Now Ahab had seventy sons in Samaria.
Ahab, a former king of Israel, was known for his idolatry and wickedness, heavily influenced by his wife Jezebel. The mention of "seventy sons" likely includes both direct sons and grandsons, indicating a large royal family. Samaria, the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, was a significant city both politically and religiously. The number seventy often symbolizes completeness or totality in the Bible, suggesting the full extent of Ahab's lineage and influence.

So Jehu wrote letters and sent them to Samaria
Jehu, anointed king of Israel, was tasked with eradicating the house of Ahab as part of God's judgment. Writing letters was a common means of communication for official and military matters in the ancient Near East. This action demonstrates Jehu's strategic approach to consolidating power and fulfilling his divine mandate. Samaria, as the center of Ahab's power, was a critical target for Jehu's campaign.

to the officials of Jezreel,
Jezreel was a significant city in the Northern Kingdom, associated with Ahab's dynasty. The officials here were likely those who managed the affairs of the royal family and the city. Jezreel was also the site of Naboth's vineyard, where Ahab and Jezebel committed grave injustice, further highlighting the city's connection to Ahab's sins.

to the elders,
Elders in ancient Israelite society were respected leaders and decision-makers within the community. Their inclusion in the letter indicates Jehu's intent to involve all levels of leadership in his plan. The elders' role was crucial in maintaining order and implementing decisions, making their support vital for Jehu's success.

and to the guardians of the sons of Ahab,
Guardians were responsible for the care and education of royal children, ensuring their safety and preparation for future roles. By addressing them, Jehu acknowledges their influence over Ahab's descendants. This move also underscores the thoroughness of Jehu's plan to eliminate any potential claimants to the throne from Ahab's line.

saying:
The content of Jehu's message would reveal his intentions and strategy. This introduction sets the stage for a decisive moment in Israel's history, where Jehu's actions would fulfill the prophecy against Ahab's house, as foretold by Elijah. Jehu's communication reflects the gravity and urgency of his mission to cleanse Israel from idolatry and restore faithfulness to God.

When this letter arrives
This phrase indicates the use of written communication, which was common in the ancient Near East for official and royal correspondence. Letters were often delivered by messengers and could carry significant authority. In the context of 2 Kings, Jehu's letter is a strategic move in his campaign to consolidate power and eliminate the house of Ahab, fulfilling the prophecy given to Elijah (1 Kings 21:21-24).

since your master’s sons are with you
The "master's sons" refers to the sons of Ahab, the former king of Israel. Jehu is addressing the leaders of Samaria, where Ahab's descendants were being raised. This phrase highlights the political tension, as these sons were potential claimants to the throne, posing a threat to Jehu's rule. The presence of these royal heirs in Samaria underscores the city's importance as a political and military center.

and you have chariots and horses
Chariots and horses were symbols of military strength and power in ancient Israel and its surrounding regions. They were crucial for warfare, providing speed and mobility. The mention of these assets suggests that the leaders of Samaria had the means to defend the city and support a rival king, making Jehu's challenge more formidable. This also reflects the broader biblical theme of reliance on military might versus trust in God (Psalm 20:7).

a fortified city
Samaria, the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, was a well-fortified city, strategically located on a hill, making it difficult to besiege. Its fortifications would have included walls, gates, and towers, providing a strong defense against attackers. The city's fortification is significant in the narrative, as it represents the last stronghold of Ahab's dynasty, which Jehu is determined to overthrow.

and weaponry
The mention of weaponry indicates the preparedness for conflict and the potential for resistance against Jehu's coup. Weapons in ancient Israel included swords, spears, bows, and shields. The presence of such armaments in Samaria suggests that the city was ready for battle, emphasizing the challenge Jehu faced in securing his rule. This also ties into the broader biblical narrative of God's sovereignty over human conflicts and the futility of opposing His will (Isaiah 54:17).

select the best and most worthy son of your master
In the context of ancient Israel, the selection of a king was often seen as a divine appointment. The phrase suggests a choice based on merit and worthiness, which reflects the biblical principle that leadership should be entrusted to those who are capable and righteous. This echoes the selection of David over his brothers (1 Samuel 16:7), where God emphasizes the importance of the heart over outward appearance. The term "master" refers to the previous king, Ahab, whose lineage was under threat due to Jehu's uprising. This reflects the dynastic struggles common in the ancient Near East, where royal succession was often contested.

set him on his father’s throne
The throne symbolizes authority and the continuation of a dynasty. In the biblical narrative, the throne of Israel is not just a seat of power but a representation of God's covenant with David (2 Samuel 7:16). The act of setting someone on the throne implies legitimacy and divine sanction. This phrase also highlights the political instability during the time of Jehu, as he sought to eliminate the house of Ahab and establish his own rule. The throne of Israel was located in Samaria, the capital of the Northern Kingdom, which was a significant city both politically and religiously.

and fight for your master’s house
This call to arms indicates the expectation of loyalty to the royal house, a common theme in monarchic societies where allegiance to the king was paramount. The "house" refers to the dynasty or family line, in this case, the house of Ahab. The historical context involves Jehu's rebellion against Ahab's descendants, fulfilling the prophecy given to Elijah (1 Kings 21:21-22). The concept of fighting for one's master is also seen in the loyalty of David's mighty men (2 Samuel 23:8-39), who defended his kingdom. This phrase underscores the conflict between Jehu and the remnants of Ahab's lineage, a struggle for power and divine justice.

But they were terrified and reasoned
The context of this passage is the aftermath of Jehu's anointing as king over Israel, tasked with eradicating the house of Ahab. The fear expressed here is a common reaction to divine judgment and the fulfillment of prophecy. Jehu's reputation for decisive and violent action, as seen in his previous encounters, instills fear. This fear is reminiscent of the fear of God seen throughout Scripture, where individuals recognize the power and authority of God's chosen instruments. The reasoning among the people reflects a moment of clarity and acknowledgment of their precarious situation, similar to the fear and reasoning seen in the hearts of the Egyptians during the plagues (Exodus 9:20).

“If two kings could not stand against him
This phrase refers to the recent deaths of King Joram of Israel and King Ahaziah of Judah, both of whom were unable to withstand Jehu's assault. This highlights Jehu's effectiveness and the divine mandate behind his actions. The inability of these two kings to stand against Jehu underscores the fulfillment of Elijah's prophecy against the house of Ahab (1 Kings 21:21-24). It also serves as a reminder of the futility of opposing God's will, as seen in other biblical narratives such as Pharaoh's resistance to Moses (Exodus 7-12).

how can we?”
The rhetorical question posed here reflects a sense of inevitability and submission to the unfolding events. It acknowledges the power and authority of Jehu, who acts as an instrument of God's judgment. This sentiment is echoed in other biblical accounts where individuals recognize their inability to resist God's chosen leaders, such as the Israelites' submission to Joshua (Joshua 2:9-11). The phrase also points to the broader theme of divine sovereignty, where human efforts are ultimately subordinate to God's plans, as seen in Proverbs 19:21.

So the palace administrator, the overseer of the city, the elders, and the guardians sent a message to Jehu:
This phrase highlights the various leadership roles within the city of Samaria, the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel. The palace administrator and overseer of the city were likely high-ranking officials responsible for the management of the king's affairs and the city's governance. The elders were respected leaders within the community, often involved in decision-making and maintaining order. The guardians could refer to those responsible for the security of the city or the royal family. This collective response indicates a unified decision from the city's leadership, reflecting the gravity of the situation as Jehu, anointed by a prophet to be king, was executing God's judgment on the house of Ahab (2 Kings 9:6-10). Their message to Jehu signifies a shift in allegiance, acknowledging his authority and the fulfillment of divine prophecy.

“We are your servants, and we will do whatever you say.
This declaration of servitude and obedience to Jehu underscores the leaders' recognition of his divinely appointed kingship. In the ancient Near Eastern context, such a statement was a formal submission to a new ruler, often necessary to ensure peace and avoid conflict. This aligns with the biblical theme of submission to God's chosen leaders, as seen in other instances where individuals or groups acknowledge God's anointed, such as David's acceptance by the tribes of Israel (2 Samuel 5:1-3). The leaders' willingness to follow Jehu's commands reflects their understanding of the political and spiritual shift occurring in Israel.

We will not make anyone king.
This phrase indicates the leaders' decision not to support any of Ahab's remaining descendants or other potential claimants to the throne. It reflects their recognition of Jehu's legitimacy as king, as well as their desire to avoid further bloodshed or conflict. This decision aligns with the prophetic word given to Jehu, as God had decreed the end of Ahab's dynasty (1 Kings 21:21-22). By refusing to make anyone else king, the leaders are aligning themselves with God's judgment and the new order established through Jehu.

Do whatever is good in your sight.”
The leaders' statement of trust in Jehu's judgment suggests their hope for stability and righteous governance under his rule. This phrase echoes the biblical principle of leaders doing what is right in the eyes of the Lord, a recurring theme in the books of Kings. Jehu's initial actions, though violent, were seen as fulfilling God's command to eradicate the idolatry and corruption associated with Ahab's house. The leaders' submission to Jehu's authority reflects their desire for a return to covenant faithfulness and the restoration of proper worship in Israel.

Then Jehu wrote them a second letter and said:
Jehu, anointed king of Israel, is executing God's judgment on the house of Ahab. His correspondence with the leaders of Samaria shows his strategic approach to consolidating power. Writing a second letter indicates persistence and determination in his mission. This reflects the seriousness of his intent to fulfill the prophecy given by Elijah (1 Kings 21:21-22).

“If you are on my side, and if you will obey me,
Jehu demands loyalty from the leaders of Samaria. This phrase underscores the political tension and the necessity for allegiance in the ancient Near Eastern context. Loyalty was crucial for maintaining power and ensuring the stability of a new regime. This call for obedience echoes the biblical theme of choosing whom to serve, reminiscent of Joshua's challenge to Israel (Joshua 24:15).

then bring the heads of your master’s sons to me at Jezreel by this time tomorrow.”
Jehu's command is brutal, reflecting the harsh realities of ancient Near Eastern politics and warfare. The demand for the heads of Ahab's descendants is a literal fulfillment of the prophecy against Ahab's house (1 Kings 21:29). Jezreel, a significant location in Israel's history, was where Jehu was anointed king and where Jezebel met her end. This act of violence is a stark reminder of the consequences of idolatry and rebellion against God.

Now the sons of the king, seventy in all,
The large number of Ahab's sons indicates the extensive reach and influence of Ahab's dynasty. This detail highlights the magnitude of Jehu's task in eradicating Ahab's lineage. The number seventy often symbolizes completeness in the Bible, suggesting the totality of Jehu's purge.

were being brought up by the leading men of the city.
The sons were under the care of the city's leaders, indicating a system of guardianship and political alliances. This arrangement reflects the practice of entrusting royal offspring to influential families, ensuring their education and protection. The involvement of the city's leaders in this narrative underscores the widespread complicity and the political maneuvering necessary for Jehu's success.

And when the letter arrived
This phrase refers to the letter sent by Jehu, who had been anointed king of Israel and tasked with eradicating the house of Ahab. The letter was sent to the rulers of Samaria, the elders, and those who reared Ahab's sons. This action demonstrates the use of written communication in ancient Israel to convey royal commands and the authority Jehu wielded even before fully consolidating his power.

they took the sons of the king
The "sons of the king" refers to the seventy sons of Ahab, the former king of Israel. These sons were likely not all direct offspring but included grandsons and other male relatives. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the elimination of a king's male descendants was a common practice to prevent any future claims to the throne and to ensure the stability of the new regime.

and slaughtered all seventy of them
The slaughter of Ahab's sons was a fulfillment of the prophecy given by Elijah concerning the complete destruction of Ahab's house (1 Kings 21:21-22). This act was brutal but seen as necessary to fulfill divine judgment against Ahab's idolatry and wickedness. It reflects the harsh realities of ancient Near Eastern politics and the seriousness with which prophetic words were taken.

They put their heads in baskets
This gruesome act was a demonstration of the complete and irreversible nature of Jehu's purge. In ancient warfare and political struggles, displaying the heads of enemies or rivals was a common practice to instill fear and demonstrate victory. It served as a visual confirmation of the fulfillment of Jehu's orders and the eradication of Ahab's lineage.

and sent them to Jehu at Jezreel
Jezreel was a significant location in the narrative of Jehu's rise to power. It was here that Jehu had already executed Jezebel, Ahab's wife, and where he continued to consolidate his rule. The sending of the heads to Jezreel symbolized the transfer of power and the completion of Jehu's divinely appointed mission. Jezreel, being a central location, also served as a strategic point for Jehu to display his authority over Israel.

When the messenger arrived
In the ancient Near East, messengers played a crucial role in communication, especially in times of war or political upheaval. The arrival of a messenger often signified important news. In this context, the messenger brings news to Jehu, who is in the midst of consolidating his power after being anointed king of Israel. This reflects the urgency and gravity of the situation as Jehu seeks to eliminate the house of Ahab.

he told Jehu, “They have brought the heads of the sons of the king.”
This gruesome act was part of Jehu's campaign to eradicate the lineage of Ahab, fulfilling the prophecy given by Elijah (1 Kings 21:21-22). The "sons of the king" refers to the seventy sons of Ahab, who were potential threats to Jehu's rule. The act of beheading and presenting the heads was a common practice in ancient warfare to demonstrate victory and instill fear. It also served as a public declaration of the end of Ahab's dynasty, aligning with God's judgment against Ahab's house.

And Jehu ordered, “Pile them in two heaps at the entrance of the gate until morning.”
The entrance of the gate was a significant location in ancient cities, often serving as a place for legal matters, public announcements, and gatherings. By ordering the heads to be piled at the gate, Jehu was making a public statement of his authority and the fulfillment of divine judgment. This act would have been a powerful visual reminder to the people of the consequences of idolatry and rebellion against God. It also served to legitimize Jehu's rule by showing that he was carrying out God's will, as prophesied by Elijah. The display until morning ensured that the message was seen by all, reinforcing Jehu's position as the new king and the end of Ahab's lineage.

The next morning
This phrase indicates a new day following the events of the previous chapter, where Jehu executed the sons of Ahab. The morning often symbolizes new beginnings or revelations in biblical narratives. In this context, it marks a pivotal moment in Jehu's consolidation of power.

Jehu went out and stood before all the people
Jehu's public appearance signifies his role as a leader and judge. Standing before the people suggests transparency and accountability, crucial for gaining public support. This act is reminiscent of other leaders in Israel who addressed the people to assert authority or deliver important messages, such as Moses and Joshua.

and said, “You are innocent.
Jehu's declaration of innocence to the people serves to absolve them of any guilt associated with the recent killings. This statement is strategic, as it distances the populace from the bloodshed and aligns them with Jehu's cause. It reflects a common practice in ancient Near Eastern cultures where leaders would publicly exonerate their subjects to maintain order and loyalty.

It was I who conspired against my master and killed him.
Jehu openly admits to conspiring against and killing King Joram, Ahab's son. This confession is significant as it highlights Jehu's role as an instrument of divine judgment against the house of Ahab, fulfilling the prophecy given to Elijah (1 Kings 21:21-24). Jehu's actions are portrayed as divinely sanctioned, aligning with the biblical theme of God using individuals to execute His judgment.

But who killed all these?
Jehu's rhetorical question shifts the focus from his actions to the broader context of the massacre of Ahab's descendants. This question implies that the deaths were part of a larger divine plan, not solely his doing. It suggests that the judgment against Ahab's house was inevitable and orchestrated by God, reinforcing the theme of divine sovereignty. This moment also serves to further distance Jehu from the bloodshed, positioning him as a tool of divine justice rather than a mere usurper.

Know, then, that not a word the LORD has spoken against the house of Ahab will fail
This phrase emphasizes the certainty and reliability of God's word. In the context of 2 Kings 10, Jehu is executing judgment on the house of Ahab, fulfilling the prophecy given by Elijah. The house of Ahab, known for its idolatry and wickedness, particularly under the influence of Queen Jezebel, was prophesied to face destruction (1 Kings 21:21-24). This assurance of God's word not failing is echoed throughout Scripture, such as in Isaiah 55:11, where God's word is described as accomplishing what He desires.

for the LORD has done what He promised
This highlights the fulfillment of divine prophecy. The LORD's promises, especially those concerning judgment and justice, are depicted as inevitable and certain. The historical context here is crucial; the northern kingdom of Israel had turned away from God, and the house of Ahab was a significant part of this apostasy. God's promises, whether of blessing or judgment, are always fulfilled, as seen in other biblical narratives like the deliverance of Israel from Egypt (Exodus 12:25) and the coming of the Messiah (Isaiah 9:6-7).

through His servant Elijah
Elijah, a major prophet in Israel, was instrumental in delivering God's messages during a time of rampant idolatry. His confrontation with Ahab and Jezebel, particularly on Mount Carmel (1 Kings 18), is a pivotal moment in Israel's history. Elijah's role as a prophet is significant, as he is a type of Christ, foreshadowing the ultimate prophet and savior. Elijah's prophecies, including the judgment on Ahab's house, demonstrate the power and authority of God's word delivered through His chosen servants. Elijah's ministry is a testament to God's faithfulness in sending prophets to guide and warn His people.

So Jehu killed everyone in Jezreel who remained of the house of Ahab
Jehu's actions were a fulfillment of the prophecy given by Elijah in 1 Kings 21:21-24, where God declared that the house of Ahab would be completely destroyed due to their idolatry and wickedness. Jezreel was a significant location, being the site of Naboth's vineyard, which Ahab and Jezebel unjustly seized, leading to their downfall. This act of judgment by Jehu was seen as divine retribution for the sins of Ahab's house.

as well as all his great men and close friends and priests
Jehu's purge extended beyond Ahab's immediate family to include his political and religious supporters. This reflects the comprehensive nature of Jehu's mission to eradicate Baal worship and the influence of Ahab's dynasty. The priests mentioned here were likely those who served Baal, as Ahab and Jezebel had promoted Baal worship in Israel, leading the nation into idolatry (1 Kings 16:31-33).

leaving him without a single survivor
This phrase underscores the totality of Jehu's actions, ensuring that no one from Ahab's lineage or his supporters could rise to power again. It highlights the severity of God's judgment against those who lead His people astray. This complete destruction is reminiscent of other biblical instances where God commanded the total annihilation of sinful nations or peoples, such as the Amalekites (1 Samuel 15:3). It also serves as a type of final judgment, where sin and rebellion against God are utterly eradicated.

Then Jehu set out toward Samaria.
Jehu, having been anointed king of Israel, is on a mission to eradicate the house of Ahab and the worship of Baal, as instructed by the prophet Elisha. Samaria, the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, is significant as the political and religious center that Jehu aims to purify. This journey symbolizes a transition from the old regime to a new order, reflecting God's judgment and fulfillment of prophecy (1 Kings 19:16-17). Jehu's actions are part of a divine mandate to cleanse Israel from idolatry, aligning with the broader biblical theme of God's sovereignty and justice.

At Beth-eked of the Shepherds,
Beth-eked, meaning "house of binding" or "house of gathering," is a location whose exact site is uncertain, but it is thought to be a place where shepherds gathered their flocks. This setting may symbolize the gathering of people for judgment, as Jehu's mission involves executing justice on the house of Ahab. The mention of shepherds can evoke imagery of leadership and guidance, contrasting the corrupt leadership of Ahab's lineage with the righteous leadership God desires. This location serves as a backdrop for Jehu's continued campaign, emphasizing the theme of divine retribution and the restoration of proper worship in Israel.

Jehu met some relatives of Ahaziah king of Judah
Jehu, the newly anointed king of Israel, was on a mission to eradicate the house of Ahab as commanded by God through the prophet Elisha. Ahaziah, king of Judah, was related to the house of Ahab through his mother, Athaliah, who was Ahab's daughter. This connection made Ahaziah's relatives potential targets in Jehu's purge. The meeting likely took place in the northern kingdom of Israel, as Jehu was traveling from Jezreel to Samaria. This encounter highlights the interconnectedness of the royal families of Israel and Judah during this period.

and asked, “Who are you?”
Jehu's question was likely a strategic inquiry to identify whether these individuals were allies or enemies. In the context of his mission, it was crucial for Jehu to discern the loyalties of those he encountered. This question also reflects the tension and uncertainty of the time, as Jehu was consolidating his power and eliminating threats to his rule.

“We are relatives of Ahaziah,” they answered,
The response indicates their familial connection to the king of Judah, which would have been significant in the context of the political alliances and enmities of the time. Their identification as relatives of Ahaziah placed them in a precarious position, given Jehu's mandate to destroy the house of Ahab. This statement also underscores the broader theme of kinship and its implications in the biblical narrative, where family ties often influenced political and spiritual outcomes.

“and we have come down to greet the sons of the king and of the queen mother.”
Their intention to greet the sons of the king and the queen mother suggests a visit of political or familial significance, possibly to maintain alliances or show loyalty. The "sons of the king" likely refers to the sons of Joram, king of Israel, who was recently killed by Jehu. The "queen mother" would be Jezebel, who wielded significant influence in the kingdom. This phrase highlights the practice of royal visits and the importance of maintaining relationships within the ruling class. It also foreshadows the impending judgment on the house of Ahab, as Jehu's mission was to eliminate all potential heirs and supporters of Ahab's dynasty.

Then Jehu ordered, “Take them alive.”
Jehu, anointed as king of Israel, was tasked with eradicating the house of Ahab as part of God's judgment. His command to take the men alive reflects a strategic approach, ensuring that none would escape or resist. This action aligns with Jehu's mission to fulfill the prophecy given to Elijah regarding the destruction of Ahab's lineage (1 Kings 21:21-22).

So his men took them alive,
Jehu's men, loyal to his cause, efficiently captured the men without immediate execution. This demonstrates Jehu's authority and the obedience of his followers. The capture of these men alive allowed Jehu to ensure their identity and connection to Ahab's house, fulfilling his divine mandate.

then slaughtered them at the well of Beth-eked—forty-two men.
The well of Beth-eked, a specific location, signifies a place of judgment and execution. The number forty-two may symbolize completeness in judgment, as numbers often hold significance in biblical texts. This act of slaughter was a direct fulfillment of divine judgment against the house of Ahab, as prophesied in 1 Kings 21:19-24. The well, a place of life-giving water, becomes a site of death, highlighting the severity of God's judgment.

He spared none of them.
Jehu's complete execution of the forty-two men underscores the totality of God's judgment and the seriousness of sin. This phrase emphasizes the thoroughness of Jehu's mission and the fulfillment of God's word. It reflects the biblical theme of divine justice and the consequences of idolatry and rebellion against God, as seen throughout the history of Israel.

When he left there, he found Jehonadab son of Rechab, who was coming to meet him.
Jehonadab, also known as Jonadab, was a leader of the Rechabites, a nomadic group known for their strict adherence to a lifestyle of abstinence from wine and a commitment to living in tents, as instructed by their ancestor Rechab (Jeremiah 35:6-10). This encounter occurs during Jehu's campaign to eradicate the house of Ahab and the worship of Baal in Israel. Jehonadab's presence signifies a meeting of like-minded individuals, as both he and Jehu were zealous for the Lord's commands. The Rechabites' lifestyle and Jehonadab's reputation for piety would have made him a valuable ally for Jehu in his mission.

Jehu greeted him and asked, “Is your heart as true to mine as my heart is to yours?”
Jehu's question to Jehonadab is a test of loyalty and shared purpose. In the context of Jehu's mission, this question underscores the importance of unity in the pursuit of religious and political reform. Jehu's heart was set on fulfilling the prophecy given to him by Elisha, the prophet, to destroy the house of Ahab (2 Kings 9:6-10). The phrase reflects the biblical theme of covenantal loyalty, reminiscent of the bond between David and Jonathan (1 Samuel 18:1-3).

“It is!” Jehonadab replied.
Jehonadab's affirmative response indicates his agreement with Jehu's mission and his willingness to support Jehu's efforts. This alliance is significant as it brings together two influential figures who are committed to the eradication of idolatry in Israel. Jehonadab's support would lend credibility to Jehu's cause, as the Rechabites were respected for their faithfulness to God.

“If it is,” said Jehu, “give me your hand.”
The gesture of giving one's hand is symbolic of agreement and partnership. In ancient Near Eastern culture, such a gesture would seal a pact or covenant, signifying trust and mutual commitment. This act of joining hands is a physical manifestation of the spiritual and political alliance between Jehu and Jehonadab.

So he gave him his hand, and Jehu helped him into his chariot,
By helping Jehonadab into his chariot, Jehu is not only accepting Jehonadab's support but also elevating him to a position of honor and partnership in his mission. Riding together in the chariot symbolizes their united front and shared purpose. This act can be seen as a type of Christ, where believers are invited to join in Christ's mission and are elevated to a position of co-heirs with Him (Romans 8:17). The chariot, a symbol of power and authority, underscores the seriousness and divine backing of Jehu's campaign against idolatry.

saying, “Come with me and see my zeal for the LORD!”
This phrase is spoken by Jehu, who was anointed king of Israel by a prophet sent by Elisha. Jehu's zeal is directed towards eradicating the house of Ahab and the worship of Baal, fulfilling the prophecy given to Elijah (1 Kings 19:16-17). His actions are seen as a divine mandate to cleanse Israel from idolatry. The term "zeal for the LORD" echoes the fervor of Phinehas in Numbers 25:11, who acted decisively against idolatry. Jehu's zeal, however, is complex; while he fulfills God's command, his methods and motivations are later critiqued (Hosea 1:4).

So he had him ride in his chariot.
Jehu invites Jehonadab, the son of Rechab, to join him in his chariot. This act signifies a public endorsement and partnership. Jehonadab was a leader of the Rechabites, a group known for their strict adherence to Yahweh and rejection of Canaanite practices (Jeremiah 35). By having Jehonadab ride with him, Jehu aligns himself with a respected figure of religious integrity, bolstering his own legitimacy and mission. The chariot, a symbol of power and authority, underscores the seriousness of Jehu's campaign against idolatry. This moment also foreshadows the New Testament call to witness and participate in the mission of God, as seen in the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20).

When Jehu came to Samaria
Jehu's arrival in Samaria marks a significant moment in his campaign to eradicate the house of Ahab. Samaria was the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, established by King Omri, Ahab's father. This city was a center of political and religious power, often associated with the worship of Baal, which Jehu was determined to eliminate. Jehu's journey to Samaria signifies his commitment to fulfilling his divine mandate.

he struck down everyone belonging to Ahab who remained there
Jehu's actions were a continuation of his mission to obliterate Ahab's lineage, as prophesied by Elijah. This act of judgment was not only a political move but also a religious one, aimed at purging Israel of idolatry and returning the nation to the worship of Yahweh. The complete destruction of Ahab's descendants was necessary to prevent any resurgence of Baal worship and to fulfill the divine judgment pronounced against Ahab's house.

until he had destroyed them
The thoroughness of Jehu's actions underscores the seriousness of God's judgment against Ahab's family. This destruction was not merely punitive but served as a warning to Israel about the consequences of idolatry and disobedience to God. It reflects the biblical principle that God's justice is comprehensive and that sin has severe repercussions.

according to the word that the LORD had spoken to Elijah
This phrase highlights the fulfillment of prophecy, emphasizing the reliability and sovereignty of God's word. Elijah, a major prophet in Israel, had previously declared God's judgment against Ahab and his descendants (1 Kings 21:21-24). Jehu's actions serve as a direct fulfillment of this prophecy, demonstrating that God's promises and warnings are certain. This also points to the broader biblical theme of God's faithfulness in executing His plans and purposes, often using human agents to accomplish His divine will.

Then Jehu brought all the people together
Jehu, the newly anointed king of Israel, gathers the people, demonstrating his authority and leadership. This act of assembly is significant in ancient Israelite culture, where leaders often addressed the nation publicly to communicate important messages or decrees. The gathering likely took place in Samaria, the capital of the Northern Kingdom, which was a central location for political and religious activities. This assembly sets the stage for Jehu's strategic plan to eliminate Baal worship from Israel, a continuation of his divinely appointed mission to eradicate the house of Ahab and cleanse the nation from idolatry.

and said, “Ahab served Baal a little,
Jehu references Ahab, the former king notorious for his promotion of Baal worship, largely influenced by his wife Jezebel. Ahab's reign marked a significant departure from the worship of Yahweh, as he established Baal as a central figure in Israel's religious life. The phrase "served Baal a little" is an ironic understatement, as Ahab's actions led to widespread idolatry and apostasy. This comparison sets the stage for Jehu's cunning plan, as he contrasts his own intentions with those of Ahab, suggesting a greater commitment to Baal worship to deceive the followers of Baal.

but Jehu will serve him a lot.”
Jehu's statement is a strategic deception. By claiming he will serve Baal more than Ahab, Jehu aims to gather all the prophets, priests, and worshippers of Baal in one place. This ruse is part of his plan to completely eradicate Baal worship from Israel, fulfilling the prophecy given to Elijah (1 Kings 19:17) and aligning with the commands in Deuteronomy 13:6-11 to purge idolatry from the land. Jehu's actions can be seen as a type of Christ in the sense that he acts as an agent of divine judgment, though his methods are violent and politically motivated. This phrase highlights the tension between Jehu's outward proclamation and his true intentions, reflecting the complex interplay of politics and religion in ancient Israel.

Now, therefore, summon to me all the prophets of Baal, all his servants, and all his priests.
Jehu's command to gather all the prophets, servants, and priests of Baal reflects the widespread influence of Baal worship in Israel during this period. Baal was a Canaanite deity associated with fertility and storms, and his worship often involved rituals that were abhorrent to the God of Israel. The presence of prophets, servants, and priests indicates an organized religious system that had infiltrated Israelite society, contrary to the covenantal laws given to the Israelites. This gathering is reminiscent of Elijah's confrontation with the prophets of Baal on Mount Carmel (1 Kings 18), where the power of the true God was demonstrated over false gods.

See that no one is missing, for I have a great sacrifice for Baal.
Jehu's insistence that no one be missing underscores the comprehensive nature of his plan. The mention of a "great sacrifice" would have been enticing to Baal's followers, as sacrifices were central to their worship practices. This phrase also foreshadows the impending judgment, as the "sacrifice" is not what it seems. The use of sacrificial language is ironic, as it is not Baal who will receive a sacrifice, but rather his followers who will face destruction. This reflects the biblical theme of divine justice and the futility of idolatry.

Whoever is missing will not live.”
This threat serves to ensure full attendance, highlighting Jehu's determination to eradicate Baal worship completely. It also reflects the seriousness with which religious apostasy was treated in ancient Israel. The death penalty for missing the gathering underscores the severity of idolatry and the lengths to which Jehu was willing to go to purify the nation. This echoes the Deuteronomic law, which prescribed severe consequences for leading Israel into idolatry (Deuteronomy 13:6-11).

But Jehu was acting deceptively in order to destroy the servants of Baal.
Jehu's deception is a strategic move to fulfill his mission of purging Baal worship from Israel. While deception is generally condemned in Scripture, Jehu's actions are portrayed as part of his divine mandate to eliminate idolatry, as he was anointed by God to destroy the house of Ahab and cleanse Israel (2 Kings 9:6-10). This act of deception can be compared to other instances in the Bible where God uses unconventional means to achieve His purposes, such as the story of Rahab in Joshua 2. Jehu's actions ultimately lead to the fulfillment of God's judgment against Baal worship, aligning with the prophetic word and demonstrating God's sovereignty over false religions.

And Jehu commanded
Jehu, the tenth king of the northern kingdom of Israel, was anointed by a prophet sent by Elisha to execute judgment on the house of Ahab. His command here reflects his authority and determination to eradicate Baal worship from Israel, fulfilling the prophecy given to Elijah (1 Kings 19:16-17). Jehu's actions are part of a broader divine judgment against idolatry and apostasy in Israel.

Proclaim a solemn assembly for Baal.
A solemn assembly was typically a sacred gathering, often associated with religious festivals or significant events (Leviticus 23:36). However, Jehu's proclamation was a strategic deception to gather all the worshipers of Baal in one place. Baal was a Canaanite deity whose worship had been introduced into Israel by Jezebel, Ahab's wife. This false god's worship involved rituals that were abominable to the God of Israel, including idolatry and immorality. Jehu's proclamation was a cunning plan to eliminate Baal worshipers, aligning with God's command to destroy idolatry (Deuteronomy 13:12-18).

So they announced it.
The announcement indicates the compliance of the people or officials with Jehu's command, showing his influence and authority. This also reflects the widespread acceptance of Baal worship at the time, as the people were willing to gather for what they believed was a legitimate religious assembly. The announcement set the stage for Jehu's subsequent actions, which would lead to the destruction of Baal worshipers and the temple of Baal, as recorded later in the chapter (2 Kings 10:25-28). This event underscores the theme of divine justice and the fulfillment of God's word against idolatry.

Then Jehu sent word throughout Israel
Jehu, the newly anointed king of Israel, was executing a plan to eradicate Baal worship from the land. His actions were in fulfillment of the prophecy given to Elijah (1 Kings 19:16-17) and continued the work of reform started by Elijah and Elisha. Jehu's message was a strategic move to gather all the worshipers of Baal, demonstrating his cunning and determination to purify Israel from idolatry.

and all the servants of Baal came
The servants of Baal were those who actively participated in the worship and rituals dedicated to the Canaanite god Baal. This highlights the widespread influence of Baal worship in Israel, which had been introduced by Jezebel, the wife of King Ahab. The gathering of all these servants indicates the depth of idolatry that had permeated the nation, contrasting with the monotheistic worship of Yahweh.

there was not a man who failed to show
This phrase underscores the complete attendance of Baal's followers, suggesting either their devotion or fear of missing an important religious event. It also reflects Jehu's effective communication and authority, as he managed to gather every single worshiper, setting the stage for his decisive action against idolatry.

They entered the temple of Baal
The temple of Baal was a significant structure in Samaria, the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel. Its presence indicates the institutionalization of Baal worship, which had been supported by previous kings. The temple served as a central place for idol worship, and its desecration by Jehu was a symbolic act of reclaiming Israel for Yahweh.

and it was filled from end to end
The complete filling of the temple signifies the large number of Baal worshipers in Israel, highlighting the challenge Jehu faced in turning the nation back to God. This scene sets the stage for Jehu's subsequent actions, which would lead to the destruction of Baal worship in Israel. The phrase also foreshadows the totality of Jehu's purge, as he aimed to cleanse the land entirely of idolatry.

And Jehu said to the keeper of the wardrobe
Jehu, the newly anointed king of Israel, is executing a plan to eradicate Baal worship from Israel. The "keeper of the wardrobe" likely refers to an official responsible for maintaining ceremonial garments, possibly within a temple context. This role indicates the organized nature of Baal worship, which had its own priestly class and rituals. Jehu's command to this official shows his authority and strategic approach in dealing with the idolatrous practices.

Bring out garments for all the servants of Baal
The garments were likely ceremonial robes worn by the priests and worshippers of Baal during religious rituals. By asking for these garments, Jehu is setting a trap, as these garments would identify the worshippers of Baal, making it easier to distinguish them from the followers of Yahweh. This act is part of Jehu's broader campaign to fulfill the prophecy given to Elijah about the destruction of Ahab's house and the eradication of Baal worship (1 Kings 19:16-17).

So he brought out garments for them
The keeper complies with Jehu's request, indicating either his ignorance of Jehu's intentions or his submission to the king's authority. This action sets the stage for Jehu's subsequent massacre of the Baal worshippers, as described later in the chapter. The event underscores the theme of divine judgment against idolatry, a recurring theme in the Old Testament. It also highlights the fulfillment of God's word through His prophets, as Jehu's actions align with the divine mandate to cleanse Israel of idolatry.

Next, Jehu and Jehonadab son of Rechab entered the temple of Baal
Jehu, the king of Israel, is known for his zealous actions against the house of Ahab and the worship of Baal. Jehonadab, son of Rechab, is a significant figure representing a group known for their strict adherence to Yahweh. Their entrance into the temple of Baal signifies a strategic move to eradicate Baal worship from Israel. The temple of Baal was a center for idolatrous worship, and its presence in Israel was a direct violation of the first commandment. This act is part of Jehu's broader campaign to purify Israel from idolatry, aligning with the prophetic mission given to him by Elisha.

and Jehu said to the servants of Baal
The servants of Baal were priests and worshippers dedicated to the Canaanite god Baal, whose worship included rituals that were abominable to the God of Israel. Jehu's address to them is a cunning tactic to ensure the complete destruction of Baal worship. This moment reflects the ongoing conflict between the worship of Yahweh and the pagan practices that had infiltrated Israel, a theme prevalent throughout the Old Testament.

“Look around to see that there are no servants of the LORD here among you—only servants of Baal.”
Jehu's command to ensure that no servants of the LORD are present is a calculated move to isolate the worshippers of Baal. This separation underscores the biblical principle of holiness, where God's people are called to be distinct from idolatrous practices. The phrase highlights the exclusivity of worship that God demands, as seen in passages like Exodus 20:3, "You shall have no other gods before Me." This act of purging Baal worship can be seen as a type of Christ's cleansing of the temple in the New Testament, where Jesus drives out those who defile the holy place, emphasizing purity in worship.

And they went in to offer sacrifices and burnt offerings.
This phrase refers to the worship practices of the time, specifically those associated with the worship of Baal. The context is Jehu's purge of Baal worship from Israel, a significant event in the religious history of the nation. Sacrifices and burnt offerings were central to both Yahwistic and pagan worship, but here they are part of a deceptive plan by Jehu to eliminate Baal worshipers. This reflects the ongoing struggle between the worship of Yahweh and the infiltration of Canaanite religious practices. The act of offering sacrifices was meant to appease or honor a deity, and in the context of Israel, it was supposed to be directed to Yahweh alone, as seen in the laws given in Leviticus.

Now Jehu had stationed eighty men outside
Jehu's strategic placement of eighty men highlights his military acumen and determination to eradicate Baal worship. The number eighty may symbolize completeness or a significant force, ensuring that none of the Baal worshipers could escape. This action is part of Jehu's broader campaign to consolidate his power and purify the religious practices of Israel, aligning with the prophetic mandate given to him by Elisha (2 Kings 9:6-10). The use of stationed men also reflects the militaristic approach often necessary in the turbulent times of the divided kingdom.

and warned them, “If anyone allows one of the men I am delivering into your hands to escape,
Jehu's warning underscores the seriousness of his mission and the absolute nature of his command. The phrase "delivering into your hands" suggests divine sanction, as Jehu was anointed by a prophet to execute judgment on the house of Ahab and the worshipers of Baal. This reflects the biblical theme of divine justice and the use of human agents to fulfill God's purposes. The warning also indicates the high stakes involved, as allowing an escape would undermine Jehu's authority and the religious reform he was enacting.

he will forfeit his life for theirs.”
This phrase illustrates the principle of life for life, a form of justice seen in the law of retribution (lex talionis) found in the Mosaic Law (Exodus 21:23-25). It emphasizes the gravity of the task and the accountability expected of those carrying out Jehu's orders. The severe consequence reflects the importance of eradicating idolatry from Israel, a recurring theme in the Old Testament where the purity of worship is paramount. This also foreshadows the ultimate justice and accountability before God, a theme that runs throughout Scripture and is fulfilled in the New Testament through the person and work of Jesus Christ, who offers redemption and justice.

When he had finished making the burnt offering
Jehu's actions here are significant in the context of Israel's history. The burnt offering, typically a sacrifice to the LORD, is used by Jehu in a deceptive manner to gather the worshipers of Baal. This reflects the syncretism and idolatry prevalent in Israel at the time, as the people had turned from worshiping Yahweh to Baal. Jehu's offering is not a genuine act of worship but a strategic move to fulfill his mission of eradicating Baal worship from Israel, as prophesied by Elijah (1 Kings 19:17).

Jehu said to the guards and officers,
Jehu, anointed king of Israel, is acting on his divine mandate to destroy the house of Ahab and eliminate Baal worship. The guards and officers are likely his loyal supporters, possibly from the military, who assist him in carrying out this purge. This reflects the political and military power dynamics in the Northern Kingdom, where Jehu's coup is both a religious and political revolution.

“Go in and kill them. Do not let anyone out.”
This command underscores the severity and totality of Jehu's mission. The phrase reflects the biblical principle of herem, or the devotion of something to destruction for the LORD, seen in earlier biblical narratives such as the conquest of Canaan (Deuteronomy 7:2). Jehu's actions are a fulfillment of divine judgment against idolatry, aligning with the covenantal curses outlined in Deuteronomy for turning away from God.

So the guards and officers put them to the sword,
The execution of the Baal worshipers is a decisive act of judgment. The sword is often a symbol of divine judgment in the Bible (Ezekiel 21:3-5). This act is a physical manifestation of God's judgment against idolatry and a fulfillment of the prophetic word given to Elijah and Elisha regarding the house of Ahab and the eradication of Baal worship.

threw the bodies out,
The disposal of the bodies signifies the complete rejection and desecration of Baal worship. In ancient Near Eastern culture, proper burial was important, and the lack of it here indicates the utter disgrace and divine judgment upon those who turned from Yahweh to Baal. This act also serves to cleanse the land from the defilement of idolatry.

and went into the inner room of the temple of Baal.
The inner room, or sanctuary, of the temple of Baal is the most sacred space for Baal worshipers. Jehu's men entering this space signifies the complete overthrow and desecration of Baal's cultic center. This act is reminiscent of the cleansing of the temple in Jerusalem by later reformers like Hezekiah and Josiah (2 Kings 18:4, 23:4-6), who also sought to restore true worship. It foreshadows the ultimate cleansing and restoration brought by Jesus Christ, who cleansed the temple in Jerusalem (John 2:13-17), symbolizing the purification of worship and the establishment of a new covenant.

They brought out the sacred pillar
The sacred pillar, or "asherah," was a common object of worship in Canaanite religion, often associated with the goddess Asherah. These pillars were typically wooden and stood as symbols of fertility and prosperity. The act of bringing it out signifies a public denouncement and rejection of Baal worship, which was prevalent in Israel due to the influence of Jezebel and Ahab. This action aligns with the Deuteronomic command to destroy all forms of idolatry (Deuteronomy 12:3).

of the temple of Baal
The temple of Baal in Samaria was a significant center for Baal worship, which had been introduced and promoted by Jezebel, the Phoenician wife of King Ahab. Baal was considered a storm and fertility god, and his worship was often accompanied by immoral practices. The existence of such a temple in Israel highlights the extent of spiritual apostasy during this period. The destruction of this temple was a fulfillment of God's judgment against idolatry and a step towards restoring the worship of Yahweh.

and burned it.
Burning the sacred pillar was a symbolic act of purification and total destruction, ensuring that no remnant of the idol remained. Fire is often used in the Bible as a means of purifying and consuming that which is unholy (Leviticus 10:1-2, 1 Kings 18:38). This act can be seen as a precursor to the ultimate judgment and purification that Christ will bring, as He is described as a refiner's fire (Malachi 3:2-3). The burning also served as a public declaration of the rejection of Baal worship and a return to the covenant faithfulness required by God.

They also demolished the sacred pillar of Baal.
The sacred pillar of Baal was a significant symbol of the Canaanite deity Baal, often associated with fertility and weather. In ancient Israel, the worship of Baal was a recurring issue, leading the Israelites away from the worship of Yahweh. The destruction of this pillar by Jehu's forces was a decisive act to eradicate Baal worship from Israel, fulfilling the commandment against idolatry (Exodus 20:3-5). This act also aligns with the Deuteronomic reform principles, which emphasized the exclusive worship of Yahweh and the removal of pagan influences (Deuteronomy 12:3).

Then they tore down the temple of Baal
The temple of Baal in Samaria was a center for idol worship and a symbol of the spiritual apostasy that had taken hold in the Northern Kingdom. Jehu's destruction of the temple was a fulfillment of his divine commission to eliminate the house of Ahab and the associated Baal worship (2 Kings 9:6-10). This act can be seen as a parallel to the cleansing of the temple by Jesus, who drove out the money changers (John 2:13-16), symbolizing the removal of corruption and the restoration of true worship.

and made it into a latrine,
Turning the temple into a latrine was a deliberate act of desecration, ensuring that the site could never again be used for worship. This action symbolized the utter rejection and humiliation of Baal worship. It reflects the biblical theme of divine judgment against false gods and the futility of idolatry (Isaiah 44:9-20). The transformation of a sacred space into a place of waste underscores the complete and irreversible nature of Jehu's reforms.

which it is to this day.
The phrase "to this day" indicates that the author of 2 Kings was writing at a time when the effects of Jehu's actions were still evident. This serves as a historical marker, emphasizing the lasting impact of Jehu's purge of Baal worship. It also highlights the enduring nature of God's judgment against idolatry and the importance of faithfulness to Him. This phrase can be compared to the enduring nature of God's promises and covenants, as seen throughout Scripture (Genesis 17:7, Psalm 105:8-10).

Thus Jehu
Jehu was the tenth king of the northern kingdom of Israel, anointed by the prophet Elisha's servant as instructed by God (2 Kings 9:1-3). His reign marked a significant turning point in Israel's history, as he was chosen to execute divine judgment on the house of Ahab. Jehu's actions were in fulfillment of the prophecy given to Elijah (1 Kings 19:16-17). His zeal for the Lord's command is evident, though his methods were often ruthless.

eradicated Baal
Baal was a Canaanite deity associated with fertility and weather, whose worship had been introduced into Israel by Jezebel, the wife of King Ahab. The eradication of Baal worship was a direct response to the idolatry that had plagued Israel, leading them away from the worship of Yahweh. Jehu's actions included the destruction of Baal's temple and the killing of Baal's priests (2 Kings 10:18-27). This act was a fulfillment of the commandment against idolatry (Exodus 20:3-5) and a return to the covenant faithfulness expected of Israel.

from Israel
The northern kingdom of Israel had been steeped in idolatry, particularly under the influence of Ahab and Jezebel. Jehu's purge was a significant religious reform aimed at restoring the worship of Yahweh as the sole deity of Israel. However, despite Jehu's actions against Baal, he did not remove the golden calves at Bethel and Dan, which continued to lead Israel into sin (2 Kings 10:29). This highlights the incomplete nature of Jehu's reforms and serves as a reminder of the persistent struggle against idolatry in Israel's history.

but he did not turn away from the sins that Jeroboam son of Nebat had caused Israel to commit—
Jehu, despite his zeal in eradicating Baal worship, failed to remove the idolatry established by Jeroboam. Jeroboam, the first king of the northern kingdom of Israel, set up golden calves to prevent the Israelites from worshiping in Jerusalem (1 Kings 12:26-30). This act was a direct violation of the first two commandments (Exodus 20:3-4) and led Israel into sin. Jehu's failure to abolish this practice shows a partial obedience to God, highlighting the danger of incomplete reform.

the worship of the golden calves at Bethel and Dan.
Bethel and Dan were strategically chosen by Jeroboam as centers of worship to rival Jerusalem. Bethel, located near the southern border of the northern kingdom, and Dan, in the far north, made worship accessible to all Israelites, but it was a counterfeit worship. Archaeological findings at Dan have uncovered a high place that aligns with biblical descriptions, confirming the historical accuracy of these events. The golden calves symbolized a syncretism that mixed Yahweh worship with pagan practices, a recurring issue in Israel's history (Exodus 32:4-6). This idolatry foreshadowed the eventual downfall of the northern kingdom, as prophesied by Amos and Hosea, who condemned such practices (Amos 3:14, Hosea 8:5-6).

Nevertheless, the LORD said to Jehu
This phrase indicates a direct communication from God to Jehu, highlighting the importance of divine approval and guidance in the actions of Israel's leaders. Jehu was anointed by a prophet to become king (2 Kings 9:1-3), signifying God's direct involvement in his rise to power. This divine interaction underscores the biblical theme that God is sovereign over the affairs of nations and leaders.

Because you have done well in carrying out what is right in My sight
Jehu's actions were seen as fulfilling God's judgment against the house of Ahab, which had led Israel into idolatry and sin. This phrase emphasizes the biblical principle that obedience to God's commands is paramount. Jehu's zeal in eradicating Baal worship and executing Ahab's descendants (2 Kings 10:18-28) was considered righteous in the context of purging Israel of idolatry.

and have done to the house of Ahab all that was in My heart
This reflects God's judgment against Ahab's dynasty due to their idolatry and wickedness, as prophesied by Elijah (1 Kings 21:21-24). Jehu's actions were a fulfillment of divine prophecy, demonstrating the biblical theme of God's justice and the certainty of His prophetic word. The destruction of Ahab's house was a necessary step in restoring Israel's covenant relationship with God.

four generations of your sons will sit on the throne of Israel
This promise to Jehu is a reward for his obedience, ensuring a dynastic succession for his descendants. Historically, this was fulfilled as Jehu's lineage continued through Jehoahaz, Jehoash, Jeroboam II, and Zechariah (2 Kings 13-15). This promise also highlights the biblical theme of God's faithfulness to His word, as well as the conditional nature of blessings based on obedience. The continuation of Jehu's line contrasts with the abrupt end of Ahab's dynasty, illustrating the consequences of faithfulness versus disobedience.

Yet Jehu was not careful to follow the instruction of the LORD, the God of Israel, with all his heart.
Jehu, anointed by a prophet to be king over Israel, was tasked with eradicating the house of Ahab and the worship of Baal. While he executed these tasks with zeal, his commitment to the LORD was incomplete. The phrase "not careful to follow" indicates a lack of diligence and wholehearted devotion. In biblical terms, the heart represents the center of one's being, including mind, will, and emotions. Jehu's failure to follow "with all his heart" suggests a divided loyalty, reminiscent of the warning in Deuteronomy 6:5 to love the LORD with all one's heart, soul, and strength. This reflects a broader biblical theme where God desires complete devotion, as seen in the lives of David and other faithful leaders.

He did not turn away from the sins that Jeroboam had caused Israel to commit.
Jeroboam, the first king of the northern kingdom of Israel, established a system of idolatrous worship with golden calves at Bethel and Dan to prevent his people from going to Jerusalem. This act is repeatedly condemned in the biblical narrative as "the sins of Jeroboam." Jehu's failure to remove these idols shows a partial obedience to God. Despite his actions against Baal worship, he maintained the politically expedient but spiritually corrupt practices initiated by Jeroboam. This highlights a recurring issue in Israel's history: leaders who fail to fully eradicate idolatry. The persistence of these sins underscores the challenge of reform and the need for a leader who would fully restore true worship, pointing forward to the ultimate fulfillment in Jesus Christ, who perfectly obeyed the Father and called for worship in spirit and truth.

In those days
This phrase refers to the period during the reign of Jehu, king of Israel, who ruled from approximately 841 to 814 BC. Jehu was known for his zeal in eradicating the house of Ahab and the worship of Baal, as commanded by God. However, his failure to fully turn away from the sins of Jeroboam, such as the worship of golden calves, set the stage for divine judgment.

the LORD began to reduce the size of Israel.
This indicates a divine intervention where God allowed Israel's territory to be diminished as a consequence of their continued idolatry and disobedience. The reduction of Israel's size can be seen as a fulfillment of the covenant curses outlined in Deuteronomy 28, where disobedience would lead to loss of land and blessings. This serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and the importance of faithfulness to His commandments.

Hazael defeated the Israelites
Hazael was the king of Aram (Syria) and a significant adversary of Israel during this time. His rise to power was prophesied by Elisha in 2 Kings 8:12-13, where he was foretold to bring destruction upon Israel. Hazael's military campaigns against Israel were part of God's judgment, using foreign nations as instruments to discipline His people, similar to how He used the Assyrians and Babylonians later in history.

throughout their territory
The phrase indicates the widespread nature of Hazael's victories, affecting the entire northern kingdom of Israel. This territorial loss included significant regions such as Gilead and Bashan, which were east of the Jordan River. These areas were historically important for Israel, both strategically and economically, and their loss would have been a severe blow to the nation's stability and prosperity. This also foreshadows the eventual downfall and exile of the northern kingdom, which occurred in 722 BC under the Assyrian Empire.

from the Jordan eastward
This phrase indicates the geographical direction of the territory being described. The Jordan River served as a significant boundary in ancient Israel, separating the land of Canaan from the territories east of the river. The eastward direction signifies the Transjordan region, which was historically significant for the tribes of Israel that settled there. This area was often contested and had strategic importance due to its fertile land and trade routes.

through all the land of Gilead
Gilead was a mountainous region east of the Jordan River, known for its balm, a valuable resin used for medicinal purposes. It was a territory that held historical significance for the Israelites, as it was part of the land allocated to the tribes of Gad, Reuben, and the half-tribe of Manasseh. Gilead was often a site of conflict due to its location and resources, and it played a role in various biblical narratives, including the story of Jephthah in Judges.

(the region of Gad, Reuben, and Manasseh)
These tribes were among the twelve tribes of Israel and were granted land on the east side of the Jordan River. The tribes of Gad and Reuben, along with the half-tribe of Manasseh, requested this land from Moses because it was suitable for their large herds and flocks. This allocation is detailed in Numbers 32. Their settlement in this region fulfilled part of the promise given to the patriarchs regarding the land their descendants would inherit.

and from Aroer by the Arnon Valley
Aroer was a city located near the Arnon River, which served as a boundary between Moab and the Amorite kingdom. The Arnon Valley was a significant geographical marker in the region. Aroer’s mention highlights the extent of the territory being described, emphasizing the control over strategic locations. The Arnon River itself is mentioned in several biblical passages as a border, such as in Deuteronomy 3:12.

through Gilead to Bashan
Bashan was a fertile region north of Gilead, known for its rich pastures and strong cattle. It was ruled by King Og, one of the last of the Rephaim, whom the Israelites defeated as they took possession of the land (Deuteronomy 3:1-11). Bashan's mention here underscores the extent of the territory under discussion, highlighting its agricultural wealth and strategic importance. The region is often associated with strength and abundance in biblical literature.

As for the rest of the acts of Jehu
Jehu was the tenth king of the northern kingdom of Israel, known for his zealous eradication of the house of Ahab and the worship of Baal. His actions fulfilled the prophecy given to Elijah (1 Kings 19:16-17) and later confirmed by Elisha (2 Kings 9:6-10). Jehu's reign marked a significant turning point in Israel's history, as he was an instrument of divine judgment against idolatry and apostasy. His acts included the destruction of Ahab's family and the execution of Jezebel, which were pivotal in purging Israel of Baal worship.

along with all his accomplishments
Jehu's accomplishments were not limited to his military conquests and purges. He also established a dynasty that lasted for four generations, as promised by God (2 Kings 10:30). His political maneuvers and alliances, such as paying tribute to Shalmaneser III of Assyria, helped secure his reign and maintain relative stability in Israel during a turbulent period. Jehu's reign is a testament to the complex interplay of divine sovereignty and human agency in biblical history.

and all his might
Jehu's might is evident in his decisive and often ruthless actions. His military prowess and strategic acumen were crucial in his rise to power and the consolidation of his kingdom. The biblical narrative highlights his determination and strength, which were instrumental in executing God's judgment. However, his might also serves as a cautionary tale about the potential for human power to be wielded without regard for God's ultimate purposes, as Jehu failed to fully turn Israel back to the worship of Yahweh (2 Kings 10:31).

are they not written in the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel?
This phrase indicates that the detailed records of Jehu's reign were documented in an official annal, the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel. This book, now lost, was a historical source that chronicled the reigns of the kings of Israel, similar to the annals of other ancient Near Eastern cultures. The mention of this book underscores the historical reliability of the biblical narrative and reflects the common practice of recording royal achievements and events. It also highlights the importance of written records in preserving the history and lessons of God's dealings with His people.

And Jehu rested with his fathers
This phrase indicates the death of Jehu, the tenth king of the northern kingdom of Israel. The expression "rested with his fathers" is a common biblical euphemism for death, suggesting a joining with ancestors in the afterlife. Jehu's reign was marked by his zealous actions to eradicate the house of Ahab and the worship of Baal, fulfilling the prophecy given to Elijah (1 Kings 19:16-17). His death signifies the end of a significant chapter in Israel's history, where he was used as an instrument of divine judgment.

and was buried in Samaria
Samaria was the capital of the northern kingdom of Israel, established by King Omri (1 Kings 16:24). It served as the political and religious center of the kingdom. Jehu's burial in Samaria indicates his status as a legitimate king of Israel, despite his violent rise to power. Archaeological findings in Samaria, such as the Samaria Ostraca, provide insights into the administrative and economic life during the period of the Israelite monarchy.

and his son Jehoahaz reigned in his place
Jehoahaz's succession to the throne continues the dynastic line of Jehu, as promised by God that his descendants would sit on the throne of Israel to the fourth generation (2 Kings 10:30). Jehoahaz's reign, however, was marked by continued struggles against the Arameans, reflecting the ongoing political instability and spiritual decline in Israel. This transition of power highlights the cyclical nature of Israel's history, where periods of reform and faithfulness are often followed by times of apostasy and judgment.

So the duration of Jehu’s reign over Israel in Samaria
Jehu's reign marks a significant period in the history of the Northern Kingdom of Israel. He was anointed by a prophet sent by Elisha (2 Kings 9:1-3) and is known for his zealous actions in eradicating the house of Ahab and the worship of Baal from Israel (2 Kings 10:18-28). Samaria, the capital of the Northern Kingdom, served as the political and religious center during his reign. Jehu's actions fulfilled the prophecy given to Elijah concerning the destruction of Ahab's lineage (1 Kings 21:21-22). His reign is a reminder of God's judgment against idolatry and unfaithfulness.

was twenty-eight years.
Jehu's reign lasted from approximately 841 to 814 BC. This duration is significant as it represents a period of relative stability following the tumultuous times of Ahab and his successors. Despite Jehu's initial zeal for the Lord, his reign is also marked by failure to fully turn Israel back to God, as he continued the worship of the golden calves set up by Jeroboam (2 Kings 10:29-31). This highlights the persistent struggle of Israel with idolatry and incomplete obedience to God's commands. Jehu's reign, while initially promising, serves as a cautionary tale of the importance of wholehearted devotion to God.