Then the LORD said
The phrase begins with "Then," indicating a continuation of the narrative and a sequence of divine interventions. "The LORD" is translated from the Hebrew "YHWH," the sacred and personal name of God, emphasizing His eternal and self-existent nature. This name is a reminder of God's covenantal faithfulness and His authority over all creation. The phrase "said" underscores the direct communication between God and Moses, highlighting the prophetic role of Moses as God's chosen messenger.

to Moses
Moses, whose name in Hebrew means "drawn out," is a central figure in the Exodus narrative. He is chosen by God to lead the Israelites out of Egyptian bondage. His life, from being saved from the Nile to his encounter with God at the burning bush, is a testament to divine providence and preparation for leadership. Moses' relationship with God is characterized by direct communication, obedience, and intercession for the people.

Go to Pharaoh
The command "Go" signifies an imperative action, a divine directive that requires courage and faith. "Pharaoh" refers to the ruler of Egypt, a title rather than a personal name, representing the epitome of earthly power and opposition to God's will. Historically, Pharaohs were considered divine by their subjects, making Moses' mission a confrontation between the God of Israel and the gods of Egypt.

and tell him
This phrase emphasizes the role of Moses as a prophet and spokesperson for God. The act of telling is not merely conveying a message but delivering a divine ultimatum. It reflects the authority vested in Moses by God and the seriousness of the message he is to deliver.

This is what the LORD, the God of the Hebrews, says
The repetition of "the LORD" reinforces the authority and identity of the speaker. "The God of the Hebrews" identifies the specific relationship between God and His chosen people, the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. This designation serves as a reminder of the covenant promises and the distinct identity of the Israelites as God's people. The phrase "says" indicates the direct and authoritative nature of the message, leaving no room for negotiation or compromise.

Let My people go
This command is central to the Exodus narrative, representing God's demand for the liberation of the Israelites. "My people" signifies the special relationship between God and the Israelites, highlighting their identity as His chosen nation. The command to "let go" is a call for freedom from oppression and a return to the worship and service of God.

so that they may worship Me
The purpose of the Israelites' liberation is not merely physical freedom but spiritual worship. "Worship" in Hebrew is "avad," which can also mean "serve." This dual meaning underscores the idea that true freedom is found in serving and worshiping God. The ultimate goal of the Exodus is to establish a people who are free to live in covenant relationship with God, fulfilling their purpose as His worshipers.

But if you refuse
The phrase "But if you refuse" indicates a conditional statement, highlighting Pharaoh's potential choice to disobey God's command. The Hebrew root for "refuse" is "מָאֵן" (ma'en), which conveys a strong sense of willful disobedience or stubbornness. This reflects Pharaoh's hardened heart, a recurring theme in Exodus, where his refusal to heed God's warnings leads to severe consequences. Historically, this stubbornness is emblematic of the broader spiritual battle between God's will and human resistance.

to let them go
This phrase refers to God's command to Pharaoh to release the Israelites from slavery. The Hebrew verb "שָׁלַח" (shalach) means "to send" or "to let go," emphasizing the act of liberation. The Israelites' release is central to God's covenantal promise to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and it signifies a pivotal moment in salvation history. Theologically, this liberation prefigures the ultimate deliverance found in Christ, who frees humanity from the bondage of sin.

I will plague
The word "plague" comes from the Hebrew "נֶגַע" (nega), meaning a blow or affliction. This term underscores the severity of God's judgment against Egypt. The plagues serve as divine signs and wonders, demonstrating God's supremacy over the Egyptian gods and Pharaoh. They are not merely punitive but are intended to reveal God's power and compel Pharaoh to acknowledge Him as the one true God.

your whole country
The phrase "your whole country" indicates the comprehensive nature of the impending judgment. The Hebrew word for "country" is "אֶרֶץ" (eretz), which can mean land or earth. This suggests that the plague's impact will be widespread, affecting all of Egypt. Historically, Egypt was a powerful and prosperous nation, and the plagues systematically dismantle its economy, religion, and social order, showcasing God's dominion over all creation.

with frogs
Frogs, in the Egyptian context, were associated with the goddess Heqet, who was linked to fertility and childbirth. The Hebrew word for "frogs" is "צְפַרְדֵּעַ" (tsephardea). By sending a plague of frogs, God directly challenges the Egyptian pantheon, demonstrating His authority over their deities. This plague, like the others, serves as a sign of God's power and a call to repentance. Spiritually, it reminds believers of the futility of idolatry and the necessity of worshiping the one true God.

behold
The Hebrew word for "behold" is "הִנֵּה" (hinneh), which serves as an imperative to pay attention or to see something significant. In the context of Exodus, it is a divine alert, emphasizing the seriousness of God's impending action. This word invites the reader to witness the unfolding of God's power and justice, reminding us of His sovereignty and the importance of being attentive to His words and actions.

the hand of the LORD
The phrase "the hand of the LORD" is a powerful anthropomorphism, using human imagery to describe divine action. In Hebrew, "יָד יְהוָה" (yad YHWH) signifies God's direct intervention in human affairs. Historically, this expression is used to demonstrate God's might and authority, often in the context of judgment or deliverance. It reassures believers of God's active presence in the world, executing His will with precision and purpose.

will fall
The Hebrew verb "הָיָה" (hayah) in this context implies an inevitable occurrence. It conveys certainty and the unstoppable nature of God's decree. This serves as a reminder of the reliability of God's word; what He declares will come to pass. It encourages believers to trust in God's promises and warnings, knowing that His plans are unchangeable and His purposes will be fulfilled.

with a severe plague
The term "severe plague" translates from the Hebrew "דֶּבֶר כָּבֵד" (dever kaved), indicating a heavy or grievous pestilence. In the ancient Near Eastern context, plagues were often seen as divine retribution. This phrase underscores the intensity of God's judgment against Egypt, serving as a warning of the consequences of defying His commands. It also highlights God's control over nature, using it as an instrument of His will.

on your livestock in the field
The phrase "on your livestock in the field" specifies the target of the plague, emphasizing the economic and societal impact of God's judgment. Livestock were essential to Egyptian agriculture and economy, symbolizing wealth and sustenance. This targeted strike demonstrates God's ability to disrupt human reliance on material resources, urging believers to place their trust in Him rather than in worldly possessions.

on your horses, donkeys, camels, herds, and flocks
This detailed enumeration of animals—horses, donkeys, camels, herds, and flocks—reflects the comprehensive nature of the plague. Each animal had a specific role in Egyptian society, from transportation to agriculture. The specificity of this list highlights the thoroughness of God's judgment, leaving no aspect of Egyptian life untouched. It serves as a reminder of God's omniscience and His ability to address every facet of human existence. This comprehensive impact calls believers to recognize the breadth of God's dominion and the futility of resisting His will.

But the LORD
The phrase "But the LORD" introduces a divine intervention that contrasts with human actions or natural occurrences. The Hebrew word for "LORD" here is "YHWH," the sacred and personal name of God, emphasizing His sovereignty and covenant relationship with Israel. This highlights God's active role in the events of Exodus, underscoring His authority and power over creation and history.

will make a distinction
The Hebrew root for "distinction" is "פָּלָה" (palah), which means to separate or set apart. This action by God is not arbitrary but purposeful, demonstrating His ability to discern and His intention to protect His chosen people. It reflects the theme of holiness, where God sets apart what is His for a specific purpose, reinforcing the idea of Israel as a nation consecrated to Him.

between the livestock of Israel and the livestock of Egypt
This phrase emphasizes the clear demarcation God establishes between His people and their oppressors. Livestock in ancient times represented wealth, sustenance, and livelihood. By protecting Israel's livestock, God not only preserves their economic stability but also asserts His favor and blessing upon them. This distinction serves as a tangible sign of God's covenant faithfulness and His power to deliver His people.

so that no animal belonging to the Israelites will die
The assurance that "no animal belonging to the Israelites will die" is a profound testament to God's protective care. The Hebrew word for "die" is "מוּת" (muth), which signifies the cessation of life. In the context of the plagues, this promise highlights God's control over life and death, and His ability to shield His people from the calamities that befall their enemies. It serves as a reminder of God's promises and His unwavering commitment to the welfare of His people.

The LORD set a time
This phrase underscores the sovereignty and authority of God. The Hebrew word for "set" is "מוֹעֵד" (moed), which can also mean an appointed time or season. This indicates that God's actions are deliberate and purposeful, not random or arbitrary. In the context of the plagues, it shows that God is in control of the timing and unfolding of events. Historically, this reflects the structured nature of God's covenantal relationship with His people, where He sets times for feasts, Sabbaths, and other significant events.

saying
The act of God speaking is significant throughout the Bible. The Hebrew word "אָמַר" (amar) is used here, which means to say, speak, or declare. This highlights the power and authority of God's word. When God speaks, creation responds, as seen in Genesis with the creation narrative. In the context of Exodus, God's declarations are not just informative but transformative, bringing about change and demonstrating His power over creation and the false gods of Egypt.

'Tomorrow
The use of "tomorrow" emphasizes the immediacy and certainty of God's actions. It reflects the Hebrew word "מָחָר" (machar), which means the next day or the morrow. This term is used to convey urgency and the impending nature of God's judgment. It serves as a warning to Pharaoh and the Egyptians, giving them a short window to recognize God's power and repent. Theologically, it reminds believers of the certainty of God's promises and the importance of readiness and obedience.

the LORD will do this
This phrase asserts God's active role in the events that are about to unfold. The Hebrew verb "עָשָׂה" (asah) means to do, make, or accomplish. It signifies that God is not a passive observer but the active agent in history. In the context of the plagues, it demonstrates God's direct intervention in human affairs to fulfill His purposes. This reassures believers of God's involvement in their lives and His ability to accomplish His will despite human resistance.

in the land
The phrase "in the land" refers to the geographical and cultural context of Egypt. The Hebrew word "אֶרֶץ" (eretz) can mean land, earth, or territory. It highlights the scope of God's actions, affecting the entire land of Egypt, not just isolated areas. This serves as a testament to God's dominion over all creation, challenging the Egyptian belief in their gods' territorial limitations. For believers, it reinforces the truth that God's power and presence are not confined to specific locations but encompass the whole earth.

And the next day
This phrase marks the immediacy and certainty of God's actions. In the Hebrew context, the phrase underscores the reliability of God's word. The timing is precise, indicating that God's interventions are neither random nor delayed. This reflects the divine attribute of faithfulness, as God acts exactly when He intends to, fulfilling His promises and warnings.

the LORD
The term "LORD" is translated from the Hebrew "YHWH," the sacred and personal name of God, emphasizing His covenant relationship with Israel. This name signifies God's eternal presence and unchanging nature. In the context of the plagues, it highlights God's sovereignty over creation and His authority over the gods of Egypt, demonstrating that He alone is the true God.

did just as He had said
This phrase emphasizes God's faithfulness and the power of His word. In the biblical narrative, God's declarations are always fulfilled, showcasing His omnipotence and trustworthiness. This serves as a reminder that God's promises and warnings are not to be taken lightly, as they will come to pass exactly as He has spoken.

All the livestock of the Egyptians died
The death of the Egyptian livestock is a direct judgment against the Egyptians and their gods. Livestock were vital to the Egyptian economy and religious practices, often associated with deities like Apis and Hathor. This plague demonstrates God's power over Egyptian deities and the futility of idolatry. Historically, this would have been a devastating blow to Egypt's agricultural and economic stability.

but not one animal belonging to the Israelites died
This phrase highlights the distinction God makes between His people and the Egyptians. It underscores God's protection and favor towards the Israelites, fulfilling His covenant promises. This divine protection serves as a testament to God's grace and mercy, reinforcing the idea that those who belong to Him are under His care and provision.

Pharaoh sent officials
The act of Pharaoh sending officials indicates a level of skepticism or disbelief. In the Hebrew context, the word for "sent" (שָׁלַח, shalach) often implies a deliberate action, suggesting Pharaoh's intent to verify the truth of Moses' words. This reflects a hardened heart that seeks evidence but remains resistant to change. Historically, Egyptian officials were often tasked with verifying reports, which aligns with Pharaoh's need to maintain control and authority.

and found that none of the livestock of the Israelites had died
This phrase highlights the miraculous distinction God made between the Egyptians and the Israelites. The Hebrew word for "found" (מָצָא, matsa) implies discovery or realization, emphasizing the undeniable evidence of God's protection over His people. The preservation of Israelite livestock serves as a testament to God's covenant faithfulness, echoing His promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Archaeologically, this distinction would have been significant, as livestock were vital to both economic stability and religious practices in ancient Egypt.

But Pharaoh’s heart was hardened
The phrase "Pharaoh’s heart was hardened" is central to understanding the narrative of Exodus. The Hebrew word for "hardened" (כָּבֵד, kaved) can mean heavy, dull, or unresponsive. This hardening is both a divine act and a personal choice, illustrating the tension between God's sovereignty and human free will. From a conservative Christian perspective, this hardening serves as a warning against persistent unbelief and pride, which can lead to spiritual blindness and separation from God's will.

and he would not let the people go
Pharaoh's refusal to release the Israelites, despite clear evidence of God's power, underscores the theme of rebellion against divine authority. The Hebrew verb for "let go" (שָׁלַח, shalach) is the same as "sent" earlier, creating a literary connection that highlights Pharaoh's stubbornness. This refusal is a pivotal moment in the Exodus narrative, demonstrating the consequences of resisting God's commands. It serves as a reminder of the importance of obedience and submission to God's will, as well as the ultimate deliverance that God provides for His people.

Then the LORD said
This phrase underscores the direct communication between God and His chosen leaders, Moses and Aaron. The Hebrew word for "LORD" here is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, emphasizing His eternal presence and faithfulness. This divine instruction highlights the ongoing relationship and dialogue between God and His people, reminding us of His sovereignty and the importance of obedience to His commands.

to Moses and Aaron
Moses and Aaron are central figures in the Exodus narrative, representing God's chosen instruments for delivering Israel from bondage. Moses, the prophet and leader, and Aaron, the high priest, together symbolize the unity of God's prophetic and priestly roles. Their partnership reflects the necessity of collaboration in fulfilling God's purposes, as well as the importance of leadership that is both divinely appointed and obedient.

Take handfuls of soot from a furnace
The act of taking soot from a furnace is rich in symbolism. The furnace, often associated with oppression and slavery, particularly in the context of Egypt, represents the harsh conditions the Israelites endured. The Hebrew word for "soot" can also imply ash or dust, symbolizing judgment and destruction. This act foreshadows the impending plagues as a divine response to Pharaoh's hardened heart, illustrating God's power to transform symbols of oppression into instruments of liberation.

and in the sight of Pharaoh
Performing this act "in the sight of Pharaoh" serves as a public demonstration of God's power and authority over Egypt. It is a direct challenge to Pharaoh's perceived divinity and control, emphasizing that the true God of Israel is sovereign over all nations. This public display is intended to confront Pharaoh's pride and to serve as a witness to the Egyptian people of God's might and justice.

Moses is to toss it into the air
The action of tossing soot into the air signifies the spread and inevitability of the coming plague. It symbolizes how God's judgment will permeate the land of Egypt, affecting all who oppose His will. This act of tossing also reflects the prophetic nature of Moses' role, as he enacts God's commands to bring about His divine purposes. It serves as a reminder of the power of faith and obedience in the face of adversity, encouraging believers to trust in God's ultimate plan for deliverance and justice.

It will become fine dust
The phrase "fine dust" in Hebrew is "אָבָק" (avak), which signifies a very small, powdery substance. This imagery of dust is significant in the biblical context, as dust often symbolizes something that is easily scattered and pervasive. In Genesis 2:7, God forms man from the dust of the ground, highlighting the humble and fragile nature of humanity. Here, the dust becomes a tool of divine judgment, spreading across Egypt as a symbol of God's power to transform the ordinary into an instrument of His will.

over all the land of Egypt
The phrase "over all the land of Egypt" emphasizes the comprehensive nature of the plague. Egypt, a powerful and advanced civilization, is depicted as vulnerable to the divine will. Historically, Egypt was known for its wealth and influence, yet this phrase underscores that no part of the land is exempt from God's judgment. This serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty over all nations and lands, regardless of their earthly power or prestige.

and festering boils
"Festering boils" translates from the Hebrew "שְׁחִין" (shechin), which refers to painful, inflamed sores. This affliction is not only physically agonizing but also ritually impure according to Levitical law (Leviticus 13:18-23). The boils symbolize both physical suffering and spiritual impurity, serving as a tangible manifestation of God's judgment. The use of boils as a plague highlights the personal and intimate nature of God's intervention, affecting individuals directly and unmistakably.

will break out on man and beast
The phrase "will break out on man and beast" indicates the indiscriminate nature of the plague, affecting both humans and animals. This reflects the interconnectedness of creation, where the sin and suffering of humanity impact the entire ecosystem. In the biblical narrative, animals often share in the consequences of human actions, as seen in the account of Noah's Ark. This phrase serves as a reminder of the far-reaching effects of sin and the comprehensive scope of divine judgment.

throughout the land
"Throughout the land" reiterates the widespread impact of the plague. The entire nation of Egypt, from the highest official to the lowest servant, experiences the consequences of Pharaoh's hardened heart. This phrase underscores the theme of universal accountability before God. It serves as a powerful reminder that God's justice is not limited by geographical or social boundaries, and His presence permeates every corner of creation.

So they took soot from the furnace
The phrase "soot from the furnace" is significant in its historical and symbolic context. The Hebrew word for "soot" (פִּיחַ, pi'ach) refers to the fine ash or residue left after burning. In ancient Egypt, furnaces were often used for brick-making, a task that the Israelites were forced to perform as slaves. This soot, therefore, symbolizes the oppression and hard labor endured by the Israelites. By using this soot, God is turning the very symbol of their suffering into a tool of judgment against the Egyptians, highlighting His power to transform and redeem.

and stood before Pharaoh
The act of standing before Pharaoh signifies a direct confrontation with the earthly power that opposed God's will. In the ancient Near Eastern context, standing before a king was an act of presenting oneself for judgment or to deliver a message. Moses and Aaron, as God's representatives, are boldly confronting Pharaoh, demonstrating their obedience to God and their role as His chosen instruments to deliver His people.

Moses tossed it into the air
The action of tossing the soot into the air is both prophetic and symbolic. In Hebrew culture, actions often carried symbolic meanings, and this gesture signifies the spread of God's judgment across the land. The act of tossing it into the air suggests the omnipresence and inescapability of God's power. It also reflects the idea that God's judgments are not confined to the ground but reach into the heavens, affecting all creation.

and festering boils broke out
The term "festering boils" (שְׁחִין, shechin) refers to painful, inflamed sores. In the ancient world, such afflictions were seen as a sign of divine displeasure or judgment. The boils represent a physical manifestation of God's wrath against Egypt, serving as a direct challenge to the Egyptian gods associated with health and medicine. This plague demonstrates God's supremacy over all false deities and His ability to afflict or heal according to His will.

on man and beast
The phrase "on man and beast" emphasizes the comprehensive nature of the plague. It affected all living beings in Egypt, underscoring the totality of God's judgment. In the biblical narrative, this serves to illustrate that no one is exempt from God's power and that His judgments are just and all-encompassing. The inclusion of both humans and animals highlights the interconnectedness of creation and the far-reaching consequences of sin and rebellion against God.

The magicians
In the context of ancient Egypt, magicians were not mere entertainers but were considered wise men and priests who wielded significant influence. They were seen as intermediaries between the gods and the people, possessing knowledge of the spiritual and natural worlds. The Hebrew term used here, "חַרְטֻמִּים" (chartummim), refers to these learned men. Their inability to stand before Moses signifies the impotence of Egyptian wisdom and power against the God of Israel. This moment underscores the supremacy of Yahweh over the gods of Egypt, as even those who were supposed to have divine insight and power were rendered helpless.

could not stand
The phrase "could not stand" indicates a position of defeat and humiliation. In the Hebrew context, standing often symbolizes strength, authority, and readiness. The magicians' inability to stand before Moses is a powerful image of their complete subjugation and the futility of their arts against the divine will. This phrase also foreshadows the ultimate downfall of Pharaoh's resistance, as even his most trusted advisors are incapacitated.

before Moses
Moses, whose name in Hebrew, "מֹשֶׁה" (Moshe), means "drawn out," is a central figure in the Exodus narrative. His role as God's chosen leader is emphasized here, as he stands unscathed while the magicians suffer. This contrast highlights Moses' divine appointment and the authority given to him by God. It also serves as a testament to his faithfulness and obedience, which are rewarded by God's protection and empowerment.

because the boils
The boils, or "שְׁחִין" (shechin) in Hebrew, were a severe affliction that struck both man and beast. This plague, the sixth in the series, was a direct attack on the physical bodies of the Egyptians, demonstrating God's control over health and disease. The boils were not just a physical ailment but a symbol of spiritual and moral corruption, reflecting the hardened hearts of the Egyptians and their leader, Pharaoh.

had broken out
The phrase "had broken out" suggests a sudden and uncontrollable spread, indicative of divine judgment. The Hebrew verb "פָּרַח" (parach) conveys the idea of bursting forth, emphasizing the intensity and severity of the plague. This sudden outbreak serves as a reminder of the unpredictability and power of God's judgments, which can manifest swiftly and decisively.

on them and on all the Egyptians
The inclusion of "on them and on all the Egyptians" highlights the comprehensive nature of the plague. It was not limited to the magicians but affected the entire Egyptian populace, signifying a collective judgment. This universality underscores the seriousness of Egypt's sin and the extent of God's wrath. It also serves as a stark contrast to the protection afforded to the Israelites, who were spared from this affliction, illustrating the distinction between God's people and those who oppose Him.

But the LORD
This phrase emphasizes the sovereignty and active role of God in the unfolding events. The Hebrew word for "LORD" here is "YHWH," the sacred and personal name of God, which signifies His eternal presence and covenant faithfulness. This highlights that the actions taken are not random but are part of God's divine plan and purpose.

hardened
The Hebrew word used here is "chazaq," which means to strengthen, make firm, or harden. In the context of Pharaoh's heart, it suggests a divine strengthening of Pharaoh's resolve against letting the Israelites go. This hardening is not merely a passive allowance but an active reinforcement of Pharaoh's existing disposition, demonstrating God's control over human affairs to fulfill His purposes.

Pharaoh’s heart
The heart in Hebrew thought is the center of one's emotions, will, and intellect. Pharaoh's heart being hardened indicates a deep-seated resistance to God's commands. This phrase underscores the spiritual battle between God's will and human obstinacy, illustrating the profound impact of divine intervention on human decisions.

and he did not listen to them
This phrase reflects Pharaoh's continued disobedience and refusal to heed the warnings and commands delivered by Moses and Aaron. The act of not listening is a recurring theme in the Exodus narrative, symbolizing the spiritual deafness and rebellion against God's authority. It serves as a cautionary tale about the consequences of ignoring divine instruction.

just as the LORD had told Moses
This phrase reaffirms the fulfillment of God's word and His omniscience. It points back to earlier revelations where God informed Moses that Pharaoh's heart would be hardened (Exodus 4:21). This consistency between God's foretelling and the unfolding events underscores the reliability and truth of God's word, encouraging believers to trust in His promises and timing.

Then the LORD said to Moses
This phrase underscores the direct communication between God and Moses, a central theme in the Exodus narrative. The Hebrew word for "LORD" is "YHWH," the sacred and personal name of God, emphasizing His covenant relationship with Israel. This divine instruction highlights God's sovereignty and His active role in the liberation of His people. The phrase also reflects the continuity of God's plan, as He consistently guides Moses in confronting Pharaoh.

Get up early in the morning
The instruction to rise early signifies urgency and the importance of the task at hand. In ancient Near Eastern culture, early morning was often a time for significant activities, symbolizing readiness and diligence. This command reflects the seriousness of God's message and the need for prompt obedience. It also suggests a strategic approach, as Pharaoh would likely be more accessible in the morning.

present yourself to Pharaoh
Moses is commanded to confront Pharaoh directly, demonstrating courage and faithfulness to God's mission. The Hebrew root "yatsav" implies taking a stand or positioning oneself firmly, indicating Moses' role as God's representative. This encounter is not merely a human confrontation but a divine appointment, where Moses acts as the mouthpiece of God, challenging the earthly authority of Pharaoh with the heavenly authority of YHWH.

and tell him that this is what the LORD, the God of the Hebrews, says
This phrase establishes the authority and identity of the message. "The God of the Hebrews" connects the message to the covenantal relationship between God and His people, emphasizing His commitment to their deliverance. The repetition of "says" underscores the prophetic nature of Moses' role, as he delivers God's authoritative word to Pharaoh. It is a reminder that the power behind the message is divine, not human.

Let My people go
This command is central to the Exodus narrative, encapsulating God's demand for the liberation of the Israelites. The phrase is a declaration of God's ownership and care for His people, asserting their identity as His chosen nation. It challenges Pharaoh's perceived control and highlights the theme of divine deliverance. The imperative "let go" reflects God's determination to free His people from bondage.

so that they may worship Me
The purpose of the Israelites' liberation is not merely physical freedom but spiritual devotion. The Hebrew word "avad" can mean both "serve" and "worship," indicating that true freedom involves serving God. This phrase reveals God's desire for a relationship with His people, where they can worship Him freely. It underscores the ultimate goal of the Exodus: to bring the Israelites into a covenantal relationship with God, where they can fulfill their purpose as His worshipers.

For this time
This phrase indicates a pivotal moment in the narrative of the plagues. The Hebrew word for "time" (פַּעַם, pa'am) suggests a specific, divinely appointed occasion. It underscores the gravity and uniqueness of this particular plague, marking it as a significant escalation in God's dealings with Pharaoh and Egypt.

I will send
The Hebrew verb שָׁלַח (shalach) conveys the idea of dispatching or releasing. Here, it emphasizes God's active role in orchestrating the events. This is not a passive occurrence but a deliberate act of divine will, demonstrating God's sovereignty over creation and history.

all My plagues
The term "plagues" (מַגֵּפָה, maggephah) refers to a series of divine judgments. The use of "all" suggests a comprehensive and overwhelming display of God's power. Historically, these plagues were not random but targeted the gods of Egypt, systematically dismantling the Egyptians' religious and cultural confidence.

against your heart
The Hebrew word for "heart" (לֵב, lev) often represents the inner self, including will, emotions, and intellect. God's targeting of Pharaoh's heart signifies a direct challenge to his pride and stubbornness. It is a call to repentance and recognition of God's supremacy.

and against your officials and your people
This phrase extends the impact of the plagues beyond Pharaoh to his entire administration and nation. The officials (עֲבָדֶיךָ, avadekha) and people (עַמְּךָ, ammekha) are implicated in Pharaoh's defiance, highlighting the communal nature of sin and judgment. It also reflects the widespread consequences of leadership decisions.

so that you may know
The purpose clause here is crucial. The Hebrew verb יָדַע (yada) means to know intimately or experientially. God's intention is not merely punitive but revelatory. He desires Pharaoh and Egypt to come to an understanding of His nature and authority.

that there is no one like Me
This declaration of God's uniqueness (אֵין כָּמוֹנִי, ein kamoni) is a central theme in the Bible. It affirms the monotheistic belief in Yahweh's unparalleled power and character. In the context of ancient Egypt, with its pantheon of gods, this statement is a direct affront to their religious system.

in all the earth
The scope of God's declaration extends beyond Egypt to the entire world (בְּכָל־הָאָרֶץ, bechol-ha'aretz). It emphasizes the universal sovereignty of God, not limited to a single nation or people. This global perspective foreshadows the biblical narrative of God's plan for all humanity.

For by now
This phrase indicates a specific point in time, suggesting that God has been patient and deliberate in His actions. The Hebrew word for "now" (עַתָּה, 'attah) often implies immediacy or the present moment. In the context of the plagues, it underscores God's restraint and the opportunity He has given Pharaoh to repent. Historically, this reflects God's long-suffering nature, as He provides multiple chances for repentance before executing judgment.

I could have stretched out My hand
The imagery of God stretching out His hand is a powerful expression of divine intervention and authority. In Hebrew, the word for "hand" (יָד, yad) symbolizes power and action. This phrase emphasizes God's sovereign ability to act decisively. Throughout Scripture, God's hand is often associated with deliverance or judgment, as seen in the deliverance of Israel from Egypt and the subsequent judgments on the Egyptians.

and struck you and your people
The word "struck" (נָכָה, nakah) in Hebrew conveys the idea of a decisive blow or affliction. This term is used throughout the Old Testament to describe acts of divine judgment. The inclusion of "your people" highlights the collective responsibility and consequence of Pharaoh's hardened heart. It serves as a reminder of the communal impact of leadership decisions, a theme prevalent in the historical narratives of the Bible.

with a plague
The term "plague" (דֶּבֶר, deber) refers to a severe affliction or pestilence. In the context of the Exodus narrative, plagues are divine instruments used to demonstrate God's power and to compel Pharaoh to release the Israelites. Archaeologically, evidence of plagues and natural disasters in ancient Egypt provides a backdrop for understanding the historical plausibility of these events. Theologically, plagues serve as a means of divine communication and judgment.

to wipe you off the earth
This phrase conveys the totality of the potential destruction that God could have enacted. The Hebrew verb for "wipe off" (כָּלָה, kalah) means to complete or finish, often used in the context of annihilation. It underscores the seriousness of God's warning and the extent of His mercy in withholding such judgment. Scripturally, this reflects the theme of divine justice balanced with mercy, as God desires repentance rather than destruction.

But I have raised you up
This phrase indicates divine sovereignty and purpose. The Hebrew root for "raised" is "עָמַד" (amad), which means to stand or to establish. In the context of Exodus, God is speaking to Pharaoh, asserting that Pharaoh's position and power are not by his own doing but by God's deliberate action. This highlights the biblical theme that God is in control of history and uses even those who oppose Him to fulfill His divine purposes. It serves as a reminder that God can use any situation or person to accomplish His will.

for this very purpose
The phrase underscores intentionality and specificity in God's actions. The Hebrew word for "purpose" is "זֹאת" (zot), which can be translated as "this" or "this thing." It emphasizes that God's actions are not random but are part of a specific plan. In the broader narrative of Exodus, this purpose is to demonstrate God's power and sovereignty over the gods of Egypt and to deliver His people. It reassures believers that God has a purpose for every event in their lives, even when it is not immediately apparent.

that I might display My power in you
Here, the focus is on God's power, "כֹּחִי" (kochi), which means strength or might. The display of power is not just for Pharaoh's sake but for all who witness or hear of it. In the historical context, the plagues of Egypt were a direct challenge to the Egyptian pantheon and a demonstration of Yahweh's supremacy. For believers, this serves as a powerful reminder that God's power is unmatched and that He can intervene in human history in miraculous ways to fulfill His purposes.

and that My name might be proclaimed
The proclamation of God's name, "שְׁמִי" (shemi), is central to His mission. In ancient cultures, a name was more than a label; it represented character and authority. God's name being proclaimed means that His character, power, and authority are made known. This is a recurring theme in Scripture, where God's acts of deliverance and judgment serve to reveal His nature to the world. It encourages believers to live in a way that proclaims God's name through their actions and words.

in all the earth
This phrase expands the scope of God's purpose beyond Egypt to the entire world. The Hebrew word "אֶרֶץ" (eretz) can mean land or earth, indicating that God's actions in Egypt were meant to have global implications. This foreshadows the Great Commission in the New Testament, where the message of God's salvation is to be spread to all nations. It inspires believers to participate in God's mission to make His name known throughout the earth, affirming the universal scope of God's redemptive plan.

Still
The word "still" indicates a continuation of behavior or attitude. In the context of Exodus, it reflects Pharaoh's persistent defiance against God's commands. Despite witnessing multiple plagues, Pharaoh's heart remains hardened. This persistence in rebellion is a testament to human stubbornness and pride, which can blind individuals to divine truth and justice. The Hebrew root for "still" can imply a sense of ongoing resistance, highlighting the depth of Pharaoh's obstinacy.

you lord it over
This phrase captures the essence of Pharaoh's oppressive rule over the Israelites. The Hebrew word used here can be translated as "exalt" or "raise oneself up," suggesting an arrogant self-perception of superiority. Pharaoh's tyranny is not just a political stance but a spiritual rebellion against God's authority. This phrase serves as a reminder of the dangers of pride and the misuse of power, which can lead to the dehumanization and suffering of others.

My people
The term "My people" signifies God's personal and covenantal relationship with the Israelites. It underscores the divine ownership and protection over them, contrasting with Pharaoh's illegitimate claim of authority. This phrase is a powerful reminder of God's faithfulness and His commitment to His promises. Historically, the Israelites' identity as God's chosen people is central to their narrative and mission, setting them apart for His purposes.

and do not allow them to go
This part of the verse highlights Pharaoh's refusal to release the Israelites, despite God's clear command. The Hebrew verb for "allow" suggests permission or release, which Pharaoh withholds. This act of defiance is not just against the Israelites but against God Himself. It illustrates the spiritual battle between human will and divine command. The historical context of the Exodus narrative shows that this refusal leads to further plagues, demonstrating the consequences of resisting God's will.

Behold
The word "behold" is a call to attention, urging the listener or reader to focus on what is about to be said. In the Hebrew text, this is often translated from the word "הִנֵּה" (hinneh), which serves as an imperative to pay close attention. It is a divine alert, emphasizing the importance and immediacy of the message that follows. In the context of Exodus, it underscores the gravity of God's impending action against Egypt.

at this time tomorrow
This phrase indicates a specific, divinely appointed time for the event to occur. The precision of "at this time tomorrow" reflects God's sovereign control over time and events. It also serves as a warning to Pharaoh and the Egyptians, giving them a final opportunity to heed God's command. The specificity of the timing highlights the certainty and inevitability of God's judgment.

I will send
Here, God is the active agent, emphasizing His direct involvement in the unfolding events. The Hebrew verb "שָׁלַח" (shalach) is used, which means to send forth or dispatch. This action underscores God's authority and power to execute His will. It is a reminder that the plagues are not random natural disasters but deliberate acts of divine judgment.

the worst hailstorm
The phrase "the worst hailstorm" signifies an unprecedented natural disaster. In the ancient Near East, hail was a rare and devastating phenomenon, often associated with divine wrath. The Hebrew word for hail, "בָּרָד" (barad), conveys the idea of a destructive force. This plague is a demonstration of God's supremacy over the natural world and a direct challenge to the Egyptian gods, who were believed to control the weather.

that has ever fallen
This expression emphasizes the unparalleled nature of the impending disaster. It serves to highlight the severity of the judgment and the uniqueness of the event in the history of Egypt. The phrase underscores the extraordinary nature of God's intervention and serves as a testament to His power and authority.

on Egypt
The mention of "Egypt" specifies the target of God's judgment. Egypt, at the time, was a powerful and influential civilization, often seen as a symbol of human pride and idolatry. By directing the plague specifically at Egypt, God is demonstrating His power over even the mightiest of nations and their deities. It serves as a reminder of the consequences of defying the one true God.

from the day it was founded until now
This phrase provides a historical context, indicating that the forthcoming hailstorm will be unprecedented in Egypt's long history. It serves to remind the Egyptians of their past and the continuity of God's sovereignty throughout time. The reference to the founding of Egypt underscores the enduring nature of God's authority and the futility of resisting His will. It is a call to recognize God's hand in history and to submit to His divine plan.

So give orders now
This phrase indicates urgency and authority. The Hebrew root for "give orders" is "צָוָה" (tsavah), which means to command or charge. This reflects God's sovereign authority and the immediacy of His instructions. Historically, this command underscores the seriousness of the impending plague and the necessity for immediate action. It is a call to heed divine warnings promptly, a theme that resonates throughout Scripture as God often provides a way of escape or protection for those who obey His commands.

to bring your livestock and everything you have in the field
The phrase emphasizes the inclusivity of the command, covering all possessions and livestock. In ancient Egypt, livestock was a significant part of wealth and livelihood. The Hebrew word for "livestock" is "מִקְנֶה" (miqneh), which refers to cattle or possessions. This highlights the comprehensive nature of God's warning, affecting both economic and personal aspects of life. It serves as a reminder of the interconnectedness of creation and the impact of divine judgment on all aspects of life.

to a place of shelter
This phrase suggests a refuge or protection from impending danger. The Hebrew word for "shelter" is "מָקוֹם" (maqom), meaning a place or location. It signifies God's provision of safety amidst judgment, a recurring theme in the Bible where God provides a means of protection for those who heed His warnings. This concept of shelter is symbolic of God's protective nature and His desire to save those who trust in Him.

because the hail will fall
The phrase introduces the cause of the urgency. "Hail" in Hebrew is "בָּרָד" (barad), a destructive force of nature. In the context of the plagues, hail represents one of the many ways God demonstrated His power over the natural world and the gods of Egypt. This serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty over creation and His ability to use natural elements to fulfill His purposes.

on every man and beast that has not been brought in
This phrase highlights the indiscriminate nature of the judgment. The Hebrew word for "man" is "אָדָם" (adam), and for "beast" is "בְּהֵמָה" (behemah), indicating that both humans and animals are subject to the consequences of disobedience. It underscores the universal impact of sin and the importance of obedience to God's commands. The inclusion of both man and beast emphasizes the comprehensive scope of God's judgment.

and is still in the field
The phrase specifies the location of vulnerability. The "field" in Hebrew is "שָׂדֶה" (sadeh), representing open, unprotected areas. This highlights the danger of remaining exposed to judgment without seeking the provided refuge. It serves as a metaphor for spiritual exposure and the necessity of seeking God's protection through obedience and faith.

and they will die
This phrase presents the ultimate consequence of ignoring God's warning. The Hebrew word for "die" is "מוּת" (muth), signifying physical death. It is a stark reminder of the seriousness of God's judgments and the reality of consequences for disobedience. This serves as a sobering call to take God's warnings seriously and to seek His mercy and protection. The finality of death in this context underscores the urgency of responding to God's call for repentance and obedience.

Those among Pharaoh’s officials
This phrase refers to the Egyptian elite who served in Pharaoh's court. Historically, these officials were influential figures in Egyptian society, often well-educated and holding significant power. Their inclusion in this narrative highlights the reach of God's influence beyond the Israelites, affecting even those in positions of authority within Egypt. The Hebrew term for "officials" (עֲבָדָיו, avadim) can also mean "servants," indicating their role as both servants to Pharaoh and as individuals with their own responsibilities and decisions.

who feared the word of the LORD
The fear mentioned here is not merely terror but a reverential awe and respect for the power and authority of God. The Hebrew word for "feared" (יָרֵא, yare) conveys a deep respect and acknowledgment of God's sovereignty. This fear led to action, demonstrating that true reverence for God results in obedience. It is significant that even some Egyptians recognized the authority of the God of Israel, suggesting a universal acknowledgment of divine power that transcends cultural and national boundaries.

hurried to bring
The urgency in their actions is captured by the word "hurried." This reflects a decisive and immediate response to the warning given by God through Moses. The Hebrew root (מָהַר, mahar) implies a swift and earnest action, underscoring the seriousness with which these officials took the divine warning. Their haste indicates a prioritization of God's word over their daily routines and responsibilities, a model of prompt obedience for believers.

their servants and livestock to shelter
This phrase illustrates the practical steps taken by those who heeded God's warning. The mention of "servants and livestock" highlights the comprehensive nature of their response, as they sought to protect both human life and economic resources. In the ancient Near Eastern context, livestock were vital to a family's wealth and survival, and their protection was crucial. The act of bringing them "to shelter" signifies a proactive measure to safeguard against the impending disaster, demonstrating faith in God's word and a desire to preserve life and livelihood.

but those who disregarded
This phrase highlights a critical attitude of the heart—disregard. The Hebrew root for "disregarded" is "lo' sam," which means to not set or place, indicating a willful neglect or refusal to heed. In the context of the plagues, this disregard is not merely passive ignorance but an active choice to ignore divine warning. Historically, this reflects the hardened hearts of the Egyptians, who, despite witnessing previous plagues, chose to ignore the clear evidence of God's power. This serves as a cautionary tale for believers today, emphasizing the importance of heeding God's word and warnings.

the word of the LORD
The "word of the LORD" is a powerful phrase that signifies divine communication. In Hebrew, "dabar YHWH" conveys not just spoken words but the authoritative command of God. This is not merely advice or suggestion; it is the sovereign decree of the Creator. Throughout Scripture, the word of the LORD is depicted as living and active, capable of bringing about creation, judgment, and salvation. For the Egyptians, ignoring this word meant choosing to remain under judgment. For believers, it underscores the necessity of aligning one's life with God's revealed will.

left their servants and livestock in the field
This phrase illustrates the tangible consequences of disregarding God's word. The Hebrew verb "azab," translated as "left," implies abandonment or forsaking. By leaving their servants and livestock in the field, the Egyptians demonstrated a lack of concern for the well-being of those under their care, as well as their own economic interests. This decision reflects a broader spiritual blindness and stubbornness. Archaeologically, livestock was a significant asset in ancient Egypt, essential for agriculture and trade. Thus, this act of leaving them exposed to the impending plague of hail (as described in the surrounding verses) reveals a profound misjudgment of priorities. For contemporary believers, it serves as a reminder to prioritize obedience to God over material concerns, trusting in His provision and protection.

Then the LORD said to Moses
This phrase introduces the divine authority behind the actions that are about to unfold. The Hebrew name for "LORD" here is "Yahweh," which signifies the covenantal God of Israel, emphasizing His eternal and unchanging nature. This is a reminder of God's sovereignty and His direct communication with Moses, His chosen leader. Historically, this underscores the unique relationship between God and Moses, as Moses serves as the intermediary between God and the Israelites.

Stretch out your hand toward the sky
The act of stretching out one's hand is symbolic of invoking divine power. In the ancient Near Eastern context, gestures were often used to signify authority and command. Moses' action is not just a physical gesture but a demonstration of obedience and faith in God's power to perform miracles. The sky, or "heavens," in Hebrew thought, is often associated with God's domain, further emphasizing that the forthcoming plague is an act of divine intervention.

so that hail will fall all over the land of Egypt—
Hail, in the biblical context, is a manifestation of God's judgment. The Hebrew word for hail, "barad," indicates a severe and destructive force. This plague is not just a natural phenomenon but a targeted act of judgment against Egypt, demonstrating God's power over creation. Historically, Egypt was a land that relied heavily on predictable weather patterns for agriculture, and such a disruption would have been catastrophic, challenging the Egyptian deities associated with weather and fertility.

on man and beast and every plant of the field throughout the land of Egypt
This phrase highlights the comprehensive nature of the plague. The inclusion of "man and beast and every plant" signifies total devastation, affecting all aspects of Egyptian life. In the Hebrew worldview, this reflects the completeness of God's judgment, sparing nothing in its path. The mention of "every plant of the field" also serves as a direct challenge to the Egyptian god of vegetation, further illustrating the futility of their idols in the face of Yahweh's power. This comprehensive destruction serves as a call to repentance and recognition of the one true God.

So Moses stretched out his staff toward the sky
In this phrase, we see Moses acting in obedience to God's command. The staff, a symbol of God's authority and power, is used by Moses to perform miracles. The act of stretching it toward the sky signifies an appeal to divine intervention. Historically, the staff was a shepherd's tool, symbolizing guidance and leadership, which Moses, once a shepherd, now uses to lead the Israelites. The sky, or heavens, is often seen as the realm of God, indicating that the forthcoming event is a divine act.

and the LORD sent thunder and hail
Here, the LORD's direct involvement is emphasized. The Hebrew word for "thunder" (קוֹל, qol) can also mean "voice," suggesting the voice of God in the storm. Hail, a destructive force, is used as a tool of judgment against Egypt. This event is not just a natural phenomenon but a supernatural act demonstrating God's power over creation. In the ancient Near East, weather was often associated with deities, but here, it is the LORD who controls the elements, asserting His supremacy over Egyptian gods.

and lightning struck the earth
The lightning, or "fire" as it is sometimes translated, represents God's fierce judgment. The Hebrew word for "struck" (הָלַךְ, halak) implies a purposeful action, indicating that this was not random but a targeted act of divine will. The earth, or land of Egypt, is the recipient of this judgment, highlighting the LORD's control over the physical world. This serves as a reminder of the consequences of Pharaoh's hardened heart and refusal to heed God's command.

So the LORD rained hail upon the land of Egypt
The repetition of "the LORD" underscores His sovereignty and the personal nature of this judgment. The phrase "rained hail" conveys the intensity and relentlessness of the plague. In the context of the plagues, this act is part of a series of judgments designed to demonstrate God's power and compel Pharaoh to release the Israelites. The land of Egypt, once a place of refuge for the Israelites, becomes a place of divine retribution, fulfilling God's promise to deliver His people.

So there was hail
The Hebrew word for "hail" is "בָּרָד" (barad), which refers to a destructive storm of ice. In the context of ancient Egypt, hail was an unusual and devastating phenomenon, as the region typically experiences a hot, arid climate. This event signifies a divine intervention that disrupts the natural order, emphasizing God's supreme power over creation. The hail serves as a physical manifestation of God's judgment against Egypt, demonstrating His ability to control the elements to fulfill His purposes.

and fire mingled with the hail
The phrase "fire mingled with the hail" suggests a supernatural occurrence, as fire and ice are typically opposing elements. The Hebrew word for "fire" is "אֵשׁ" (esh), which often symbolizes God's presence and judgment throughout Scripture. This mingling of fire with hail underscores the severity and miraculous nature of the plague. It serves as a vivid illustration of God's wrath and the intensity of His judgment against Pharaoh's hardened heart. The combination of these elements would have been terrifying and awe-inspiring to the Egyptians, further establishing the God of Israel as the one true God.

very grievous
The term "grievous" is translated from the Hebrew word "כָּבֵד" (kaved), which can mean heavy, severe, or burdensome. This description highlights the unprecedented nature of the storm, indicating that it was not only unusual but also extremely destructive. The severity of the hailstorm reflects the escalating intensity of the plagues, as God continues to demonstrate His power and authority over Egypt. This grievous event serves as a warning of the consequences of resisting God's will and a call to repentance.

such as had not been in all the land of Egypt
This phrase emphasizes the uniqueness and unparalleled nature of the plague. The hailstorm was unlike anything the Egyptians had ever experienced, marking it as a significant and historical event. The use of hyperbolic language here serves to underscore the magnitude of God's intervention and the seriousness of the situation. It also highlights the distinction between the God of Israel and the gods of Egypt, who were powerless to prevent such a catastrophe.

since it became a nation
The reference to Egypt "since it became a nation" situates the event within a historical context, reminding the reader of Egypt's long and storied history. This phrase underscores the idea that the plague was unprecedented in the annals of Egyptian history, further magnifying the power and authority of the God of Israel. It serves as a testament to God's sovereignty over nations and history, reinforcing the message that no earthly power can withstand His will. This historical context also serves as a reminder to future generations of the consequences of defying God and the importance of obedience to His commands.

Throughout the land of Egypt
This phrase emphasizes the comprehensive nature of the plague. The Hebrew word for "throughout" (בְּכָל, b'chol) indicates totality, suggesting that no part of Egypt was spared. Historically, Egypt was a powerful and vast empire, and this divine judgment was a direct challenge to its perceived invincibility. The land of Egypt, known for its fertility and agricultural abundance due to the Nile, faced devastation, highlighting God's supremacy over nature and the Egyptian gods.

the hail struck down
The Hebrew word for "hail" (בָּרָד, barad) is significant as it represents a natural phenomenon that was uncommon in Egypt, a land known for its dry climate. The phrase "struck down" (נָכָה, nakah) conveys a sense of violent impact, illustrating the severity of God's judgment. This event was not merely a natural disaster but a supernatural act demonstrating God's power over creation and His ability to use it as an instrument of judgment.

everything in the field
The word "everything" (כָּל, kol) underscores the totality of the destruction. The fields, which were the source of sustenance and economic stability for Egypt, were laid waste. This phrase serves as a reminder of the fragility of human reliance on material resources and the futility of trusting in earthly provisions over divine providence.

both man and beast
The inclusion of "man and beast" (אָדָם וּבְהֵמָה, adam u'behemah) highlights the indiscriminate nature of the plague. It affected all living creatures, emphasizing the universality of God's judgment. This serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of sin and rebellion against God, affecting all of creation.

it beat down every plant of the field
The phrase "beat down" (שָׁבַר, shabar) conveys a sense of crushing or breaking, indicating the thoroughness of the destruction. The "plant of the field" (עֵשֶׂב הַשָּׂדֶה, esev hasadeh) represents the basic elements of agriculture, essential for survival. This devastation symbolizes the stripping away of Egypt's prosperity and self-reliance, pointing to the need for dependence on God.

and shattered every tree of the field
The word "shattered" (שָׁבַר, shabar) is the same as "beat down," reinforcing the completeness of the destruction. Trees, often symbols of strength and endurance, were not spared. The "tree of the field" (עֵץ הַשָּׂדֶה, etz hasadeh) being shattered signifies the breaking of Egypt's pride and the futility of its resistance against God's will. This serves as a powerful illustration of God's ability to humble the mighty and exalt His own name above all.

The only place
This phrase emphasizes the exclusivity and divine protection over a specific geographical area. In the Hebrew text, the word used for "only" is "raq," which signifies a limitation or restriction. This highlights God's sovereign control over nature, demonstrating His ability to protect His people amidst widespread calamity. Historically, this serves as a testament to God's covenantal faithfulness to Israel, setting them apart from the Egyptians.

where it did not hail
The absence of hail in Goshen is a miraculous event, underscoring God's power to control the elements. The Hebrew word for "hail" is "barad," which refers to a destructive force. In the context of the plagues, hail was a tool of judgment against Egypt. The sparing of Goshen illustrates God's mercy and the distinction He makes between His people and those who oppose Him.

was in the land of Goshen
Goshen was a fertile region in Egypt where the Israelites resided. Its mention here is significant, as it was a place of refuge and provision for God's people. Archaeologically, Goshen is believed to be located in the eastern part of the Nile Delta. This geographical detail reinforces the historical accuracy of the biblical narrative and God's providential care for Israel.

where the Israelites lived
This phrase identifies the inhabitants of Goshen as the Israelites, God's chosen people. The Hebrew term for "Israelites" is "Bnei Yisrael," meaning "children of Israel." This designation is a reminder of their identity as descendants of Jacob (Israel) and heirs to God's promises. The protection they experienced in Goshen is a foretaste of the greater deliverance to come, pointing to God's redemptive plan for His people throughout history.

Then Pharaoh summoned Moses and Aaron
The act of summoning Moses and Aaron signifies a moment of crisis and desperation for Pharaoh. In the Hebrew context, the word for "summoned" (קָרָא, qara) implies a calling out or a cry for help. This reflects Pharaoh's recognition of the power and authority that Moses and Aaron, as representatives of God, hold. Historically, this moment is significant as it shows a temporary softening of Pharaoh's heart, a rare instance where he acknowledges the need to communicate directly with God's messengers.

This time I have sinned
Pharaoh's admission, "This time I have sinned," is a pivotal moment in the narrative. The Hebrew word for "sinned" (חָטָא, chata) means to miss the mark or to err. This confession is crucial as it marks a rare acknowledgment of wrongdoing by Pharaoh, who is typically portrayed as obstinate and unyielding. From a theological perspective, this admission highlights the universal need for repentance and the recognition of one's own failings before a holy God.

he said to them
The phrase "he said to them" indicates a direct communication and a moment of vulnerability. In the cultural and historical context of ancient Egypt, a Pharaoh admitting fault to subordinates, especially foreign ones, would be an extraordinary act. This underscores the severity of the plagues and the pressure Pharaoh was under, revealing the cracks in his hardened heart.

The LORD is righteous
Pharaoh's declaration that "The LORD is righteous" is profound. The Hebrew word for "righteous" (צַדִּיק, tsaddiq) conveys the idea of being just, lawful, and morally right. This acknowledgment from a pagan king is significant, as it recognizes the moral and ethical supremacy of the God of Israel over the Egyptian deities. It serves as a testament to God's character and His just nature, which is a central theme throughout the Bible.

and I and my people are wicked
The contrast between "The LORD is righteous" and "I and my people are wicked" is stark. The Hebrew word for "wicked" (רָשָׁע, rasha) implies guilt and moral corruption. Pharaoh's admission of wickedness is a moment of truth, reflecting the spiritual and moral bankruptcy of his leadership and the Egyptian society that followed him. This acknowledgment is a call to humility and repentance, emphasizing the need for humanity to recognize its fallen state and turn towards God's righteousness.

Plead with the LORD
The word "plead" in this context is derived from the Hebrew word "עָתַר" (athar), which means to entreat or supplicate earnestly. This reflects Pharaoh's recognition of the power and authority of the LORD, acknowledging that only through Moses' intercession could the plagues be halted. Historically, this plea signifies a moment of desperation and a temporary softening of Pharaoh's heart, illustrating the tension between divine sovereignty and human obstinacy.

for there has been enough
This phrase indicates a threshold of tolerance that has been reached. The Hebrew word "רַב" (rav) conveys the idea of abundance or sufficiency. Pharaoh's admission here is significant as it shows the overwhelming impact of the plagues on Egypt, both physically and psychologically. It underscores the severity of God's judgment and the futility of resisting His will.

of God’s thunder and hail
The "thunder and hail" are manifestations of God's power and judgment. In the ancient Near Eastern context, such natural phenomena were often associated with divine displeasure. The Hebrew word for thunder, "קוֹל" (qol), can also mean "voice," suggesting that the thunder is the voice of God proclaiming His authority. The hail, "בָּרָד" (barad), was unprecedented in its intensity, symbolizing the destructive consequences of defying God.

I will let you go
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the narrative, where Pharaoh appears to relent. The Hebrew verb "שָׁלַח" (shalach) means to send away or release. This temporary concession highlights the ongoing struggle between Pharaoh's hardened heart and the undeniable power of God. It foreshadows the eventual liberation of the Israelites, a central theme in the Exodus story.

you do not need to stay any longer
Here, Pharaoh acknowledges the Israelites' right to leave, albeit temporarily. The phrase "any longer" suggests an end to their enforced servitude. The Hebrew root "עָמַד" (amad), meaning to stand or remain, implies that their time of bondage is nearing its conclusion. This moment is a precursor to the ultimate deliverance that God has promised, reinforcing the theme of redemption and freedom that runs throughout the book of Exodus.

Moses said to him
This phrase highlights the role of Moses as the intermediary between God and Pharaoh. Moses, whose name in Hebrew is "Moshe," is a central figure in the Exodus narrative, chosen by God to lead the Israelites out of Egypt. His communication with Pharaoh underscores his prophetic authority and the divine mission he carries. Historically, Moses' interactions with Pharaoh reflect the tension between God's will and human resistance.

When I have left the city
The act of leaving the city signifies a separation from the Egyptian environment, which is steeped in idolatry and opposition to God's commands. In the ancient Near Eastern context, cities were often centers of power and pagan worship. Moses' departure from the city symbolizes a physical and spiritual distancing from these influences, emphasizing the sanctity required to approach God in prayer.

I will spread out my hands in prayer
Spreading out hands in prayer is a gesture of supplication and surrender, common in ancient Hebrew worship. This physical act represents an open-hearted appeal to God, acknowledging His sovereignty and seeking His intervention. The Hebrew root for "spread out" conveys a sense of earnestness and intensity in prayer, reflecting Moses' deep reliance on God's power to bring about change.

to the LORD
The use of "the LORD" (YHWH) is significant, as it denotes the covenant name of God, emphasizing His eternal and unchanging nature. This name is a reminder of God's promises to the patriarchs and His commitment to His people. In the context of the plagues, invoking the LORD's name highlights His supreme authority over creation and His ability to control natural phenomena.

The thunder will cease and there will be no more hail
This phrase demonstrates God's control over nature, affirming His power to both unleash and restrain the elements. The cessation of thunder and hail serves as a sign of God's mercy and His willingness to relent when His purposes are acknowledged. In the broader biblical narrative, such miraculous interventions reveal God's desire for repentance and recognition of His dominion.

so that you may know
The purpose of the miraculous cessation is educational and revelatory. It is intended to lead Pharaoh and the Egyptians to an acknowledgment of God's supremacy. This phrase underscores a recurring biblical theme: God's actions in history are designed to reveal His character and lead people to a deeper understanding of His nature.

that the earth is the LORD’s
This declaration affirms God's ownership and sovereignty over all creation. The Hebrew concept of the earth belonging to the LORD is rooted in the creation narrative, where God is depicted as the Creator and Sustainer of the universe. This truth challenges the Egyptian belief in multiple deities and asserts the monotheistic worldview central to the Hebrew faith. It serves as a reminder that all earthly power is subordinate to God's ultimate authority.

But as for you and your officials
This phrase addresses Pharaoh and his court, highlighting the distinction between Moses and Aaron, who are obedient to God, and the Egyptian leadership, who remain obstinate. The Hebrew word for "officials" is "עֲבָדֶיךָ" (avadekha), which can also mean "servants." This term underscores the hierarchical structure of ancient Egypt, where Pharaoh's word was law, yet even his closest advisors were unable to sway him from his hardened heart. Historically, Egyptian officials were often seen as intermediaries between the divine Pharaoh and the people, yet here they are depicted as equally culpable in resisting God's will.

I know
The Hebrew word "יָדַעְתִּי" (yada'ti) conveys not just intellectual knowledge but an intimate understanding. This reflects God's omniscience and His ability to discern the true intentions of the heart. In the context of Exodus, it emphasizes that God is fully aware of Pharaoh's insincerity and the superficial nature of any temporary repentance. This divine insight serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and His ultimate authority over human affairs.

that you still do not fear
The phrase "do not fear" is derived from the Hebrew "יְרֵאתֶם" (y'retem), which implies a lack of reverence or awe. In the biblical context, fearing the Lord is synonymous with recognizing His power and authority, leading to obedience and worship. Pharaoh's persistent refusal to fear God highlights the spiritual blindness and pride that can afflict those in positions of power. This serves as a cautionary tale for believers to maintain a humble and reverent heart before God.

the LORD our God
The use of "the LORD" (YHWH) signifies the covenantal name of God, emphasizing His eternal and unchanging nature. "Our God" personalizes this relationship, indicating that the God of Israel is not a distant deity but one who is actively involved in the lives of His people. This phrase serves as a declaration of faith and identity for the Israelites, contrasting with the polytheistic beliefs of the Egyptians. It underscores the central theme of Exodus: God's deliverance of His chosen people and His supremacy over all other gods.

Now the flax and barley were destroyed
The phrase "flax and barley" refers to two significant crops in ancient Egypt. Flax was crucial for making linen, a fabric used for clothing and other textiles, while barley was a staple grain for food and brewing beer. The destruction of these crops by the hail plague represents a severe economic blow to Egypt, highlighting the power of God over the natural world and the futility of relying on earthly resources. The Hebrew word for "destroyed" (נָכָה, nakah) implies a complete and devastating blow, emphasizing the thoroughness of God's judgment against Egypt's defiance.

since the barley was ripe
The term "ripe" indicates that the barley had reached a stage of maturity, ready for harvest. This detail provides a chronological marker, placing the timing of this plague around late January to early February, which aligns with the agricultural cycle in ancient Egypt. The ripeness of the barley signifies the immediacy and impact of the plague, as it destroyed the crop just before it could be harvested, underscoring the precision of God's timing in executing judgment.

and the flax was in bloom
The phrase "in bloom" suggests that the flax was at a stage of flowering, a critical period for the plant's development. The Hebrew word for "bloom" (גִּבְעֹל, gibol) can also mean "bud" or "stalk," indicating the plant's vulnerability at this stage. The destruction of the flax in bloom symbolizes the interruption of growth and productivity, a metaphor for the spiritual barrenness of Egypt due to its resistance to God's will. This detail also serves to highlight the selective nature of the plagues, as God targets specific aspects of Egyptian life to demonstrate His sovereignty and compel Pharaoh to release the Israelites.

but the wheat and the spelt
In the context of ancient Egypt, wheat and spelt were staple grains, essential for daily sustenance and economic stability. The Hebrew words for wheat ("חִטָּה" - chittah) and spelt ("כֻּסֶּמֶת" - kussemeth) indicate crops that were crucial for survival. Wheat, being a primary grain, was used for making bread, a fundamental food item. Spelt, a more robust grain, was often used in similar ways and was valued for its resilience. The mention of these grains highlights God's mercy amidst judgment, preserving the essentials for life even as He demonstrates His power.

were not destroyed
The phrase "were not destroyed" underscores God's selective judgment. The Hebrew root "שָׁחַת" (shachat) means to ruin or destroy, and its absence here signifies divine restraint. This selective sparing of the crops serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and His ability to protect and preserve even in the midst of widespread calamity. It reflects His grace and the opportunity for repentance and redemption, emphasizing that His judgments are purposeful and measured.

because they are late crops
The timing of the crops is significant. "Late crops" refers to the agricultural cycle in Egypt, where wheat and spelt were sown later and thus not affected by the earlier plagues. This detail reveals God's intimate knowledge of creation and His orchestration of events. The Hebrew term for "late" (אָפֵל - aphal) suggests a later stage in the growth cycle, indicating that God's timing is perfect. This serves as a metaphor for spiritual growth and maturity, reminding believers that God's plans unfold in His perfect timing, often preserving and nurturing what is essential for future harvests.

So Moses left Pharaoh
The act of Moses leaving Pharaoh signifies a moment of transition and obedience. In Hebrew, the word for "left" (יָצָא, yatsa) often implies a purposeful departure. Moses, as God's chosen leader, demonstrates his role as an intermediary between God and Pharaoh. This departure is not just physical but also spiritual, as Moses moves from the presence of earthly authority to divine communion.

went out of the city
The city, likely Pi-Ramesses or another Egyptian city, represents the heart of Pharaoh's power and the epicenter of Egyptian idolatry. By stepping out of the city, Moses symbolically distances himself from the pagan influences and aligns himself with God's will. This act underscores the separation between the ways of the world and the ways of God, a recurring theme in Scripture.

and spread out his hands toward the LORD
The gesture of spreading out hands is a posture of prayer and supplication, deeply rooted in Hebrew tradition. It signifies openness, surrender, and a plea for divine intervention. This physical act reflects Moses' faith and reliance on God's power. In the broader biblical context, such gestures are often associated with seeking God's mercy and favor, as seen in other instances like Solomon's prayer at the temple dedication (1 Kings 8:22).

Then the thunder and hail ceased
The cessation of thunder and hail is a direct response to Moses' intercession, highlighting the power of prayer and God's control over nature. The Hebrew word for "ceased" (חָדַל, chadal) implies a complete stop, emphasizing God's authority to command creation. This miraculous event serves as a testament to God's sovereignty and His willingness to respond to the prayers of the faithful.

and no rain fell on the land
The absence of rain following the storm is significant, as it marks a return to normalcy and a reprieve from judgment. In the ancient Near East, rain was often seen as a blessing, but in this context, its cessation is a sign of God's mercy. The phrase underscores the completeness of God's intervention and the restoration of peace after divine judgment. It also serves as a reminder of God's covenant faithfulness and His ability to provide and withhold according to His will.

When Pharaoh saw
This phrase marks a pivotal moment of observation and decision-making by Pharaoh. In the Hebrew text, the word for "saw" is "רָאָה" (ra'ah), which implies not just a physical seeing but a perception or understanding. Pharaoh's ability to see the consequences of his actions is crucial, yet his heart remains hardened. Historically, Pharaohs were considered divine figures in Egyptian culture, often leading to pride and a reluctance to submit to any higher authority, including the God of Israel.

that the rain and hail and thunder had ceased
The cessation of the storm is significant. The elements—rain, hail, and thunder—are manifestations of God's power and judgment. In the ancient Near Eastern context, weather phenomena were often associated with divine activity. The Hebrew word for "ceased" is "חָדַל" (chadal), indicating a stopping or resting. This pause in the divine judgment was an opportunity for Pharaoh to repent, yet it also tested his true intentions.

he sinned again
The phrase "sinned again" highlights Pharaoh's repeated transgression. The Hebrew word for "sinned" is "חָטָא" (chata), which means to miss the mark or to err. This indicates a willful rebellion against God's commands. In the broader biblical narrative, sin is not just an action but a state of being that separates humanity from God. Pharaoh's repeated sinning underscores the hardness of his heart and his resistance to God's will.

and hardened his heart
The hardening of Pharaoh's heart is a central theme in the Exodus narrative. The Hebrew word for "hardened" is "כָּבֵד" (kaved), which can mean to make heavy or to honor. In this context, it implies a stubbornness or insensitivity to God's commands. This hardening is both a divine act and a personal choice, illustrating the complex interplay between human free will and divine sovereignty.

he and his officials
Pharaoh's actions influenced those around him, including his officials. The Hebrew term for "officials" is "עֲבָדִים" (avadim), meaning servants or ministers. This suggests that leadership carries responsibility, and the decisions of those in power can lead others astray. In a broader biblical context, this serves as a warning about the influence of leaders and the importance of righteous governance.

So Pharaoh’s heart was hardened
The phrase "Pharaoh’s heart was hardened" is a recurring theme in the narrative of the Exodus. The Hebrew word for "hardened" is "חָזַק" (chazaq), which can mean to strengthen, make firm, or harden. This hardening of Pharaoh's heart is both a divine act and a reflection of Pharaoh's own stubbornness. In the context of the ancient Near East, the heart was considered the center of will and decision-making. Thus, Pharaoh's hardened heart signifies his resolute defiance against God's command. This hardening serves as a demonstration of God's sovereignty and justice, as He allows Pharaoh's own choices to lead to his downfall, fulfilling His divine plan.

and he would not let the Israelites go
The refusal to let the Israelites go is a direct act of disobedience against God's command. The Hebrew verb "שָׁלַח" (shalach) means to send away or let go. Pharaoh's refusal is not just a political decision but a spiritual rebellion against the God of Israel. Historically, the Israelites' bondage in Egypt was a significant period of suffering, and their liberation was a pivotal moment in their identity as God's chosen people. Pharaoh's obstinacy highlights the struggle between human authority and divine will, emphasizing the need for submission to God's purposes.

just as the LORD had said
This phrase underscores the fulfillment of God's word and His omniscience. The Hebrew name for the LORD here is "יהוה" (YHWH), the covenant name of God, which signifies His eternal presence and faithfulness. God's foreknowledge and prophetic declarations through Moses reveal His control over the events unfolding in Egypt. This assurance of God's word coming to pass is a source of comfort and encouragement for believers, affirming that God's promises are reliable and His plans are unchangeable.

through Moses
Moses, as God's chosen prophet and leader, serves as the intermediary between God and Pharaoh. The Hebrew name "מֹשֶׁה" (Moshe) is associated with being drawn out, reflecting his own deliverance from the Nile and his role in drawing the Israelites out of Egypt. Moses' obedience and faithfulness in delivering God's message, despite Pharaoh's resistance, exemplify the courage and perseverance required in fulfilling God's calling. His leadership is a testament to the power of faith and the importance of trusting in God's guidance, even in the face of seemingly insurmountable opposition.