Then a shoot
The word "shoot" in Hebrew is "נֵצֶר" (netzer), which signifies a new growth or sprout. This imagery is powerful, symbolizing hope and renewal. In the context of Isaiah, it represents the emergence of a new leader or savior from a seemingly dead or dormant lineage. The use of "shoot" suggests something small and humble, yet full of potential and life. This is a prophetic reference to the coming of the Messiah, who Christians believe is Jesus Christ, emerging from humble beginnings to bring salvation.

will spring up
The phrase "will spring up" conveys a sense of suddenness and vitality. It implies that the emergence of this shoot is both inevitable and divinely orchestrated. The Hebrew verb used here, "יָצָא" (yatsa), means to go out or come forth, indicating an action that is both natural and powerful. This reflects the belief that God's plans unfold in His perfect timing, often when least expected, bringing forth life and hope from what appears to be lifeless.

from the stump of Jesse
The "stump of Jesse" refers to the lineage of King David, Jesse being David's father. Historically, this imagery of a stump suggests that the royal line of David had been cut down, reduced to a remnant. Yet, from this remnant, God promises to bring forth a new beginning. This is a reminder of God's faithfulness to His covenant with David, as recorded in 2 Samuel 7:12-16, where God promises that David's throne will be established forever. Theologically, it underscores the belief in God's ability to bring restoration and fulfillment of His promises, even when circumstances seem dire.

and a Branch
The term "Branch" in Hebrew is "צֶמַח" (tsemach), which is often used in prophetic literature to denote a future leader or deliverer. This Branch is not just any offshoot but is significant and destined to bring about God's purposes. In Christian theology, this is seen as a direct reference to Jesus Christ, who is often called the Branch in other prophetic texts (e.g., Jeremiah 23:5, Zechariah 3:8). The Branch symbolizes growth, life, and the continuation of God's redemptive plan through the Messiah.

from his roots
The phrase "from his roots" emphasizes the continuity and connection to the Davidic line. The roots signify the deep, enduring foundation of Jesse's lineage, which, though hidden, remains alive and capable of producing new life. This speaks to the hidden yet persistent work of God throughout history, ensuring that His purposes are fulfilled. It also highlights the importance of spiritual heritage and the unseen ways God prepares for His plans to unfold.

will bear fruit
The phrase "will bear fruit" indicates the ultimate purpose and result of the Branch's emergence. In biblical symbolism, bearing fruit is often associated with fulfilling one's purpose and producing good works. This is a promise of the Messiah's fruitful ministry, bringing salvation, justice, and peace. In the New Testament, Jesus speaks of bearing fruit as a sign of true discipleship (John 15:5). This phrase reassures believers of the transformative impact of the Messiah's coming, resulting in spiritual renewal and the establishment of God's kingdom on earth.

The Spirit of the LORD
This phrase signifies the divine presence and empowerment that comes directly from God. In Hebrew, "Ruach Yahweh" indicates the breath or wind of God, symbolizing His life-giving and sustaining power. The Spirit's resting on the Messiah is a fulfillment of God's promise to send a deliverer who is fully equipped with divine authority and capability. This is a direct reference to the anointing of Jesus Christ, who, in the New Testament, is shown to be filled with the Holy Spirit, marking Him as the chosen one to fulfill God's redemptive plan.

will rest on Him
The Hebrew word "nuach" means to settle down or remain. This implies a permanent indwelling of the Spirit upon the Messiah, unlike the temporary empowerment seen in the Old Testament judges and prophets. This resting signifies peace, stability, and divine approval, indicating that the Messiah will operate in perfect harmony with God's will. It is a prophetic assurance of the Messiah's divine nature and mission.

the Spirit of wisdom and understanding
"Wisdom" (Hebrew: "chokmah") and "understanding" (Hebrew: "binah") are often paired in Scripture to denote the ability to discern and apply knowledge effectively. Wisdom is the practical application of divine truth, while understanding is the insight into the deeper things of God. Together, they equip the Messiah to lead with divine insight, making righteous judgments and guiding His people in truth. This reflects the perfect wisdom of Christ, who is described in the New Testament as the wisdom of God (1 Corinthians 1:24).

the Spirit of counsel and strength
"Counsel" (Hebrew: "etsah") refers to the ability to devise a plan or strategy, while "strength" (Hebrew: "geburah") denotes might and power. This combination highlights the Messiah's role as a wise and powerful leader, capable of executing God's plans with authority and effectiveness. It points to Jesus' role as the Wonderful Counselor and Mighty God (Isaiah 9:6), who guides His people with perfect wisdom and defends them with divine power.

the Spirit of knowledge and fear of the LORD
"Knowledge" (Hebrew: "da'ath") implies an intimate awareness and understanding of God's will and purposes. "Fear of the LORD" (Hebrew: "yirah") is a reverential awe and respect for God, recognizing His holiness and authority. This fear is not about being afraid but about honoring God with obedience and worship. The Messiah, filled with this Spirit, perfectly knows and reveres God, setting an example for believers to follow. This reflects Jesus' perfect obedience to the Father, as seen throughout the Gospels.

And He will delight
The Hebrew word for "delight" here is "ריח" (reyach), which can also mean "to smell" or "to perceive." This suggests a deep, intuitive understanding and appreciation. In the context of Isaiah 11, this delight is not superficial but profound, indicating the Messiah's perfect alignment with God's will. Historically, this reflects the ancient Near Eastern concept of a ruler who governs with divine insight, a theme that resonates with the messianic expectations of a leader who embodies divine wisdom and justice.

in the fear of the LORD
The phrase "fear of the LORD" is derived from the Hebrew "יִרְאַת יְהוָה" (yirat Yahweh). This is not a fear that implies terror but rather a reverential awe and respect for God's holiness and authority. In the biblical context, this fear is the beginning of wisdom (Proverbs 9:10) and is foundational for righteous living. Theologically, it underscores the Messiah's perfect submission and obedience to God, setting a model for believers to emulate.

He will not judge
The Hebrew verb "שָׁפַט" (shaphat) means "to judge" or "to govern." In ancient Israel, judges were leaders who not only made legal decisions but also guided the people spiritually and morally. The Messiah's role as judge is central to His mission, emphasizing His authority and righteousness. This phrase assures us that His judgment is not based on human standards but divine truth.

by what His eyes see
This phrase highlights the limitations of human perception, which can be deceived by appearances. The Messiah, however, is not constrained by such limitations. His judgment transcends the physical realm, reflecting a divine insight that perceives the true nature of things. This is a comforting assurance that His governance is just and equitable, rooted in truth rather than superficial observation.

nor decide
The Hebrew word "הוֹכִיחַ" (hokiach) means "to decide" or "to reprove." It implies making decisions or corrections based on evidence and understanding. The Messiah's decisions are not arbitrary but are grounded in divine wisdom and justice. This reflects the biblical theme of God as the ultimate judge who discerns the hearts and minds of people.

by what His ears hear
This phrase further emphasizes the Messiah's ability to transcend human limitations. Unlike earthly rulers who rely on reports and testimonies, which can be biased or false, the Messiah's decisions are based on perfect knowledge and understanding. This assures believers of His fairness and integrity, reinforcing the hope in His righteous reign.

but with righteousness
The Hebrew word for "righteousness" is "צֶדֶק" (tzedek), which conveys a sense of justice, fairness, and moral integrity. In the context of Isaiah, this righteousness is not merely a legalistic adherence to the law but a deep, intrinsic quality of the coming Messiah, who embodies divine justice. This righteousness is a hallmark of the Messianic reign, contrasting with the often corrupt and unjust human rulers of Isaiah's time. It assures believers that God's judgment is perfect and trustworthy.

He will judge the poor
The Hebrew verb "שָׁפַט" (shaphat) means to judge, govern, or vindicate. The "poor" (דַּל, dal) in this context refers not only to those lacking material wealth but also to those who are humble and oppressed. This phrase highlights the Messiah's role as a just ruler who defends the marginalized and ensures that they receive fair treatment. It reflects God's heart for the downtrodden and His commitment to justice, a theme prevalent throughout the Bible.

and with equity
"Equity" is translated from the Hebrew word "מֵישָׁר" (meyshar), which implies uprightness, fairness, and evenness. This term underscores the impartiality and fairness of the Messiah's decisions. Unlike human judges who may be swayed by bias or corruption, the Messiah's judgments are characterized by perfect fairness, reflecting God's own nature.

He will decide in favor of the earth’s oppressed
The phrase "decide in favor" comes from the Hebrew "תוֹכִיחַ" (tokhiach), meaning to reprove, decide, or argue. The "earth’s oppressed" (עֲנִיֵּי־אֶרֶץ, aniyyei-eretz) refers to those who suffer injustice and exploitation. This part of the verse reassures believers that the Messiah will actively intervene on behalf of those who are wronged, bringing about divine justice and rectifying the wrongs of this world.

He will strike the earth with the rod of His mouth
The "rod" (שֵׁבֶט, shevet) symbolizes authority and power. The phrase "of His mouth" indicates that the Messiah's words carry divine authority and power to enact judgment. This imagery suggests that the Messiah's spoken word is sufficient to bring about justice and correction, emphasizing the power and authority inherent in His divine nature.

and slay the wicked with the breath of His lips
The "breath" (רוּחַ, ruach) signifies the Spirit or life force, and in this context, it represents the power of the Messiah's pronouncements. The "wicked" (רָשָׁע, rasha) are those who oppose God's will and perpetuate injustice. This phrase illustrates the ultimate triumph of good over evil, as the Messiah's mere breath is enough to vanquish the wicked, highlighting the supreme power and authority of His reign.

Righteousness
The Hebrew word for "righteousness" is "צֶדֶק" (tzedek), which conveys a sense of justice, rightness, and moral integrity. In the context of Isaiah 11, this righteousness is not merely a human attribute but a divine quality that characterizes the coming Messiah. This righteousness is a standard by which all actions are measured, reflecting God's own nature. Historically, the concept of righteousness in the Hebrew Bible is deeply connected to covenantal faithfulness, where God remains true to His promises and expects His people to live in accordance with His laws. In a conservative Christian perspective, this righteousness is fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who embodies perfect righteousness and imparts it to believers.

will be the belt
The imagery of a "belt" in ancient times often symbolized readiness and preparation. The Hebrew word "אֵזוֹר" (ezor) refers to a girdle or belt that secures garments, allowing for freedom of movement and action. In the context of Isaiah, the belt signifies the Messiah's readiness to act in righteousness. It is a metaphor for the strength and stability that righteousness provides. Archaeologically, belts were essential parts of a warrior's attire, indicating that the Messiah is prepared for spiritual battle, equipped with divine justice.

around His hips
The phrase "around His hips" suggests a close, intimate association with the core of one's being. The hips are central to the body's movement, symbolizing strength and support. In biblical symbolism, the hips or loins are often associated with power and procreation, indicating that righteousness is not just an external attribute but an integral part of the Messiah's nature. This imagery reinforces the idea that the Messiah's actions are inherently righteous, emanating from His very essence.

and faithfulness
The Hebrew word for "faithfulness" is "אֱמוּנָה" (emunah), which denotes steadfastness, reliability, and trustworthiness. Faithfulness is a key attribute of God, reflecting His unwavering commitment to His people and His promises. In the context of Isaiah 11, faithfulness complements righteousness, highlighting the Messiah's dependability and loyalty. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, this faithfulness is seen in Jesus Christ, who is faithful to His mission and to those who follow Him, providing assurance of His eternal promises.

the sash
The "sash" or "חֲגוֹרָה" (chagorah) in Hebrew, like the belt, is a piece of clothing that signifies readiness and dignity. It is often associated with priestly garments, indicating a role of service and mediation. The sash represents the Messiah's role as a servant leader, one who is both king and priest. Historically, sashes were worn by those in positions of authority, symbolizing honor and responsibility. In the messianic context, the sash of faithfulness signifies the Messiah's commitment to His divine mission and His people.

around His waist
The "waist" or "מָתְנַיִם" (motnayim) in Hebrew, like the hips, is central to the body's strength and balance. The waist is a place of support and stability, indicating that faithfulness is foundational to the Messiah's character. This imagery suggests that just as a sash secures and stabilizes, so does the Messiah's faithfulness provide security and assurance to His followers. In a spiritual sense, the Messiah's faithfulness is the anchor for believers, offering them confidence in His unchanging nature and promises.

The wolf will live with the lamb
This phrase paints a vivid picture of harmony and peace, a future where natural enemies coexist without fear or violence. The Hebrew word for "wolf" is "זְאֵב" (ze'ev), and "lamb" is "כֶּבֶשׂ" (keves). In the ancient Near Eastern context, wolves were seen as predators, and lambs as vulnerable prey. This imagery symbolizes a radical transformation of nature and society, reflecting the peace of God's kingdom. It suggests a return to the Edenic state, where creation was in perfect harmony before the fall of man.

the leopard will lie down with the goat
The Hebrew word for "leopard" is "נָמֵר" (namer), and "goat" is "גְּדִי" (gedi). Leopards are solitary and stealthy predators, while goats are often seen as defenseless. This phrase continues the theme of reconciliation and peace, emphasizing the miraculous change in the natural order. It signifies the removal of hostility and the establishment of a new covenant of peace, where even the fiercest of creatures are transformed.

the calf and the young lion and the fattened calf together
Here, the "calf" (עֵגֶל, egel) and "young lion" (כְּפִיר, kephir) represent innocence and strength, respectively. The "fattened calf" (מְרִיא, meri) symbolizes abundance and prosperity. The imagery of these animals together without conflict illustrates the abundance and peace of the Messianic age. It reflects a time when God's provision is ample, and His peace reigns supreme, transcending natural instincts and societal divisions.

and a little child will lead them
The phrase "a little child" (נַעַר קָטָן, na'ar katan) signifies purity, innocence, and leadership in its most humble form. In the biblical context, children were seen as the least powerful members of society, yet here, a child leads the transformed creation. This symbolizes the ultimate reversal of worldly power structures and the ushering in of a kingdom where the meek and humble are exalted. It points to the leadership of Christ, who came as a child and leads with gentleness and love, embodying the peace and righteousness of God's kingdom.

The cow and the bear will graze
This phrase paints a vivid picture of peace and harmony in the natural world, a theme that is central to the prophetic vision of Isaiah. The Hebrew word for "cow" (פָּרָה, parah) and "bear" (דֹּב, dov) are used here to symbolize creatures that are typically not seen together in harmony. In the ancient Near Eastern context, cows were domesticated animals, often associated with agriculture and human sustenance, while bears were wild and potentially dangerous. The imagery of them grazing together suggests a future time of peace where natural enmity is dissolved. This reflects the Messianic age, a time when the world will be restored to its intended order, echoing the peace of Eden before the fall.

their young will lie down together
The phrase "their young" refers to the offspring of the cow and the bear, emphasizing the continuation of peace into the next generation. The Hebrew word for "lie down" (רָבַץ, ravats) conveys a sense of rest and security. In a world where predator and prey relationships are the norm, this image of young animals lying down together without fear is a powerful symbol of the transformative peace that the Messiah will bring. It suggests a world where fear and danger are replaced by trust and safety, a vision that resonates with the hope of a restored creation.

and the lion will eat straw like the ox
The lion, a symbol of strength and ferocity, eating straw like the ox, a domesticated and peaceful animal, further illustrates the radical transformation of nature. The Hebrew word for "lion" (אַרְיֵה, aryeh) is often associated with power and dominance, while "ox" (שׁוֹר, shor) represents service and submission. The act of the lion eating straw, a food it would not naturally consume, signifies a profound change in the natural order. This imagery aligns with the prophetic vision of a new creation where the predatory instincts are subdued, and all creatures live in harmony. It is a metaphor for the peace and righteousness that will characterize the reign of the Messiah, where even the most powerful will adopt a posture of humility and peace.

The infant
The Hebrew word for "infant" here is "יוֹנֵק" (yoneq), which refers to a nursing child. This imagery is powerful, symbolizing innocence, vulnerability, and the beginning of life. In the context of Isaiah 11, it represents the peace and safety that will characterize the Messianic age. The infant, typically defenseless, will be secure even in the presence of creatures that would normally pose a threat. This reflects the transformative power of God's kingdom, where natural enmities are reconciled.

will play
The Hebrew verb "שָׁעַשׁ" (sha'ash) means to delight or play. This word conveys a sense of joy and carefree activity, which is significant in a world where fear and danger are prevalent. The use of "play" suggests a return to Edenic conditions, where harmony and peace reign. It is a prophetic vision of the restoration of creation, where even the most vulnerable can engage with the world without fear.

by the cobra’s den
The "cobra's den" refers to the dwelling place of a venomous snake, a symbol of danger and death. In ancient Near Eastern culture, snakes were often associated with evil and chaos. The fact that an infant can play by the cobra's den without harm signifies the complete eradication of fear and danger in the Messianic kingdom. It is a metaphor for the triumph of good over evil, where even the most perilous threats are neutralized.

and the toddler
The Hebrew word "גָּמוּל" (gamul) refers to a weaned child, slightly older than an infant but still young and vulnerable. This stage of life is marked by exploration and learning. The mention of a toddler highlights the theme of innocence and the natural curiosity of children. In the prophetic vision, even these young ones are safe, underscoring the profound peace and security of the coming age.

will reach
The verb "הָדָה" (hadah) means to stretch out or reach. This action implies a sense of trust and fearlessness. In a world where danger lurks, reaching out would typically be a risky endeavor. However, in the context of Isaiah 11, it symbolizes the confidence and assurance that comes with divine protection. It is an expression of the restored relationship between humanity and creation.

into the viper’s nest
The "viper's nest" is another symbol of danger, similar to the cobra's den. Vipers are known for their deadly venom, and their nests would be places to avoid. The imagery of a toddler reaching into such a nest without harm is a powerful testament to the peace and safety of the Messianic age. It signifies the complete reversal of the curse and the restoration of harmony in creation. This vision points to a future where fear and danger are no more, and God's kingdom is fully realized.

They will neither harm nor destroy
This phrase speaks to a future time of peace and harmony, a prophetic vision of the Messianic age. The Hebrew words "רע" (ra'a) for "harm" and "שחת" (shachat) for "destroy" convey a cessation of violence and corruption. In the context of Isaiah, this is a promise of restoration and redemption, where the natural order is restored to its intended state. Historically, this reflects the hope of Israel for a time when the world would be free from the violence and destruction that characterized much of their history.

on all My holy mountain
The "holy mountain" refers to Zion, the spiritual and physical center of God's presence with His people. In the Hebrew Bible, mountains often symbolize places of divine revelation and encounter. Zion, specifically, is seen as the dwelling place of God, a place of worship and divine rule. This phrase underscores the idea that God's kingdom will be established in its fullness, and His peace will reign from this central, sacred location. It is a promise that God's presence will bring about a transformation that extends beyond the mountain to the entire world.

for the earth will be full of the knowledge of the LORD
The Hebrew word "דעה" (da'ath) for "knowledge" implies an intimate, experiential understanding of God, not just intellectual awareness. This phrase suggests a time when humanity will live in complete awareness and acknowledgment of God's sovereignty and character. The prophetic vision here is one of universal recognition of God's authority and truth, leading to a world governed by His principles of justice and righteousness. This is a fulfillment of the covenant promise that God's glory will cover the earth.

as the sea is full of water
This simile emphasizes the abundance and completeness of the knowledge of the LORD that will fill the earth. Just as the sea is vast and all-encompassing, so will be the understanding and recognition of God among all people. The imagery of water is often used in Scripture to symbolize life, cleansing, and the Spirit of God. Here, it conveys the idea of a pervasive and life-giving presence of God's truth and righteousness, saturating the world and bringing about a new creation where peace and harmony prevail.

On that day
This phrase signifies a specific time in the prophetic future, often associated with the Messianic age or the Day of the Lord. In the Hebrew context, "that day" is a common prophetic term indicating a time when God will intervene decisively in human history. It is a day of fulfillment and divine action, pointing to the eschatological hope that believers hold for the ultimate redemption and restoration of creation.

the Root of Jesse
The "Root of Jesse" refers to the lineage of King David, as Jesse was David's father. In Hebrew, the word "root" (שֹׁרֶשׁ, shoresh) implies both origin and sustenance. This phrase prophetically points to Jesus Christ, who is both a descendant of David and the source of life and hope for Israel and the world. The imagery of a root suggests stability, life, and continuity, emphasizing the enduring promise of the Davidic covenant fulfilled in Christ.

will stand as a banner
A "banner" (נֵס, nes) in ancient times was a rallying point for troops or a signal for gathering. It symbolizes a visible and authoritative standard. In this context, the Root of Jesse standing as a banner indicates that Christ will be a focal point for all people, drawing them to Himself. This imagery conveys the idea of Christ as a leader and a beacon of hope, under whom all nations can unite.

for the peoples
The term "peoples" (עַמִּים, amim) refers to the various nations and ethnic groups beyond Israel. This highlights the universal scope of the Messianic promise. The inclusion of the Gentiles in God's redemptive plan is a recurring theme in Isaiah, underscoring the expansive reach of God's salvation through Christ, breaking the barriers of ethnicity and nationality.

The nations will seek Him
The act of seeking (דָּרַשׁ, darash) implies a deliberate and earnest pursuit. This phrase indicates a future time when the Gentiles will actively seek the Messiah, recognizing His authority and divinity. Historically, this has been fulfilled in the spread of Christianity across the globe, as people from diverse backgrounds come to faith in Jesus Christ.

and His place of rest
The "place of rest" (מְנוּחָה, menuchah) suggests a state of peace, security, and divine presence. In the Hebrew tradition, rest is often associated with the Sabbath and the Promised Land, symbolizing God's provision and blessing. This phrase points to the ultimate peace and fulfillment found in Christ, where believers find spiritual rest and eternal security.

will be glorious
The word "glorious" (כָּבוֹד, kavod) denotes weightiness, honor, and splendor. It reflects the divine majesty and beauty of Christ's reign. The glory of His rest signifies the transformative power of His kingdom, where His presence brings about a profound and radiant change in the lives of those who seek Him. This glory is both a present reality and a future hope for believers, as they anticipate the full revelation of His kingdom.

In that day
This phrase often signals a prophetic vision of the future, a time when God will act decisively in history. In the context of Isaiah, "that day" refers to a future period of restoration and redemption. The Hebrew word for "day" (יוֹם, yom) can mean a literal 24-hour period or an indefinite time. Here, it signifies a divinely appointed time when God's promises will be fulfilled.

the Lord
The term "Lord" in Hebrew is יהוה (YHWH), the sacred name of God, often rendered as Yahweh. This name emphasizes God's eternal, self-existent nature and His covenant relationship with Israel. It is a reminder of God's sovereignty and faithfulness to His promises.

will again
The word "again" suggests a repetition or renewal of action. It implies that God has acted in the past and will do so once more. This reflects the cyclical nature of God's redemptive work throughout history, as seen in the Exodus and other deliverances.

extend His hand
The imagery of God extending His hand is a powerful symbol of divine intervention and authority. In the ancient Near East, the hand was a symbol of power and action. God's hand signifies His ability to save, protect, and guide His people.

a second time
This phrase indicates a new phase of deliverance, distinct from the first. Historically, the first deliverance was the Exodus from Egypt. The "second time" points to a future act of salvation, possibly the return from Babylonian exile or an eschatological gathering of God's people.

to recover the remnant
The "remnant" refers to the faithful few who remain true to God amidst widespread apostasy. In Hebrew, the word שְׁאָר (she'ar) denotes those who survive a calamity. This concept is central to Isaiah's message, emphasizing hope and continuity for God's people.

of His people
This phrase underscores the personal relationship between God and Israel. "His people" are those chosen by God, bound to Him by covenant. It highlights God's commitment to His promises and His desire to restore His people.

from Assyria, from Egypt, from Pathros, from Cush, from Elam, from Shinar, from Hamath, and from the islands of the sea
These locations represent the known world of Isaiah's time, symbolizing the widespread dispersion of the Israelites. Assyria and Egypt were major powers, while Pathros, Cush, Elam, Shinar, and Hamath were regions with significant Jewish populations. The "islands of the sea" suggest distant lands, indicating a global regathering. This list reflects God's universal reach and His ability to gather His people from all corners of the earth, fulfilling His promise of restoration.

He will raise a banner
The phrase "He will raise a banner" signifies a divine signal or standard that God Himself will establish. In the Hebrew context, the word for "banner" is "נֵס" (nes), which often refers to a rallying point or a signal for gathering. Historically, banners were used in ancient times to gather troops or people for a specific purpose. In this prophetic context, it symbolizes God's call to His people, a divine initiative to gather and unite them. This banner is not merely a physical object but represents God's authority and His plan for redemption and restoration.

for the nations
The inclusion of "for the nations" expands the scope of God's promise beyond Israel to include all peoples. The Hebrew word for "nations" is "גּוֹיִם" (goyim), which typically refers to Gentiles or non-Israelite peoples. This indicates the universal nature of God's salvation plan, emphasizing that His covenant and promises are not limited to a single ethnic group but are available to all humanity. This aligns with the broader biblical narrative of God's desire for all nations to come to know Him.

and gather the exiles of Israel
The phrase "and gather the exiles of Israel" speaks to the restoration and return of the Jewish people to their homeland. The Hebrew word for "exiles" is "נִדָּחִים" (nidachim), which conveys the idea of those who have been scattered or driven away. Historically, the Israelites experienced several exiles, most notably the Babylonian exile. This promise of gathering reflects God's faithfulness to His covenant with Israel, ensuring that despite their dispersion, He will bring them back to their promised land.

He will collect the dispersed of Judah
"Collect the dispersed of Judah" further emphasizes the theme of restoration. The term "dispersed" in Hebrew is "נְפוּצוֹת" (nephutsot), referring to those who have been spread out or scattered. Judah, representing the southern kingdom, faced its own challenges and dispersion, particularly during the Babylonian conquest. This promise assures that God will not forget His people, and He will actively work to bring them back together, highlighting His sovereignty and commitment to His promises.

from the four corners of the earth
The expression "from the four corners of the earth" is a poetic way of describing the entirety of the world. In ancient Near Eastern cosmology, the earth was often viewed as having four corners, representing the cardinal directions. This phrase underscores the comprehensive nature of God's gathering, indicating that no matter how far His people have been scattered, His reach and power extend to all parts of the earth. It is a testament to God's omnipresence and His ability to fulfill His promises regardless of geographical boundaries.

Then the jealousy of Ephraim will depart
The word "jealousy" in Hebrew is "קִנְאָה" (qin'ah), which can also mean zeal or ardor. Historically, Ephraim, representing the northern kingdom of Israel, often found itself in rivalry with Judah, the southern kingdom. This phrase suggests a future reconciliation and healing of old wounds. The departure of jealousy signifies a divine intervention where God restores unity among His people, removing the bitterness and competition that once divided them. This is a powerful reminder of God's ability to transform hearts and bring peace where there was once strife.

and the adversaries of Judah will be cut off
The term "adversaries" comes from the Hebrew "צָרָה" (tsarah), meaning trouble or distress. In the context of Judah, this phrase indicates a divine promise of protection and deliverance from those who oppose or oppress them. Historically, Judah faced numerous enemies, both external and internal. The cutting off of adversaries is a prophetic assurance that God will eliminate threats and secure the safety and prosperity of His people. This reflects God's justice and His commitment to defend His covenant people.

Ephraim will no longer envy Judah
The Hebrew word for "envy" is "קָנָא" (qanah), which implies a deep-seated desire or resentment. The historical context of Ephraim's envy towards Judah can be traced back to the division of the united monarchy after Solomon's reign. This phrase prophesies a time when such envy will cease, symbolizing a restored relationship and mutual respect between the two kingdoms. It highlights the transformative power of God's peace, which can dissolve long-standing rivalries and foster harmony.

nor will Judah harass Ephraim
The word "harass" is translated from the Hebrew "צָרַר" (tsarar), meaning to bind, be narrow, or distress. This indicates a cessation of hostilities and aggressive actions from Judah towards Ephraim. Historically, there were periods of conflict and tension between the two, often leading to warfare and division. The promise that Judah will no longer harass Ephraim speaks to a future where God's people live in unity and cooperation, reflecting the peace and reconciliation that comes from living under God's righteous rule.

They will swoop down
The imagery of "swooping down" evokes the picture of a bird of prey descending swiftly and powerfully upon its target. In Hebrew, the word used here can imply a sudden and decisive action. This phrase suggests a divinely empowered and unstoppable force, reminiscent of God's deliverance and judgment. Historically, this reflects the swift and decisive victories that God grants His people when they are aligned with His will.

on the slopes of Philistia to the west
Philistia, located to the west of Israel, was historically a persistent adversary of the Israelites. The "slopes" may refer to the geographical features of the region, indicating a strategic advantage. This phrase signifies the overcoming of long-standing enemies, symbolizing God's promise of victory over those who oppose His people. The westward direction also symbolizes moving towards the setting sun, perhaps indicating the end of an era of oppression.

together they will plunder
The word "together" emphasizes unity among God's people, a recurring theme in Scripture where unity leads to strength and success. "Plunder" indicates the taking of spoils, a common practice in ancient warfare, symbolizing not just victory but also the transfer of wealth and power. This reflects the blessings and restoration that come when God's people act in harmony with His purposes.

the people of the east
The "people of the east" likely refers to the nomadic tribes and nations east of Israel, such as the Midianites or the descendants of Ishmael. Historically, these groups often posed threats to Israel. This phrase underscores God's sovereignty over all nations and His ability to subdue any opposition, fulfilling His promises to protect and prosper His chosen people.

They will lay hands on Edom and Moab
Edom and Moab, descendants of Esau and Lot respectively, were often hostile neighbors to Israel. "Laying hands on" suggests a firm grasp or control, indicating dominance and subjugation. This phrase highlights the fulfillment of God's justice and the reversal of fortunes for those who have opposed His people. It serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness to His covenant promises.

and the Ammonites will be subject to them
The Ammonites, like the Moabites, were descendants of Lot and frequently in conflict with Israel. Being "subject to them" implies a complete submission and acknowledgment of Israel's authority. This phrase illustrates the ultimate triumph of God's kingdom and the peace that comes when His order is established. It is a prophetic vision of the messianic age when all nations will recognize the sovereignty of God through His anointed one.

The LORD will devote to destruction
This phrase indicates a divine act of judgment and purification. The Hebrew word used here is "חרם" (cherem), which often refers to something set apart for destruction as an act of divine justice. In the context of Isaiah, this reflects God's sovereignty and His ability to bring about His purposes, even through acts of judgment. Historically, this can be seen as a metaphor for God's power to remove obstacles and enemies that stand against His people.

the gulf of the Sea of Egypt
The "gulf" here refers to a body of water, likely the Red Sea or a similar body, which historically represented a barrier or obstacle. In the Exodus narrative, the Red Sea was a significant barrier that God miraculously parted for the Israelites. This phrase symbolizes God's power to remove barriers and deliver His people, echoing the miraculous deliverance of Israel from Egypt.

with a scorching wind
The "scorching wind" is a metaphor for God's powerful and purifying presence. The Hebrew word "רוח" (ruach) can mean wind, spirit, or breath, indicating a divine force. This imagery suggests a cleansing or purifying action, reminiscent of the way God uses natural elements to accomplish His purposes, as seen in the parting of the Red Sea or the drying up of the Jordan River.

He will sweep His hand over the Euphrates
The Euphrates River was a significant geographical and political boundary in the ancient Near East. God's action of sweeping His hand over it signifies His control over nations and boundaries. The phrase suggests a divine intervention that alters the course of history, emphasizing God's sovereignty over all creation and His ability to change the natural order for the sake of His people.

He will split it into seven streams
The splitting into "seven streams" symbolizes completeness and perfection, as the number seven often represents in biblical literature. This act of dividing the river into multiple streams suggests an abundant provision and a miraculous transformation of the natural world to facilitate the movement and deliverance of God's people. It reflects God's ability to provide multiple paths of salvation and deliverance.

and make a way to cross on foot
This phrase highlights God's provision of a safe and accessible path for His people. The imagery of crossing on foot recalls the Israelites' crossing of the Red Sea and the Jordan River, where God made a way where there seemed to be none. It underscores the theme of divine deliverance and the faithfulness of God in leading His people through seemingly insurmountable challenges. This serves as an encouragement to trust in God's provision and guidance in the face of obstacles.

There will be a highway
The phrase "a highway" in Isaiah 11:16 symbolizes a clear and direct path, often associated with divine intervention and guidance. In the Hebrew context, the word used here is "מְסִלָּה" (mesillah), which refers to a raised road or causeway. Historically, highways were significant in ancient times for trade and communication, but in a spiritual sense, this highway represents God's provision for His people, a path made straight for their return and redemption. It signifies the removal of obstacles and the establishment of a way for the faithful to return to God, echoing the theme of deliverance and restoration.

for the remnant of His people
The term "remnant" refers to a small, surviving group of people. In the Hebrew Bible, the concept of a remnant is crucial, as it often denotes those who remain faithful to God amidst widespread apostasy or calamity. This remnant is not just a leftover but a chosen group preserved by God for His purposes. The phrase "His people" underscores the covenant relationship between God and Israel, highlighting His faithfulness and commitment to His promises. The remnant is a testament to God's grace and mercy, ensuring that His plans and purposes continue through those who remain true to Him.

who remain
The word "remain" suggests endurance and survival. It implies that despite trials, tribulations, and judgments, there are those who persist in their faith and loyalty to God. This endurance is not merely a passive survival but an active, faithful waiting on God's promises. It speaks to the resilience of faith and the hope that sustains believers through difficult times, trusting in God's ultimate deliverance and restoration.

from Assyria
Assyria, in the historical context, was a dominant empire known for its military prowess and conquests, often seen as an oppressor of Israel. The mention of Assyria here is significant as it represents the forces and powers that have held God's people captive. The deliverance from Assyria symbolizes liberation from bondage and oppression, a theme that resonates with the broader biblical narrative of God delivering His people from slavery and exile. It serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty over nations and His ability to rescue and restore His people from any form of captivity.

as there was for Israel
This phrase draws a parallel to past acts of divine deliverance, specifically recalling the Exodus from Egypt. It serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness in history, providing hope and assurance that He will act again on behalf of His people. The reference to Israel's past deliverance reinforces the continuity of God's redemptive work and His unchanging nature. It encourages believers to trust in God's promises, knowing that He who delivered Israel before will do so again.

when they came up from the land of Egypt
The Exodus from Egypt is one of the most significant events in the Hebrew Bible, symbolizing liberation, covenant, and the formation of a people set apart for God. This historical event is a foundational narrative for Israel, representing God's power to save and His commitment to His covenant. By referencing the Exodus, the verse evokes the memory of God's mighty acts and His ability to bring His people out of bondage into freedom. It serves as a powerful reminder of God's deliverance and the hope of future redemption, encouraging believers to look forward to the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises.