Then
The word "Then" signifies a continuation or a response to what has previously occurred. In the context of the Book of Job, this marks the beginning of a new section where Job's friends start to speak. It indicates a transition from Job's lament in the previous chapters to the dialogues that follow. This transition is crucial as it sets the stage for the theological debates and discussions that will unfold. The use of "Then" suggests a sequence of events, emphasizing the narrative flow of the text.

Eliphaz
Eliphaz is one of Job's three friends who come to comfort him. His name is of Hebrew origin, possibly meaning "God is fine gold" or "My God is strength." Eliphaz is often considered the eldest and most prominent of Job's friends, which is why he speaks first. His character is portrayed as wise and experienced, and he is often seen as a representative of traditional wisdom. In the broader context of the Book of Job, Eliphaz's speeches reflect the conventional understanding of retributive justice, where suffering is seen as a consequence of sin.

the Temanite
The designation "the Temanite" indicates Eliphaz's geographical origin. Teman was a region in Edom, known for its wise men (Jeremiah 49:7). This association with Teman suggests that Eliphaz is a man of wisdom and understanding, as Edom was renowned for its sages. The historical and geographical context of Teman adds depth to Eliphaz's character, as he brings the perspective of Edomite wisdom to the discussions with Job. This background is significant as it highlights the diversity of thought and the exchange of ideas in the ancient Near East.

replied
The word "replied" indicates that Eliphaz is responding to Job's previous statements. This is the beginning of a dialogue, a key feature of the Book of Job. The dialogues are structured as a series of speeches and responses, which are central to the book's exploration of suffering, justice, and divine sovereignty. The act of replying suggests engagement and interaction, emphasizing the relational aspect of the discourse. It also sets the tone for the argumentative and philosophical nature of the conversations that follow, as Eliphaz and the other friends attempt to address Job's plight from their perspectives.

If someone ventures a word with you, will you be impatient?
If someone ventures a word with you
This phrase introduces the beginning of Eliphaz's speech to Job. The Hebrew root for "ventures" is "נָסָה" (nasah), which can mean to attempt or to test. In the context of ancient Near Eastern culture, conversations, especially those involving wisdom or correction, were seen as significant and often carried the weight of moral or spiritual testing. Eliphaz is cautiously approaching Job, aware of the gravity of speaking into the life of someone who is suffering. This reflects the broader biblical principle of speaking truth in love, as seen in Ephesians 4:15, where believers are encouraged to communicate with both honesty and compassion.

will you be impatient?
The Hebrew word for "impatient" is "לָאָה" (la'ah), which can also mean to be weary or to be grieved. Eliphaz is questioning Job's readiness to receive counsel or correction. In the historical context of the Book of Job, patience is a recurring theme, as Job's endurance is tested through his trials. The question posed by Eliphaz is not merely about Job's emotional state but also about his spiritual posture. Patience, in the biblical sense, is often linked to faith and trust in God's timing and purposes, as seen in James 5:11, which references the perseverance of Job as an example for believers.

But who can keep from speaking?
This phrase reveals Eliphaz's internal struggle. The Hebrew root "עָצַר" (atsar) for "keep from" implies restraint or holding back. Eliphaz feels compelled to speak, suggesting that the urge to offer wisdom or correction is strong, especially when one believes they possess insight into another's situation. This reflects the human tendency to want to provide answers or solutions, particularly in the face of suffering. However, it also serves as a reminder of the importance of discernment and the need to seek God's guidance before speaking, as emphasized in Proverbs 15:23, which highlights the value of a timely word.

Surely
The use of "surely" in this context serves as an affirmation of certainty. In Hebrew, the word often translated as "surely" is "הֵן" (hen), which conveys a sense of assurance and emphasis. This word sets the tone for the statement, underscoring the speaker's confidence in the truth of what follows. It reflects a deep conviction, suggesting that the actions of Job in instructing and strengthening others are well-known and indisputable.

you have instructed
The Hebrew root for "instructed" is "יָסַר" (yasar), which can mean to teach, discipline, or correct. This word implies a role of guidance and mentorship. Job is recognized for his wisdom and ability to impart knowledge and moral guidance to others. In the ancient Near Eastern context, such instruction was highly valued, as it was seen as a means of preserving community values and ensuring the well-being of society. Job's role as an instructor highlights his righteousness and the respect he commanded among his peers.

many
The term "many" indicates the broad impact of Job's influence. It suggests that his teachings and guidance were not limited to a small circle but extended to a wide audience. This reflects the communal nature of ancient societies, where wisdom and instruction were shared widely to benefit the entire community. Job's reach and the number of people he influenced underscore his significance and the trust placed in him by others.

and have strengthened
The phrase "have strengthened" comes from the Hebrew root "חָזַק" (chazaq), meaning to make strong, encourage, or support. This word conveys the idea of providing support and fortitude to those who are weak or in need. Job's ability to strengthen others speaks to his compassion and leadership, as he not only taught but also empowered those around him. This action is a reflection of his character and the positive impact he had on his community.

their feeble hands
The imagery of "feeble hands" evokes a sense of weakness and vulnerability. In Hebrew, "feeble" is often translated from "רָפֶה" (rapheh), meaning slack or weak. Hands are symbolic of action and capability, so to strengthen feeble hands is to restore one's ability to act and work. This phrase highlights Job's role in revitalizing and encouraging those who were struggling, providing them with the strength and confidence to persevere. It paints a picture of Job as a pillar of support, offering hope and resilience to those in need.

Your words
This phrase highlights the power and influence of speech. In the Hebrew context, "words" (דָּבָר, dabar) often carry the weight of action and authority. In the ancient Near Eastern culture, words were not merely sounds but were seen as having the power to create, destroy, heal, or harm. The Bible frequently emphasizes the importance of words, as seen in Proverbs 18:21, "Death and life are in the power of the tongue." Job's friends acknowledge that his words have been a source of strength and encouragement to others, reflecting the biblical principle that words can be a powerful tool for good.

have steadied
The Hebrew root for "steadied" (קוּם, qum) implies causing to rise, stand, or be established. This suggests that Job's words have not only provided comfort but have actively helped others to regain their footing in times of trouble. In a spiritual sense, this can be seen as a metaphor for how God's word steadies and establishes believers, providing a firm foundation in times of trial. The imagery of standing firm is echoed throughout Scripture, such as in Ephesians 6:13, where believers are encouraged to "stand firm" in the armor of God.

those who stumbled
The phrase "those who stumbled" (כּוֹשֵׁל, koshil) refers to individuals who are weak, faltering, or in distress. In the biblical narrative, stumbling often symbolizes spiritual or moral failure, as seen in Psalm 37:24, "Though he falls, he will not be overwhelmed, for the LORD is holding his hand." Job's ability to support those who are stumbling reflects the call for believers to bear one another's burdens, as instructed in Galatians 6:2. It also points to the redemptive power of community and encouragement within the body of Christ, where the strong are called to support the weak.

But now it has come upon you
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the dialogue between Eliphaz and Job. The Hebrew root for "come upon" is "בּוֹא" (bo), which often implies an arrival or an encounter. Historically, this reflects the suddenness of Job's trials, which have arrived unbidden and unexpected. In the broader scriptural context, this phrase underscores the universal truth that suffering can come to anyone, regardless of their righteousness or past experiences. It serves as a reminder of the unpredictable nature of life's challenges.

and you are weary
The Hebrew word for "weary" is "לָאָה" (la'ah), which conveys a sense of exhaustion or fatigue. This weariness is not just physical but also emotional and spiritual, reflecting Job's deep sense of despair. In the historical context of the ancient Near East, where physical endurance was often necessary for survival, this weariness signifies a profound struggle. Spiritually, it highlights the human condition of frailty and the need for divine strength and comfort.

it strikes you
The verb "strikes" comes from the Hebrew "נָגַע" (naga), meaning to touch or afflict. This word choice suggests a direct and personal impact, emphasizing the intensity of Job's suffering. In the scriptural narrative, this affliction is not merely a random occurrence but is part of a larger divine discourse. It invites readers to consider the purpose and meaning behind suffering, encouraging a deeper trust in God's sovereignty even when His ways are not fully understood.

and you are dismayed
The term "dismayed" is translated from the Hebrew "בָּהַל" (bahal), which implies being disturbed or terrified. This captures the emotional turmoil Job experiences as he grapples with his circumstances. Historically, this reflects the ancient understanding of fear and confusion in the face of overwhelming adversity. In a spiritual sense, it challenges believers to confront their own fears and uncertainties, urging them to seek solace in God's unchanging nature and promises.

Is your reverence
The Hebrew word for "reverence" here is "yir'ah," which often denotes a profound respect or awe, particularly in relation to God. In the context of Job, this reverence is not merely a passive feeling but an active, living faith that Job has consistently demonstrated. Historically, reverence was a central tenet of the Hebrew faith, deeply embedded in the cultural and religious practices of the time. It was seen as the foundation of a righteous life, suggesting that Job's deep respect for God should be a source of strength and assurance.

not your confidence
The term "confidence" in Hebrew is "mibtach," which implies trust or security. In the ancient Near Eastern context, confidence was often associated with one's relationship with the divine. For Job, his reverence for God should naturally lead to a sense of security and trust in God's justice and goodness. This phrase challenges the reader to consider whether their faith and reverence for God are truly the bedrock of their confidence, especially in times of trial.

and the integrity of your ways
"Integrity" is translated from the Hebrew word "tummah," which means completeness or innocence. It refers to moral uprightness and consistency in one's actions. Job is known for his integrity, as God Himself attests in the opening chapters of the book. The "ways" refer to one's conduct or lifestyle. In the historical context, integrity was a highly valued trait, often linked with wisdom and righteousness. This phrase suggests that Job's consistent moral character should be a source of hope, reinforcing the idea that living a life of integrity aligns with divine principles.

your hope?
The Hebrew word for "hope" is "tiqvah," which conveys expectation or something to look forward to. In the biblical narrative, hope is often tied to faith in God's promises and His ultimate justice. For Job, whose life is marked by suffering, the integrity of his ways should provide a hopeful expectation of vindication and restoration. This phrase invites reflection on the nature of hope as something deeply rooted in one's relationship with God and adherence to His ways, rather than in external circumstances.

Consider now
The phrase "Consider now" serves as an invitation to reflect deeply and thoughtfully. In the Hebrew, the word used here is "זָכַר" (zakar), which means to remember or to call to mind. This is a call to engage in introspection and to recall past experiences or teachings. In the context of Job, it is an appeal to Job to think about the nature of divine justice and the fate of the innocent. Historically, this reflects the wisdom tradition in ancient Israel, where reflection and remembrance were key to understanding God's ways.

Who, being innocent, has ever perished?
The word "innocent" in Hebrew is "נָקִי" (naqi), meaning clean or free from guilt. This rhetorical question implies a belief in a moral order where the innocent are protected by God. The term "perished" (אָבַד, avad) suggests complete destruction or being lost. This reflects a common ancient Near Eastern belief that the righteous are under divine protection. However, the book of Job challenges this notion by presenting Job's suffering despite his innocence, prompting readers to explore the complexities of divine justice.

Or where were the upright destroyed?
"Upright" translates from the Hebrew "יָשָׁר" (yashar), meaning straight or right. It denotes those who live in accordance with God's laws. The word "destroyed" (כָּלָה, kalah) implies being brought to an end or consumed. This phrase reinforces the idea that the upright should not suffer destruction. In the broader scriptural context, this reflects the covenantal promise of protection for those who follow God's commandments. Yet, Job's experience serves as a counter-narrative, inviting readers to wrestle with the reality of suffering and the mystery of God's governance.

As I have observed
This phrase introduces the personal testimony of Eliphaz, one of Job's friends. The Hebrew root for "observed" is "חָזָה" (chazah), which implies a vision or insight gained through experience. Eliphaz speaks from his own understanding and life experiences, suggesting a wisdom that comes from years of witnessing the world. In a conservative Christian perspective, this highlights the importance of discernment and the value of learning from one's own life and the lives of others. It reminds believers to be attentive to the lessons God teaches through everyday experiences.

those who plow iniquity
The imagery of "plowing" suggests preparation and effort. The Hebrew word for "iniquity" is "אָוֶן" (aven), which denotes trouble, wickedness, or sorrow. This phrase implies that engaging in sinful behavior is akin to a farmer preparing the ground for planting; it is an intentional act that will lead to certain outcomes. In the biblical context, this serves as a warning that sin is not a passive act but a deliberate choice that requires effort and will ultimately yield consequences. It encourages believers to reflect on their actions and the seeds they are sowing in their lives.

and those who sow trouble
"Sow" is a term that denotes scattering seeds with the expectation of growth. The Hebrew word for "trouble" is "עָמָל" (amal), which can mean labor, toil, or mischief. This phrase suggests that just as a farmer sows seeds expecting a harvest, those who engage in causing trouble or mischief will inevitably see the fruits of their labor. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, this serves as a reminder of the biblical principle of sowing and reaping, as seen in Galatians 6:7, "Do not be deceived: God is not mocked. Whatever a man sows, he will reap in return." It underscores the importance of sowing righteousness and peace instead of discord and sin.

reap the same
The concept of reaping is the natural conclusion of the agricultural metaphor. The Hebrew root "קָצַר" (qatsar) means to harvest or gather. This phrase emphasizes the certainty of consequences; what one sows, one will surely harvest. In the context of Job, Eliphaz is suggesting that Job's suffering is a direct result of his actions, though the broader narrative of Job challenges this simplistic view. For conservative Christians, this highlights the justice of God and the moral order of the universe, where actions have consequences. It also serves as a call to trust in God's ultimate justice and to live a life that aligns with His will, knowing that righteous living will yield a harvest of blessings.

By the breath of God
The phrase "by the breath of God" evokes the Hebrew word "רוּחַ" (ruach), which can mean breath, spirit, or wind. This word is rich in biblical context, often associated with God's creative and life-giving power, as seen in Genesis 2:7 where God breathes life into Adam. Here, however, it is used to convey God's sovereign power to judge and destroy. The breath of God, which can give life, can also take it away, underscoring His ultimate authority over creation. This duality serves as a reminder of God's omnipotence and the reverence due to Him.

they perish
The term "perish" in Hebrew is "אָבַד" (avad), which means to be lost, destroyed, or to vanish. In the context of Job, it reflects the transient nature of human life and the ultimate accountability to God. The use of "perish" emphasizes the frailty of humanity when faced with divine judgment. It serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of sin and the importance of living a life aligned with God's will.

and by the blast of His anger
The "blast of His anger" uses the Hebrew word "אַף" (aph), which can mean nose, nostril, or anger. This imagery is powerful, suggesting a forceful expulsion, akin to a storm or a fierce wind. It conveys the intensity and swiftness of God's judgment. Historically, this reflects the understanding of God's righteous indignation against sin, a theme prevalent throughout the Old Testament. It serves as a warning of the seriousness with which God views sin and the inevitable consequences that follow.

they are consumed
The phrase "they are consumed" comes from the Hebrew "כָּלָה" (kalah), meaning to be finished, completed, or destroyed. This word choice indicates totality and finality, suggesting that those who face God's wrath are utterly destroyed. In the broader scriptural context, it highlights the ultimate fate of the wicked and the comprehensive nature of divine justice. It serves as a call to repentance and a life of righteousness, emphasizing the hope found in God's mercy and grace for those who turn to Him.

The lion may roar
In the Hebrew text, the word for "lion" is "אַרְיֵה" (aryeh), which is often used to symbolize strength, power, and majesty. The roaring of a lion is a powerful image, representing authority and dominance. In the context of Job, this phrase can be seen as a metaphor for those who are mighty and influential in society. Historically, lions were prevalent in the ancient Near East, and their roar was a familiar sound, evoking both fear and respect. This imagery sets the stage for understanding the transient nature of earthly power.

and the fierce lion may growl
The term "fierce lion" translates from the Hebrew "שַׁחַל" (shachal), which refers to a more aggressive and dangerous type of lion. The growling of a fierce lion suggests an imminent threat or attack, emphasizing the potential for destruction and chaos. In a spiritual sense, this can be interpreted as the challenges and adversities that believers face. The growl is a reminder of the presence of evil and the trials that test one's faith. Historically, lions were seen as both predators and symbols of royal authority, further underscoring the dual nature of power and peril.

yet the teeth of the young lions are broken
The phrase "young lions" comes from the Hebrew "כְּפִירִים" (kephirim), indicating lions in their prime, full of potential and strength. The breaking of their teeth signifies the loss of power and the inability to cause harm. This imagery serves as a powerful reminder of the ultimate sovereignty of God over all creation. No matter how strong or threatening the adversary may appear, their power is limited and can be dismantled by divine intervention. In the broader scriptural context, this reflects the theme of divine justice and the futility of relying on one's own strength apart from God. The breaking of the teeth symbolizes the inevitable downfall of those who oppose God's will, reinforcing the message of humility and reliance on divine providence.

The mighty lion
In the Hebrew text, the word for "lion" is "לַיִשׁ" (layish), which often symbolizes strength, power, and majesty. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, the lion was a symbol of royalty and divine power. The imagery of a "mighty lion" here suggests a figure of great strength and authority. In the context of Job, this could be seen as a metaphor for those who are powerful and self-reliant, yet ultimately vulnerable without God's provision. The lion's might is not self-sustaining, reminding us that human strength is insufficient without divine support.

perishes
The Hebrew word used here is "אָבַד" (avad), meaning to perish, be lost, or be destroyed. This term conveys a sense of finality and total loss. The use of "perishes" in this context emphasizes the inevitable downfall of even the strongest when they are cut off from their source of sustenance. It serves as a sobering reminder of the transient nature of earthly power and the ultimate dependence on God for survival and success.

for lack of prey
The phrase "lack of prey" highlights the lion's dependence on external resources for survival. In the natural world, a lion's strength is meaningless without the availability of prey. Spiritually, this can be interpreted as a metaphor for the soul's need for spiritual nourishment. Just as a lion cannot survive without food, humans cannot thrive without spiritual sustenance from God. This phrase challenges believers to recognize their need for God's provision and guidance in their lives.

and the cubs of the lioness
The "cubs" (Hebrew: "בְּנֵי לָבִיא" - benei lavi) represent the next generation, the future, and the continuation of the lion's lineage. In a broader sense, they symbolize the legacy and influence of the powerful. The mention of "the lioness" underscores the nurturing and protective aspects of strength. However, even the lioness's care cannot prevent the scattering of her cubs without adequate provision. This serves as a poignant reminder that human efforts, no matter how well-intentioned, are insufficient without God's blessing.

are scattered
The Hebrew word "נָפַץ" (nafatz) means to be dispersed or scattered. This conveys a sense of disarray and loss of unity. The scattering of the cubs signifies the breakdown of structure and order when the source of strength is removed. In a spiritual context, it reflects the chaos and vulnerability that ensue when individuals or communities are disconnected from God. This phrase calls believers to seek unity and strength in their relationship with God, who is the ultimate source of order and stability.

Now a word
The Hebrew term for "word" here is "dabar," which often signifies a message or communication from God. In the context of the Book of Job, this suggests a divine revelation or insight. Historically, divine messages were highly revered and considered authoritative. This sets the stage for the gravity and seriousness of the message that follows.

came to me
The phrase indicates a personal and direct experience. In the Hebrew context, such experiences were often associated with prophets or individuals chosen by God to receive His messages. This implies that the speaker, Eliphaz, is claiming a certain level of spiritual authority or insight, which he believes is divinely inspired.

in secret
The Hebrew word "sathar" implies something hidden or concealed. This suggests that the revelation was not public but rather a private, intimate experience. In biblical times, God often revealed His will in secret to His prophets, emphasizing the personal relationship between God and the individual.

in a whisper
The term "whisper" translates from the Hebrew "shemet," which conveys a sense of quietness and subtlety. This indicates that the message was not delivered with thunderous proclamation but with gentle, almost imperceptible communication. It reflects the idea that God's voice can be heard in stillness and quiet, aligning with the biblical theme that God often speaks in a "still small voice" (1 Kings 19:12).

my ear
The use of "ear" here symbolizes the act of listening and receiving. In the Hebrew tradition, the ear is often associated with obedience and attentiveness to God's word. This phrase underscores the importance of being spiritually attuned and receptive to divine communication.

In disquieting visions
The phrase "In disquieting visions" suggests a supernatural or divine revelation that is unsettling or disturbing. The Hebrew word for "visions" is "מַרְאָה" (mar'ah), which often refers to a divine communication or revelation. In the context of the ancient Near East, visions were considered a legitimate means through which the divine communicated with humans. These visions were not always comforting; they often brought messages that challenged or warned the recipient. The "disquieting" nature of these visions indicates that they were meant to provoke thought, reflection, or even fear, urging the recipient to pay close attention to the message being conveyed.

in the night
The phrase "in the night" emphasizes the time when these visions occur. Nighttime in biblical literature is often associated with mystery, the unknown, and a time when God can speak to individuals away from the distractions of daily life. In the ancient world, the night was a time of vulnerability and introspection, when the human mind was more open to receiving divine messages. The use of night here underscores the solemnity and seriousness of the vision, as well as the isolation and quietness that accompany such divine encounters.

when deep sleep falls on men
The phrase "when deep sleep falls on men" refers to a state of profound rest or unconsciousness. The Hebrew term "תַּרְדֵּמָה" (tardemah) is used here, which can denote a deep, trance-like sleep. This is the same word used in Genesis 2:21 when God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam before creating Eve. It suggests a state where human defenses are lowered, and the individual is more receptive to divine influence. In this context, it implies that the vision comes at a time when the person is most open to receiving a message from God, free from the distractions and defenses of the waking world. This highlights the idea that God can communicate with humanity in ways that transcend ordinary experience, reaching into the depths of the human soul.

fear and trembling
The Hebrew words for "fear" (פַּחַד, pachad) and "trembling" (רְעָדָה, ra'adah) convey a profound sense of dread and awe. In the context of the ancient Near East, such expressions often accompanied divine encounters or revelations. This phrase suggests an overwhelming, visceral reaction to the presence or message of God, highlighting the human response to the divine majesty and holiness. It reflects the biblical theme that the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom (Proverbs 9:10), emphasizing reverence and respect for God's power and authority.

came over me
The phrase "came over me" indicates an external force or presence that imposes itself upon the individual. In the Hebrew context, this suggests an encounter with something beyond human control or understanding. It implies that the experience was not self-induced but rather an overwhelming, involuntary reaction to a supernatural event. This aligns with the biblical narrative where God often initiates contact with humanity, demonstrating His sovereignty and the reality of His presence.

and made all my bones shake
The imagery of "all my bones shake" is a vivid depiction of physical and emotional turmoil. In Hebrew thought, bones represent the core of one's being, symbolizing strength and structure. The shaking of bones indicates a complete and utter destabilization, a response to the divine that affects the deepest parts of a person. This phrase underscores the power of God's presence to penetrate and unsettle even the most foundational aspects of human existence. It serves as a reminder of the transformative and sometimes unsettling nature of encountering the divine, calling believers to a posture of humility and submission before God.

Then a spirit
The Hebrew word for "spirit" here is "רוּחַ" (ruach), which can mean wind, breath, or spirit. In the context of Job, it suggests an ethereal, supernatural presence. This aligns with the broader biblical understanding of spirits as messengers or manifestations of divine or otherworldly entities. The presence of a spirit in this narrative underscores the mysterious and often incomprehensible nature of divine communication, reminding us of the spiritual realm's reality and its influence on the physical world.

glided past my face
The imagery of a spirit gliding suggests a smooth, almost imperceptible movement, emphasizing the subtlety and elusiveness of spiritual encounters. The Hebrew verb used here conveys a sense of passing by or slipping away, which can evoke the fleeting nature of spiritual experiences. This moment captures the awe and reverence that often accompany divine encounters, as well as the human inability to fully grasp or control such moments.

and the hair on my body stood on end
This phrase vividly describes a physical reaction to a supernatural experience, a common human response to fear or awe. The Hebrew text conveys a sense of terror or profound reverence, as the body reacts instinctively to the presence of the divine. This physiological response highlights the tangible impact of spiritual encounters, bridging the gap between the seen and unseen worlds. It serves as a reminder of the power and majesty of God, who can evoke such a response in His creation.

It stood still
This phrase suggests a moment of intense anticipation and reverence. In the Hebrew context, the word used here can imply a sense of awe and immobility, as if the presence of something divine or supernatural demands complete attention and stillness. This reflects the biblical theme of encountering God or His messengers, where human response is often one of stillness and awe, as seen in other scriptural encounters with the divine.

but I could not discern its appearance
The inability to discern the appearance of the figure speaks to the mystery and transcendence of divine encounters. In the Hebrew tradition, God’s ways and forms are often beyond human comprehension, emphasizing His holiness and otherness. This aligns with the broader biblical narrative that God’s presence is often veiled or partially revealed, as seen in Moses’ encounter with God on Mount Sinai, where he could not see God’s face directly.

a form loomed before my eyes
The word "form" here suggests something that is not fully tangible or understandable, reinforcing the idea of a spiritual or supernatural presence. In the Hebrew, this can imply a shadowy or indistinct figure, which is consistent with the biblical theme of God or His messengers appearing in ways that challenge human perception and understanding. This evokes the mystery and majesty of divine revelation, where God’s presence is both near and yet incomprehensible.

and I heard a whispering voice
The whispering voice indicates a communication that is intimate yet elusive. In the Hebrew context, a whisper can signify a message that is meant to be deeply personal and profound, requiring careful attention and reflection. This aligns with the biblical motif of God speaking in a "still small voice," as with Elijah, where God’s communication is subtle yet powerful, inviting the listener into a deeper relationship and understanding.

Can a mortal
The term "mortal" refers to human beings, emphasizing our finite and perishable nature. In Hebrew, the word often used is "enosh," which underscores human frailty and mortality. This sets the stage for understanding the vast chasm between human limitations and divine perfection. Historically, this question challenges the ancient belief systems that often placed humans in a position of striving for divine-like status, reminding us of our humble position before an omnipotent Creator.

be more righteous
The concept of "righteousness" in Hebrew is "tsaddiq," which implies being just, lawful, and morally upright. This rhetorical question highlights the impossibility of surpassing God's perfect standard of righteousness. In the biblical context, righteousness is not merely about actions but also about one's relationship with God. The verse invites reflection on the futility of human efforts to achieve righteousness apart from divine grace.

than God
The word "God" here is "Elohim," a plural form that denotes majesty and power. It is a reminder of God's supreme authority and moral perfection. The comparison underscores the theological truth that God is the ultimate standard of righteousness, and human beings, in their fallen state, cannot attain such purity on their own. This serves as a humbling reminder of our need for God's mercy and guidance.

or a man
The term "man" in this context is "adam," which is often used to denote humanity collectively. It recalls the creation narrative where man is formed from the dust, emphasizing our origin and dependence on God. This phrase invites readers to consider the inherent limitations and imperfections of human nature, contrasting it with the divine nature of God.

more pure
"Pure" in Hebrew is "zak," which conveys the idea of being clean, innocent, or free from moral corruption. The rhetorical question challenges the notion that any human can achieve a state of purity that exceeds that of their Creator. It points to the biblical understanding that true purity is a divine attribute, and humans can only aspire to it through God's sanctifying work.

than his Maker
The term "Maker" refers to God as the Creator, the one who forms and shapes humanity. In Hebrew, this is often "Asah," which means to fashion or create. This phrase emphasizes God's role as the originator of life and the one who imparts purpose and meaning. It serves as a reminder of our dependence on God for our existence and moral compass, reinforcing the idea that we cannot surpass the purity and righteousness of the One who made us.

If God puts no trust
The phrase "If God puts no trust" suggests a profound theological assertion about the nature of divine trust and the inherent limitations of created beings. The Hebrew root for "trust" here is "אמן" (aman), which conveys a sense of firmness, reliability, or faithfulness. In the context of Job, this phrase underscores the idea that even the most faithful servants of God are not beyond scrutiny or error in the eyes of the Almighty. This reflects a conservative Christian understanding that human and even angelic beings, despite their roles and responsibilities, are ultimately fallible and dependent on God's grace and wisdom.

in His servants
The term "servants" in this context refers to those who serve God, which can include both human beings and celestial beings. The Hebrew word "עבד" (ebed) is often used to denote a servant or slave, emphasizing a relationship of duty and submission. In the biblical narrative, this highlights the hierarchical structure of creation, where all beings, regardless of their status, are ultimately in service to God. This serves as a reminder of the humility required in the Christian walk, acknowledging that all service is under the sovereign oversight of God.

and He charges His angels
The phrase "and He charges His angels" introduces the notion that even angels, who are often perceived as perfect and holy, are subject to God's judgment and correction. The Hebrew word for "charges" is "שׂים" (sim), meaning to place, set, or appoint, which in this context implies holding accountable or assigning responsibility. This reflects the conservative Christian belief in the accountability of all created beings before God, reinforcing the idea that no one is exempt from divine evaluation.

with error
The word "error" here is translated from the Hebrew "תָּהֳלָה" (toh-lah), which can mean folly or mistake. This is a striking statement, as it suggests that even angels, who dwell in the presence of God, can be found in error. This serves as a humbling reminder of the imperfection inherent in all created beings, contrasting with the perfection and holiness of God. In a conservative Christian perspective, this emphasizes the need for reliance on God's grace and the importance of seeking His wisdom and guidance in all things.

how much more
This phrase introduces a comparison, emphasizing the frailty and insignificance of humans compared to the divine. In the context of Eliphaz's speech, it underscores the idea that if even heavenly beings are not entirely pure before God, then humans, who are inherently weaker and more flawed, are even less so. This rhetorical device is used to highlight human vulnerability and the need for humility before God.

those who dwell in houses of clay
The "houses of clay" metaphorically represents the human body, emphasizing its fragility and temporary nature. In ancient times, clay was a common building material, easily shaped but also easily broken. This imagery reflects the biblical view of humanity's creation from the dust of the earth (Genesis 2:7) and serves as a reminder of our mortality and dependence on God. The Hebrew word for "clay" (חֹמֶר, chomer) can also imply something that is pliable yet perishable, reinforcing the transient nature of human life.

whose foundations are in the dust
This phrase further emphasizes human mortality and the humble origins of mankind. "Dust" (עָפָר, afar) is a recurring biblical symbol for death and decay, as seen in Genesis 3:19, where God tells Adam, "for dust you are and to dust you will return." The imagery of foundations in the dust suggests instability and the inevitable return to the earth, highlighting the contrast between the eternal nature of God and the fleeting existence of humans.

who are crushed like a moth
The comparison to a moth illustrates the ease with which human life can be extinguished. Moths, delicate and easily destroyed, symbolize the vulnerability and brevity of human existence. This imagery is consistent with other biblical references to the frailty of life, such as Psalm 39:11, where human beauty is described as a moth-eaten garment. The Hebrew word for "crushed" (דַּכָּא, dakka) conveys a sense of being broken or shattered, reinforcing the theme of human fragility and the need for divine protection and grace.

They are smashed to pieces
This phrase captures the fragility and transience of human life. The Hebrew root word here is "דַּכָּא" (dakka), which conveys the idea of being crushed or broken. In the context of Job, this reflects the human condition under the weight of suffering and divine judgment. Historically, this imagery would resonate with an agrarian society familiar with the process of threshing grain, where the chaff is separated and destroyed. Spiritually, it serves as a humbling reminder of human mortality and the need for reliance on God.

from dawn to dusk
This phrase emphasizes the relentless and continuous nature of human suffering and mortality. The Hebrew words "בֹּקֶר" (boqer) for dawn and "עֶרֶב" (ereb) for dusk frame the entirety of a day, symbolizing the full span of human life. In the ancient Near Eastern context, this would be understood as the totality of one's existence, from beginning to end. Theologically, it underscores the idea that life is fleeting and that each day is an opportunity to seek God's wisdom and grace.

unnoticed
The Hebrew word "לֹא" (lo) suggests a lack of recognition or remembrance. This reflects the existential fear of being forgotten or insignificant in the grand scheme of life. In the biblical narrative, this can be seen as a call to humility, recognizing that human achievements and struggles may go unnoticed by others but are always seen by God. It challenges believers to find their worth and identity not in human accolades but in their relationship with the Creator.

they perish forever
The finality of this phrase is striking, with "אָבַד" (abad) meaning to perish or be destroyed. This serves as a sobering reminder of the eternal consequences of life choices. In the conservative Christian perspective, it points to the reality of eternal separation from God for those who do not seek His salvation. Historically, this would resonate with the ancient understanding of Sheol, the abode of the dead, emphasizing the importance of living a righteous life in accordance with God's will.

Are not
This phrase introduces a rhetorical question, a common literary device in Hebrew poetry, which is used to provoke thought and reflection. The use of rhetorical questions in the Book of Job often serves to challenge the listener or reader to consider deeper truths about human existence and divine justice. In this context, it suggests an assumed agreement or understanding about the transient nature of life.

their tent cords
The imagery of "tent cords" is deeply rooted in the nomadic lifestyle of ancient Near Eastern cultures, including the Israelites. Tents were temporary dwellings, and the cords were essential for stability. The metaphor of tent cords being pulled up signifies the sudden and inevitable end of life. This imagery reflects the transient and fragile nature of human existence, reminding us that life on earth is temporary and that our true home is with God.

pulled up
The action of pulling up tent cords signifies dismantling or uprooting, which in this context symbolizes death. In the Hebrew tradition, life is often compared to a journey or a sojourn, and the act of pulling up tent cords marks the end of this journey. This phrase emphasizes the suddenness and finality of death, urging the reader to live with an awareness of life's brevity and the importance of seeking wisdom and understanding during our earthly existence.

so that they die
This phrase underscores the inevitable outcome of life—death. In the context of the Book of Job, it serves as a reminder of human mortality and the limits of human understanding. The inevitability of death is a central theme in Job, prompting reflection on the meaning of life, suffering, and the pursuit of wisdom. It challenges believers to trust in God's sovereignty and to seek His wisdom, which transcends human understanding.

without wisdom
The concept of dying "without wisdom" is a poignant conclusion to this verse. In the Hebrew tradition, wisdom is highly valued and is often associated with the fear of the Lord and living a righteous life. To die without wisdom implies a life not fully lived in accordance with God's will or understanding. This serves as a cautionary note, encouraging believers to pursue wisdom, which is found in a relationship with God and in living according to His commandments. It highlights the importance of spiritual preparedness and the pursuit of divine wisdom as the ultimate goal of life.