Now when
This phrase sets the stage for a specific event in the narrative of Israel's journey. It indicates a transition and a moment of action. In the Hebrew text, the word "now" (וַיְהִי, vay'hi) often introduces a new scene or development, suggesting that God's providential timing is at work. It reminds us that God is sovereign over history and the unfolding events in the lives of His people.

the Canaanite king of Arad
The Canaanites were a group of ancient people who lived in the land of Canaan, which God had promised to the descendants of Abraham. The "king of Arad" refers to a specific ruler of a city-state in the southern part of Canaan. Archaeological evidence suggests that Arad was a significant city during this period, and its king would have been a formidable opponent. This highlights the real and present danger faced by the Israelites as they journeyed toward the Promised Land.

who lived in the Negev
The Negev is a desert region in the southern part of modern-day Israel. It was a harsh and arid environment, which made it a challenging area for travel and survival. The mention of the Negev emphasizes the difficult conditions the Israelites faced and the strategic location of Arad, which controlled important trade routes and access points in the region.

heard that Israel was coming
The phrase "heard that Israel was coming" indicates that the movements of the Israelites were being closely monitored by the surrounding nations. The reputation of Israel, and more importantly, the power of their God, had preceded them. This hearing implies a sense of fear and anticipation among the Canaanites, as they were aware of the miraculous events that had accompanied Israel's journey.

along the road to Atharim
The "road to Atharim" is a specific route that the Israelites were taking. While the exact location of Atharim is uncertain, it suggests a well-known path or trade route. This detail underscores the strategic nature of Israel's journey and the tactical considerations of their enemies. It also reflects the organized and purposeful movement of God's people toward their divine inheritance.

he attacked Israel
The attack by the king of Arad represents the ongoing conflict between the Israelites and the inhabitants of Canaan. This aggression is a direct challenge to God's promise to give the land to Israel. It serves as a reminder of the spiritual warfare that God's people face and the opposition that arises when they move in obedience to His will.

and captured some of them
The capture of some Israelites highlights the real and tangible losses that can occur in the midst of spiritual and physical battles. It serves as a sobering reminder of the cost of following God's path and the need for reliance on His strength and deliverance. This event sets the stage for God's intervention and the eventual victory that He will provide for His people.

So Israel made a vow
The act of making a vow in ancient Israel was a solemn promise or commitment made to God, often in times of distress or need. The Hebrew word for vow, "נֶדֶר" (neder), signifies a binding promise that must be fulfilled. Vows were not taken lightly, as they were considered sacred and inviolable. This reflects Israel's deep reliance on God and their understanding of the seriousness of their covenant relationship with Him. In the broader biblical context, vows were often made in exchange for divine intervention or favor, highlighting the reciprocal nature of Israel's faith and devotion.

to the LORD
The use of "the LORD" here refers to the covenant name of God, Yahweh, emphasizing His personal and relational nature with Israel. This name is a reminder of God's faithfulness and His role as the covenant-keeping God who delivered Israel from Egypt. It underscores the intimate relationship between God and His people, where Israel acknowledges Yahweh as their ultimate authority and source of deliverance. The invocation of God's name in a vow signifies the seriousness and sincerity of Israel's plea.

If You will indeed deliver
This phrase reflects a conditional plea, demonstrating Israel's dependence on God's power and willingness to act on their behalf. The Hebrew root "נָתַן" (natan), meaning "to give" or "to deliver," conveys the idea of God granting victory or success. It highlights the Israelites' recognition that their success in battle is contingent upon divine intervention. This conditional aspect of the vow shows Israel's faith in God's ability to control the outcome of events and their trust in His providence.

this people into our hands
The phrase "into our hands" is a common biblical expression denoting victory or control over an enemy. It signifies the transfer of power and authority from one group to another. In the historical context, the Israelites were often engaged in battles with surrounding nations as they journeyed to the Promised Land. This request for deliverance into their hands reflects the ongoing struggle for survival and the fulfillment of God's promises to Israel. It also underscores the belief that God is the one who grants victory and establishes His people's dominion.

we will devote their cities to destruction
The term "devote to destruction" comes from the Hebrew word "חֵרֶם" (cherem), which means to consecrate or dedicate something to God, often through complete destruction. This concept is rooted in the idea of holy war, where certain things were set apart for God, either by being destroyed or given as an offering. In this context, it reflects Israel's commitment to obey God's commands regarding the conquest of the land and the removal of idolatrous influences. This act of devotion is both an expression of faithfulness to God and a means of purifying the land for His purposes. It serves as a reminder of the seriousness of sin and the need for holiness among God's people.

And the LORD heard Israel’s plea
This phrase emphasizes the responsiveness of God to the cries of His people. The Hebrew root for "heard" is "שָׁמַע" (shama), which implies not just hearing but also understanding and responding. This highlights the intimate relationship between God and Israel, where God is attentive to their needs and supplications. Historically, this reflects the covenant relationship where God promised to be their protector and guide.

and delivered up the Canaanites
The term "delivered up" comes from the Hebrew "נָתַן" (nathan), meaning to give or hand over. This signifies God's active role in granting Israel victory over their enemies. The Canaanites were a significant obstacle to Israel's journey to the Promised Land, representing the pagan nations that opposed God's people. This act of deliverance is a testament to God's sovereignty and His commitment to fulfilling His promises to Israel.

and they devoted them and their cities to destruction
The phrase "devoted to destruction" is derived from the Hebrew "חֵרֶם" (cherem), which means to ban or dedicate something for complete destruction. This was a common practice in ancient warfare, especially in the context of holy war, where the spoils of war were not taken for personal gain but were completely destroyed as an offering to God. This act was a demonstration of Israel's obedience to God's commands and a purification of the land from idolatry and sin.

So the place was called Hormah
"Hormah" comes from the Hebrew root "חָרַם" (charam), which is related to the concept of being devoted to destruction. Naming the place Hormah served as a lasting reminder of God's deliverance and the victory He granted Israel. It also symbolized the consequences of disobedience and the importance of following God's commands. This name would remind future generations of the power and faithfulness of God in fulfilling His promises to His people.

Then they set out from Mount Hor
Mount Hor is significant in the biblical narrative as the place where Aaron, the brother of Moses, died and was buried (Numbers 20:22-29). This departure marks a transition in leadership and a continuation of the Israelites' journey toward the Promised Land. The Hebrew root for "set out" (נָסַע, nasa) implies a purposeful movement, often used to describe the Israelites' travels under God's guidance. This phrase reminds us of the importance of obedience and trust in God's timing and direction, even when the path is uncertain.

along the route to the Red Sea
The "route to the Red Sea" indicates a detour in the Israelites' journey. Historically, this path was not the most direct route to Canaan, but it was necessary to avoid conflict with Edom. The Red Sea, or "Yam Suph" in Hebrew, is a significant body of water in Israel's history, symbolizing God's deliverance and power, as seen in the parting of the sea during the Exodus. This phrase underscores the theme of divine providence and protection, reminding believers that God's ways are higher than our ways (Isaiah 55:9).

to bypass the land of Edom
Edom, the descendants of Esau, had refused passage to the Israelites (Numbers 20:14-21). The decision to bypass Edom reflects a strategic and peaceful approach, avoiding unnecessary conflict. The Hebrew word for "bypass" (סָבַב, sabab) suggests a circular or indirect route, highlighting the patience and perseverance required in following God's plan. This phrase encourages believers to seek peace and trust in God's provision, even when faced with obstacles.

But the people grew impatient on the journey
The phrase "grew impatient" (קָצַר, qatsar) in Hebrew conveys a sense of frustration and weariness. This impatience reflects a recurring theme in the Israelites' wilderness experience, where they often struggled with doubt and discontent. The journey, both physically and spiritually, was a test of faith and endurance. This phrase serves as a cautionary reminder for believers to guard against impatience and to cultivate a spirit of gratitude and trust in God's timing, even when the journey is long and challenging.

And the people spoke against God and against Moses
This phrase highlights the recurring theme of rebellion and dissatisfaction among the Israelites during their wilderness journey. The Hebrew word for "spoke" (דִּבֵּר, dibber) implies not just casual conversation but a deliberate act of complaint or accusation. This reflects a deeper spiritual issue of distrust and ingratitude towards divine leadership. Historically, this period was marked by a series of tests and trials meant to refine the Israelites' faith. Speaking "against God and against Moses" indicates a direct challenge to both divine authority and the appointed human leader, Moses, who was God's chosen instrument for their deliverance.

Why have you brought us up out of Egypt
The phrase "brought us up out of Egypt" recalls the miraculous deliverance from slavery, a foundational event in Israel's history. The Hebrew root for "brought up" (עָלָה, alah) suggests an elevation or ascent, symbolizing not just a physical relocation but a spiritual journey towards a promised relationship with God. The question posed by the Israelites reveals a lack of understanding and appreciation for the purpose of their liberation. It underscores a common human tendency to romanticize the past, even when it was marked by oppression, due to fear or discomfort with the present challenges.

to die in the wilderness?
The wilderness, or "midbar" (מִדְבָּר), in Hebrew, is often a place of testing and transformation in the Bible. It is a harsh environment that strips away comforts and distractions, forcing reliance on God. The Israelites' fear of dying in the wilderness reflects a crisis of faith, as they struggle to trust in God's provision and promises. This phrase captures the tension between the physical reality of their journey and the spiritual growth it was intended to produce. Historically, the wilderness period was a time of covenant formation and identity shaping for the Israelites, preparing them for life in the Promised Land.

For there is no bread or water
The complaint of "no bread or water" highlights the Israelites' focus on immediate physical needs. Bread and water are basic sustenance, and their absence is a legitimate concern. However, this complaint overlooks the miraculous provision of manna and water from the rock, which God had already provided. The Hebrew word for "bread" (לֶחֶם, lechem) and "water" (מַיִם, mayim) are not just physical necessities but also symbols of spiritual nourishment and life. This phrase challenges believers to trust in God's provision, even when it seems insufficient by worldly standards.

and we detest this miserable food!
The term "miserable food" refers to the manna, described elsewhere as "the bread of heaven" (Psalm 78:24). The Hebrew word for "detest" (קָצָה, qatsah) conveys a strong sense of loathing or disgust. This reaction to God's miraculous provision reveals a heart hardened by ingratitude and a lack of spiritual discernment. Manna, while monotonous, was a daily reminder of God's faithfulness and care. This phrase serves as a caution against allowing familiarity to breed contempt, urging believers to recognize and appreciate God's blessings, even when they come in unexpected forms.

So the LORD sent
The phrase begins with the divine action of the LORD, emphasizing His sovereignty and active role in the events of Israel's journey. The Hebrew word for "sent" is שָׁלַח (shalach), which conveys the idea of dispatching or commissioning. This action underscores God's direct involvement in the discipline of His people, reminding us of His holiness and justice. It serves as a sobering reminder that God is not indifferent to sin and rebellion, but rather, He is a righteous judge who acts according to His divine will.

venomous snakes
The Hebrew term used here is שָׂרָף (saraph), which can be translated as "fiery" or "burning," likely referring to the burning sensation caused by the venom. These creatures are instruments of divine judgment, illustrating the seriousness of Israel's sin. The presence of these snakes in the wilderness also reflects the harsh and dangerous environment through which the Israelites journeyed, a setting that required their reliance on God's protection and provision.

among the people
This phrase indicates the pervasive nature of the judgment. The snakes were not isolated to a specific group but were sent "among the people," affecting the entire community. This communal aspect of the judgment highlights the corporate responsibility of the Israelites and serves as a warning about the consequences of collective disobedience. It also points to the need for communal repentance and intercession.

and they bit the Israelites
The act of biting signifies the immediate and painful consequence of the Israelites' rebellion. The Hebrew word for "bit" is נָשַׁךְ (nashak), which implies a piercing or striking action. This physical affliction is a direct result of their spiritual rebellion, illustrating the principle that sin often leads to suffering. The bites serve as a tangible reminder of the Israelites' need for repentance and God's mercy.

so that many of them died
The outcome of the snake bites was death for many Israelites, underscoring the severity of the judgment. This tragic result serves as a stark warning about the wages of sin, as echoed in Romans 6:23, "For the wages of sin is death." The death of many Israelites is a call to recognize the seriousness of turning away from God and the ultimate consequence of unrepentant sin. It also foreshadows the need for a savior who can deliver from the sting of death, pointing forward to the redemptive work of Christ.

Then the people came to Moses
This phrase marks a pivotal moment of realization and humility among the Israelites. The act of coming to Moses signifies a recognition of his God-given leadership and authority. Historically, Moses served as the mediator between God and the Israelites, a role that prefigures Christ as the ultimate mediator. The Hebrew root for "came" (בּוֹא, bo) implies movement towards a goal or purpose, indicating the people's earnest desire for reconciliation.

and said, 'We have sinned
The confession "We have sinned" is a crucial acknowledgment of wrongdoing. In Hebrew, the word for sin (חָטָא, chata) conveys the idea of missing the mark or straying from the path. This admission is essential for repentance and restoration. Theologically, it underscores the necessity of recognizing one's sin before seeking God's forgiveness, a principle that resonates throughout Scripture.

by speaking against the LORD and against you
This phrase highlights the specific nature of their sin: speaking against divine and appointed authority. The act of speaking against (דִּבֵּר, dibber) in Hebrew suggests a deliberate and rebellious communication. Historically, the Israelites' complaints were not just against Moses but ultimately against God, reflecting a lack of faith and trust. This serves as a reminder of the importance of respecting God's chosen leaders and the consequences of rebellion.

Intercede with the LORD
The request for intercession underscores the role of Moses as a mediator. The Hebrew root for intercede (פָּגַע, paga) implies making contact or entreaty, often with persistence. This reflects the biblical principle that intercession is a powerful tool for seeking God's mercy. Moses' willingness to intercede despite the people's rebellion exemplifies Christ-like forgiveness and love.

to take the snakes away from us
The plea to remove the snakes is both literal and symbolic. The snakes, sent as a consequence of sin, represent the immediate danger and the broader consequences of disobedience. In the biblical narrative, serpents often symbolize sin and evil. The request to remove them signifies a desire for deliverance from both physical and spiritual peril, pointing to the need for divine intervention in overcoming sin.

So Moses interceded for the people
This concluding phrase demonstrates Moses' obedience and compassion. His intercession is a powerful act of advocacy, reflecting the heart of a true leader. Theologically, it foreshadows Christ's intercessory work on behalf of humanity. Moses' actions remind believers of the importance of prayer and intercession in seeking God's grace and mercy for oneself and others.

Then the LORD said to Moses
This phrase underscores the direct communication between God and Moses, a recurring theme in the Pentateuch. The Hebrew word for "LORD" is "YHWH," the sacred, covenantal name of God, emphasizing His eternal presence and faithfulness. This divine instruction highlights God's sovereignty and His role as the ultimate guide and protector of Israel. Historically, Moses is seen as a mediator between God and the Israelites, and this passage reinforces his leadership and prophetic role.

Make a fiery serpent
The Hebrew term for "fiery serpent" is "saraph," which can mean "burning" or "fiery." This could refer to the burning sensation of the snake's bite or the appearance of the serpent itself. The serpent, often a symbol of sin and judgment, here becomes an instrument of healing, foreshadowing the paradox of the cross in Christian theology. Archaeologically, serpents were common symbols in ancient Near Eastern cultures, often associated with both danger and healing.

and mount it on a pole
The act of mounting the serpent on a pole is significant. The Hebrew word for "pole" is "nes," which can also mean "banner" or "standard." This act of elevation is symbolic, drawing the eyes of the Israelites upward, away from their immediate suffering, and towards God's provision. This anticipates the New Testament imagery of Christ being lifted up on the cross, as referenced in John 3:14-15.

When anyone who is bitten
This phrase acknowledges the reality of the Israelites' suffering due to their disobedience and the presence of venomous snakes. The bite represents the consequences of sin, a recurring theme throughout Scripture. The universality of the offer—"anyone who is bitten"—emphasizes God's grace and the availability of salvation to all who turn to Him in faith.

looks at it
The act of looking is an expression of faith and obedience. In Hebrew, the word "nabat" implies a deliberate, attentive gaze. This simple act of looking signifies trust in God's promise and provision. It is not the serpent itself that heals, but the faith in God's word and His power to save. This prefigures the Christian doctrine of salvation by faith, where belief in Christ's redemptive work brings spiritual healing.

he will live
The promise of life is central to this verse. The Hebrew word "chayah" means to live or to revive, indicating not just physical survival but a restoration to fullness of life. This assurance of life through faith in God's provision is a powerful foreshadowing of the eternal life offered through Jesus Christ. In a broader biblical context, it reflects God's desire for His people to choose life and blessing through obedience and faith.

So Moses made a bronze serpent
The act of Moses crafting a bronze serpent is significant in its obedience to God's command. The Hebrew word for "serpent" is "נָחָשׁ" (nachash), which is the same term used for the serpent in the Garden of Eden, symbolizing sin and temptation. The use of bronze, a metal associated with judgment and endurance, suggests a deeper theological meaning. In the ancient Near East, bronze was a common material for tools and weapons, symbolizing strength and resilience. Here, the bronze serpent becomes a paradoxical symbol of both the sin that brought death and the means of deliverance from it.

and mounted it on a pole
The pole, or "נֵס" (nes) in Hebrew, is often translated as "banner" or "standard." This term is used elsewhere in the Old Testament to denote a rallying point or a signal for gathering. The elevation of the serpent on a pole signifies its visibility and accessibility to all who would look upon it. Historically, poles were used in ancient cultures to display symbols of power or victory. In this context, the pole elevates the bronze serpent as a focal point for the Israelites' faith and obedience, prefiguring the crucifixion of Christ, who was lifted up for the salvation of humanity.

If anyone who was bitten
The condition of being "bitten" by serpents is a direct consequence of the Israelites' sin and rebellion against God. The Hebrew word "נָשַׁךְ" (nashak) means to bite or sting, indicating a sudden and painful affliction. This phrase underscores the reality of sin's consequences and the need for divine intervention. The serpents were a judgment upon the people, yet God provided a means of healing, illustrating His mercy and grace even in the midst of judgment.

looked at the bronze serpent
The act of looking, "רָאָה" (ra'ah) in Hebrew, implies more than a mere glance; it denotes a deliberate and expectant gaze. This action required faith and trust in God's provision for healing. The simplicity of the remedy—merely looking—emphasizes the sufficiency of faith in God's word. This anticipates the New Testament teaching of salvation through faith in Christ, who invites all to look to Him for eternal life.

he would live
The promise of life, "חָיָה" (chayah) in Hebrew, is a powerful testament to God's redemptive power. Despite the deadly nature of the serpent bites, those who obeyed God's command and looked upon the bronze serpent were granted life. This miraculous healing prefigures the ultimate healing and eternal life offered through Jesus Christ. In John 3:14-15, Jesus Himself references this event, drawing a parallel between the lifting up of the serpent and His own crucifixion, through which believers are granted eternal life.

Then the Israelites set out
This phrase marks a transition in the journey of the Israelites. The Hebrew root for "set out" is "nasa," which means to pull up, especially the tent pegs, indicating the beginning of a journey. This action signifies obedience and readiness to follow God's leading. Historically, the Israelites' journey through the wilderness was a test of faith and endurance, reflecting the Christian journey of faith where believers are called to trust and follow God's guidance, even when the path is uncertain.

and camped
The Hebrew word for "camped" is "chanah," which means to pitch a tent or encamp. This word suggests a temporary dwelling, a pause in their journey. In the wilderness, the Israelites' camping was a time for rest, reflection, and preparation for the next stage of their journey. Spiritually, this can be seen as a metaphor for the Christian life, where moments of rest and reflection are essential for spiritual growth and renewal.

at Oboth
Oboth is one of the many stations in the Israelites' wilderness journey. The name "Oboth" is derived from the Hebrew "ovoth," which means "waterskins" or "bottles," possibly indicating a place where water was stored or found. Archaeologically, the exact location of Oboth is uncertain, but it is believed to be in the region east of the Dead Sea. This place name reminds believers of God's provision and sustenance in the wilderness, symbolizing how God provides for His people in times of need. In a broader scriptural context, Oboth represents a stage in the journey towards the Promised Land, encouraging Christians to persevere in their spiritual journey, trusting in God's provision and guidance.

They journeyed from Oboth
The phrase "They journeyed" indicates the continuous movement of the Israelites during their wilderness wanderings. The Hebrew root for "journeyed" is "nasa," which means to pull up or set out, often used in the context of breaking camp. This reflects the transient nature of the Israelites' existence during this period, as they followed God's guidance through the wilderness. "Oboth" is a location mentioned only in this context, and its name may derive from a root meaning "waterskins" or "spirits," suggesting a place of sustenance or spiritual significance.

and camped at Iye-abarim
The act of camping signifies a temporary settlement, a pause in their journey. "Iye-abarim" translates to "ruins of the passers" or "heaps of the regions beyond," indicating a place on the edge of the Promised Land. This location is significant as it represents a transition point for the Israelites, moving closer to the fulfillment of God's promise. The name itself suggests a place of crossing or transition, highlighting the Israelites' journey from wandering to entering the land God had promised them.

in the wilderness opposite Moab
The "wilderness" here refers to the uninhabited and desolate areas the Israelites traversed. This wilderness journey is symbolic of the trials and testing of faith that the Israelites experienced. "Opposite Moab" situates the Israelites geographically and historically, as Moab was a neighboring nation with whom Israel had a complex relationship. The Moabites were descendants of Lot, Abraham's nephew, which adds a layer of familial tension and historical context to the narrative.

toward the sunrise
The phrase "toward the sunrise" is both a geographical and symbolic direction. Geographically, it indicates an eastward movement. Symbolically, the sunrise often represents hope, new beginnings, and divine guidance. For the Israelites, moving toward the sunrise could signify moving toward the fulfillment of God's promises and the hope of entering the Promised Land. This direction underscores the theme of divine providence and the anticipation of a new chapter in the Israelites' journey.

From there
This phrase indicates a continuation of the Israelites' journey. The Hebrew root for "from there" is "מִשָּׁם" (misham), which signifies movement or transition. This reflects the nomadic lifestyle of the Israelites during their wilderness wanderings. It is a reminder of the transient nature of life and the importance of trusting in God's guidance as He leads His people from one stage to another.

they set out
The Hebrew word used here is "נָסַע" (nasa), meaning to pull up or set out, often used in the context of breaking camp. This action signifies obedience and readiness to follow God's direction. It is a call to believers to be prepared to move when God commands, leaving behind comfort zones and trusting in His plan.

and camped
The Hebrew root "חָנָה" (chanah) means to pitch a tent or encamp. This reflects a temporary dwelling, emphasizing the Israelites' reliance on God for provision and protection. It serves as a metaphor for the Christian life, where believers are sojourners on earth, finding rest and security in God's presence.

in the Valley
The term "valley" in Hebrew is "נַחַל" (nachal), which can also mean a wadi or a dry riverbed. Valleys in Scripture often symbolize times of testing or low points, yet they are also places of growth and renewal. This duality encourages believers to see challenges as opportunities for spiritual development and to trust in God's provision during difficult times.

of Zered
Zered, or "זֶרֶד" (Zered), is a location east of the Dead Sea, marking a significant point in the Israelites' journey. Historically, crossing the Zered represented a transition from the wilderness wanderings to the approach of the Promised Land. It symbolizes a milestone of faith and perseverance, encouraging believers to press on toward the promises of God, knowing that each step is part of His divine plan.

From there they set out
This phrase marks a transition in the journey of the Israelites. The Hebrew root for "set out" is "nasa," which means to pull up, especially the tent pegs, indicating a readiness to move forward. This reflects the Israelites' obedience to God's guidance, as they continued their journey towards the Promised Land. It is a reminder of the Christian journey of faith, where believers are called to be ready to move as God directs.

and camped on the other side of the Arnon
The Arnon River served as a significant geographical marker. The Hebrew word "Arnon" means "rushing stream," indicative of its nature. Camping on the other side signifies a strategic position, as the Israelites were now on the border of the Amorite territory. This move symbolizes a step closer to the fulfillment of God's promises, encouraging believers to trust in God's timing and provision as they face new challenges.

in the wilderness that extends into the Amorite territory
The wilderness represents a place of testing and reliance on God. The Hebrew word for wilderness, "midbar," can also mean "pasture" or "uninhabited land," highlighting both the desolation and the potential for growth. The Amorites were known as fierce warriors, and their territory was a land of opposition. This phrase underscores the reality of spiritual warfare, where believers must rely on God's strength to overcome adversities.

The Arnon is the border between Moab and the Amorites
Borders in ancient times were significant for defining territories and establishing control. The Arnon River as a border signifies a boundary set by God. The Moabites and Amorites were both descendants of Lot, yet they had distinct territories. This demarcation serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty in establishing boundaries and His faithfulness in leading His people through them. For Christians, it is a call to recognize and respect the boundaries God sets in their lives, trusting in His divine plan and protection.

This is why it is stated
This phrase introduces a citation from an ancient text, suggesting that the events being described were significant enough to be recorded in a historical document. The Hebrew word for "stated" is often used in the context of formal declarations or records, indicating the importance of the events. This highlights the reliability and historical nature of the biblical narrative, affirming that God's actions in history were noteworthy and documented.

in the Book of the Wars of the LORD
This mysterious book is not part of the canonical Bible, but it is referenced here as a source of historical record. The title suggests a collection of songs or accounts celebrating the victories and mighty acts of God on behalf of Israel. The term "LORD" (YHWH) emphasizes the covenantal relationship between God and His people, underscoring His role as a divine warrior who fights for Israel. This reference reminds believers of God's sovereignty and His active involvement in the affairs of His people.

Waheb in Suphah
The exact location and meaning of "Waheb in Suphah" are uncertain, as these names do not appear elsewhere in the Bible. However, they likely refer to specific places or events known to the original audience. The mention of these locations in the context of God's wars suggests that they were sites of significant divine intervention or victory. This serves as a reminder of God's presence and power in specific historical contexts, encouraging believers to trust in His guidance and protection.

and the wadis of the Arnon
The "wadis" are dry riverbeds that can become torrents during the rainy season. The Arnon is a river that served as a boundary between Moab and the Amorites. Mentioning the "wadis of the Arnon" situates the narrative in a real geographical context, emphasizing the historical reality of the events. This geographical reference underscores the tangible nature of God's interventions in history, reminding believers that God's actions are not abstract but occur in the real world, affecting real people and places.

and the slopes of the ravines
The phrase "slopes of the ravines" refers to the geographical features that are often found in the rugged terrain of the ancient Near East. The Hebrew word for "ravines" is "נַחֲלֵי" (nachalei), which can also mean valleys or streams. These ravines were significant in the journey of the Israelites as they traversed the wilderness. Historically, such features provided both challenges and resources, like water, which was crucial for survival. Spiritually, the ravines can symbolize the trials and low points in life, where God's guidance is essential.

that lead to the site of Ar
The "site of Ar" refers to a location within the territory of Moab. Ar was a significant city in Moab, and its mention here indicates the proximity of the Israelites to Moabite lands. The Hebrew root for "Ar" is "עָר" (Ar), which means "city." This highlights the Israelites' journey towards the Promised Land, encountering various nations and cities along the way. Theologically, this can be seen as a reminder of God's promise and the fulfillment of His covenant, as the Israelites move closer to the land He pledged to them.

and lie along the border of Moab
The "border of Moab" signifies the boundary between the Israelites and the Moabites. Moab, a nation descended from Lot, often had a contentious relationship with Israel. The Hebrew word for "border" is "גְּבוּל" (gevul), which denotes a boundary or limit. This phrase underscores the importance of boundaries in the biblical narrative, both physical and spiritual. It serves as a reminder of the distinct identity and calling of God's people, set apart from the surrounding nations. Historically, borders were crucial for defining territories and maintaining peace, and spiritually, they represent the limits set by God for His people to live within His will.

From there they went on to Beer
The phrase "From there" indicates a continuation of the Israelites' journey through the wilderness. This journey is not just a physical movement but a spiritual pilgrimage, reflecting the ongoing relationship between God and His people. The name "Beer" in Hebrew means "well," signifying a place of sustenance and life. Wells in the ancient Near East were vital for survival, often becoming gathering places and symbols of God's provision. This journey to Beer is a reminder of God's faithfulness in leading His people to places of refreshment and renewal.

the well where the LORD said to Moses
The "well" is a central symbol in this passage, representing God's provision and care. In the Hebrew context, wells were often associated with divine encounters and blessings. The mention of "the LORD" (YHWH) emphasizes the covenant relationship between God and Israel. God's communication with Moses highlights Moses' role as a mediator and leader, chosen to guide the people according to divine instruction. This phrase underscores the importance of obedience and trust in God's guidance.

Gather the people
The command to "Gather the people" reflects the communal aspect of God's provision. It is not just for individuals but for the entire community of Israel. This gathering is a call to unity and collective faith, reminding the Israelites that they are a chosen people, bound together by their covenant with God. In a broader sense, it speaks to the importance of community in the life of faith, where believers come together to receive God's blessings and support one another.

so that I may give them water
Water is a powerful symbol of life and sustenance in the Bible. In the arid wilderness, water is a precious resource, and God's promise to "give them water" is a testament to His care and provision. This phrase highlights God's sovereignty and generosity, providing for the needs of His people in miraculous ways. It also foreshadows the living water that Christ offers, a spiritual sustenance that quenches the deepest thirst of the soul. This promise of water is a reminder of God's abundant grace and the fulfillment of His promises to those who trust in Him.

Then Israel sang this song
Then
The word "then" serves as a temporal marker, indicating a sequence of events. In the context of Numbers 21, it follows a significant victory over the Canaanites. This victory was a direct result of God's intervention and the Israelites' obedience. The use of "then" highlights a moment of transition from struggle to celebration, reminding us that praise often follows deliverance.

Israel
"Israel" refers to the descendants of Jacob, also known as Israel, who was the patriarch of the twelve tribes. This collective term emphasizes the unity and identity of the people as God's chosen nation. Historically, Israel's journey through the wilderness was marked by trials and divine encounters, shaping them into a people set apart for God's purposes.

sang
The act of singing in ancient Israel was a powerful expression of worship and communal identity. Singing was often used to commemorate significant events, victories, and divine interventions. The Hebrew root for "sang" is "שִׁיר" (shir), which conveys not just the act of singing but also the joy and celebration inherent in the song. This reflects the deep-seated tradition of using music as a means to remember and proclaim God's faithfulness.

this song
The phrase "this song" indicates a specific composition, likely created spontaneously in response to God's deliverance. In the biblical narrative, songs often serve as a means to encapsulate and transmit theological truths and historical events. The content of "this song" would have been a reflection of the Israelites' gratitude and acknowledgment of God's sovereignty and provision. It serves as a reminder of the importance of memorializing God's acts through creative expression.

The princes dug the well
This phrase highlights the involvement of the leaders of Israel in the physical and spiritual provision for the people. The Hebrew word for "princes" is "נְשִׂיאִים" (nesi'im), which refers to leaders or chiefs. In the context of ancient Israel, these were the tribal leaders who held authority and responsibility. Their act of digging the well signifies leadership that is not just about authority but also about service and provision. This reflects a biblical principle that true leadership involves serving others, as seen in Jesus' teaching in the New Testament (Mark 10:42-45).

the nobles of the people
The term "nobles" in Hebrew is "נְדִיבֵי" (nedivei), which can mean generous or willing. This suggests that those who were of high status were not only leaders by position but also by their willingness to contribute to the community's needs. Historically, this reflects the communal nature of Israelite society, where leaders were expected to be examples of generosity and commitment to the welfare of the people.

hollowed it out
The act of hollowing out the well implies a process of making space for something essential—water, which is a symbol of life and sustenance. In a spiritual sense, this can be seen as a metaphor for making room in our lives for God's provision and blessings. The Hebrew root "קָרָה" (qarah) can mean to dig or to prepare, indicating a deliberate and purposeful action. This reflects the need for intentionality in our spiritual lives to receive what God has for us.

with their scepters and their staffs
The scepter and staff are symbols of authority and leadership. The Hebrew words "שֵׁבֶט" (shevet) for scepter and "מַטֶּה" (matteh) for staff are often used in the Old Testament to denote power and guidance. The use of these tools in the act of digging the well signifies that true authority is exercised in service and provision for others. This aligns with the biblical view that leadership is not about domination but about guiding and nurturing those under one's care, as seen in the shepherd imagery throughout Scripture (Psalm 23, John 10:11-18).

and from Mattanah
The word "Mattanah" in Hebrew means "gift." This name is significant as it represents a place in the Israelites' journey where they received a gift from God, possibly referring to the water that God provided in the wilderness. The journey of the Israelites is marked by divine provision, and "Mattanah" serves as a reminder of God's continuous gifts and sustenance. In a spiritual sense, it encourages believers to recognize and be grateful for the gifts and blessings that God provides in their own lives.

to Nahaliel
"Nahaliel" translates to "valley of God" or "inheritance of God" in Hebrew. This name suggests a place of divine inheritance and blessing. Valleys in biblical literature often symbolize a place of growth and fertility, contrasting with the barren wilderness. The journey to Nahaliel can be seen as a movement towards receiving God's promises and blessings. It is a reminder that even in the valleys of life, God is present, and His inheritance is assured for those who trust in Him.

and from Nahaliel to Bamoth
"Bamoth" means "high places" in Hebrew. High places in the Bible often refer to places of worship, both true and false. In this context, moving from Nahaliel to Bamoth can symbolize an ascent to a place of worship and encounter with God. It signifies a spiritual journey from receiving God's gifts to a place of worship and reverence. For believers, it is a call to elevate their spiritual lives, seeking higher ground in their relationship with God, and to worship Him in spirit and truth.

and from Bamoth
The word "Bamoth" refers to a location known as "high places." In the Hebrew context, "Bamoth" (בָּמוֹת) often signifies elevated areas used for worship, sometimes of pagan deities. In this passage, it marks a geographical transition for the Israelites. Theologically, it can symbolize moving from places of false worship to a journey towards the true God. Historically, these high places were significant in ancient Near Eastern cultures, often associated with altars and religious rites.

to the valley
The term "valley" (עֵמֶק, 'emeq) in Hebrew often represents a place of fertility and life, contrasting with the surrounding wilderness. Valleys in biblical narratives can symbolize times of testing or transition. Here, it signifies a movement from the heights of Bamoth to a more grounded, fertile area, possibly indicating a shift from spiritual highs to the realities of life and faith.

in the field of Moab
Moab was a region east of the Dead Sea, inhabited by the Moabites, descendants of Lot. The "field of Moab" (שְׂדֵה מוֹאָב, sedeh Mo'av) indicates a specific area within Moabite territory. Historically, Moab had a complex relationship with Israel, sometimes hostile, sometimes neutral. This phrase situates the Israelites within a land that is not their own, highlighting themes of pilgrimage and the tension between God's people and surrounding nations.

to the top of Pisgah
Pisgah (פִּסְגָּה, Pisgah) is a mountain range or peak, often associated with Mount Nebo, from which Moses viewed the Promised Land. The "top of Pisgah" represents a vantage point, a place of revelation and vision. In a spiritual sense, it symbolizes moments when God grants His people a glimpse of His promises, even if they are not yet fully realized. It is a place of hope and anticipation.

that overlooks the wasteland
The "wasteland" (יְשִׁימֹן, yeshimon) refers to a desolate, uninhabited area. This term can evoke the barrenness of life without God, or the trials and challenges faced by the Israelites in the wilderness. From Pisgah, the wasteland is visible, reminding the Israelites of their journey and the hardships they have endured. It serves as a backdrop to the promise of a land flowing with milk and honey, contrasting the desolation with the hope of future fulfillment.

Then Israel
The term "Israel" here refers to the nation of the Israelites, the descendants of Jacob, whose name was changed to Israel after wrestling with God (Genesis 32:28). This highlights the collective identity of the people as God's chosen nation, set apart for His purposes. Historically, Israel's journey from Egypt to the Promised Land is a testament to God's faithfulness and the fulfillment of His covenant promises. The use of "Israel" emphasizes the unity and shared destiny of the tribes as they navigate the challenges of their wilderness journey.

sent messengers
The act of sending messengers is a diplomatic gesture, indicating a desire for peaceful communication and negotiation. In the ancient Near Eastern context, sending messengers was a common practice for establishing treaties or requesting passage through foreign lands. This reflects Israel's initial intention to avoid conflict and seek a peaceful resolution. The Hebrew root for "sent" (שָׁלַח, shalach) conveys the idea of dispatching or commissioning, underscoring the purposeful and deliberate nature of this action.

to Sihon
Sihon was the king of the Amorites, a significant Canaanite group inhabiting the region east of the Jordan River. The mention of Sihon introduces a key figure in Israel's journey, as his refusal to grant passage leads to a pivotal confrontation. Historically, the Amorites were known for their fortified cities and military prowess, making Sihon a formidable opponent. The encounter with Sihon marks a turning point in Israel's conquest of the land, demonstrating God's power and provision in overcoming seemingly insurmountable obstacles.

king of the Amorites
The title "king" denotes Sihon's authority and leadership over the Amorites, a people known for their strength and influence in the region. The Amorites are frequently mentioned in the Old Testament as inhabitants of Canaan, often in opposition to Israel. This phrase sets the stage for the impending conflict, highlighting the political and military dynamics at play. The Amorites' resistance to Israel's passage underscores the broader theme of spiritual warfare and the struggle between God's people and the forces opposed to His purposes.

saying
The word "saying" introduces the content of the message that Israel's messengers are about to deliver. It signifies the beginning of a formal communication, reflecting the importance of words and dialogue in resolving disputes. In the biblical narrative, speech acts often carry significant weight, as they reveal intentions, establish covenants, and convey divine commands. The use of "saying" here prepares the reader for the unfolding dialogue and the subsequent actions that will shape Israel's journey.

Let us pass through your land
This phrase reflects a request for passage, highlighting the Israelites' journey towards the Promised Land. The Hebrew root for "pass through" is "עָבַר" (avar), which conveys the idea of crossing over or traversing. This request is significant in the context of ancient Near Eastern customs, where granting passage was a gesture of hospitality and peace. The Israelites, led by Moses, sought to move peacefully through the territory of the Amorites, demonstrating their intention to avoid conflict and respect the sovereignty of the land they were passing through.

We will not turn aside into any field or vineyard
Here, the Israelites assure the Amorites that they will not deviate from the main road to take advantage of the land's resources. The mention of "field" and "vineyard" underscores the agricultural richness of the region, which was vital for sustenance. The Hebrew words "שָׂדֶה" (sadeh) for field and "כֶּרֶם" (kerem) for vineyard indicate cultivated land, essential for the livelihood of the inhabitants. This promise reflects the Israelites' respect for the property and resources of others, adhering to a moral code that values integrity and respect for neighbors.

We will not drink the water from any well
This phrase further emphasizes the Israelites' commitment to self-sufficiency and respect for the Amorites' resources. Wells were crucial in the arid climate of the region, often being the lifeline for communities. The Hebrew word "בְּאֵר" (be'er) for well signifies a source of life and sustenance. By pledging not to drink from the wells, the Israelites demonstrate their intention to avoid imposing on the Amorites' hospitality and resources, highlighting a principle of non-interference and respect for the rights of others.

We will travel the King's Highway
The "King's Highway" was an ancient trade route that ran from Egypt through the Sinai Peninsula to the northern regions of the Near East. This route was significant for commerce and communication, often used by traders and travelers. By choosing this path, the Israelites align themselves with a well-established and recognized route, indicating their desire for a peaceful and legitimate passage. The historical context of the King's Highway as a major thoroughfare underscores the Israelites' intention to follow a path of order and respect for established routes.

Until we have passed through your territory
This concluding phrase reiterates the temporary nature of the Israelites' request. The Hebrew word for "territory" is "גְּבוּל" (gevul), which denotes a boundary or border. This term highlights the respect for national boundaries and the sovereignty of the Amorite kingdom. The Israelites' request to pass through without permanent settlement reflects their focus on reaching their divinely promised destination, while also acknowledging the rights and territories of other nations. This approach underscores a commitment to peaceful coexistence and respect for divine and human boundaries.

But Sihon would not allow Israel to pass through his territory
But Sihon
The name "Sihon" refers to the Amorite king who ruled over Heshbon. Historically, the Amorites were a powerful group known for their fortified cities and military prowess. The mention of Sihon here sets the stage for a significant confrontation. In Hebrew, "Sihon" (סִיחוֹן) can be associated with the idea of sweeping away or a warrior, which is fitting given his role as a formidable opponent to Israel.

would not allow
This phrase indicates a deliberate refusal and opposition. The Hebrew root here suggests a strong, intentional decision. Sihon's refusal is not just a passive denial but an active stance against Israel. This reflects the broader theme of resistance that God's people often face in their journey, symbolizing the spiritual battles believers encounter.

Israel
The term "Israel" refers to the descendants of Jacob, also known as the Israelites. This nation was chosen by God to be His people, set apart for His purposes. In this context, Israel represents God's covenant community, journeying towards the Promised Land. The historical and spiritual identity of Israel is central to understanding their mission and the opposition they face.

to pass through
The phrase "to pass through" implies a journey or pilgrimage. In the Hebrew context, it suggests movement with purpose and direction. Israel's request to pass through Sihon's land was part of their divinely ordained journey to Canaan. This highlights the theme of pilgrimage in the Christian life, where believers are on a journey towards their heavenly home.

his territory
The term "territory" refers to the land under Sihon's control. In ancient times, land was a critical aspect of identity and power. Sihon's territory was strategically significant, and his refusal to allow passage was a declaration of hostility. This reflects the broader biblical theme of land as both a physical and spiritual inheritance, with the Promised Land symbolizing God's promises and blessings for His people.

And Israel put him to the sword
This phrase signifies a decisive military victory by the Israelites over Sihon, king of the Amorites. The Hebrew root for "put to the sword" is "נכה" (nakah), which means to strike or smite. This victory is not just a physical conquest but also a spiritual triumph, as it demonstrates God's faithfulness in delivering His promises to Israel. Historically, this victory is significant as it marks a turning point in Israel's journey to the Promised Land, showcasing their growing strength and God's providential guidance.

and took possession of his land
The act of taking possession is rooted in the Hebrew word "ירש" (yarash), which means to inherit or occupy. This is not merely a territorial gain but a fulfillment of God's covenant promise to Abraham regarding the land. Theologically, it represents the faithfulness of God in fulfilling His promises and the importance of obedience and trust in God's plan. Archaeologically, this period marks the beginning of Israel's settlement in the Transjordan region, a significant step in their establishment as a nation.

from the Arnon to the Jabbok
The Arnon and the Jabbok are significant geographical markers. The Arnon River served as a boundary between Moab and the Amorites, while the Jabbok River was a tributary of the Jordan River. These rivers define the extent of the land conquered by Israel. Historically, these boundaries are crucial as they delineate the territory that God allotted to the tribes of Reuben and Gad. Theologically, it underscores the precision of God's promises and His attention to detail in the fulfillment of His word.

but only up to the border of the Ammonites
This phrase highlights the respect for boundaries set by God. The Israelites did not encroach upon the land of the Ammonites, as God had instructed them not to disturb the descendants of Lot (Deuteronomy 2:19). This demonstrates the importance of obedience to God's commands and respect for His sovereign decisions regarding nations and their territories. Historically, it reflects the complex relationships between the Israelites and their neighboring nations.

because it was fortified
The fortification of the Ammonite border indicates a well-defended and established territory. The Hebrew word for fortified is "עז" (az), meaning strong or mighty. This detail emphasizes the strategic and military considerations in Israel's conquests. Spiritually, it serves as a reminder that while God grants victories, He also sets limits and boundaries for His people, teaching them reliance on His wisdom and timing. Historically, it reflects the ancient Near Eastern practice of fortifying cities and borders to protect against invasions, underscoring the challenges Israel faced in their conquest of the land.

So Israel captured
The phrase "So Israel captured" signifies a pivotal moment in the narrative of the Israelites' journey to the Promised Land. The Hebrew root for "captured" is "לָכַד" (lakad), which means to seize or take possession. This action reflects God's promise to deliver the land into the hands of the Israelites, fulfilling His covenant with Abraham. Historically, this conquest demonstrates the transition from wandering to establishing a foothold in the land, symbolizing divine intervention and fulfillment of God's promises.

all the cities of the Amorites
The "Amorites" were a significant Canaanite people known for their fortified cities and military prowess. The term "Amorites" is derived from the Hebrew "אֱמֹרִי" (Emori), which can mean "mountain dwellers." This phrase highlights the comprehensive victory of Israel over a formidable enemy, emphasizing God's power and faithfulness. Archaeological evidence of Amorite cities reveals advanced urban planning, underscoring the magnitude of Israel's triumph.

and occupied them
The phrase "and occupied them" indicates not just a military victory but also a settlement and establishment of control. The Hebrew word "יָשַׁב" (yashav) means to dwell or inhabit, suggesting a transition from nomadic life to a more settled existence. This occupation is a tangible sign of God's provision and the beginning of the fulfillment of the promise of land to the descendants of Abraham.

including Heshbon
"Heshbon" was a major city of the Amorites, strategically located east of the Jordan River. The name "Heshbon" comes from the Hebrew "חֶשְׁבּוֹן" (Cheshbon), meaning "stronghold" or "calculation." Its capture is significant as it was the capital of King Sihon, representing a key victory for Israel. The city's mention underscores the strategic and symbolic importance of this conquest in Israel's journey.

and all its villages
The phrase "and all its villages" indicates the thoroughness of Israel's conquest. The Hebrew word for "villages" is "בְּנוֹתֶיהָ" (benoteha), which refers to the smaller settlements or daughter towns surrounding a major city. This detail highlights the extent of Israel's control and the comprehensive nature of their victory, ensuring the security and stability of their new territory. It reflects God's promise of a land flowing with milk and honey, now becoming a reality for the Israelites.

For Heshbon
Heshbon, a significant city in biblical history, was strategically located east of the Jordan River. The name "Heshbon" is derived from the Hebrew root "חשבון" (ḥeshbôn), meaning "stronghold" or "fortress." This city served as a central hub for the Amorites and later became a symbol of conquest and victory for the Israelites. Archaeological evidence suggests that Heshbon was a well-fortified city, reflecting its importance in the region. The mention of Heshbon here sets the stage for understanding the territorial conflicts and the divine orchestration of Israel's journey to the Promised Land.

was the city of Sihon king of the Amorites
Sihon, the Amorite king, is a pivotal figure in Israel's wilderness journey. The Amorites were a powerful group known for their fortified cities and military prowess. The Hebrew root for "Amorites" is "אמורי" (Emori), which can be associated with "mountaineers" or "dwellers of the highlands." Sihon's control over Heshbon signifies his dominance in the region. His defeat by the Israelites, as recorded in the surrounding passages, underscores God's promise to deliver the land into Israel's hands, demonstrating His faithfulness and sovereignty.

who had fought against the former king of Moab
The conflict between Sihon and the Moabites highlights the turbulent nature of the region's history. Moab, located east of the Dead Sea, was often in conflict with neighboring nations. The phrase "former king of Moab" indicates a historical shift in power, with Sihon emerging victorious. This victory over Moab by Sihon set the stage for Israel's subsequent conquest, as God used these historical events to fulfill His covenant promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

and had taken from him all his land
The phrase "had taken from him all his land" emphasizes the extent of Sihon's conquest. The Hebrew verb "לקח" (laqach), meaning "to take" or "to seize," conveys the forceful acquisition of territory. This act of taking land is significant in the biblical narrative, as it reflects the common practice of territorial expansion through warfare in the ancient Near East. For Israel, the repossession of this land was not merely a military victory but a divine mandate, as God was reclaiming the land for His chosen people.

as far as the Arnon
The Arnon River served as a natural boundary between Moab and the Amorite territory. The mention of the Arnon establishes the geographical limits of Sihon's conquest. The Arnon, known today as Wadi Mujib, is a significant geographical feature in the region, marking the southern border of the Amorite kingdom. This boundary is crucial in understanding the territorial divisions and the subsequent allocation of land to the tribes of Israel. The reference to the Arnon underscores the precision of God's promises and the fulfillment of His plans for Israel's inheritance.

“Therefore the poets say”
This phrase introduces a quotation from ancient poets, indicating that the following words were well-known sayings or songs of the time. The use of poetry in ancient cultures was a means of preserving history and conveying moral or spiritual truths. In the Hebrew context, poetry often carried significant weight, as it was a primary method of teaching and remembering God's acts and decrees. The Hebrew word for "poets" here can also be translated as "those who speak in parables" or "proverb makers," suggesting that these were wise sayings passed down through generations.

“Come to Heshbon,”
Heshbon was a significant city in the ancient Near East, originally a Moabite city before being captured by the Amorites. The call to "Come to Heshbon" is an invitation to witness or participate in the events that transpired there. Historically, Heshbon became a symbol of victory and conquest, as it was taken by the Israelites under Moses' leadership. The name "Heshbon" itself means "stronghold" or "fortress," reflecting its strategic importance.

“let it be rebuilt;”
The phrase "let it be rebuilt" suggests a restoration or renewal. In the context of Israel's journey, rebuilding Heshbon signifies reclaiming and establishing what was once lost or destroyed. This can be seen as a metaphor for spiritual renewal and the reclaiming of God's promises. The Hebrew root for "rebuilt" implies not just physical reconstruction but also a re-establishment of order and purpose.

“let the city of Sihon be restored.”
Sihon was the Amorite king who ruled over Heshbon before being defeated by the Israelites. The mention of "the city of Sihon" being restored is a reminder of God's deliverance and the fulfillment of His promises to Israel. Historically, the defeat of Sihon was a significant victory for the Israelites, symbolizing God's power and faithfulness. The restoration of the city underlines the theme of redemption and the establishment of God's people in the land He promised them.

For fire went out from Heshbon
The phrase "For fire went out from Heshbon" signifies a destructive force emanating from the city of Heshbon. In the Hebrew context, "fire" often symbolizes judgment or divine wrath. Heshbon was the capital city of King Sihon of the Amorites, and its mention here underscores the city's role as an aggressor. Historically, Heshbon was a significant city, strategically located and often a center of conflict. The "fire" metaphorically represents the military campaigns and conquests initiated by Sihon, which were devastating to neighboring regions.

a flame from the city of Sihon
The "flame from the city of Sihon" continues the imagery of destruction and conquest. Sihon, the Amorite king, was known for his military prowess and expansionist policies. The "flame" suggests a spreading influence, much like a wildfire, indicating the aggressive nature of Sihon's reign. In a spiritual sense, this can be seen as a warning against unchecked ambition and the consequences of prideful expansion, which ultimately leads to downfall, as seen later in the narrative when Israel defeats Sihon.

it consumed Ar of Moab
"It consumed Ar of Moab" highlights the extent of the destruction caused by Sihon's campaigns. Ar was a city in Moab, a nation often in conflict with Israel. The consumption of Ar signifies the complete devastation and subjugation of Moabite territories by the Amorites. This historical context reflects the constant power struggles in the ancient Near East, where cities and nations were frequently at war. Spiritually, it serves as a reminder of the temporal nature of earthly power and the ultimate sovereignty of God over nations.

the lords of the high places of the Arnon
The "lords of the high places of the Arnon" refers to the Moabite leaders or rulers who worshiped at the high places, which were often sites of pagan worship. The Arnon was a significant river marking the boundary between Moab and the Amorite territory. The mention of "high places" indicates the religious and cultural practices of the Moabites, which were contrary to the worship of Yahweh. This phrase underscores the theme of divine judgment against idolatry and false worship. In a broader theological context, it serves as a call to faithfulness and the rejection of idolatry, emphasizing the need for exclusive devotion to God.

Woe to you, O Moab!
The word "woe" is a powerful expression of lament and impending judgment. In Hebrew, it is often translated from "hoy," a term used by prophets to announce divine judgment. Moab, a nation descended from Lot, often found itself in conflict with Israel. This declaration of woe signifies a divine pronouncement against Moab, highlighting the seriousness of their impending doom. Historically, Moab was a neighbor and sometimes adversary of Israel, and this lamentation underscores the consequences of their opposition to God's people.

You are destroyed, O people of Chemosh!
"Destroyed" in Hebrew is "abad," meaning to perish or be lost. The people of Chemosh, the national deity of Moab, are depicted as facing total ruin. Chemosh was a god to whom the Moabites offered sacrifices, sometimes even human. This phrase indicates that reliance on Chemosh has led to their downfall, as their god could not save them from divine judgment. The destruction of Moab serves as a reminder of the futility of idolatry and the sovereignty of the God of Israel.

He has given up his sons as fugitives
The phrase "given up" suggests a relinquishing or surrendering, indicating that the Moabites' own god, Chemosh, has failed them. The term "fugitives" implies a state of being on the run, without a home or refuge. This reflects the dire consequences of Moab's rebellion against God, resulting in their people being scattered and displaced. It serves as a poignant reminder of the instability and insecurity that comes from turning away from the true God.

and his daughters as captives
The word "captives" denotes being taken prisoner or held in bondage. This phrase highlights the complete subjugation and humiliation of Moab, as even their daughters are not spared from captivity. In ancient times, the capture of women was a sign of total defeat and disgrace. This serves as a stark warning of the consequences of defying God's will and the inevitable downfall that follows.

to Sihon king of the Amorites
Sihon was a powerful Amorite king who had previously defeated Moab and taken their land. The mention of Sihon here emphasizes the historical reality of Moab's defeat and the fulfillment of God's judgment. The Amorites were known for their strength and military prowess, and their victory over Moab illustrates the fulfillment of divine prophecy and the execution of God's justice. This serves as a testament to God's control over nations and His ability to use even pagan kings to accomplish His purposes.

But we have overthrown them
The phrase "we have overthrown them" signifies a decisive victory. In the Hebrew text, the word used here is "נִירָם" (niram), which conveys the idea of complete destruction or subjugation. This reflects the Israelites' triumph over their enemies, emphasizing God's providence and the fulfillment of His promises to His people. Historically, this victory is part of the broader narrative of Israel's journey to the Promised Land, showcasing God's faithfulness in delivering His people from their adversaries.

Heshbon is destroyed
"Heshbon" was a significant city of the Amorites, and its destruction symbolizes the defeat of a formidable enemy. The Hebrew root for "destroyed" is "אָבַד" (avad), meaning to perish or be lost. This destruction is not just physical but also represents the spiritual triumph of God's people over pagan influences. Heshbon's fall is a testament to the power of God working through Israel, fulfilling His covenant promises.

as far as Dibon
"Dibon" was another city in the region, indicating the extent of Israel's conquest. The phrase "as far as" suggests a comprehensive victory, stretching the boundaries of Israel's influence. Archaeological findings in Dibon, such as the Mesha Stele, provide historical context, confirming the city's existence and its significance in the ancient Near East. This victory underscores the theme of God's people expanding their territory as promised.

We have demolished them
The repetition of victory with "we have demolished them" reinforces the totality of the conquest. The Hebrew word "נַשִּׁים" (nashim) implies breaking down or tearing apart, indicating a thorough defeat. This phrase highlights the Israelites' role as instruments of God's judgment against the Amorites, fulfilling divine justice and establishing Israel's presence in the land.

as far as Nophah
"Nophah" is less well-known, but its mention indicates the breadth of the conquest. The phrase "as far as" again emphasizes the extensive reach of Israel's victory. This suggests that God's promises are not limited but expansive, covering all areas He has designated for His people. The mention of Nophah serves as a reminder of God's comprehensive plan for Israel.

which reaches to Medeba
"Medeba" was a city located on a plateau, known for its strategic importance. The phrase "which reaches to" indicates the farthest extent of the conquest, symbolizing the fulfillment of God's promise to give Israel a land flowing with milk and honey. Medeba's inclusion in this verse highlights the thoroughness of God's provision and the assurance that His promises encompass all He has declared. Historically, Medeba's location and significance further affirm the reality of Israel's victories as recorded in Scripture.

So Israel dwelt
The phrase "So Israel dwelt" signifies a period of settlement and rest for the Israelites. The Hebrew root for "dwelt" is "yashab," which means to sit, remain, or inhabit. This word often implies a sense of stability and permanence. In the context of Israel's journey, this moment marks a transition from wandering in the wilderness to establishing a foothold in the Promised Land. Historically, this settlement is significant as it represents the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. It is a moment of divine faithfulness and a testament to God's provision and protection over His chosen people.

in the land of the Amorites
The "land of the Amorites" refers to a region inhabited by a group of ancient people known for their formidable presence in Canaan. The Amorites were one of the many tribes that the Israelites encountered on their journey to the Promised Land. The Hebrew term "Amorite" is derived from "Amor," which can mean "mountain dwellers" or "westerners," indicating their geographical and cultural identity. Archaeological findings suggest that the Amorites were a significant force in the ancient Near East, with a rich culture and established cities. The Israelites' ability to dwell in this land demonstrates God's power in overcoming seemingly insurmountable obstacles and His sovereignty in granting His people victory over their enemies. This settlement is a precursor to the eventual conquest of Canaan, underscoring the theme of divine promise and fulfillment that runs throughout the biblical narrative.

After Moses had sent spies to Jazer
The phrase "After Moses had sent spies to Jazer" indicates a strategic and deliberate action taken by Moses. The Hebrew root for "sent" (שָׁלַח, shalach) implies a mission or dispatch with purpose. This reflects Moses' leadership and reliance on intelligence gathering, reminiscent of the earlier sending of spies into Canaan (Numbers 13). Jazer, a city east of the Jordan, was significant for its fertile land and strategic location. Historically, this action underscores the Israelites' methodical approach to conquering the Promised Land, emphasizing the importance of preparation and divine guidance in their journey.

the Israelites captured its villages
The phrase "the Israelites captured its villages" highlights the successful military campaign of the Israelites. The Hebrew word for "captured" (לָכַד, lakad) conveys the idea of seizing or taking possession, often used in the context of warfare. This victory is a testament to God's promise to give the land to the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The mention of "villages" (חַוּוֹת, chawwoth) suggests not just a single city but a network of settlements, indicating a comprehensive conquest. This reflects the fulfillment of God's covenant and the Israelites' growing strength and confidence under divine leadership.

and drove out the Amorites who were there
The phrase "and drove out the Amorites who were there" signifies the displacement of the Amorites, a dominant Canaanite group. The Hebrew root for "drove out" (יָרַשׁ, yarash) means to dispossess or expel, often used in the context of inheriting land. This action is not merely a military victory but a divine mandate, as the Amorites were among the nations God commanded Israel to displace due to their idolatry and wickedness (Genesis 15:16). Historically, the Amorites were known for their fortified cities and warrior culture, making this victory significant. This phrase underscores the theme of divine justice and the establishment of a holy nation in accordance with God's will.

Then they turned
This phrase indicates a decisive change in direction or action. In the Hebrew context, the word "turned" (וַיִּפְנוּ, vayifnu) suggests a purposeful movement, often in response to divine guidance. The Israelites, led by Moses, were not wandering aimlessly but were following God's strategic plan for their journey to the Promised Land. This turning signifies obedience and readiness to face new challenges under God's command.

and went up by way of Bashan
Bashan was a fertile and strategically significant region east of the Jordan River. The phrase "went up" (וַיַּעֲלוּ, vaya'alu) implies an ascent, both geographically and spiritually. Bashan was known for its strong cities and mighty warriors, making this journey a test of faith and courage for the Israelites. Historically, Bashan was a land of giants, and its conquest symbolized overcoming formidable obstacles through reliance on God's power.

and Og king of Bashan
Og was a formidable opponent, described in Deuteronomy 3:11 as one of the last of the Rephaim, a race of giants. His mention here highlights the magnitude of the challenge facing the Israelites. The name "Og" (עוֹג, Og) is associated with strength and might, emphasizing the miraculous nature of Israel's victories. Og's resistance represents the spiritual battles believers face, where reliance on God's strength is crucial.

came out against them
This phrase indicates a proactive and aggressive stance by Og. The Hebrew verb "came out" (יָצָא, yatza) suggests a deliberate act of confrontation. Og's opposition to Israel is symbolic of the spiritual warfare Christians encounter. It serves as a reminder that the journey of faith involves facing adversaries who seek to hinder God's purposes.

with all his people
Og did not face Israel alone; he brought his entire army. This underscores the collective strength and unity of the opposition. In a spiritual sense, it reflects the organized and persistent nature of challenges against God's people. The phrase serves as a call for believers to be equally united and prepared, drawing strength from their community and faith.

to battle at Edrei
Edrei was one of the royal cities of Bashan, a place of significant military importance. The term "battle" (לַמִּלְחָמָה, lammilchamah) conveys the intensity and seriousness of the conflict. Edrei, meaning "mighty" or "strong," symbolizes the formidable challenges believers face. The battle at Edrei is a testament to God's faithfulness in delivering His people, encouraging Christians to trust in His promises amidst life's battles.

But the LORD said to Moses
This phrase emphasizes the direct communication between God and Moses, a recurring theme in the Pentateuch. The Hebrew word for "LORD" is "YHWH," the sacred and personal name of God, signifying His eternal presence and covenant faithfulness. This divine assurance highlights God's active role in guiding and protecting His people. Historically, Moses is seen as a prophet and leader, chosen to mediate God's will to Israel, underscoring the importance of obedience to divine instruction.

Do not fear him
The command "Do not fear" is a common biblical exhortation, often given when God is about to act powerfully on behalf of His people. The Hebrew word for "fear" is "yare," which can mean to be afraid or to stand in awe. Here, it reassures Moses and the Israelites of God's sovereignty and protection. In a broader scriptural context, this phrase encourages believers to trust in God's promises and not be intimidated by earthly challenges.

for I have delivered him into your hand
This phrase signifies God's predetermined victory over the enemy. The Hebrew verb "nathan," translated as "delivered," implies a decisive action by God, ensuring the outcome. It reflects the biblical theme of divine providence, where God orchestrates events for His purposes. Historically, this assurance would bolster the Israelites' confidence as they faced formidable foes, reminding them that success comes from God's intervention, not human strength.

along with all his people and his land
This part of the verse highlights the totality of God's promise. The enemy, his people, and his territory are all included in the divine deliverance. The comprehensive nature of this promise reflects God's complete control over the situation. In the historical context of ancient Near Eastern warfare, conquering a king, his people, and his land signified total victory and the transfer of power and resources, reinforcing the idea of God's complete provision for Israel.

Do to him as you did to Sihon king of the Amorites
This phrase refers to a previous victory over Sihon, which is recounted earlier in Numbers 21. The mention of Sihon serves as a reminder of God's past faithfulness and power. The historical context here is crucial; Sihon was a significant adversary, and his defeat demonstrated God's ability to overcome seemingly insurmountable obstacles. This reference encourages the Israelites to remember and rely on God's past deliverances as they face new challenges.

who lived in Heshbon
Heshbon was the capital city of Sihon, king of the Amorites. Mentioning Heshbon provides a geographical and historical anchor, reminding the Israelites of their journey and the tangible evidence of God's intervention. Archaeologically, Heshbon's ruins testify to its historical significance and the reality of the biblical narrative. This detail reinforces the authenticity of the biblical account and God's ongoing involvement in the history of His people.

So they struck down
The phrase "struck down" in Hebrew is often translated from the root word "נכה" (nakah), which means to smite, strike, or defeat. This term is frequently used in the Old Testament to describe God's deliverance of His people through military victory. The Israelites' ability to strike down their enemies is a testament to God's promise and power, as He had assured them of victory over the inhabitants of the Promised Land. This action is not merely a military conquest but a fulfillment of divine prophecy and a step towards the establishment of Israel in the land God had promised to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

Og, his sons, and all his people
Og was the king of Bashan, a region known for its fortified cities and giants. The mention of "Og, his sons, and all his people" emphasizes the totality of the victory. Og is described in Deuteronomy 3:11 as the last of the Rephaim, a race of giants, which underscores the formidable nature of the enemy. The defeat of Og and his people signifies the overcoming of seemingly insurmountable obstacles through faith and obedience to God. Historically, this victory would have been significant for the Israelites, as it demonstrated God's power over even the mightiest of foes.

leaving no survivors
The phrase "leaving no survivors" reflects the complete and utter defeat of the enemy, which was a common practice in ancient Near Eastern warfare. This total destruction can be understood within the context of divine judgment against the Canaanite nations, who were seen as morally corrupt and idolatrous. From a theological perspective, this act of leaving no survivors is seen as a means of purifying the land from influences that could lead Israel away from worshiping the one true God. It also serves as a sobering reminder of the seriousness of sin and the holiness of God.

and they took possession of his land
The taking possession of the land is a fulfillment of God's covenant promise to the patriarchs. The Hebrew word for "possession" is "ירש" (yarash), which means to inherit or occupy. This act of taking possession is not just a physical occupation but a spiritual inheritance, as the land is a gift from God to His chosen people. Theologically, this signifies the faithfulness of God in keeping His promises and the importance of the Israelites' role in His redemptive plan. The land of Bashan, known for its fertility and strategic location, would have been a valuable addition to Israel's territory, further establishing them as a nation under God's providence.