Then
The word "Then" serves as a transitional term, indicating a continuation of the narrative and instructions that God is providing to Moses. It suggests a sequence of divine communication, emphasizing the ongoing relationship and dialogue between God and His chosen leader, Moses. This continuity is crucial in understanding the unfolding of God's covenantal instructions to the Israelites.

the LORD
The term "the LORD" is a translation of the Hebrew name "YHWH," often vocalized as Yahweh. This is the personal and covenantal name of God, signifying His eternal, self-existent nature. It is a reminder of God's faithfulness and His unique relationship with Israel. The use of this name underscores the authority and holiness of the instructions that follow, as they come directly from the Creator and Sustainer of the universe.

said
The word "said" indicates direct communication from God to Moses. In the Hebrew context, this verb implies not just speaking, but conveying authoritative and binding instructions. It reflects the prophetic nature of Moses' leadership, as he serves as the mouthpiece of God to the people. This divine speech acts as a foundation for the laws and guidelines that are to be implemented among the Israelites.

to Moses
Moses is the central human figure in this narrative, chosen by God to lead the Israelites out of Egypt and through the wilderness. His role as a mediator between God and the people is critical. Historically, Moses is revered as a prophet, lawgiver, and leader. The mention of Moses here highlights his unique position and responsibility in receiving and transmitting God's commands. It also reflects the trust and intimacy of his relationship with God, as he is consistently chosen to receive divine revelations.

Command the Israelites
This phrase begins with a direct instruction from God to Moses, emphasizing the divine authority behind the command. The Hebrew word for "command" is "tsavah," which implies a strong directive, not merely a suggestion. This reflects the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where God’s commands are to be followed as part of their obedience and devotion. Historically, this underscores the theocratic nature of Israelite society, where religious and civil laws were intertwined.

to send away from the camp
The phrase "send away" comes from the Hebrew "shalach," which means to let go or release. This action is not punitive but rather protective, both for the community and the individuals involved. The "camp" refers to the organized encampment of the Israelites during their wilderness journey, a place of communal living and worship. The camp was considered holy because of God's presence, and maintaining its purity was essential.

anyone with a skin disease
The term "skin disease" is translated from the Hebrew "tzaraath," often associated with leprosy but encompassing a range of skin conditions. In ancient Israel, such conditions were not only health concerns but also carried ritual implications. The separation was necessary to prevent ritual impurity, as outlined in Levitical law. This reflects the broader biblical theme of holiness and the need for separation from impurity.

or a discharge
The word "discharge" refers to bodily emissions that rendered a person ceremonially unclean, as detailed in Leviticus 15. The Hebrew term "zav" indicates a flow or issue, which could be natural or disease-related. This regulation highlights the importance of ritual purity in maintaining a relationship with God, as physical cleanliness was symbolic of spiritual cleanliness.

or anyone who is unclean
"Unclean" is from the Hebrew "tamei," a state of ritual impurity that could result from various causes, including contact with a corpse or certain diseases. This concept is central to the holiness code in Leviticus, where being "unclean" required separation and purification before rejoining the community. It underscores the biblical principle that God is holy, and His people must strive to reflect that holiness.

because of a dead body
Contact with a dead body rendered a person "tamei," or unclean, due to the association of death with sin and decay. In the ancient Near Eastern context, death was the ultimate impurity, contrasting with the life and holiness of God. This regulation served to remind the Israelites of the sanctity of life and the hope of resurrection, pointing forward to the New Testament revelation of eternal life through Christ.

You must exclude
The phrase "You must exclude" is a directive given by God to the Israelites, emphasizing the necessity of maintaining purity within the camp. The Hebrew root for "exclude" is "שָׁלַח" (shalach), which means to send away or to cast out. This action is not merely a suggestion but a command, highlighting the importance of obedience to God's laws. In a spiritual sense, this exclusion represents the need for holiness and separation from sin, as God dwells among His people and requires a pure environment.

from the camp
The "camp" refers to the dwelling place of the Israelites during their journey through the wilderness. It is a physical space but also a symbol of the community of God's people. The camp is where God's presence resides, particularly in the Tabernacle, which is at the center. The sanctity of the camp is paramount, as it is a reflection of God's holiness. Historically, the camp's organization and purity were crucial for the Israelites' identity as a people set apart for God.

every leper
Leprosy, in the biblical context, is a term that encompasses various skin diseases. The Hebrew word "צָרַעַת" (tzara'at) is used here, which is not limited to what we know today as Hansen's disease. Leprosy rendered a person ceremonially unclean, and thus they were to be excluded from the camp. This exclusion was not only for health reasons but also had spiritual implications, as leprosy was often seen as a symbol of sin and impurity. The leper's exclusion serves as a reminder of the separation sin causes between humanity and God.

everyone with a discharge
The phrase "everyone with a discharge" refers to individuals with bodily discharges, which are detailed in Leviticus 15. The Hebrew word "זָב" (zav) indicates a flow or issue, often associated with impurity. These discharges made a person ceremonially unclean, necessitating their exclusion from the camp. This regulation underscores the importance of physical and spiritual cleanliness, as bodily discharges were seen as a disruption of the natural order established by God.

anyone who is unclean because of a dead body
Contact with a dead body rendered a person unclean, as death is the ultimate consequence of sin (Romans 6:23). The Hebrew term "טָמֵא" (tamei) is used for "unclean," signifying a state of impurity that required purification rituals. This exclusion highlights the separation between life and death, purity and impurity. It serves as a powerful reminder of the sanctity of life and the need for atonement and cleansing from the defilement of sin.

So the Israelites did this
This phrase underscores the obedience of the Israelites to God's commands. The Hebrew root for "did" is עָשָׂה (asah), which means to do, make, or accomplish. This action reflects a communal commitment to holiness and purity, as the Israelites collectively follow divine instructions. Historically, this obedience is crucial for maintaining the covenant relationship with God, as it demonstrates their willingness to adhere to His laws and maintain the sanctity of the camp.

sending such people outside the camp
The act of sending individuals outside the camp is rooted in the Hebrew word שָׁלַח (shalach), meaning to send away or dismiss. This practice was not merely a social or health measure but a spiritual one, ensuring that the camp remained holy. Archaeologically, camps were central to Israelite life, and maintaining their purity was essential for God's presence to dwell among them. This separation underscores the seriousness of sin and impurity, reminding the community of the need for atonement and reconciliation with God.

They did just as the LORD had instructed Moses
This phrase highlights the direct communication between God and Moses, with Moses serving as the mediator of God's will. The Hebrew word צִוָּה (tzavah) for "instructed" conveys a command or charge, emphasizing the authority of God's word. Moses' role as a leader is affirmed through his faithful transmission of God's commands to the people. Scripturally, this obedience is a recurring theme, illustrating the importance of following divine guidance to maintain a covenant relationship with God. The Israelites' compliance is an act of faith, trusting in God's wisdom and sovereignty.

And the LORD
This phrase signifies the direct communication from God, emphasizing His authority and the divine origin of the instructions that follow. The Hebrew word for "LORD" here is "Yahweh," the sacred and personal name of God, which underscores His covenant relationship with Israel. This name is a reminder of God's eternal presence and faithfulness, as revealed to Moses at the burning bush (Exodus 3:14). In a conservative Christian perspective, this highlights the continuity of God's revelation and His unchanging nature.

said
The Hebrew verb "amar" is used here, which means "to say" or "to speak." This verb is often used in the context of divine revelation, indicating that what follows is not merely human instruction but a message from God Himself. This underscores the importance of the message and the need for obedience. In the broader biblical narrative, God's spoken word is powerful and creative, as seen in Genesis 1, where God speaks the world into existence.

to Moses
Moses is the chosen leader and prophet through whom God communicates His laws and guidance to the Israelites. His role as a mediator is crucial, as he stands between God and the people, receiving divine instructions and conveying them to the nation. Historically, Moses is a central figure in the Pentateuch, and his leadership is foundational for the identity and faith of Israel. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, Moses is also a type of Christ, foreshadowing the ultimate mediator between God and humanity, Jesus Christ (Hebrews 3:1-6).

Tell the Israelites
This phrase establishes the audience and the authority of the message. The Israelites, as God's chosen people, are being directly addressed. The Hebrew root for "tell" is "dabar," which implies not just speaking but conveying a message of importance. This is a divine directive, emphasizing the covenant relationship between God and Israel. Historically, the Israelites were a community bound by the Law given at Sinai, and this instruction reinforces their identity as a people set apart for God's purposes.

when a man or woman
The inclusion of both "man or woman" highlights the universality of the law. In the ancient Near Eastern context, this is significant as it underscores the equal moral responsibility of both genders before God. The Hebrew words "ish" (man) and "ishah" (woman) indicate that the law applies to all individuals, regardless of gender, reflecting the comprehensive nature of God's justice.

commits any sin
The phrase "commits any sin" refers to the act of transgression. The Hebrew word for "sin" here is "chata," which means to miss the mark or to err. This concept of sin is not just about breaking a rule but failing to live up to the divine standard set by God. The use of "any" underscores the breadth of this command, indicating that no sin is too small to be overlooked.

against another
This phrase points to the interpersonal nature of the sin. The Hebrew word "adam" is used for "another," which can mean mankind or another person. This highlights the communal aspect of sin, where actions against others disrupt the harmony and peace within the community. It reflects the biblical principle that our relationship with others is a reflection of our relationship with God.

that person acts unfaithfully
The term "acts unfaithfully" is derived from the Hebrew word "maal," which means to act treacherously or deceitfully. This indicates a breach of trust, not only with the person wronged but also with God. In the covenantal context, unfaithfulness is a serious offense, as it signifies a betrayal of the relationship with God, who is always faithful.

toward the LORD
This phrase emphasizes that sin is ultimately against God. The Hebrew name for God here is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, which signifies His eternal presence and faithfulness. This underscores the theological truth that all sin, even when committed against another person, is an affront to God, who is the ultimate moral authority.

and is guilty
The declaration of guilt is a legal pronouncement. The Hebrew word "asham" is used, which means to bear guilt or to be held accountable. This reflects the biblical understanding that sin has consequences and requires atonement. In the ancient Israelite sacrificial system, guilt necessitated a response, often involving restitution and sacrifice, pointing forward to the ultimate atonement through Christ.

and confess the sin
The Hebrew word for "confess" is "yadah," which means to acknowledge or declare one's sin openly. In the biblical context, confession is not merely an admission of guilt but an act of humility and repentance before God and the community. This public acknowledgment is crucial in the process of reconciliation and restoration, emphasizing the importance of truthfulness and transparency in one's spiritual journey.

they have committed
The phrase underscores personal responsibility. The Hebrew root "asah" implies an action that is deliberate and conscious. This highlights the biblical principle that sin is not just a passive state but involves active participation. Recognizing one's role in the wrongdoing is essential for genuine repentance and transformation.

They must make full restitution
The concept of "restitution" comes from the Hebrew word "shalam," meaning to make whole or complete. This reflects God's justice, which requires not only acknowledgment of sin but also tangible steps to rectify the harm done. Restitution is a demonstration of sincere repentance and a commitment to restoring relationships and community harmony.

for the wrong they have done
The term "wrong" here is derived from the Hebrew "asham," indicating guilt or offense. It conveys the idea that sin disrupts the divine order and affects both the individual and the community. Understanding the gravity of one's actions is vital for seeking forgiveness and healing.

add a fifth of the value to it
This requirement to add a fifth, or 20%, is a unique aspect of biblical restitution, emphasizing the principle of going beyond mere compensation. It reflects God's call for generosity and the importance of making amends in a way that acknowledges the full impact of the wrongdoing. This additional offering serves as a tangible expression of repentance and a desire to restore trust.

and give it all to the person they have wronged
The directive to give restitution directly to the wronged party underscores the personal nature of reconciliation. It is not enough to make amends in a general sense; the offender must seek to restore the specific relationship that was damaged. This personal accountability is a cornerstone of biblical justice, fostering healing and unity within the community.

But if that man has no close relative
In the Hebrew text, the term for "close relative" is "גֹּאֵל" (go'el), which refers to a kinsman-redeemer. This concept is deeply rooted in the cultural and legal practices of ancient Israel, where family ties were paramount. The kinsman-redeemer had the responsibility to protect the interests of the family, including redeeming property or even avenging blood. This reflects the communal and familial nature of Israelite society, emphasizing the importance of family support and responsibility.

to whom restitution can be made
Restitution, or "שִׁלּוּם" (shillum), involves making amends for a wrong or injury. Biblically, it underscores the principle of justice and restoration. The law required that wrongs be righted, not just through punishment, but through restoring what was lost or damaged. This reflects God's justice, which is not merely punitive but restorative, aiming to heal relationships and communities.

the restitution belongs to the LORD
When there is no kinsman-redeemer, the restitution is directed to the LORD, signifying that ultimately, all justice and recompense are under His authority. This phrase highlights God's sovereignty and His role as the ultimate judge and redeemer. It also points to the idea that all things belong to God, and He is the source of all justice and mercy.

and must be given to the priest
The priest, or "כֹּהֵן" (kohen), acts as an intermediary between God and the people. In this context, the priest receives the restitution on behalf of the LORD, symbolizing the sacred role of the priesthood in maintaining the covenant relationship between God and Israel. This underscores the importance of the priestly office in the spiritual and communal life of Israel.

along with the ram of atonement
The "ram of atonement" refers to a sacrificial offering, "אָשָׁם" (asham), which is part of the atonement process. Sacrifices were central to the Old Testament system of worship and reconciliation with God. The ram, a valuable animal, signifies the costliness of sin and the seriousness of making amends. This points forward to the ultimate sacrifice of Christ, who is the true and final atonement for sin.

with which the atonement is made for him
Atonement, or "כִּפֶּר" (kipper), involves covering or purging sin, allowing for reconciliation with God. This concept is foundational in the biblical narrative, illustrating God's provision for dealing with sin and restoring fellowship with Him. It foreshadows the New Testament revelation of Jesus Christ, whose atoning sacrifice on the cross fulfills and perfects the atonement process, offering complete reconciliation with God for all who believe.

Every sacred contribution
The Hebrew term for "sacred contribution" is "terumah," which refers to offerings set apart for a holy purpose. In the ancient Israelite context, these contributions were a vital part of worship and community life, symbolizing the people's dedication to God. The act of giving a sacred contribution was not merely a ritualistic duty but a heartfelt expression of gratitude and reverence towards the Almighty. It served as a tangible acknowledgment of God's provision and sovereignty over all aspects of life.

the Israelites bring
The phrase emphasizes the collective responsibility and privilege of the Israelite community in supporting the priesthood. The Israelites, as God's chosen people, were called to live in obedience and faithfulness, and part of this calling involved bringing offerings to sustain the spiritual leaders who ministered on their behalf. This act of bringing was not just a physical movement but a spiritual journey, reflecting the Israelites' commitment to uphold the covenant relationship with God.

to the priest
The priest, or "kohen" in Hebrew, served as a mediator between God and the people. The role of the priest was crucial in maintaining the spiritual health of the nation, performing sacrifices, and teaching the law. By bringing contributions to the priest, the Israelites were supporting those who dedicated their lives to serving God and the community. This relationship between the people and the priesthood underscores the importance of spiritual leadership and the need for a dedicated group to guide and intercede for the community.

shall belong to him
This phrase indicates the rightful ownership of the contributions by the priest. In the ancient Near Eastern context, priests often relied on the offerings of the people for their sustenance, as they did not have an inheritance of land like the other tribes. The provision for the priest through these contributions highlights God's care for those who serve Him and ensures that the priest can focus on their sacred duties without the distraction of material needs. It also serves as a reminder of the principle that those who minister in spiritual matters are worthy of material support, a concept echoed in the New Testament (1 Corinthians 9:13-14).

Each man's sacred gifts
The phrase "sacred gifts" refers to offerings that individuals dedicate to God. In Hebrew, the word for "sacred" is "qodesh," which implies something set apart for divine purposes. Historically, these gifts could include sacrifices, tithes, or other offerings that were considered holy. The concept of sacred gifts underscores the personal responsibility and privilege of each believer to honor God with their possessions. It reflects a heart of worship and gratitude, acknowledging that all blessings ultimately come from God.

are his own
This phrase emphasizes personal ownership and responsibility. In the context of ancient Israel, it was important for individuals to recognize their role in maintaining their relationship with God through their offerings. The Hebrew culture placed a strong emphasis on community and collective worship, yet this phrase highlights the personal aspect of faith. Each person is accountable for their own offerings, which signifies a personal commitment to God.

but whatever he gives to the priest
The role of the priest in ancient Israel was to act as a mediator between God and the people. The phrase "whatever he gives to the priest" indicates that once an offering is made, it transitions from personal ownership to a communal or divine purpose. The priests, from the tribe of Levi, were set apart to serve in the temple and manage the sacred rituals. This transfer of gifts to the priest symbolizes the act of giving to God, as the priests were His representatives on earth.

will belong to the priest
This final phrase confirms the transfer of ownership from the individual to the priest. In the Hebrew tradition, the priests were supported by the offerings of the people, as they did not have a land inheritance like the other tribes. This system ensured that the priests could fully dedicate themselves to their spiritual duties without concern for their material needs. The phrase also reflects the principle of provision within the community of faith, where those who serve God are cared for by the collective offerings of the people.

Then the LORD
The phrase "Then the LORD" signifies a direct communication from God, emphasizing His active role in guiding the Israelites. The Hebrew word for "LORD" here is "Yahweh," the sacred and personal name of God, which underscores His covenant relationship with His people. This divine name is a reminder of God's eternal presence and faithfulness. In the context of Numbers, it highlights God's ongoing involvement in the lives of the Israelites as they journey through the wilderness, providing them with laws and instructions to maintain holiness and order within the community.

said
The word "said" indicates a verbal communication from God to Moses. In Hebrew, the word is "amar," which is often used in the context of divine speech. This conveys the authority and importance of the message being delivered. God's words are not mere suggestions but commands that carry weight and require obedience. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God as the ultimate lawgiver and the source of wisdom and truth.

to Moses
Moses is the chosen leader and prophet through whom God communicates His will to the Israelites. His role as a mediator is crucial, as he stands between God and the people, receiving divine instructions and conveying them to the community. Historically, Moses is a central figure in the Old Testament, known for leading the Israelites out of Egypt and receiving the Ten Commandments on Mount Sinai. His relationship with God is characterized by intimacy and reverence, making him a model of faithful leadership. Moses' unique position underscores the importance of obedience and faithfulness in fulfilling God's purposes.

Speak to the Israelites
This phrase underscores the direct communication between God and His chosen people, the Israelites. The Hebrew root for "speak" is "דבר" (dabar), which implies not just casual conversation but a formal declaration or command. This highlights the seriousness and divine authority behind the instructions being given. Historically, the Israelites were a covenant community, and God's laws were central to their identity and relationship with Him. This command is part of maintaining the holiness and purity of the community.

and tell them
The phrase "tell them" reinforces the responsibility of Moses as a mediator between God and the people. The Hebrew word "אמר" (amar) is used here, which often conveys the idea of making something known or declaring it. This reflects the importance of clear communication in ensuring that God's laws are understood and followed by the community.

If any man’s wife
This phrase introduces the subject of the law being discussed. The focus on "man’s wife" indicates the patriarchal structure of ancient Israelite society, where family and marital relationships were governed by specific laws. The Hebrew word for "wife" is "אִשָּׁה" (ishah), which can also mean "woman," but in this context, it specifically refers to a married woman, highlighting the sanctity and exclusivity of the marital bond.

goes astray
The phrase "goes astray" is translated from the Hebrew word "שָׂטָה" (satah), which means to deviate or wander. This term is often used in a moral or spiritual sense, indicating a departure from the path of righteousness. In the context of marriage, it suggests infidelity or unfaithfulness, which was considered a serious breach of covenant in Israelite society.

and is unfaithful to him
The concept of unfaithfulness is central to this passage. The Hebrew word "מָעַל" (maal) is used here, which means to act treacherously or to commit a trespass. This term is often associated with breaking faith or trust, not only in human relationships but also in one's relationship with God. In the context of marriage, it underscores the gravity of adultery as a violation of the covenantal relationship between husband and wife, reflecting the broader theme of faithfulness that is prevalent throughout Scripture.

and if another man has relations with her
This phrase addresses the act of adultery, which is a significant violation of the marital covenant. In the Hebrew context, the word for "relations" implies a physical and intimate connection that is meant to be exclusive within marriage. The sanctity of marriage is a recurring theme throughout Scripture, emphasizing fidelity and the spiritual symbolism of marriage as a reflection of God's covenant with His people.

and this is hidden from her husband
The secrecy of the act underscores the betrayal and the potential for deception within human relationships. In Hebrew culture, the husband was the head of the household, and such an act being hidden from him would disrupt the divine order of family life. This concealment also highlights the human tendency to hide sin, reminiscent of Adam and Eve hiding from God in the Garden of Eden.

and her impurity is undetected
The term "impurity" in this context refers to a state of ceremonial and moral uncleanness. In the Hebrew tradition, impurity was not just a physical state but also a spiritual one, affecting one's relationship with God and the community. The undetected nature of her impurity suggests a temporary evasion of earthly consequences, yet it serves as a reminder that nothing is hidden from God.

since there was no witness against her
The requirement of witnesses in Hebrew law was crucial for establishing truth and justice. This phrase indicates the absence of human testimony, which complicates the pursuit of justice. It reflects the legal standards of the time, where at least two or three witnesses were needed to confirm a matter, as seen in Deuteronomy 19:15.

and she was not caught in the act
This final phrase emphasizes the lack of immediate evidence or discovery. The absence of being "caught" suggests a situation where human justice is limited, pointing to the need for divine intervention. It serves as a reminder of the omniscience of God, who sees all actions and intentions, and the ultimate accountability each person has before Him.

a feeling of jealousy
The Hebrew word for "jealousy" is "קִנְאָה" (qin'ah), which can denote a passionate intensity, often associated with God's own jealousy for His people. In this context, it reflects a deep emotional response that can disrupt marital harmony. Historically, jealousy was a significant concern in ancient societies, where lineage and inheritance were paramount. This feeling, whether justified or not, could lead to serious social and familial consequences.

comes over her husband
The phrase suggests an overwhelming emotion that takes control, indicating that jealousy is not merely a fleeting thought but a powerful force. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the husband's role as the head of the household meant that his emotional state could dictate the course of family life. This highlights the importance of addressing such feelings within the community to maintain peace and order.

and he suspects his wife
Suspicion here is more than doubt; it implies a lack of trust that can erode the marital relationship. The Hebrew root "סָטָה" (satah) means to deviate or go astray, suggesting that suspicion can lead one away from the truth. In biblical times, trust was foundational to marriage, and suspicion could lead to severe consequences, including the ritual described later in the chapter.

who has defiled herself
The term "defiled" comes from the Hebrew "טָמֵא" (tame), meaning to be unclean or impure. This concept of ritual impurity was significant in Israelite society, affecting one's ability to participate in religious and communal life. The accusation of defilement was serious, impacting not just the individual but the entire community's spiritual health.

or if a feeling of jealousy comes over him
The repetition emphasizes the seriousness of jealousy and its potential to disrupt relationships. It underscores the need for a divine mechanism to address such issues, reflecting God's concern for justice and relational integrity within His people.

and he suspects her even though she has not defiled herself
This clause introduces the possibility of false suspicion, highlighting the potential for injustice. It acknowledges human fallibility and the need for divine intervention to discern truth. In a society where women's voices were often marginalized, this provision protected them from wrongful accusations, demonstrating God's care for all individuals.

then he is to bring his wife to the priest
In ancient Israel, the priest served as a mediator between God and the people. The act of bringing one's wife to the priest signifies a formal and sacred process, acknowledging the priest's role in discerning truth and administering justice. This reflects the seriousness of the situation and the need for divine guidance in resolving matters of jealousy and suspicion.

He must also bring an offering of a tenth of an ephah of barley flour on her behalf
The offering of barley flour, rather than the more common wheat, is significant. Barley was considered a more humble grain, often associated with the poor. The "tenth of an ephah" indicates a specific, measured amount, emphasizing the precision and care required in approaching God. This offering symbolizes the husband's desire for truth and resolution, presented humbly before the Lord.

He is not to pour oil over it or put frankincense on it
Oil and frankincense were typically used in offerings to symbolize joy and the presence of the Holy Spirit. Their absence here underscores the somber nature of this offering. It is not a time for celebration or sweet aroma but a serious inquiry into potential sin. This omission highlights the gravity of the situation and the need for sober reflection.

because it is a grain offering for jealousy
The term "jealousy" here refers to a spirit of suspicion and the potential breach of trust within a marriage. This offering is unique, designed to address the emotional and spiritual turmoil caused by jealousy. It serves as a tangible expression of the husband's concerns and a plea for divine intervention to reveal the truth.

a reminder offering to draw attention to iniquity
This phrase indicates the purpose of the offering: to bring hidden sin to light. It serves as a "reminder" to both the individuals involved and the community of the seriousness of sin and the need for accountability. The offering acts as a catalyst for introspection and repentance, urging all parties to seek God's truth and justice.

The priest
The role of the priest in ancient Israel was of immense spiritual and communal significance. The Hebrew word for priest, "kohen," denotes one who serves as a mediator between God and the people. In this context, the priest acts as an intermediary in a delicate situation, emphasizing the sacred duty of maintaining holiness and justice within the community. The priest's involvement underscores the seriousness of the matter and the need for divine guidance.

is to bring
This phrase indicates an action of leading or presenting. The Hebrew root "qarab" often implies drawing near or approaching with reverence. The act of bringing the wife forward is not merely procedural but is laden with the gravity of approaching the divine presence. It reflects the solemnity and the careful observance of God's laws, ensuring that the process is conducted with respect and integrity.

the wife forward
The focus on "the wife" highlights the personal and relational aspect of the situation. In the cultural and historical context of ancient Israel, marriage was a covenantal relationship with profound social and spiritual implications. The wife's position in this narrative is central, and her being brought forward signifies the community's concern for truth and righteousness in marital relationships.

and have her stand
The act of standing is significant in biblical terms, often associated with presenting oneself before authority or in a position of accountability. The Hebrew word "amad" conveys the idea of standing firm or being established. This posture before the LORD indicates readiness to receive judgment or vindication, reflecting the seriousness of the situation and the expectation of divine justice.

before the LORD
This phrase is pivotal, as it places the entire proceeding in the context of divine oversight. The Hebrew term "YHWH" is the sacred name of God, emphasizing His holiness and sovereignty. Standing before the LORD implies that the matter is not merely a human affair but one that requires divine insight and intervention. It serves as a reminder of God's omnipresence and His role as the ultimate judge and arbiter of truth.

Then he is to take
This phrase indicates a specific action commanded by God, emphasizing obedience and precision in following divine instructions. The Hebrew root for "take" is "laqach," which often implies receiving or acquiring with intention. This action is not arbitrary but is a deliberate step in a ritual that underscores the seriousness of the proceedings.

some holy water
The term "holy water" refers to water that has been set apart for sacred use. In the Hebrew context, "holy" (qodesh) signifies something consecrated or dedicated to God. This water is not ordinary; it is sanctified, symbolizing purity and the presence of God. The use of holy water in this ritual highlights the need for divine intervention and purification.

in a clay jar
The use of a "clay jar" is significant, as clay vessels were common in ancient Israel for everyday use. The Hebrew word for "clay" is "cheres," which can also mean earthenware. This choice of material reflects the humble and earthly nature of humanity, reminding us of our creation from dust and our dependence on God. The fragility of clay jars can symbolize the vulnerability of human life and the need for divine protection.

and put some dust
Dust, or "aphar" in Hebrew, is a powerful symbol in the Bible, often representing mortality and humility. In Genesis, humans are formed from dust, and to dust, they return. The inclusion of dust in this ritual serves as a reminder of human frailty and the need for God's mercy and justice. It also connects the ritual to the physical space of the tabernacle, grounding the spiritual act in the tangible world.

from the tabernacle floor
The "tabernacle floor" is a sacred space, the dwelling place of God's presence among His people. The Hebrew term for "tabernacle" is "mishkan," meaning dwelling or habitation. Dust from this holy ground carries the weight of divine presence and authority. By using dust from the tabernacle, the ritual is imbued with the sanctity and seriousness of God's covenant with Israel.

into the water
The act of putting dust into the water signifies a transformation, creating a mixture that is central to the ritual. Water, often a symbol of life and cleansing, combined with dust from the holy ground, becomes a medium through which God's judgment and truth are sought. This mixture represents the intersection of the divine and the earthly, a tangible expression of seeking God's will and justice in human affairs.

The priest
In ancient Israel, the priest served as a mediator between God and the people. The Hebrew word for priest, "kohen," signifies one who is set apart for sacred duties. The priest's role in this passage underscores the seriousness of the ritual and the need for divine intervention in matters of marital fidelity.

is to have the woman stand before the LORD
Standing before the LORD indicates being in the presence of God, a place of judgment and truth. This phrase emphasizes the solemnity of the occasion, as the woman is brought before God to determine her innocence or guilt. It reflects the belief that God is the ultimate judge of human hearts.

loosen her hair
In ancient Near Eastern cultures, a woman's hair was often a symbol of her dignity and status. Loosening the hair could signify a state of vulnerability or humility. This act may symbolize the uncovering of truth, as the woman stands before God in a state of openness and honesty.

and place in her hands the reminder offering
The "reminder offering" is a tangible representation of the situation at hand. The Hebrew term "azkarah" suggests a memorial or something that brings to mind. This offering serves as a physical reminder of the covenant of marriage and the seriousness of the accusation.

the grain offering for jealousy
This specific offering, "minchah qena'ot" in Hebrew, is unique to this ritual. It highlights the emotional and spiritual turmoil associated with jealousy. The grain offering, typically associated with thanksgiving and dedication, here takes on a somber tone, reflecting the gravity of the situation.

while he himself holds the bitter water that brings a curse
The "bitter water" is a mixture used in this ritual to determine the truth of the accusation. The Hebrew word "marim" for bitter suggests something unpleasant or distressing. This water, held by the priest, symbolizes the potential consequences of sin and the divine judgment that follows. The phrase "brings a curse" indicates the seriousness of invoking God's name in the pursuit of truth, as curses in the biblical context were seen as powerful and binding.

And he is to require the woman to take an oath
In the ancient Hebrew context, an oath was a solemn promise or declaration, often invoking divine witness. The Hebrew word for "oath" is "שְׁבוּעָה" (shevu'ah), which signifies a binding commitment. This practice underscores the seriousness with which truth and fidelity were regarded in Israelite society. The priest's role in administering the oath highlights the sacred nature of marriage and the community's commitment to uphold divine law.

and say to her
The act of speaking directly to the woman emphasizes personal responsibility and accountability. In a patriarchal society, this direct address also acknowledges the woman's agency in the matter. It reflects the biblical principle that each individual is accountable before God for their actions, as seen throughout Scripture.

‘If no man has slept with you
The phrase "slept with you" is a euphemism for sexual relations, indicating the intimate nature of the accusation. The Hebrew verb "שָׁכַב" (shakab) is often used in legal contexts to describe illicit sexual activity. This part of the oath serves to clarify the specific nature of the alleged infidelity, which is central to the ritual's purpose.

and you have not gone astray
The term "gone astray" translates from the Hebrew "שָׂטָה" (satah), meaning to deviate or wander. This word is often used metaphorically in Scripture to describe unfaithfulness to God or one's spouse. It conveys the idea of leaving the path of righteousness, which in this context refers to marital fidelity.

and become impure
"Impure" is derived from the Hebrew "טָמֵא" (tamei), which denotes ceremonial or moral uncleanness. In the Israelite community, purity was not only a physical state but also a spiritual one, affecting one's relationship with God and the community. This phrase underscores the gravity of the accusation, as impurity would have significant religious and social implications.

while married to your husband
This phrase highlights the covenantal nature of marriage, which is a recurring theme in the Bible. The Hebrew word for husband, "אִישׁ" (ish), also means "man," emphasizing the personal and relational aspect of the marriage bond. The marital covenant is a reflection of God's covenant with His people, characterized by faithfulness and exclusivity.

may this bitter water that brings a curse
The "bitter water" refers to a concoction used in the ritual of the ordeal of jealousy, described earlier in Numbers 5. The Hebrew word for "bitter," "מָרָה" (marah), conveys the idea of something unpleasant or distressing. The water serves as a physical representation of the curse, a tangible reminder of the consequences of sin.

not harm you
The phrase "not harm you" implies divine protection for the innocent. The Hebrew root "יָרַע" (yara) means to be bad or evil, suggesting that the water would only affect the guilty. This part of the oath reassures the woman that if she is innocent, she has nothing to fear, highlighting God's justice and mercy. The ritual ultimately serves to restore trust and peace within the marriage and the community.

But if you have gone astray
The phrase "gone astray" is translated from the Hebrew word "שָׂטָה" (satah), which means to deviate or turn aside. In the context of Numbers 5, it refers to a wife who has been unfaithful to her husband. This concept of straying is not just physical but also spiritual, symbolizing a departure from the covenant relationship. In a broader biblical context, straying often represents Israel's unfaithfulness to God, serving as a metaphor for idolatry and sin.

while under your husband’s authority
The phrase "under your husband’s authority" reflects the patriarchal structure of ancient Israelite society, where the husband was the head of the household. The Hebrew word "תַּחַת" (tachat) implies being under or beneath, indicating a position of submission. This reflects the biblical view of marriage as a covenant relationship with distinct roles, where the husband is seen as a protector and provider, and the wife as a partner and helper.

and defiled yourself
The term "defiled" comes from the Hebrew "טָמֵא" (tame), meaning to become unclean or impure. In the Levitical law, defilement had serious religious and social implications, often requiring ritual purification. This impurity is not just physical but also moral and spiritual, indicating a breach of the holiness that God requires of His people. The act of defilement in this context is a serious offense, reflecting the gravity of sin and its consequences.

with a man other than your husband
This phrase underscores the exclusivity and sanctity of the marital relationship. The Hebrew culture, as reflected in the Torah, placed a high value on marital fidelity, viewing it as a reflection of the covenant between God and His people. Adultery was seen as a violation of this sacred bond, warranting severe consequences. This highlights the importance of faithfulness and integrity in relationships, mirroring the faithfulness God desires from His people.

then the priest shall have the woman swear
In ancient Israel, the role of the priest was pivotal in maintaining the spiritual and communal order. The Hebrew word for "priest" is "kohen," which signifies a mediator between God and the people. The act of swearing an oath was a solemn declaration, invoking divine witness to the truth of one's words. This reflects the seriousness with which God views truth and integrity, especially in matters of marital fidelity.

under the oath of the curse
The "oath of the curse" was a binding declaration with severe consequences for falsehood. In Hebrew, "alah" refers to a curse or an imprecation. This was not merely a legal formality but a spiritual act that placed the woman under divine scrutiny. It underscores the belief that God is the ultimate judge of truth and falsehood, and His justice is both feared and revered.

‘May the LORD make you an attested curse
The invocation of "the LORD" (YHWH) highlights the covenantal relationship between God and Israel. The phrase "attested curse" suggests a public acknowledgment of divine judgment. The Hebrew root "alah" again emphasizes the seriousness of invoking God's name in matters of truth. This reflects the community's reliance on God to uphold justice and purity within the camp.

among your people
The phrase "among your people" indicates the communal aspect of the law. In ancient Israel, individual actions had communal repercussions. The integrity of the family unit was vital for the health of the entire community. This reflects the biblical principle that sin is not just a personal matter but affects the broader community, emphasizing the need for communal holiness.

if He makes your thigh shrivel and your belly swell
The physical manifestations described—"thigh shrivel" and "belly swell"—are symbolic of divine judgment. In Hebrew culture, the thigh was often associated with strength and procreation, while the belly was linked to life and sustenance. The imagery here is stark, serving as a visible sign of God's judgment. It underscores the belief that God is intimately involved in the lives of His people, and His judgments are both just and visible.

May this water that brings a curse
The phrase refers to the "bitter water" used in the ritual described in Numbers 5, which was intended to determine the faithfulness of a wife accused of adultery. The Hebrew word for "curse" is "אָלָה" (alah), which implies an oath or a solemn pronouncement of judgment. This ritual underscores the seriousness with which God views marital fidelity and the sanctity of the marriage covenant. The water itself, while physically harmless, becomes a vehicle for divine judgment, emphasizing that God is the ultimate arbiter of truth and justice.

enter your stomach
The Hebrew word for "stomach" is "בֶּטֶן" (beten), which can also mean "womb." This indicates that the curse is not just a physical affliction but also a profound spiritual and social consequence. In ancient Israelite society, a woman's ability to bear children was closely tied to her identity and status. Thus, this curse would have significant implications for her life and her family's lineage, highlighting the gravity of the accusation and the potential breach of trust.

and cause your belly to swell
The swelling of the belly is a visible sign of the curse taking effect. The Hebrew word "צָבָה" (tsavah) means "to swell" or "to distend." This physical manifestation serves as a public testimony to the community of the woman's guilt or innocence. It is a reminder that sin, particularly hidden sin, often has visible consequences. The swelling is symbolic of the burden of sin and the way it can consume and distort one's life.

and your thigh to shrivel
The phrase "thigh to shrivel" uses the Hebrew word "יָרֵךְ" (yarek), which can refer to the upper leg or loins. In biblical terms, the thigh is often associated with strength and procreation. The shriveling of the thigh symbolizes a loss of strength and vitality, as well as the potential for future offspring. This part of the curse underscores the devastating impact of sin on one's physical and spiritual well-being, as well as on future generations.

Then the woman is to say, ‘Amen, Amen.’
The repetition of "Amen" signifies affirmation and agreement. The Hebrew "אָמֵן" (amen) means "truly" or "so be it." By saying "Amen, Amen," the woman acknowledges the terms of the ritual and submits to God's judgment. This response is an act of faith, trusting that God will reveal the truth. It also serves as a solemn reminder of the importance of integrity and the willingness to accept the consequences of one's actions. The double "Amen" emphasizes the seriousness of the oath and the woman's acceptance of divine justice.

The priest
In ancient Israel, the priest held a significant role as a mediator between God and the people. The Hebrew word for priest, "kohen," signifies one who is set apart for sacred duties. The priest's involvement in this ritual underscores the seriousness of the matter and the divine authority behind the proceedings. The priest's actions are not merely ceremonial but are imbued with spiritual significance, reflecting the holiness and justice of God.

is to write
The act of writing in ancient times was a deliberate and solemn task, often reserved for important decrees and records. The Hebrew verb "katab" implies a formal recording, indicating that these curses are not to be taken lightly. Writing them down signifies a binding declaration, emphasizing the gravity of the situation and the permanence of the words once inscribed.

these curses
The term "curses" here refers to the specific consequences outlined in the preceding verses for a woman accused of infidelity. In Hebrew, "alah" denotes an oath or imprecation, invoking divine judgment. This reflects the covenantal nature of Israel's relationship with God, where blessings and curses were part of the covenant stipulations. The curses serve as a sobering reminder of the seriousness of sin and the need for purity within the community.

on a scroll
Scrolls were the primary medium for writing in the ancient Near East, made from papyrus or parchment. The use of a scroll signifies the official and enduring nature of the record. In a broader biblical context, scrolls often contain God's laws and revelations, highlighting the sacredness of the document and the divine authority behind the words inscribed.

and wash them off
The act of washing off the curses from the scroll is symbolic, representing the removal or transfer of the written words into the water. This action signifies the transition from written decree to enacted ritual, where the words take on a tangible form. It also reflects the concept of purification, as water is often used in the Bible for cleansing and renewal.

into the bitter water
The "bitter water" is a crucial element of the ritual, symbolizing the potential consequences of sin. The Hebrew word "mar" for bitter conveys a sense of distress and hardship. This water, infused with the curses, becomes a test of truth and faithfulness. In the broader biblical narrative, bitterness often represents the consequences of disobedience, serving as a warning and a call to repentance.

He is to make the woman drink
This phrase refers to the priest's role in the ritual described in Numbers 5, known as the "ordeal of jealousy." The Hebrew word for "make" (שָׁקָה, shakah) implies a deliberate action, emphasizing the priest's authority and responsibility in administering this test. Historically, this reflects the patriarchal structure of ancient Israelite society, where men held religious and legal authority. The act of drinking symbolizes submission to divine judgment, a theme prevalent throughout the Old Testament.

the bitter water
The "bitter water" (מֵי הַמָּרִים, mei hammarim) is a concoction of holy water and dust from the tabernacle floor. The bitterness signifies the potential curse and the gravity of the situation. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, similar ordeals were used to determine guilt or innocence, reflecting a common belief in divine intervention in justice. The bitterness also serves as a physical manifestation of the spiritual and emotional turmoil associated with sin and suspicion.

that brings a curse
The Hebrew word for "curse" (אָלָה, alah) indicates an oath or imprecation. This phrase underscores the seriousness of the ritual, as it invokes divine retribution upon the guilty. In the broader biblical context, curses are often seen as consequences of disobedience to God's commandments. This reflects the covenantal relationship between God and Israel, where blessings and curses are contingent upon faithfulness to the law.

and it will enter her
The phrase "enter her" (וּבָאָה בָהּ, uva'ah bah) suggests a deep, internal effect, indicating that the outcome of the ritual is not merely physical but also spiritual. This reflects the biblical understanding of the body and soul as interconnected. The entry of the water symbolizes the penetration of divine judgment into the innermost being, revealing truth and exposing hidden sin.

and cause bitter suffering
The Hebrew word for "suffering" (צָבָה, tzavah) can also mean swelling or distention, indicating a physical manifestation of the curse. This phrase highlights the potential consequences of sin and the seriousness of the accusation. In the broader scriptural context, suffering is often seen as a result of sin, but also as a means of purification and redemption. This duality reflects the biblical theme of justice tempered with mercy, where suffering can lead to repentance and restoration.

The priest
In ancient Israel, the priest served as a mediator between God and the people. The Hebrew word for priest, "kohen," signifies one who is set apart for sacred duties. The priest's role in this context underscores the seriousness of the ritual and the need for divine intervention in matters of marital fidelity. The priest's involvement highlights the importance of seeking God's guidance and justice in personal and communal disputes.

is to take
The act of taking the offering signifies the priest's active role in the ritual. It is a deliberate action that initiates the process of seeking divine judgment. This action reflects the priest's responsibility to uphold God's law and ensure that the ritual is conducted according to divine instructions.

the grain offering for jealousy
This specific offering, known in Hebrew as "minchah," is unique to the situation described in Numbers 5. It is a tangible expression of the husband's suspicion and the community's desire for truth. The grain offering, made of barley, is humble and unadorned, symbolizing the gravity and solemnity of the situation. It serves as a physical representation of the emotional and spiritual turmoil caused by jealousy.

from the woman
The woman's involvement in the offering process is crucial. It signifies her participation in the ritual and her submission to the divine judgment that will follow. This phrase highlights the personal nature of the ritual, as it directly affects her life and reputation. It also underscores the communal aspect, as her actions and the outcome of the ritual have implications for the entire community.

present the offering before the LORD
Presenting the offering before the LORD emphasizes the sacredness of the ritual. It is an act of worship and submission to God's authority. The Hebrew word "panim," meaning "before," suggests a face-to-face encounter with the divine. This phrase reminds us that God is the ultimate judge, and His presence is central to the resolution of the matter.

and bring it to the altar
The altar is a place of sacrifice and divine encounter. Bringing the offering to the altar signifies the culmination of the ritual process. It is here that the offering is transformed from a physical object into a spiritual plea for justice. The altar represents God's willingness to engage with His people and provide guidance and resolution in their lives.

The priest
In the context of ancient Israel, the priest held a significant role as a mediator between God and the people. The Hebrew word for priest, "kohen," signifies one who is set apart for sacred duties. The priest's involvement in this ritual underscores the seriousness of the proceedings and the divine authority under which the ritual is conducted. It reflects the priest's role in maintaining the holiness and purity of the community.

is then to take
This phrase indicates a specific action that follows a prescribed order. The Hebrew verb "laqach" means to take or seize, suggesting a deliberate and careful action. The priest's actions are not arbitrary but are part of a divinely ordained process, emphasizing the importance of obedience to God's commands.

a handful of the grain offering
The grain offering, or "minchah" in Hebrew, was a common form of offering in the Old Testament, symbolizing the fruits of human labor and devotion to God. The act of taking a handful signifies a portion that represents the whole, a memorial before God. This offering is a tangible expression of faith and submission to God's will.

as a memorial portion
The term "memorial" in Hebrew is "azkarah," which means a remembrance or reminder. This portion of the offering serves as a reminder before God of the covenant relationship between Him and His people. It is a symbolic act that calls upon God to remember His promises and the faithfulness of His people.

and burn it on the altar
Burning the offering on the altar signifies its dedication to God. The altar, a sacred place of sacrifice, represents the meeting point between the divine and the human. The act of burning transforms the physical offering into a spiritual act of worship, symbolizing purification and the ascent of the offering to God.

After that
This phrase indicates a sequence of events, highlighting the orderliness and structure of the ritual. It underscores the importance of following God's instructions precisely, reflecting the broader biblical theme of obedience and faithfulness.

he is to have the woman drink the water
The drinking of the water is the culmination of the ritual, a test of innocence or guilt. The water, mixed with dust from the tabernacle floor, symbolizes the presence and judgment of God. This act serves as a divine test, reflecting the belief that God is the ultimate judge of truth and righteousness. It underscores the seriousness of marital fidelity and the sanctity of the marriage covenant in the eyes of God.

When he has made her drink the water
This phrase refers to the ritual of the "water of bitterness" described in Numbers 5, a test for a woman suspected of adultery. The Hebrew root for "drink" (שָׁקָה, shakah) implies a forced action, indicating the seriousness of the ritual. This reflects the gravity of marital fidelity in ancient Israelite society, where marriage was a covenant not only between individuals but before God.

if she has defiled herself
The term "defiled" (טָמֵא, tame) in Hebrew carries a strong connotation of ritual impurity. In the context of the Old Testament, defilement often required purification rites. Here, it underscores the spiritual and communal breach caused by adultery, which was seen as a sin against God and the community.

and been unfaithful to her husband
Unfaithfulness (מָעַל, ma'al) is a breach of trust, a betrayal of the covenantal relationship. In the biblical context, marriage is a sacred bond, and unfaithfulness is not just a personal failing but a violation of divine law. This phrase highlights the importance of fidelity as a reflection of one's faithfulness to God.

the water that brings a curse
The "water" is a physical representation of divine judgment. The Hebrew word for "curse" (אָלָה, alah) suggests an invocation of divine retribution. This reflects the belief that God is actively involved in upholding moral order, and that sin has tangible consequences.

will enter her and cause bitter suffering
The phrase "bitter suffering" (מָרָה, marah) evokes the physical and emotional pain associated with sin and its consequences. It serves as a warning of the destructive power of sin, both in personal lives and in the community.

her abdomen will swell and her thigh will waste away
This vivid imagery symbolizes the physical manifestation of guilt and divine judgment. The swelling abdomen and wasting thigh are signs of barrenness, a severe consequence in a culture that valued progeny. It underscores the seriousness of the accusation and the divine justice at work.

and she will become accursed among her people
To be "accursed" (אָרַר, arar) is to be set apart for destruction, a severe social and spiritual consequence. This reflects the communal nature of sin and its impact on the community. It serves as a sobering reminder of the importance of holiness and the fear of God in maintaining communal integrity.

But if the woman has not defiled herself
This phrase introduces a conditional scenario, emphasizing the importance of personal integrity and purity. The Hebrew word for "defiled" is "טָמֵא" (tamei), which means to be unclean or impure, often in a ritualistic or moral sense. In the context of ancient Israel, maintaining ritual purity was crucial for community and religious life. This phrase reassures that if the woman is innocent of the charges against her, she remains in a state of purity before God and the community.

and is clean
The term "clean" in Hebrew is "טָהוֹר" (tahor), signifying purity and ceremonial cleanliness. This concept is central to the Levitical laws, where being clean was necessary for participation in worship and community activities. The assurance of being "clean" underscores the woman's innocence and her rightful place within the covenant community. It reflects God's justice and the restoration of her honor and status.

she will be unaffected
This phrase indicates that the woman will not suffer any negative consequences from the ordeal. The Hebrew context suggests a divine protection over her, affirming that God upholds justice and truth. The absence of adverse effects serves as a divine vindication of her innocence, reinforcing the belief that God is a righteous judge who protects the innocent.

and able to conceive children
In ancient Israel, fertility was seen as a blessing from God and a sign of His favor. The ability to conceive children was highly valued and often linked to a woman's identity and status. This promise of fertility is a powerful affirmation of the woman's innocence and God's blessing upon her life. It highlights the restoration of her role within the family and community, ensuring her future and legacy.

This is the law of jealousy
The phrase "law of jealousy" refers to a specific legal procedure outlined in the Mosaic Law. In Hebrew, the word for "law" is "torah," which means instruction or teaching. This law was given to address situations of marital unfaithfulness, reflecting the seriousness with which God views the covenant of marriage. The "jealousy" here is not merely human emotion but a legal term indicating a husband's suspicion of infidelity. It underscores the importance of fidelity and trust within the marriage covenant, which mirrors the covenant relationship between God and His people.

when a wife goes astray
The phrase "goes astray" is translated from the Hebrew word "sāṭâ," which means to deviate or wander. This term is often used in the context of moral or spiritual deviation. In the historical context, this reflects the societal norms and expectations of marital fidelity. The act of going astray is not just a personal failing but a breach of the sacred covenant of marriage, which was a cornerstone of Israelite society. It serves as a metaphor for spiritual unfaithfulness, where Israel is often depicted as a wayward spouse in the prophetic literature.

and defiles herself
"Defiles herself" comes from the Hebrew word "ṭāmē," meaning to become unclean or impure. In the Levitical system, purity was not just a physical state but a spiritual one, affecting one's ability to participate in community and worship. This phrase indicates a serious breach of both personal and communal holiness. The defilement is not just a private matter but has public and spiritual ramifications, reflecting the interconnectedness of personal sin and community holiness in the biblical worldview.

while under her husband’s authority
The phrase "under her husband’s authority" reflects the patriarchal structure of ancient Israelite society, where the husband was the head of the household. The Hebrew word for "authority" here is "yad," which literally means "hand," symbolizing power and control. This structure was intended to reflect order and responsibility within the family unit. In a broader theological sense, it mirrors the order of creation and the relationship between Christ and the Church, as described in the New Testament. The husband's authority is not meant to be oppressive but protective, ensuring the well-being and integrity of the family.

or when a feeling of jealousy
The Hebrew word for "jealousy" is "קִנְאָה" (qin'ah), which can denote a range of emotions from zeal to envy. In the context of Numbers 5, it refers to a husband's suspicion of infidelity. This feeling is not merely an emotional response but is seen as a significant enough concern to warrant divine intervention. Historically, jealousy in marriage was a serious matter, reflecting the importance of fidelity and trust in the covenant relationship, which mirrors God's covenant with Israel.

comes over a husband
The phrase indicates an involuntary experience, suggesting that the feeling of jealousy is something that happens to the husband rather than something he actively chooses. This reflects the human condition of experiencing emotions that can be overwhelming and sometimes irrational. In the biblical context, the husband's role as the head of the household meant that his concerns were taken seriously, and the law provided a means to address them.

and he suspects his wife
Suspicion here is not based on evidence but on a feeling, which underscores the potential for misunderstanding and false accusations. The Hebrew root "סָטָה" (satah) means to deviate or go astray, which in this context refers to the wife's alleged infidelity. The law provided a structured way to address such suspicions, emphasizing the need for justice and truth in marital relationships.

The priest is to have her stand before the LORD
The priest acts as an intermediary between the people and God, highlighting the sacred nature of the proceedings. Standing "before the LORD" signifies entering into God's presence, where truth is revealed, and justice is administered. This reflects the belief that God is the ultimate judge and arbiter of truth, and His presence ensures fairness and righteousness.

and apply this entire law to her
The "entire law" refers to the specific ritual outlined in Numbers 5, known as the "ordeal of jealousy." This ritual was a means of divine judgment, where God Himself would reveal the truth of the matter. The application of the law underscores the importance of following God's commandments precisely, as they are designed to maintain order and holiness within the community.

The husband will be free from guilt
This phrase underscores the patriarchal context of ancient Israelite society, where the husband held significant authority and responsibility within the family unit. The Hebrew word for "guilt" here is "עָוֹן" (avon), which often refers to iniquity or moral wrongdoing. In this context, the husband is absolved of any wrongdoing in the situation described in the preceding verses, which detail the ritual for a woman suspected of adultery. This reflects the societal norms and legal structures of the time, where the husband's role was both protective and judicial. Theologically, this can be seen as a representation of divine justice, where God ensures that the innocent are not punished for the sins of others.

but the woman shall bear her iniquity
The phrase "shall bear her iniquity" uses the Hebrew word "נָשָׂא" (nasa), meaning to carry or bear a burden. This indicates that the woman, if guilty, must face the consequences of her actions. The ritual described earlier in Numbers 5 is a test of fidelity, and if the woman is found guilty, she must bear the moral and social repercussions. This reflects the seriousness with which marital fidelity was regarded in ancient Israel. From a conservative Christian perspective, this can be seen as a call to personal responsibility and the importance of maintaining the sanctity of marriage. It also highlights the belief in divine justice, where God is the ultimate judge of human actions. Theologically, it serves as a reminder of the need for repentance and the hope for redemption through God's grace.