The LORD answered Moses
This phrase emphasizes the direct communication between God and Moses, highlighting the unique relationship Moses had with God. The Hebrew word for "LORD" is "YHWH," the sacred and personal name of God, which signifies His eternal and self-existent nature. This divine interaction underscores the authority and assurance Moses receives from God, reinforcing the idea that God is actively involved in the deliverance of His people.

See
The Hebrew word used here is "ra'ah," which means to perceive or understand. It is a call for Moses to recognize and comprehend the divine empowerment and authority being bestowed upon him. This word serves as an invitation for Moses to grasp the gravity and significance of his role in God's plan.

I have made you like God to Pharaoh
The phrase "like God" is pivotal, as it indicates the authority and power Moses is given over Pharaoh. The Hebrew word "Elohim" is used here, which can mean God or gods, but in this context, it signifies a representative of divine authority. Moses is to act as God's mouthpiece, demonstrating God's power and will to Pharaoh, who considered himself a deity. This challenges the Egyptian belief system and asserts the supremacy of the God of Israel.

and your brother Aaron will be your prophet
In this context, a "prophet" is one who speaks on behalf of another. The Hebrew word "navi" is used, which traditionally means a spokesperson or one who is inspired to speak for God. Aaron's role as a prophet to Moses signifies the collaborative effort in God's plan, where Aaron articulates the divine messages Moses receives. This partnership highlights the importance of obedience and teamwork in fulfilling God's purposes.

You are to speak
This phrase emphasizes the divine command given to Moses. In Hebrew, the word for "speak" is "דַּבֵּר" (daber), which is an imperative form, indicating a direct and authoritative instruction. This highlights the role of Moses as God's chosen prophet and mouthpiece. Historically, prophets were seen as intermediaries between God and His people, and Moses is being called to fulfill this role with boldness and obedience. The command to speak underscores the importance of verbal proclamation in God's plan, reminding us of the power of God's word when spoken through His chosen vessels.

all that I command you
The phrase underscores the completeness and totality of God's instructions. The Hebrew word for "all" is "כֹּל" (kol), which signifies entirety and wholeness. This indicates that Moses is not to alter or omit any part of God's message. In a conservative Christian perspective, this reflects the importance of adhering to the full counsel of God without compromise. It serves as a reminder of the sufficiency and authority of God's word, which must be delivered in its entirety to fulfill His purposes.

and your brother Aaron
Aaron's inclusion highlights the collaborative nature of God's work. The Hebrew name "אַהֲרֹן" (Aharon) means "mountain of strength" or "enlightened," suggesting his role as a support to Moses. Historically, Aaron served as the first high priest, and his partnership with Moses illustrates the importance of unity and cooperation in ministry. This partnership also prefigures the New Testament concept of the body of Christ, where different members work together to accomplish God's mission.

is to tell Pharaoh
The phrase indicates the specific audience for God's message. Pharaoh, the ruler of Egypt, represents the epitome of earthly power and opposition to God's people. The Hebrew word "פַּרְעֹה" (Par'oh) is derived from the Egyptian term for "great house," symbolizing authority and governance. This highlights the boldness required to confront worldly powers with God's truth. It serves as an encouragement for believers to stand firm in their faith, even when facing formidable opposition.

to let the Israelites go
This command is central to the narrative of Exodus, representing God's desire for His people's liberation. The Hebrew term for "let go" is "שַׁלַּח" (shalach), which means to send away or release. This reflects God's redemptive plan to free His people from bondage and lead them to the Promised Land. In a broader theological context, it symbolizes the spiritual liberation that Christ offers from the bondage of sin. The Israelites' deliverance foreshadows the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ, encouraging believers to trust in God's power to set them free.

out of his land
The phrase signifies the physical and spiritual separation that God desires for His people. The Hebrew word for "land" is "אֶרֶץ" (eretz), which can refer to a specific territory or the earth in general. In this context, it represents Egypt, a place of oppression and idolatry. God's command to leave Egypt signifies a call to holiness and separation from worldly influences. For conservative Christians, this serves as a reminder to live distinctively as God's people, set apart for His purposes and called to a life of holiness and obedience.

But I will harden
The phrase "I will harden" comes from the Hebrew word "חָזַק" (chazaq), which means to strengthen, make firm, or harden. In the context of Exodus, this action by God is not merely about making Pharaoh stubborn but is part of a divine plan to demonstrate His power and sovereignty. The hardening of Pharaoh's heart is a recurring theme in Exodus, emphasizing God's control over human affairs and His ability to use even the resistance of rulers to fulfill His purposes. This hardening serves as a backdrop for the unfolding of God's redemptive plan for Israel, showcasing His might and justice.

Pharaoh’s heart
The "heart" in Hebrew thought is not just the seat of emotions but the center of intellect, will, and moral decision-making. Pharaoh's heart represents his entire being and decision-making process. By hardening Pharaoh's heart, God is engaging with Pharaoh's will, allowing Pharaoh's own pride and obstinacy to be the means through which God's glory is revealed. This interaction between divine sovereignty and human responsibility is a profound mystery, illustrating the depth of God's wisdom and the complexity of His plans.

and though I multiply
The word "multiply" is derived from the Hebrew "רָבָה" (ravah), meaning to increase or make numerous. God's intention to multiply His signs and wonders is a demonstration of His power and a direct challenge to the Egyptian pantheon and Pharaoh's authority. The multiplication of signs is not just for Pharaoh's benefit but also for the Israelites and the surrounding nations, to witness the supremacy of the God of Israel. This multiplication signifies the abundance of God's power and His relentless pursuit of His people's freedom.

My signs and wonders
"Signs and wonders" are miraculous events that serve as evidence of divine intervention. In the Hebrew context, "signs" (אוֹת, oth) often point to something beyond themselves, serving as a divine message or proof of God's involvement. "Wonders" (מוֹפֵת, mopheth) are extraordinary events that inspire awe and reveal God's power. Together, they are a testament to God's active presence in the world, challenging the natural order and the gods of Egypt. These acts are not random but purposeful, designed to reveal God's character and His covenant faithfulness to Israel.

in the land of Egypt
The "land of Egypt" is not just a geographical location but a symbol of oppression and idolatry. Egypt, in the biblical narrative, represents a world system opposed to God's purposes. By performing signs and wonders in Egypt, God is asserting His dominion over all creation and challenging the spiritual and political powers of the time. This setting underscores the cosmic battle between the God of Israel and the false gods of Egypt, highlighting the theme of liberation and the establishment of God's kingdom on earth. The events in Egypt serve as a foundational account for Israel's identity and faith, reminding them of God's deliverance and sovereignty.

But Pharaoh will not listen to you
This phrase highlights the obstinacy of Pharaoh's heart, a recurring theme in the narrative of the Exodus. The Hebrew root for "listen" is "שָׁמַע" (shama), which means to hear, listen, or obey. In the ancient Near Eastern context, listening was often equated with obedience. Pharaoh's refusal to listen is not merely a lack of auditory reception but a deliberate choice to reject the divine command. This sets the stage for the unfolding of God's mighty acts, emphasizing the theme of divine sovereignty over human resistance.

so that I will lay My hand on Egypt
The phrase "lay My hand" is a powerful anthropomorphism, indicating God's direct intervention in human affairs. The Hebrew word for "hand" is "יָד" (yad), symbolizing power and action. In the ancient world, the hand was often seen as a symbol of strength and authority. God's hand upon Egypt signifies His active role in delivering His people and executing judgment. This phrase reassures the Israelites of God's control and His commitment to their liberation.

and bring out My divisions
The term "divisions" refers to the organized groups of Israelites, often translated as "hosts" or "armies" in other versions. The Hebrew word "צָבָא" (tsaba) conveys the idea of a military formation, underscoring the order and purpose in God's deliverance. This imagery portrays the Israelites not as a disorganized rabble but as a divinely orchestrated community, ready to embark on their journey to freedom. It reflects God's meticulous planning and the fulfillment of His covenant promises.

My people the Israelites
This phrase emphasizes the special relationship between God and the Israelites. The possessive "My" indicates a covenantal bond, rooted in the promises made to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The term "Israelites" (בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, b'nei Yisrael) reminds the reader of Jacob's transformation into Israel, symbolizing struggle and triumph with God. This identity is central to their story, as they are chosen to be a light to the nations, reflecting God's glory and faithfulness.

out of the land of Egypt by great acts of judgment
The "great acts of judgment" refer to the plagues and miraculous events that God will use to compel Pharaoh to release the Israelites. The Hebrew word for "judgment" is "שְׁפָטִים" (shefatim), which can also mean decisions or decrees. These acts are not arbitrary but are divinely ordained responses to Pharaoh's defiance. Historically, Egypt was a powerful empire, and these judgments demonstrate God's supremacy over the gods of Egypt and the natural world. They serve as a testament to His justice and power, reinforcing the narrative of deliverance and divine retribution.

And the Egyptians will know
This phrase emphasizes the divine intention behind the plagues and wonders that God is about to perform. The Hebrew word for "know" is "yada," which implies an intimate understanding or recognition. In this context, it signifies that the Egyptians will come to recognize the sovereignty and power of the God of Israel, not just as a foreign deity but as the LORD, the one true God. Historically, Egypt was a land of many gods, and this acknowledgment would be a profound shift in their understanding of divinity.

that I am the LORD
The phrase "I am the LORD" is a declaration of God's identity and authority. The Hebrew name used here is "YHWH," often rendered as "Yahweh" or "Jehovah," which is the personal name of God revealed to Moses at the burning bush (Exodus 3:14). This name signifies God's eternal existence and unchanging nature. In the context of Exodus, it is a reminder that the God of Israel is not like the gods of Egypt, who were limited and created. Instead, He is the self-existent, all-powerful Creator.

when I stretch out My hand
The imagery of God stretching out His hand is a powerful metaphor for divine intervention and judgment. In the ancient Near Eastern context, a king or deity stretching out their hand symbolized the exertion of power and authority. Here, it indicates that the forthcoming plagues are not random natural disasters but deliberate acts of God to demonstrate His power and execute His will.

against Egypt
Egypt, at the time of the Exodus, was a dominant empire known for its wealth, military might, and advanced civilization. The phrase "against Egypt" highlights that God's actions are directed specifically at this powerful nation, which had enslaved His people. This confrontation is not just a liberation of the Israelites but a direct challenge to the political, religious, and social systems of Egypt, demonstrating that no earthly power can stand against the will of God.

and bring the Israelites out from among them
This phrase encapsulates the purpose of God's actions: the deliverance of His chosen people. The Hebrew word for "bring out" is "yatsa," which conveys the idea of leading forth or delivering. This is not merely a physical relocation but a spiritual and covenantal act, fulfilling God's promise to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The deliverance from Egypt is a foundational event in Israel's history, symbolizing salvation and redemption, themes that resonate throughout the Bible and find their ultimate fulfillment in the New Testament through Jesus Christ.

So Moses and Aaron
This phrase introduces the central figures of the narrative, Moses and Aaron, who are pivotal leaders in the Exodus story. Moses, whose name in Hebrew (מֹשֶׁה, Moshe) is thought to mean "drawn out," reflects his being drawn out of the Nile, symbolizing his role in drawing the Israelites out of Egypt. Aaron (אַהֲרֹן, Aharon), Moses' brother, serves as his spokesperson and high priest. Their partnership is a testament to God's provision of support and community in leadership, emphasizing the importance of collaboration in fulfilling divine missions.

did just as
This phrase underscores the obedience of Moses and Aaron to God's commands. The Hebrew root for "did" (עָשָׂה, asah) implies action and completion, indicating that they carried out God's instructions fully and faithfully. This obedience is a recurring theme in Scripture, highlighting the importance of aligning one's actions with God's will. It serves as a model for believers, demonstrating that true faith is expressed through action and adherence to God's directives.

the LORD
The term "LORD" in all capital letters represents the divine name YHWH (יהוה), often vocalized as Yahweh. This name is deeply significant, denoting God's eternal, self-existent nature and His covenant relationship with Israel. It is a reminder of God's faithfulness and sovereignty, assuring believers of His unchanging presence and power. The use of this name in the context of obedience emphasizes that the commands come from the ultimate authority, deserving of reverence and adherence.

had commanded them
The phrase highlights the divine origin of the instructions given to Moses and Aaron. The Hebrew word for "commanded" (צִוָּה, tzavah) conveys a sense of authoritative direction. This underscores the concept of divine law and order, where God's commands are not mere suggestions but authoritative decrees meant to guide His people. The historical context of the Exodus narrative, where God is delivering His people from bondage, illustrates the transformative power of obedience to God's commands, leading to liberation and fulfillment of His promises.

Moses was eighty years old
The age of Moses at this point in the narrative is significant. The number eighty in Hebrew culture often symbolizes a period of preparation and maturity. Moses' life can be divided into three forty-year segments: his time in Egypt, his years in Midian, and his leadership of the Israelites. At eighty, Moses is now fully prepared by God for the monumental task of leading His people out of bondage. This age signifies wisdom and experience, qualities essential for the daunting mission ahead. It also serves as a reminder that God’s timing is perfect, and He often calls individuals to significant tasks later in life, after they have been refined and prepared through various life experiences.

and Aaron was eighty-three
Aaron, being three years older than Moses, is also at an age that signifies maturity and readiness. His role as the spokesperson for Moses is crucial, as he complements Moses' perceived weaknesses in speech. The mention of Aaron’s age alongside Moses’ highlights the importance of their partnership. In the Hebrew tradition, the elder brother often held a position of respect and authority, yet Aaron humbly supports Moses, demonstrating a model of cooperation and unity in fulfilling God’s purposes. This partnership underscores the biblical principle that God often calls us to work together, using our unique gifts and strengths to accomplish His will.

when they spoke to Pharaoh
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the Exodus narrative. Speaking to Pharaoh, the most powerful ruler of the time, required immense courage and faith. The Hebrew word for "spoke" (דִּבֵּר, dibber) implies not just casual conversation but a declaration or proclamation. Moses and Aaron are not merely having a dialogue; they are delivering God’s authoritative message. This act of speaking to Pharaoh is a testament to their obedience and trust in God’s command, despite the potential danger and the overwhelming odds against them. It serves as an inspiration for believers to boldly proclaim God’s truth, regardless of the opposition they may face. This moment also foreshadows the series of confrontations that will lead to the liberation of the Israelites, demonstrating that God’s power and purpose will ultimately prevail over earthly authorities.

The LORD
This phrase refers to Yahweh, the covenant name of God revealed to Moses at the burning bush (Exodus 3:14). In Hebrew, it is represented by the Tetragrammaton YHWH, which signifies God's eternal, self-existent nature. The use of "The LORD" here emphasizes God's authority and His role as the divine initiator of the events that follow. It is a reminder of His sovereignty and faithfulness to His promises, particularly the promise to deliver Israel from Egyptian bondage.

said
The Hebrew word used here is "אָמַר" (amar), which means to speak, declare, or command. This word indicates direct communication from God, underscoring the importance and divine origin of the message. It highlights the personal relationship God maintains with His chosen leaders, Moses and Aaron, and His active involvement in the unfolding narrative of Israel's deliverance.

to Moses and Aaron
Moses and Aaron are central figures in the Exodus narrative. Moses, whose name means "drawn out" in Hebrew, is the primary leader and prophet chosen by God to lead the Israelites out of Egypt. Aaron, his brother, serves as his spokesperson and later becomes the first high priest of Israel. The mention of both names together signifies the partnership and shared responsibility in carrying out God's commands. Historically, this reflects the importance of leadership and obedience in fulfilling God's purposes. Moses and Aaron's roles also foreshadow the prophetic and priestly offices that are fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who is both our Prophet and High Priest.

When Pharaoh says to you
This phrase sets the stage for a confrontation between divine authority and earthly power. Pharaoh, the ruler of Egypt, is a symbol of human pride and resistance against God's will. Historically, Pharaohs were considered gods themselves, which adds to the significance of this encounter. The Hebrew word for "says" (אָמַר, 'amar) implies a command or challenge, indicating Pharaoh's expectation of a demonstration of power.

‘Perform a miracle,’
The request for a miracle (מוֹפֵת, mopheth) is significant in the context of ancient Egypt, where magic and signs were part of the religious and cultural fabric. Pharaoh's demand reflects a test of legitimacy, as miracles were seen as evidence of divine backing. This sets the stage for God to demonstrate His supremacy over Egyptian gods and magicians.

then you are to say to Aaron
Moses is instructed to direct Aaron, his brother, highlighting the collaborative nature of their mission. Aaron serves as Moses' spokesperson, a role established earlier due to Moses' reluctance and perceived inadequacy in speech. This partnership underscores the theme of God using human relationships to accomplish His purposes.

‘Take your staff
The staff (מַטֶּה, matteh) is a symbol of authority and power. In ancient cultures, a staff was often associated with leadership and guidance. For Moses and Aaron, the staff becomes a tool through which God manifests His power, transforming an ordinary object into an instrument of divine intervention.

and throw it down before Pharaoh
The act of throwing down the staff is a deliberate demonstration of God's power over Pharaoh. This action is not just a display but a challenge to the authority of Pharaoh and the gods of Egypt. It signifies the beginning of a series of confrontations where God's power will be revealed.

and it will become a serpent
The transformation of the staff into a serpent (נָחָשׁ, nachash) is rich with symbolism. In Egyptian culture, serpents were associated with both protection and danger, often linked to the divine. By turning the staff into a serpent, God is directly challenging the symbols of Egyptian power, asserting His dominion over creation. This miracle prefigures the plagues to come, each a demonstration of God's sovereignty over the natural and spiritual realms.

So Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh
This phrase marks the beginning of a pivotal confrontation between God's chosen leaders and the ruler of Egypt. The Hebrew root for "went" (יָבֹא) implies a purposeful action, indicating obedience to God's command. Moses and Aaron, representing God's authority, approach Pharaoh, who symbolizes earthly power and resistance to divine will. Historically, Pharaohs were seen as gods in their own right, making this encounter not just a political confrontation but a spiritual one. This sets the stage for a series of divine acts that will demonstrate God's supremacy over all earthly powers.

and did just as the LORD had commanded
The phrase underscores the importance of obedience to God's instructions. The Hebrew word for "commanded" (צִוָּה) conveys a sense of authoritative direction. Moses and Aaron's compliance is crucial, as it reflects their faith and trust in God's plan. This obedience is a recurring theme throughout the Bible, emphasizing that God's plans are fulfilled through the faithful actions of His servants. It serves as an inspirational reminder for believers to adhere to God's will, trusting in His wisdom and timing.

Aaron threw his staff down before Pharaoh and his officials
The act of throwing down the staff is rich in symbolic meaning. In ancient cultures, a staff often represented authority and power. The Hebrew word for "staff" (מַטֶּה) can also mean "tribe" or "branch," symbolizing leadership and governance. By casting it before Pharaoh and his officials, Aaron is demonstrating that God's authority supersedes that of the Egyptian rulers. This act is a precursor to the miracles that will follow, serving as a tangible sign of God's power and presence.

and it became a serpent
The transformation of the staff into a serpent is a miraculous sign intended to convey God's power over creation. The Hebrew word for "serpent" (תַּנִּין) can also mean "dragon" or "sea monster," creatures often associated with chaos and evil in ancient Near Eastern mythology. By turning the staff into a serpent, God is symbolically asserting His dominion over chaos and evil, foreshadowing the plagues that will demonstrate His control over nature and the false gods of Egypt. This miracle serves as a testament to God's ability to transform the ordinary into the extraordinary, encouraging believers to trust in His transformative power in their own lives.

Then Pharaoh also summoned
The phrase indicates Pharaoh's immediate response to the miraculous sign performed by Moses and Aaron. The Hebrew root for "summoned" is קָרָא (qara), which means to call or proclaim. This action reflects Pharaoh's authority and his reliance on his own resources to counteract the divine demonstration. Historically, Egyptian pharaohs were seen as god-kings, wielding immense power and influence, and this summoning underscores Pharaoh's attempt to assert control and challenge the God of Israel.

wise men and sorcerers
The "wise men" (חֲכָמִים, chakamim) were considered the intellectual elite of Egypt, skilled in various sciences and arts. The "sorcerers" (מְכַשְּׁפִים, mekashfim) were practitioners of magic and the occult. In ancient Egypt, magic was an integral part of religion and daily life, often used to maintain cosmic order. This phrase highlights the spiritual battle between the God of Israel and the gods of Egypt, as Pharaoh relies on his spiritual advisors to replicate the miracles of Moses and Aaron.

and they, along with the magicians of Egypt
The "magicians" (חַרְטֻמִּים, chartummim) were a specific class of priests skilled in the sacred arts, often associated with the temple and royal court. Their presence signifies the institutional power of Egyptian religion and its deep entrenchment in the culture. This phrase emphasizes the collective effort of Egypt's spiritual leaders to oppose the God of Israel, showcasing the depth of the spiritual conflict.

did the same things
This phrase suggests that the Egyptian magicians were able to replicate the signs performed by Moses and Aaron, at least superficially. The Hebrew word עָשָׂה (asah) means to do or make, indicating an action that mimics the original. This replication serves as a test of faith for the Israelites and a demonstration of the limitations of human power against divine will. It also foreshadows the eventual triumph of God's power over the false gods of Egypt.

by their magic arts
The term "magic arts" (לָטִים, latim) refers to secret or hidden practices, often associated with enchantments and spells. In the ancient Near East, such practices were believed to manipulate spiritual forces. This phrase highlights the contrast between the true power of God and the deceptive nature of human magic. It serves as a reminder of the futility of opposing God's will through human means, as the subsequent plagues will reveal the impotence of Egypt's gods and magicians.

Each one threw down his staff
This phrase refers to the magicians of Egypt, who were able to replicate the miracle performed by Aaron. The Hebrew word for "staff" is "מַטֶּה" (matteh), which can also mean "rod" or "branch." In ancient cultures, staffs were symbols of authority and power. The act of throwing down the staff signifies a challenge or a demonstration of power. Historically, Egyptian magicians were known for their skills in illusion and trickery, which they used to maintain the Pharaoh's authority and the people's belief in the gods of Egypt.

and it became a serpent
The transformation of the staff into a serpent is a direct challenge to the Egyptian magicians, who also perform this act. The Hebrew word for "serpent" is "תַּנִּין" (tannin), which can mean a large snake or a sea monster. In the context of Egyptian mythology, serpents were often associated with chaos and danger, but also with protection and royalty, as seen in the uraeus, the cobra symbol on the Pharaoh's crown. This miracle demonstrates God's power over the symbols of Egyptian authority and chaos.

But Aaron’s staff
Aaron, as the brother of Moses and the first high priest, represents the authority of God among the Israelites. His staff is not just a tool but a symbol of divine power and leadership. The emphasis on "Aaron’s staff" highlights the superiority of God's power over the magicians' tricks. In the broader narrative of Exodus, Aaron's role is crucial as he acts as Moses' spokesperson and performs many of the signs and wonders.

swallowed up their staffs
The act of Aaron's staff swallowing the magicians' staffs is a powerful demonstration of God's supremacy. The Hebrew word for "swallowed" is "בָּלַע" (bala), which conveys the idea of complete consumption or destruction. This act is not just a physical swallowing but a symbolic victory over the forces of Egypt. It foreshadows the eventual defeat of Pharaoh and the liberation of the Israelites. In a spiritual sense, it represents the triumph of God's truth over deception and falsehood.

Still
The word "still" indicates a continuation or persistence in a particular state or action. In the context of Exodus, it underscores the ongoing resistance of Pharaoh despite the miraculous signs performed by Moses and Aaron. This persistence is a testament to the spiritual battle between the will of God and the obstinacy of human pride. It serves as a reminder of the enduring nature of God's plan, which unfolds despite human resistance.

Pharaoh’s heart
The "heart" in Hebrew thought is the center of one's emotions, will, and intellect. Pharaoh's heart being hardened is a significant theme in Exodus, illustrating the spiritual blindness and stubbornness that can afflict those who oppose God's will. The hardening of Pharaoh's heart is both a divine act and a reflection of Pharaoh's own choices, demonstrating the complex interplay between divine sovereignty and human responsibility.

was hardened
The phrase "was hardened" comes from the Hebrew word "kabad," which means to be heavy, insensible, or dull. This hardening is not merely a passive state but an active resistance against God's commands. It highlights the spiritual condition of those who reject God's authority, becoming increasingly resistant to His truth. This hardening serves as a warning against the dangers of persistent unbelief and rebellion.

and he would not listen
Listening in the biblical sense involves not just hearing but obeying. Pharaoh's refusal to listen is indicative of his rebellion against God's authority. This refusal is a deliberate act of defiance, showcasing the depth of his pride and the futility of resisting God's will. It serves as a cautionary tale about the consequences of ignoring divine warnings and instructions.

to them
"Them" refers to Moses and Aaron, God's chosen messengers. Their role as prophets is to convey God's commands and demonstrate His power. Pharaoh's refusal to listen to them is ultimately a rejection of God Himself. This highlights the importance of heeding God's messengers and the authority they carry as representatives of His will.

just as the LORD had said
This phrase emphasizes the fulfillment of God's word and the certainty of His promises. The LORD's foreknowledge and sovereignty are evident as events unfold exactly as He declared. It reassures believers of the reliability of God's word and His ultimate control over history. This fulfillment of divine prophecy serves to strengthen faith in God's unchanging nature and His ability to accomplish His purposes despite human opposition.

Then the LORD said to Moses
This phrase underscores the direct communication between God and Moses, a central theme in the narrative of Exodus. The Hebrew word for "LORD" is "YHWH," the sacred and personal name of God, emphasizing His covenant relationship with Israel. This divine communication highlights God's active role in the unfolding events and His sovereign authority over the situation. Historically, this interaction sets the stage for the plagues, demonstrating God's power and His commitment to liberating His people.

Pharaoh’s heart is stubborn
The Hebrew word for "stubborn" is "kaved," which can also mean "heavy" or "hardened." This description of Pharaoh's heart is significant, as it reflects his resistance to God's command. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the heart was seen as the center of will and decision-making. Pharaoh's stubbornness is not just a personal trait but a spiritual condition that opposes God's will. This phrase foreshadows the ongoing struggle between God's purposes and human obstinacy, a theme that resonates throughout the biblical narrative.

he refuses to let the people go
This phrase captures the core conflict of the Exodus story: the liberation of the Israelites from Egyptian bondage. The Hebrew verb "refuses" (ma'en) indicates a deliberate and conscious decision by Pharaoh to oppose God's command. This refusal sets the stage for the dramatic series of plagues that follow, each designed to demonstrate God's power and compel Pharaoh to release the Israelites. The historical context of Egyptian slavery and the Israelites' cry for deliverance highlight the significance of this moment as a pivotal point in God's redemptive plan for His people.

Go to Pharaoh
This phrase signifies a direct command from God to Moses, emphasizing the divine authority and mission Moses carries. The Hebrew root for "go" is "לֵךְ" (lek), which is an imperative form, indicating urgency and obedience. Historically, Pharaohs were seen as gods in human form, making this command a bold confrontation of earthly power with divine authority. Moses, a former prince of Egypt, is now returning as God's messenger, highlighting the transformative power of God's call.

in the morning
The phrase "in the morning" suggests a strategic timing for Moses' encounter with Pharaoh. Mornings in ancient Egypt were often associated with religious rituals and the renewal of daily life. This timing could symbolize a new beginning or a fresh opportunity for Pharaoh to heed God's warning. The morning light also metaphorically represents truth and revelation, contrasting with the spiritual darkness of Egypt's idolatry.

as he goes out to the water
This phrase indicates Pharaoh's routine, possibly for a ritualistic purpose, as the Nile was central to Egyptian life and religion. The Nile was considered sacred, a source of life and sustenance, and often associated with the god Hapi. By confronting Pharaoh at the Nile, God is challenging the very heart of Egyptian belief and demonstrating His sovereignty over creation.

stand on the bank of the Nile
"Stand" implies a position of readiness and authority. The Hebrew word "נִצַּבְתָּ" (nitzavta) conveys a sense of being stationed or appointed. The "bank of the Nile" is significant as it is the boundary between land and water, symbolizing a place of transition and decision. This setting underscores the impending judgment and the choice Pharaoh must make between obedience to God or continued rebellion.

to meet him
This phrase highlights the personal nature of God's message to Pharaoh. The Hebrew "לִקְרָאתוֹ" (likrato) suggests an encounter or confrontation. It is not merely a chance meeting but a divinely orchestrated appointment. This meeting is a testament to God's patience and willingness to engage with even the most hardened hearts, offering Pharaoh a chance to repent.

and take in your hand the staff
The "staff" is a symbol of authority and divine power. In Hebrew, "מַטֶּה" (matteh) can mean both a staff and a tribe, indicating leadership and identity. Moses' staff had already been used to perform miracles, serving as a tangible representation of God's presence and power. By taking the staff, Moses is reminded of his divine commission and the supernatural backing he possesses.

that was turned into a snake
This phrase recalls the earlier miracle where Moses' staff became a serpent, a demonstration of God's power over creation and Egyptian magicians. The snake, or "נָחָשׁ" (nachash) in Hebrew, was a symbol of both danger and wisdom. In Egyptian culture, the serpent was associated with protection and royalty. By turning the staff into a snake, God is subverting Egyptian symbols and asserting His supremacy over their deities and beliefs.

And say to him
This phrase indicates a direct command from God to Moses. The Hebrew word for "say" is "אָמַר" (amar), which is often used in the context of divine communication. This highlights the authority and seriousness of the message Moses is to deliver. In the historical context, Moses is acting as God's prophet, a mouthpiece to convey God's will to Pharaoh, the ruler of Egypt. This underscores the importance of obedience to God's instructions, a recurring theme throughout the Bible.

The LORD
The term "LORD" in all capital letters is a translation of the Hebrew "YHWH" (Yahweh), the personal name of God revealed to Moses at the burning bush (Exodus 3:14). This name signifies God's eternal, self-existent nature and His covenant relationship with Israel. It is a reminder of God's faithfulness and His power over all creation, including the Egyptian gods.

the God of the Hebrews
This phrase identifies Yahweh specifically as the God of the Hebrews, distinguishing Him from the pantheon of Egyptian deities. The term "Hebrews" refers to the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, emphasizing the covenant relationship between God and His chosen people. Historically, this declaration serves to assert the identity and rights of the Israelites in a foreign land.

has sent me to tell you
Here, Moses is acting as God's emissary. The Hebrew word for "sent" is "שָׁלַח" (shalach), which conveys the idea of being commissioned with authority. This reflects the biblical theme of divine mission and purpose, as God often sends individuals to accomplish His will. Moses' role as a mediator foreshadows the ultimate mediator, Jesus Christ, in the New Testament.

Let My people go
This command is central to the Exodus narrative. The phrase "My people" signifies God's ownership and protective relationship with the Israelites. The demand for their release is not just a call for physical freedom but also a spiritual liberation from bondage. This echoes the broader biblical theme of redemption and deliverance, which finds its ultimate fulfillment in Christ's sacrifice.

so that they may worship Me in the wilderness
The purpose of the Israelites' release is to worship God, highlighting the importance of worship as a response to God's deliverance. The wilderness represents a place of testing and reliance on God, where the Israelites would learn to trust and obey Him. This phrase underscores the biblical principle that true freedom is found in serving and worshiping God, aligning with the Christian understanding of salvation and discipleship.

This is what the LORD says
This phrase introduces a divine declaration, emphasizing the authority and sovereignty of God. The Hebrew term for "LORD" here is "YHWH," the sacred and personal name of God, which signifies His eternal and self-existent nature. This introduction underscores that the following actions are not merely natural phenomena but are direct acts of God, revealing His power and purpose.

By this you will know that I am the LORD
The phrase highlights God's intention to reveal Himself to both the Egyptians and the Israelites. The Hebrew word for "know" is "yada," which implies an experiential understanding, not just intellectual acknowledgment. This act is meant to demonstrate God's supremacy over the Egyptian gods and affirm His covenant relationship with Israel. It is a call to recognize His unique identity and authority.

With the staff that is in my hand
The staff, a symbol of authority and power, is used by Moses as an instrument of God's will. In ancient Near Eastern culture, a staff often represented leadership and guidance. Here, it signifies God's chosen means to execute His judgment and deliverance. The staff in Moses' hand becomes a tangible representation of God's intervention in human history.

I will strike the water of the Nile
The Nile River was the lifeblood of Egypt, central to its economy, agriculture, and religion. Striking the Nile symbolizes a direct challenge to the Egyptian deities associated with the river, such as Hapi, the god of the Nile. This act demonstrates God's power over creation and His ability to disrupt the natural order to fulfill His purposes.

and it will be turned to blood
Turning the Nile's water into blood is a miraculous sign of judgment. Blood, in this context, represents death and impurity, contrasting with the life-giving properties of water. This transformation signifies the severity of God's judgment against Egypt's oppression and idolatry. It serves as a forewarning of the plagues to come and a call to repentance and recognition of the true God.

The fish in the Nile
The Nile River was the lifeblood of ancient Egypt, providing sustenance, transportation, and fertile soil for agriculture. The Hebrew word for "Nile" is "יְאֹר" (ye'or), which refers to a river or stream, but in the context of Egypt, it specifically denotes the Nile. Fish were a crucial part of the Egyptian diet and economy, symbolizing abundance and prosperity. The death of the fish signifies a direct assault on the Egyptian way of life and their reliance on the Nile, highlighting God's power over creation and the futility of Egypt's gods.

will die
The Hebrew word "מוּת" (muth) means to die or perish. This word underscores the severity of the plague, as it brings death to what was once a source of life. The death of the fish serves as a tangible sign of God's judgment against Egypt, demonstrating His sovereignty and the consequences of Pharaoh's hardened heart. It is a reminder that life and death are in the hands of the Lord, and He alone has the power to give and take away.

the river will stink
The Hebrew word "בָּאַשׁ" (ba'ash) means to become foul or emit a stench. The stench of the river symbolizes the corruption and decay that result from sin and disobedience. In a broader spiritual sense, it reflects the moral and spiritual decay of Egypt, a nation that has turned away from the true God. The foul odor serves as a physical manifestation of the spiritual corruption that has permeated the land, calling the Egyptians to recognize the power and holiness of the God of Israel.

and the Egyptians will be unable to drink its water
The inability to drink the water of the Nile represents a direct challenge to the Egyptian gods, particularly Hapi, the god of the Nile, who was believed to control the river's bounty. The Hebrew phrase "וְנִלְאוּ מִמֵּימֵי הַיְאֹר" (venil'u mimei haye'or) conveys a sense of frustration and helplessness. This phrase highlights the futility of relying on false gods and the ultimate dependence of all creation on the one true God. It serves as a call to repentance and recognition of God's supreme authority over all aspects of life.

And the LORD said to Moses
This phrase underscores the direct communication between God and Moses, a central theme in the Exodus narrative. The Hebrew word for "LORD" is "YHWH," the sacred name of God, emphasizing His eternal and self-existent nature. This divine instruction highlights God's sovereignty and His active role in the deliverance of His people. Historically, this communication signifies the beginning of the plagues, a series of divine judgments against Egypt's gods and Pharaoh's hardened heart.

Tell Aaron
Aaron, Moses' brother, serves as his spokesperson. This reflects God's provision for Moses' perceived inadequacies in speech (Exodus 4:14-16). Aaron's role is crucial, as it demonstrates the importance of obedience and partnership in God's work. The Hebrew root for "tell" (אָמַר, 'amar) implies a command, indicating the urgency and authority of God's message.

Take your staff
The staff is a symbol of authority and power, often used by shepherds. In the context of Exodus, it becomes a tool for divine miracles. The Hebrew word for "staff" (מַטֶּה, matteh) can also mean "tribe," symbolizing leadership and guidance. This staff, once a simple shepherd's tool, is transformed into an instrument of God's will, illustrating how God uses the ordinary for extraordinary purposes.

and stretch out your hand
This action signifies the extension of God's power through human agency. The Hebrew verb for "stretch out" (נָטָה, natah) conveys the idea of reaching out with intent and purpose. It is a physical manifestation of faith and obedience, as Aaron acts on God's command, demonstrating the partnership between divine sovereignty and human responsibility.

over the waters of Egypt
The "waters of Egypt" refer to the Nile River and its tributaries, which were the lifeblood of Egyptian civilization. The Nile was revered as a deity, and its transformation into blood would have been a direct affront to Egyptian religious beliefs. This act signifies God's supremacy over all creation and His power to disrupt the natural order to fulfill His purposes.

over their rivers and canals, over their ponds and all their reservoirs
This comprehensive list emphasizes the totality of the plague's impact. The Hebrew terms for these bodies of water (יְאֹר, ye'or for "rivers"; אֲגַם, agam for "ponds"; מִקְוֶה, miqveh for "reservoirs") highlight the extensive reach of God's judgment. It serves as a reminder that no aspect of life is beyond God's control and that His judgments are thorough and complete.

that they may become blood
The transformation of water into blood is a miraculous sign of judgment. Blood, in Hebrew (דָּם, dam), is often associated with life and death. This plague symbolizes the death of Egypt's sustenance and the beginning of God's deliverance of Israel. It foreshadows the sacrificial system and the ultimate sacrifice of Christ, whose blood brings redemption.

There will be blood throughout the land of Egypt
This phrase indicates the widespread nature of the plague, affecting all Egyptians. It serves as a warning of God's power and a call to repentance. The pervasive presence of blood signifies the seriousness of God's judgment and the need for Pharaoh to acknowledge the true God.

even in vessels of wood and stone
This detail highlights the inescapability of God's judgment. The Hebrew words for "wood" (עֵץ, etz) and "stone" (אֶבֶן, eben) suggest that even the most mundane and everyday objects are subject to God's will. It underscores the futility of relying on material possessions or false gods for security, pointing instead to the necessity of trusting in the one true God.

So Moses and Aaron did just as the LORD had commanded
This phrase underscores the obedience of Moses and Aaron to God's command. The Hebrew root for "commanded" is צָוָה (tsavah), which implies a direct order or charge. Their compliance is a testament to their faith and trust in God's plan, setting an example for believers to follow divine instructions even when faced with daunting tasks. Historically, this obedience is pivotal as it initiates the series of plagues that demonstrate God's power over Egypt's gods.

in the presence of Pharaoh and his officials
The phrase highlights the public nature of the miracle. The Hebrew word for "presence" is פָּנִים (panim), meaning face or before. This act was not done in secret but openly, challenging the authority of Pharaoh and the Egyptian pantheon. It signifies God's intention to reveal His supremacy not only to the Israelites but also to the Egyptians, emphasizing the universal scope of His power.

Aaron raised the staff and struck the water of the Nile
The "staff" is a symbol of authority and divine power. In Hebrew, the word for staff is מַטֶּה (matteh), which can also mean tribe or branch, symbolizing leadership and connection to God. The Nile was central to Egyptian life and worship, representing fertility and sustenance. By striking the Nile, Aaron, under God's command, directly challenges the Egyptian deities associated with the river, such as Hapi, the god of the Nile, demonstrating that the God of Israel is the true sovereign over creation.

and all the water was turned to blood
The transformation of water into blood is a powerful sign of judgment. The Hebrew word for blood is דָּם (dam), which is often associated with life and death. This miraculous event signifies the beginning of God's judgments against Egypt, turning their life source into a symbol of death. It serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of defying God's will and the seriousness of His judgments. This act foreshadows the ultimate deliverance of Israel and the establishment of God's covenant with His people, reinforcing the theme of redemption and divine justice throughout Scripture.

The fish in the Nile died
The Nile River was the lifeblood of Egypt, a source of sustenance and economic prosperity. The Hebrew word for "fish" (דָּג, dag) emphasizes the abundance and variety of aquatic life that thrived in the Nile. The death of the fish signifies a direct assault on the Egyptian economy and daily life, as fish were a staple food source. This event underscores God's power over creation and His ability to disrupt the natural order to fulfill His divine purposes.

and the river reeked so badly
The Hebrew word for "reeked" (בָּאַשׁ, ba'ash) conveys a sense of intense foulness and decay. This phrase highlights the severity of the plague, as the once life-giving river became a source of stench and corruption. The transformation of the Nile into a putrid body of water serves as a metaphor for the spiritual corruption of Egypt, which had turned away from the true God to worship false deities.

that the Egyptians could not drink its water
Water is a symbol of life and purity throughout Scripture. The inability of the Egyptians to drink from the Nile represents a deprivation of life and blessing. This phrase illustrates the futility of relying on earthly resources and false gods for sustenance. It serves as a call to recognize the sovereignty of the God of Israel, who alone can provide true and lasting nourishment.

There was blood throughout the land of Egypt
The transformation of the Nile's waters into blood (דָּם, dam) is a powerful symbol of judgment. Blood, often associated with life, here becomes a sign of death and divine retribution. This phrase emphasizes the pervasive nature of the plague, affecting the entire land of Egypt. It serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of defying God's will and the seriousness of His judgments against sin.

But the magicians of Egypt
The term "magicians" refers to the wise men and sorcerers of Egypt, known in Hebrew as "chartummim." These individuals were considered skilled in the occult and were often consulted by Pharaoh for their supposed supernatural abilities. Historically, Egypt was renowned for its advanced knowledge in various fields, including the mystical arts. The presence of these magicians highlights the spiritual battle between the God of Israel and the false gods of Egypt.

did the same things
This phrase indicates that the magicians were able to replicate the miracle performed by Moses and Aaron, turning water into blood. The Hebrew word used here suggests imitation or duplication, not necessarily through divine power but through trickery or demonic influence. This serves to illustrate the deceptive power of evil, which can mimic the works of God to a certain extent, but ultimately lacks the truth and authority of the divine.

by their magic arts
The "magic arts" refer to the practices and rituals employed by the magicians to perform their wonders. In the ancient world, such practices were common and often involved incantations, potions, and the invocation of spirits. The Bible consistently warns against these practices, as they are rooted in deception and are contrary to the worship of the one true God. This phrase underscores the spiritual conflict and the limitations of human and demonic power compared to God's omnipotence.

and Pharaoh’s heart was hardened
The hardening of Pharaoh's heart is a central theme in the Exodus narrative. The Hebrew word "hazaq" implies a strengthening or making firm. In this context, it suggests that Pharaoh's resolve against God was intensified. This hardening is both a result of Pharaoh's own choices and a divine act, demonstrating God's sovereignty and justice. It serves as a warning of the dangers of persistent unbelief and rebellion against God.

and he would not listen to them
Pharaoh's refusal to listen is indicative of his pride and stubbornness. Despite witnessing the miraculous signs, his heart remains closed to the truth. This phrase highlights the spiritual blindness that can result from a hardened heart. It serves as a reminder of the importance of humility and openness to God's word and works.

just as the LORD had said
This phrase emphasizes the fulfillment of God's word and the reliability of His promises. The LORD had previously declared that Pharaoh would not heed the signs, and this prediction comes to pass. It underscores God's omniscience and the certainty of His plans. For believers, it is a reassurance that God's purposes will prevail, even in the face of opposition and unbelief.

Instead
This word indicates a contrast or a change in direction from what might have been expected. In the context of the plagues, it suggests that despite the miraculous signs and wonders performed by Moses and Aaron, Pharaoh's response was contrary to what one might anticipate. The Hebrew root here implies a turning away, highlighting Pharaoh's stubbornness and resistance to God's will.

Pharaoh
Pharaoh was not just a political leader but was considered a god in Egyptian culture. His heart's hardening is a central theme in Exodus, symbolizing the resistance of human pride against divine authority. Historically, Pharaohs were seen as intermediaries between the gods and the people, making his defiance not just a personal choice but a national stance against the God of Israel.

turned around
This phrase suggests a physical and metaphorical turning away. The Hebrew verb used here can imply a deliberate decision to reject or ignore. It reflects Pharaoh's conscious choice to dismiss the signs of God's power, illustrating the depth of his obstinacy and the spiritual blindness that can accompany a hardened heart.

went into his palace
The palace represents Pharaoh's seat of power and comfort. By retreating into his palace, Pharaoh is symbolically withdrawing into his own world, insulated from the reality of God's actions. This act of retreat can be seen as a metaphor for how people often retreat into their own beliefs or comforts when confronted with challenging truths.

and did not take even this to heart
This phrase underscores Pharaoh's refusal to internalize or be moved by the events unfolding before him. The Hebrew concept of "heart" (lev) encompasses the mind, will, and emotions. Pharaoh's failure to "take to heart" indicates a complete rejection of the divine message, highlighting the spiritual peril of a hardened heart. This serves as a warning against the dangers of ignoring God's signs and the call to repentance.

So all the Egyptians
This phrase emphasizes the collective experience of the Egyptian people. The Hebrew word for "all" (כָּל, kol) signifies the totality of the population, indicating that the plague affected every individual, regardless of status or wealth. This collective suffering underscores the severity of God's judgment and the futility of relying on human resources when divine intervention is at play. Historically, Egypt was a powerful and resourceful nation, yet even they were brought to their knees by the hand of God, demonstrating His supreme authority over all nations.

dug along the Nile
The act of digging along the Nile reflects the desperation and resourcefulness of the Egyptians. The Hebrew verb used here (חָפַר, chafar) implies a laborious and determined effort to find relief. The Nile was central to Egyptian life, both economically and spiritually, often revered as a deity. By forcing the Egyptians to dig for water, God was challenging their reliance on the Nile and their pantheon of gods, showing that He alone is the true source of life and sustenance. Archaeological evidence supports the importance of the Nile, as it was the lifeblood of Egyptian civilization, providing water, transportation, and fertile soil.

for water to drink
Water is a basic necessity for life, and the Egyptians' need to find drinkable water highlights their vulnerability. The Hebrew word for "water" (מַיִם, mayim) is often used in Scripture to symbolize life, purity, and divine provision. In this context, the lack of drinkable water serves as a physical manifestation of spiritual barrenness and the consequences of opposing God's will. The Egyptians' plight serves as a reminder of the importance of seeking spiritual nourishment from God, the living water, as emphasized in John 4:14.

because they could not drink the water from the river
This phrase underscores the complete transformation of the Nile from a life-giving source to a symbol of judgment. The Hebrew word for "drink" (שָׁתָה, shatah) is used here to indicate the inability to consume what was once a reliable resource. The river, turned to blood, represents the consequences of Pharaoh's hardened heart and refusal to heed God's command. This transformation serves as a powerful reminder of God's sovereignty and the futility of resisting His will. The historical context of the plagues reveals God's purpose in demonstrating His power not only to the Egyptians but also to the Israelites, affirming His covenant and faithfulness to His people.

And seven days passed
The phrase "seven days" is significant in the biblical context, often symbolizing completeness or divine perfection. The number seven is frequently used throughout Scripture, from the creation week in Genesis to the seven churches in Revelation. In this context, the seven days may represent a complete period of judgment or a full cycle of divine patience before the next plague. Historically, this period allowed the Egyptians to experience the full impact of the Nile's transformation, emphasizing the severity of God's judgment and the need for repentance.

after the LORD had struck
The word "struck" is derived from the Hebrew root "נָכָה" (nakah), which means to smite or to inflict a blow. This action underscores the direct intervention of the LORD, Yahweh, in the affairs of Egypt. It is a demonstration of His power over creation and the false gods of Egypt, particularly the Nile, which was worshiped as a deity. The use of "struck" conveys the intensity and decisiveness of God's actions against Pharaoh's hardened heart, serving as a divine warning and a call to acknowledge His sovereignty.

the Nile
The Nile River was the lifeblood of Egypt, central to its agriculture, economy, and daily life. It was revered as a god, Hapi, and its annual flooding was crucial for sustaining the land. By striking the Nile, God directly challenged the Egyptian pantheon and demonstrated His supremacy over their gods. This act was not only a physical blow to Egypt's resources but also a spiritual confrontation, revealing the impotence of their deities and the futility of their reliance on them. Theologically, it serves as a reminder of God's ultimate authority over all creation and His ability to disrupt the natural order to fulfill His purposes.