactics and divine intervention, as the Israelites were often outnumbered or faced fortified cities. This victory underscores the theme of divine assistance in the conquest of Canaan.

and struck down its king
The phrase "and struck down its king" highlights the complete overthrow of Debir's leadership. In ancient Near Eastern warfare, the king represented the city's strength and authority. By defeating the king, the Israelites dismantled the political and military power of Debir. This act is consistent with God's command to eliminate the Canaanite kings, who were often seen as corrupt and idolatrous, opposing God's covenant with Israel.

its villages
The mention of "its villages" indicates that the conquest extended beyond the city itself to the surrounding settlements. The Hebrew word for "villages" is "חַצֵּר" (chatser), which can refer to smaller, rural communities. This comprehensive victory ensured that no pockets of resistance remained, allowing the Israelites to establish control over the entire region. It reflects the thoroughness of God's judgment against the Canaanites and the establishment of Israelite presence in the land.

and every soul within
The phrase "and every soul within" emphasizes the totality of the destruction. The Hebrew word for "soul" is "נֶפֶשׁ" (nephesh), which can mean life or person. This phrase indicates that the conquest was complete, with no survivors left. From a theological perspective, this reflects the severity of God's judgment against the Canaanite practices, which were seen as abominable and deserving of divine wrath.

leaving no survivors
"Leaving no survivors" reiterates the total destruction of Debir. This phrase underscores the completeness of the Israelites' obedience to God's command to eradicate the Canaanite influence. It serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of sin and the holiness of God, who cannot tolerate idolatry and immorality.

just as they had done to Eglon
The comparison "just as they had done to Eglon" provides a historical context, linking the conquest of Debir to previous victories. Eglon was another city that faced similar destruction, demonstrating a pattern of divine judgment and fulfillment of God's promises. This consistency in the Israelites' conquests reinforces the reliability of God's word and His unwavering support for His people.

They completely destroyed Debir
The phrase "They completely destroyed Debir" highlights the finality of the conquest. The Hebrew term for "completely destroyed" is "חָרַם" (charam), which means to devote to destruction. This act of total destruction was a form of offering to God, signifying the removal of anything that could lead Israel astray. It reflects the seriousness with which God viewed the Canaanite threat to Israel's spiritual purity.

and everyone in it
The concluding phrase "and everyone in it" confirms the totality of the destruction. It serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of living in opposition to God's will. From a conservative Christian perspective, this passage challenges believers to consider the seriousness of sin and the importance of living in obedience to God's commands, trusting in His promises and His power to deliver.

Finally Joshua and all Israel with him
This phrase marks a continuation and culmination of a series of military campaigns led by Joshua. The Hebrew root for "Joshua" is יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (Yehoshua), meaning "The LORD is salvation." This name is significant as it underscores Joshua's role as a divinely appointed leader, guiding Israel in fulfilling God's promises. The phrase "all Israel with him" emphasizes the unity and collective effort of the Israelites, reflecting the importance of communal obedience and faith in God's directives. Historically, this unity was crucial for the conquest of Canaan, as it demonstrated the strength and resolve of the nation under God's guidance.

turned toward Debir
The act of "turning toward" indicates a strategic decision and a shift in focus. Debir, known in earlier texts as Kiriath-Sepher, was a significant Canaanite city. The Hebrew root for "Debir" (דְּבִיר) can mean "sanctuary" or "oracle," suggesting that this city may have held religious or cultural importance. Archaeological findings suggest that Debir was a fortified city, which would have posed a considerable challenge to the Israelites. The decision to turn toward Debir signifies a deliberate and courageous move to confront and overcome a formidable obstacle, trusting in God's promise of victory.

and fought against it
The phrase "fought against it" highlights the active engagement in battle, a recurring theme in the book of Joshua. The Hebrew verb לָחַם (lacham) means "to fight" or "to wage war," and it conveys the intensity and determination required in the conquest. This action is not merely a physical battle but also a spiritual one, as the Israelites are executing God's judgment against the Canaanite nations. The historical context of ancient warfare involved not only military might but also reliance on divine favor. For the Israelites, each battle was an opportunity to demonstrate their faith and obedience to God, who had promised them the land. This phrase serves as a reminder of the spiritual warfare that believers face, encouraging them to rely on God's strength and promises in their own battles.

They captured it
This phrase signifies the complete and decisive victory that Joshua and the Israelites achieved over the city. The Hebrew root for "captured" is "לָכַד" (lakad), which implies seizing or taking possession. This action reflects God's promise to deliver the land into the hands of the Israelites, demonstrating His faithfulness and the fulfillment of His covenant. Historically, this conquest is part of the broader campaign in the southern region of Canaan, showcasing the strategic and divinely guided military efforts of Joshua.

and its king
The mention of the king underscores the totality of the conquest. In ancient Near Eastern culture, the king was not only a political leader but also a representative of the city's deity and its people. By capturing the king, Joshua effectively dismantled the city's power structure and religious authority, symbolizing the triumph of the God of Israel over the pagan gods of Canaan.

and all its villages
This phrase highlights the comprehensive nature of the victory. The Hebrew term for "villages" can also be translated as "settlements" or "surrounding areas," indicating that the Israelites did not just conquer the central city but also its dependent regions. This thorough approach ensured that no pockets of resistance remained, securing the land for the Israelites and preventing future threats.

They struck them with the sword
The use of the sword as an instrument of judgment is significant. In the ancient world, the sword was a symbol of divine justice and authority. The Israelites' actions were not merely acts of war but were seen as executing God's judgment on the Canaanite nations, who were known for their idolatry and moral corruption. This phrase emphasizes the seriousness of sin and the righteousness of God's decrees.

and completely destroyed everyone in it
The phrase "completely destroyed" comes from the Hebrew word "חָרַם" (charam), meaning to devote to destruction or to utterly annihilate. This concept of "herem" was a form of divine judgment, where certain things were set apart for God, often through destruction. It reflects the holiness of God and the need for His people to be separate from the corrupting influences of the Canaanites.

leaving no survivors
This phrase underscores the totality of the judgment executed by the Israelites. It serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of sin and rebellion against God. From a theological perspective, it also points to the ultimate victory of God over evil, foreshadowing the final judgment where sin will be eradicated completely.

Just as he had done to Hebron and to Debir
This comparison to previous victories reinforces the consistency and reliability of God's promises. Hebron and Debir were significant cities, and their mention here serves to remind the reader of the ongoing success of Joshua's campaign. It also highlights the pattern of obedience and faithfulness required from the Israelites to continue experiencing God's favor and victory.

So Joshua conquered
The phrase "So Joshua conquered" signifies the fulfillment of God's promise to Israel regarding the land of Canaan. The Hebrew root for "conquered" is "lakad," which means to capture or seize. This word emphasizes the decisive and complete nature of Joshua's military campaign. Historically, this conquest is a testament to Joshua's leadership and the divine assistance provided to Israel, showcasing God's faithfulness to His covenant.

the whole region
This phrase underscores the comprehensive nature of the conquest. The "whole region" refers to the entirety of the territories that were promised to the Israelites. It highlights the vastness of the land and the thoroughness of Joshua's campaign, which was not limited to isolated victories but encompassed a wide geographical area.

the hill country, the Negev, the foothills, and the slopes
These specific geographical areas represent the diverse topography of the Promised Land. The "hill country" refers to the central mountainous region, known for its strategic importance. The "Negev" is the arid southern desert, a challenging area to conquer. The "foothills" or "Shephelah" are the lowlands, fertile and significant for agriculture. The "slopes" indicate the transitional areas between these regions. Each area had its own strategic and economic importance, and the mention of these regions highlights the comprehensive nature of the conquest.

with all their kings
The phrase "with all their kings" indicates the defeat of the political and military leaders of these regions. In ancient Near Eastern warfare, the capture or defeat of kings was crucial as it symbolized the complete subjugation of a territory. This phrase emphasizes the totality of Israel's victory and the dismantling of the existing power structures in Canaan.

leaving no survivors
This phrase is a stark reminder of the severity of the conquest. The Hebrew term "lo' hish'ir sarid" conveys the idea of leaving nothing remaining. From a theological perspective, this reflects the divine judgment upon the Canaanite nations, who were seen as morally corrupt and idolatrous. It also underscores the seriousness with which God expected His commands to be followed.

He devoted to destruction
The term "devoted to destruction" comes from the Hebrew word "herem," which means to dedicate something to God, often through complete destruction. This was a form of offering to God, signifying that the conquered people and their possessions were set apart for divine purposes. It reflects the concept of holiness and the need to remove anything that could lead Israel astray from worshiping the one true God.

everything that breathed
This phrase emphasizes the totality of the destruction. It indicates that all living beings, both humans and animals, were included in the herem. This was intended to prevent any future influence of Canaanite culture and religion on the Israelites, ensuring the purity of worship and obedience to God.

just as the LORD, the God of Israel, had commanded
This final phrase reaffirms the divine origin of the command to conquer and destroy. It highlights Joshua's obedience to God's instructions, which were given to ensure the fulfillment of His promises to the patriarchs. The phrase "the LORD, the God of Israel" emphasizes the covenant relationship between God and His people, underscoring His sovereignty and faithfulness. This obedience is seen as a model for Israel's future conduct, demonstrating the importance of following God's commands fully and faithfully.

Joshua conquered them
The phrase "Joshua conquered them" signifies the fulfillment of God's promise to Israel regarding the possession of the Promised Land. The Hebrew root for "conquered" is "לָכַד" (lakad), which means to capture or seize. This reflects the divine mandate given to Joshua to lead the Israelites in taking possession of the land. Historically, this conquest is a testament to God's faithfulness and the obedience of Joshua as a leader who trusted in God's promises.

from Kadesh-barnea
"Kadesh-barnea" is a significant location in the biblical narrative, often associated with the Israelites' wilderness wanderings. It served as a key encampment and a launching point for the exploration of Canaan. The mention of Kadesh-barnea here marks the southern boundary of the conquered territory. Archaeologically, Kadesh-barnea is identified with the modern site of Ein el-Qudeirat, providing a tangible connection to the biblical account.

to Gaza
"Gaza" was a major Philistine city located on the southwestern coast of Canaan. Its mention indicates the western extent of Joshua's conquests. Gaza's strategic location made it a significant military and trade center. The inclusion of Gaza in the conquered territories underscores the comprehensive nature of Israel's victories under Joshua's leadership.

and from the whole region of Goshen
The "whole region of Goshen" here is distinct from the Goshen in Egypt. This Goshen is believed to be a fertile area in southern Canaan. The phrase emphasizes the breadth of the conquest, highlighting the vastness of the land that came under Israelite control. This reflects God's provision and the abundance of the land promised to the descendants of Abraham.

as far as Gibeon
"Gibeon" was a significant city in the central hill country of Canaan. The Gibeonites had previously made a treaty with Israel, as recorded earlier in Joshua. The mention of Gibeon as the northern boundary of the conquest illustrates the strategic and expansive nature of the campaign. Gibeon's inclusion signifies the unity and cooperation between the Israelites and the Gibeonites, furthering God's plan for the establishment of Israel in the land.

Joshua conquered
The name "Joshua" is derived from the Hebrew "Yehoshua," meaning "Yahweh is salvation." This name is significant as it reflects Joshua's role as a deliverer for the Israelites, leading them into the Promised Land. The word "conquered" indicates a decisive victory, emphasizing Joshua's leadership and military prowess. Historically, this conquest is part of the larger narrative of the Israelites claiming the land promised to them by God, fulfilling the covenant made with Abraham.

all these kings and their land
The phrase "all these kings and their land" refers to the coalition of Canaanite kings who opposed Israel. This highlights the scale of the victory, as it was not just a single battle but a series of conquests. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Canaanite city-states were well-fortified, making this victory even more remarkable. Theologically, this demonstrates God's promise to give the Israelites the land of Canaan, a fulfillment of His covenant.

in one campaign
The phrase "in one campaign" underscores the swiftness and efficiency of Joshua's military strategy. It suggests a divinely orchestrated series of events that allowed for such a rapid conquest. This can be seen as a testament to God's power and favor upon Israel, as well as Joshua's obedience and faithfulness to God's commands.

because the LORD, the God of Israel, fought for Israel
This phrase is central to understanding the source of Israel's victory. "The LORD" (Yahweh) is the covenant name of God, emphasizing His personal relationship with Israel. "The God of Israel" reinforces His unique role as the protector and deliverer of His chosen people. The statement that He "fought for Israel" indicates divine intervention, suggesting that the victories were not merely due to human effort but were acts of God fulfilling His promises. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God as a warrior who fights on behalf of His people, ensuring their success and survival.

Then Joshua returned
The phrase "Then Joshua returned" signifies a pivotal moment in the narrative of Joshua's military campaigns. The Hebrew root for "returned" is "שׁוּב" (shuv), which often implies a turning back or a restoration. This word is frequently used in the Old Testament to denote a return to a previous state or place. In the context of Joshua 10, it indicates a strategic withdrawal after a successful campaign. Historically, this reflects the common practice of ancient Near Eastern military leaders who would return to their base of operations after a victorious battle to regroup and plan further actions. Spiritually, it can symbolize a return to God’s promises and faithfulness, as Joshua consistently sought the Lord’s guidance in his endeavors.

with all Israel
The phrase "with all Israel" underscores the unity and collective effort of the Israelite nation under Joshua's leadership. The Hebrew word for "all" is "כָּל" (kol), emphasizing totality and completeness. This unity was crucial for the Israelites as they conquered the Promised Land. It reflects the biblical principle of communal strength and solidarity, where the success of one is the success of all. Historically, this unity was essential for survival and victory in the ancient world, where fragmented tribes could easily fall to larger, more cohesive forces. Spiritually, it serves as a reminder of the importance of unity in the body of Christ, where believers are called to work together for the common good and the fulfillment of God’s purposes.

to the camp
The term "to the camp" refers to the temporary dwelling place of the Israelites during their conquest of Canaan. The Hebrew word for "camp" is "מַחֲנֶה" (machaneh), which can denote a place of encampment or a military camp. This was not just a physical location but also a place of rest, regrouping, and divine encounter. Archaeologically, camps were strategically placed for defense and access to resources. In the biblical narrative, the camp often served as a place where God’s presence was manifested, such as the Tabernacle being located in the center of the camp. Spiritually, it symbolizes a place of refuge and divine fellowship, where believers can find rest and renewal in God’s presence.

at Gilgal
The phrase "at Gilgal" identifies a significant location in Israel’s history. Gilgal, derived from the Hebrew "גִּלְגָּל" (Gilgal), meaning "circle" or "rolling," was the first campsite of the Israelites after crossing the Jordan River. It was here that the Israelites renewed their covenant with God through circumcision and celebrated the Passover (Joshua 5). Historically, Gilgal served as a base of operations for Joshua’s campaigns and a spiritual center for the Israelites. Archaeologically, evidence of ancient encampments in the region supports its historical significance. Spiritually, Gilgal represents a place of new beginnings and covenant renewal, reminding believers of the importance of returning to foundational truths and commitments in their walk with God.